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Daniel Effer-Uhe, Alica Mohnert - Psychologie für Juristen

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Daniel Effer-Uhe, Alica Mohnert

Psychologie für Juristen

Series: NomosStudium

Volume 2019

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§ 7 Attribution S. 143-149

„… AttributionVon der Frage, wie ein Verhalten tatsächlich motiviert ist, ist die Frage zu …” „… Attributionsarten denkbar: Bei der internalen (oder dispositionalen)Attribution wird die Ursache des Verhaltens bei …” „… Penology 1 (1973), S. 69, 93.§ 7 AttributionEffer-Uhe 145401402auf ihre Rolle rechtfertigen.857 Innerhalb …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… Fehlschlüssen, zur Attribution, zu sozia-len Rollen, sozialen Normen und sozialem Einfluss, zu Aggression …” „… AltruismusI. 137Exkurs: Soziale SkripteII. 140Attribution§ 7 143Soziale Normen, soziale Rollen, sozialer …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 193-210

„… , 2. Aufl. Stuttgart 2009, S. 86–99.Bell, S. T./Kuriloff, P. J./Lottes, I., Understanding attributions …” „… Review 99 (1981), S. 67–85.Jones, E.E./Harris, V. A., The Attribution of Attitudes, in: Journal of …” „… ), S. 340–348.Literaturverzeichnis201Kulik, J. A./Brown, R., Frustration, attribution of blame and …”

§ 6 Motivation S. 136-142

„… . 2018, S. 86.829 Gerrig, Psychologie, 21. Aufl. 2018, S. 86; Bell u. a., „Understanding Attributions of …” „… , 1729; Ryckman u. a., Physi-cal Size Stereotyping as a Mediator of Attributions of Responsibility in an …”

Stichwortverzeichnis S. 211-213

„… Attribution– defensive 7 410– externale 7 405– internale 7 405– selbstwertdienliche 7 409 …” „… Attributionsfehler– fundamentaler 7 397– ultimativer 7 407Attributionstheorie 7 393Aufmerksamkeitsfokussierung 4 …”

§ 9 Aggression S. 157-160

„… ; Kulik/Brown, Frustration, Attribution of Bla-me, and Aggression, in: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology …”

§ 4 Wahrnehmen und Erinnern S. 62-82

„… einen sogenannten „fundamentalen Attributionsfehler“, dazu näherunten S. 143.284 Grundsätzlich kritisch …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845288598

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Paul A. Thomas

Inside Wikipedia

2022

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Image Attribution S. 151-152

„… 151Image AttributionAll images used in this book were taken from Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia …” „… Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GNU Free Docu-mentation License. …” „… .org) and are available for free reuse, provided proper attribution, per …”

2. The Wiki-Ethos S. 21-36

„… under the “Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0” license (often simply referred to as “CC BY-SA …” „… and incorporate it into a book you are writing. What would the ideal attribution statement look like …” „… author list).13 Second, the attribution state-ment needs to indicate whether any changes were made. This …”

5. Concrete Ways to Make Wikipedia a Better Resource S. 105-124

„… article at [[Source Language Code:Name of article]]; see its history for attribution.In that example …” „… the original creator and provide a link to the original.3. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC …” „… attribution. (If you forget or neglect to include this note in your edit summary, do not panic. You can always …”

Preface

„… Wiki-Slang 145Image Attribution 151Notes 153Bibliography 165Index 171About the Author 177 …”

Notes S. 153-164

„… Plagiarism,” Medical Reference Services Quarterly 31, no. 2 (2012): 227.46. In the spirit of attribution …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538163221

Luca Schicho - State Entities in International Investment Law

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Luca Schicho

State Entities in International Investment Law

Series: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Volume 4 2012

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Attribution ultra vires S. 145-146

„… 145 3. Attribution ultra vires As described above, Art. 5 specifically limits attribution to cases …” „… attributable to the State”.693 4. Conclusions Case law for the attribution of State entities under Art. 5 is …” „… attribution. Unfortunately, such clear distinctions are still rather the exception than the rule.695 Tribunals …”

No attribution ultra vires S. 189-190

„… 189 C. No attribution ultra vires Attribution under Art. 8 does not include ultra vires conduct.927 …” „… the attribution of ultra vires conduct of State organs and of entities empowered to exercise …” „… attribution to acts committed on behalf and on the wish of the State.928 This is further confirmed by Art. 7 …”

Determining attribution under the ILC ASR S. 28-31

„… submissions in terms of attribution of conduct by failing to distinguish between the State itself and the …” „… and reach, in the end, a comprehensive and unambiguous decision on attribution. Adopting the structure …” „… tribunals. This makes sure that the process of determining attribution will be understood as envisaged by …”

The structure: distinguishing between attribution rules S. 228-230

„… tribunals share one legal framework concerning attribution, thereby contributing to the consistency and …” „… contribution to adapting the rules of attribution to the needs of investment law. Attempts to broaden the scope …” „… of attribution in a field where otherwise State entities may represent an attractive option to …”

The importance of the rules of attribution S. 17-18

„… 17 Chapter II. State Responsibility and Attribution 1. The importance of the rules of attribution …” „… The rules of attribution4 have been repeatedly described as a topic of essential importance for …” „… decision of a court. Where there is doubt however, it is for the claimant to establish attribution by …”

Art. 4 in the process of establishing attribution S. 116-117

„… 116 4. Conclusions Art. 4 plays an important role for the question of attribution of State entities …” „… other attribution provisions. Just like domestic law is of decisive importance for the application of …” „… decision on the attribution of conduct of an entity. It has been fittingly described, for this reason, as …”

The use Art. 4 for interpreting other attribution provisions S. 118-119

„… 118 C. The use Art. 4 for interpreting other attribution provisions For purposes of interpreting …” „… and applying the other provisions of attribution, it should be taken into account that these are …” „… related rules of attribution. A good example is the double requirement of Art. 5 that an entity is not …”

The application of the rules of attribution to State entities S. 21-22

„… attribution found throughout the chapters of this book. Furthermore, violations of the duty to protect are not …” „… will not be discussed in greater detail in this book. 3. The application of the rules of attribution to …” „… of attribution with regard to the conduct of State entities. The subject is of particular interest as …”

The impact of the assessment of Art. 4 on the overall decision on attribution S. 117-118

„… inapplicable, it needs to proceed to the next phase by discussing a possible attribution under other provisions …” „… conferring elements of governmental authority would then play a decisive role for a possible attribution of …” „… decision on attribution As discussed above, the determination whether an entity constitutes a State organ …”

The law: the role of the ILC ASR S. 227-228

„… 227 Chapter VIII. Conclusions and Outlook The application of the rules of attribution to the …” „… attribution in the in Jan de Nul v. Egypt, Bayindir v. Pakistan, EDF v. Romania and Hamester v. Ghana. Based …” „… proper determination of attribution in cases involving State entities. 1. The law: the role of the ILC …”

Control S. 159-189

„… concerning the conduct of the Contras in the Nicaragua Case, this might even result in the attribution of …” „… rule would stretch the rules of attribution too far. Bearing in mind that in the past, States have even …” „… opposed the attribution of ultra vires conduct of their own organs747 it is quite clear that there is no …”

Mainly merits: the prima facie test S. 31-36

„… responsibility. 8. A question of jurisdiction or merits? While the question of attribution is part of the …” „… attribution, it still must be distinguished from cases of actual attribution, where the claim is brought …” „… attribution, the determination of attribution of conduct has frequently taken place, to a certain extent …”

Recourse to the ILC ASR in investment arbitration case-law S. 26-28

„… the interpretations of the rules of attribution by a specific arbitral tribunal were indeed in …” „… case in which matters of attribution were discussed without reference to the Articles in one way or …” „… the field of attribution. As the broad majority of BITs do not contain special provisions on matters …”

Acting in official capacity S. 94-102

„… individuals having the status of State organs.396 The underlying considerations for this strict attribution of …” „… proving that the organ had actually acted upon official orders of a superior.398 Furthermore, attribution …” „… , the only restriction upon attribution of the conduct of State organs is the requirement that they …”

Application of the concept of overall assessment S. 108-116

„… personality in domestic law could not prevent attribution of conduct in breach of the BIT.477 B. Application …” „… Chapter 15 of the NAFTA provided for a lex specialis regime in relation to the attribution of conduct of …” „… , 5 or 8 ILC ASR.490 Concerning attribution under Art. 4, the respondent State in its rejoinder made …”

Instructions S. 157-159

„… 157 2. Requirements for applying Art.8 There are two main subcategories of attribution under Art. 8 …” „… between the State and the entity cannot result in the attribution of its entire conduct. This is the legal …” „… subsequently express support for certain acts, there may be room for an attribution of conduct due to adoption …”

Exercising elements of governmental authority S. 127-143

„… the scope of attribution under Art. 9.578 B. Exercising elements of governmental authority The …” „… ., Principles of International Investment law, 204 (2008). 578 See Chapter VII “Other Attribution Provisions …” „… 2006, para. 203.; Hober, K., “State Responsibility and Attribution”, in: Muchlinski, P., Ortino, F …”

Organ status S. 86-94

„… , earlier work of the ILC on the subject of attribution of State organs will be equally drawn upon in …” „… their domestic laws to evade attribution of conduct.353 However, certain questions of international law …” „… , A.C., “State Responsibility and Attribution: When is a State Responsible for the Acts of State …”

Influence based on public law S. 197-205

„… for these to resist external influence. Nonetheless, it may play an important role in attribution …” „… also lead to an attribution of the act under Art. 8. In Noble Ventures v. Romania, the Tribunal …” „… terms of attribution under Art. 5 ILC ASR. However, the Tribunal also analyzed the influence of the …”

Table of Contents S. 9-12

„… Chapter II. State Responsibility and Attribution 17 1. The importance of the rules of attribution 17 2 …” „… attribution to State entities 21 4. The ILC ASR as a structural framework 22 5. The ILC ASR and their …” „… attribution under the ILC ASR 28 8. A question of jurisdiction or merits? 31 A. Mainly merits: the prima …”

Empowerment by law S. 123-127

„… attribution under Art. 5 is that it has three specific and separate, even though closely linked requirements …” „… apply. In such cases, attribution can only occur under Arts. 4, 8, 9 or possibly 11 ILC ASR. This also …” „… .558 It is also not relevant for attribution under Art. 5 whether the entity is generally characterized …”

Multiple control S. 190-191

„… noted that this passage is only of limited use to uphold an extension of the attribution of ultra vires …” „… directed”, while the attribution of ultra vires conduct typically deals with cases of outright violations …” „… States are not willing to embrace a rule of attribution that would make them responsible for each and …”

Overall control S. 191-193

„… 191 and every one of these influences can be considered for purposes of attribution. Only influence …” „… relevant for attribution under Art. 8. Accordingly, even in cases of multiple control it should always be …” „… , such cases lie outside the field of Art. 8, as they do not concern attribution of the conduct of the …”

A lex specialis of lower thresholds S. 193-196

„… attribution rule of Art. 8 too far.945 However, when the State entity possesses no “own agenda” and …” „… , 677, 770 (2006). 947 As for example held, concerning the rules of attribution under customary …” „… regime in relation to the attribution of conduct of State enterprises and monopolies and that therefore …”

The ILC ASR as a structural framework S. 22-25

„… 22 for a broader scope of attribution of conduct, in accordance with the object and purpose of …” „… entity in whatever context. This would mean, for example, that the determination of attribution of …” „… departing from the essential aspects of the rules of attribution under customary law of State responsibility …”

Objections raised by respondent States S. 102-108

„… a further examination of the State owned enterprise unnecessary.444 Since the rule of attribution …” „… the purposes of attribution that the conduct of a State organ may be classified as ‘commercial’ or as …” „… confirming the important rule that commercial conduct is not exempt from attribution under Art. 4, this …”

Mainly jurisdiction: the “State entity test” S. 36-38

„… test the the jursdictional stage and to examine attribution “at the merits stage, in order to allow for …” „… attribution of each specific act. B. Mainly jurisdiction: the “State entity test” A particularly detailed …” „… ”, and leave questions of attribution to the merits stage.114 However, the Tribunal then noted that this …”

State ownership in Maffezini v. Spain S. 209-211

„… though it would have been under an obligation to do so. This seems to imply an attribution as a State …” „… of the “the rules of attribution in international law” it attributed the conduct in the end, this …” „… Responsibility and Attribution”, in: Muchlinski, P., Ortino, F., Schreuer, C. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of …”

The distinction from violations of the duty to protect S. 18-21

„… to protect The question of attribution of acts must be distinguished from the question whether a …” „… Responsibility: Attribution and Other Trans-Substantive Rules”, in: Lillich, R.B., Magraw, D.B. (eds.), The …” „… of Acts of the State and in Particular the Attribution of Acts of Individuals to the State”, in: Ando …”

Drafting history of Art. 8 S. 148-152

„… rules of attribution concerning organs and other entities formally appointed by the State to act on its …” „… present from the earliest stages of the work on the provisions for attribution. The first 701 ILC …” „… article 8, which was presented in 1974 and was entitled “Attribution to the State of the conduct of …”

Influence based on State ownership S. 205-209

„… itself which constitutes a ground for attribution, as each state has the right freely to choose and …” „… sufficient control for attribution under Art. 8 in the absence of additional rights, such as the right to …” „… assessed attribution under Art. 5 and therefore did not specify whether an attribution could also take …”

Intervention with de iure binding instructions: EDF v. Romania S. 212-214

„… . Romania In EDF v. Romania, the Tribunal addressed attribution pursuant to Art. 8 after having concluded …” „… attribution of conduct of a person or group of persons to the State as provided by Art. 8 is “exceptional …” „… respondent State that the attribution pursuant to Art. 8 in cases of control “in order to achieve a …”

Infrastructure and development agencies S. 73-75

„… operator.293 Findings of attribution in such entities have been quite frequent, as there is usually a …” „… November 2008. 293 EDF v. Romania, Award, 8 October 2009. 74 in attribution due to control under Art. 8 …” „… attribution due to exercise of governmental authority under Art. 5 can be made. In terms of attribution due to …”

Drafting history of Art. 4 S. 84-86

„… 84 A. Background The attribution of conduct of State organs is conceived as the typical case of …” „… The concept of attribution of conduct of State organs is the oldest and most central of all …” „… attribution provisions. While there have been extensive debates on its application to provincial and lower …”

Acting in that capacity – exercising that authority S. 143-145

„… the best option to achieve balanced and practical solutions for the attribution of State entities …” „… characteristic of attribution under Art. 5 is that this requires the respective entity to have acted in that …” „… attribution in two steps: first, the question of whether the entity was empowered to exercise elements of …”

Terminology problems in distinguishing the sub-categories S. 155-157

„… of assistance provided to the Contras.728 In the conclusions on the question of attribution, the …” „… unclear, as it is used as an equal basis for attribution to control, but also as a factual element proving …” „… addressed first. Afterwards, attribution due to instructions as well as the question of attribution ultra …”

The sub-categories under Art. 8 S. 152-155

„… under the direction or control of a State.719 1) Instructions Attribution due to instructions applies to …” „… series of contracts. Thereby, attribution of conduct under the instructions of a State is a clear-cut …” „… pursue certain objectives is not sufficient to allow attribution of the specific acts committed to …”

State entities in arbitral decisions S. 48-56

„… Discussing a possible attribution under Art. 5 ASR, the Tribunal referred to the possibility of the NHA being …” „… its considerations on the topic as a review of attribution “pursuant to Article 5 (State …” „… , as an “Egyptian State entity”.181 Concerning the rules relevant for the attribution of its conduct …”

Public Private Partnerships S. 75-78

„… 75 ment promotion agencies can enjoy substantial autonomy, making an attribution of conduct …” „… State property, is partly commercial and partly governmental.300 Accordingly, attribution due to …” „… of these powers would be attributable under Art. 5 ILC ASR. Attribution due to control under Art. 8 …”

State entities in the ILC Articles on State Responsibility (2001) S. 42-44

„… customary rules of attribution as enshrined in the ILC ASR are applicable.140 2. Use of the term “State …” „… entities and the State. State conduct is addressed in Art. 4, which provides for the attribution of conduct …” „… attribution of other conduct are Art. 5, concerning the exercise of governmental authority, and Art. 8 …”

Outside the official structure of the State S. 59-60

„… that case, the question of attribution would not be affected by the considerations that are the subject …” „… State organs. This includes, for example, national or central banks. The attribution of such organs …” „… , 582 (2006); Griebel, J., Plücken, M., “New Developments Regarding the Rules of Attribution? The …”

Governmental authority in treaties S. 122-123

„… exercising those functions”555 2. The requirements of Art. 5 An important characteristic of attribution under …” „… apply. In such cases, attribution can only occur under Arts. 4, 8, 9 or possibly 11 ILC ASR. This also …” „… .558 It is also not relevant for attribution under Art. 5 whether the entity is generally characterized …”

List of Sources S. 231-249

„… Attribution in Cases of Genocide”, 84 NYU University Law Review 1623 (2009) Bishop, R.D., Crawford, J …” „… ) Caron, D.D., “The Basis of Responsibility: Attribution and Other Trans-Substantive Rules”, in: Lillich …” „… relationship between Form and Authority”, 96 AJIL 857 (2002) Caron, D.D., “Attribution Amidst Revolution: The …”

Distinguishing from other entities S. 60-62

„… might be acknowledged or adopted by the State as its own, which allows attribution under Art. 11.230 …” „… regional governments, are part of the State and the attribution of their conduct to the State has been long …” „… or of a territorial unit of the State”.232 Nonetheless, the attribution of conduct by regional …”

Conclusions S. 38

„… application of the rules of attribution without making a specific distinction between the two. Where …” „… attribution can still give rise to difficulties, in particular when applied in circumstances different from …” „… those under which these rules were originally developped. This is the case when the rules of attribution …”

Conclusion S. 38

„… application of the rules of attribution without making a specific distinction between the two. Where …” „… attribution can still give rise to difficulties, in particular when applied in circumstances different from …” „… those under which these rules were originally developped. This is the case when the rules of attribution …”

Introduction S. 221

„… 221 Chapter VII. Other Attribution Provisions 1. Introduction Besides Arts. 4, 5 and 8, two more …” „… attribution provisions of the ILC ASR could, under certain circumstances, apply to the conduct of State …” „… entities. Art. 9 provides for the attribution of conduct carried out in the absence or default of the …”

State enterprises S. 70-72

„… powers on an enterprise, even attribution as a State organ under Art. 4 might be envisaged. For this …” „… law will be relevant to its classification as an ‘organ’”.277 Attribution of conduct under Art. 5 …” „… certain public or regulatory functions”.278 Whether and to what extent this would result in attribution of …”

Introduction S. 15-16

„… activities. These different forms of connection determine which attribution rules are applicable to the …” „… conduct of a State entity. These rules of attribution are enshrined in the ILC Articles on State …” „… in their discussion on the attribution of conduct of a State entity.3 Thereby, investment arbitration …”

Regulatory and supervisory agencies S. 72-73

„… would result in attribution of conduct depends on whether Art. 5 is applied restrictively or not.279 …” „… proven very difficult as attribution on this basis requires evidence that the specific conduct was …” „… the Articles on State Responsibility. Attribution under Art. 8 would prove more difficult, as the …”

Expected intervention: FW Oil v. Trinidad & Tobago S. 211-212

„… Tribunal discussed the possible attribution of conduct of Petrotrin, a State enterprise in the oil and gas …” „… this way, and that he was entitled and expected to do so”.1026 In the subsequent passages, attribution …” „… addressed attribution pursuant to Art. 8 after having concluded that the conduct could not be attributed …”

The importance of State entities S. 39-42

„… Acts of Independent State Entities and Attribution to States in International Investment Disputes”, 3 …” „… Schicho, L., “Attribution and State Entities: Diverging Approaches in Investment Arbitration”, Journal of …” „… States and their representatives “often seem to be unaware” of the existence of any rules of attribution …”

Background S. 83-84

„… 2009, para. 187. 84 A. Background The attribution of conduct of State organs is conceived as the …” „… The concept of attribution of conduct of State organs is the oldest and most central of all …” „… attribution provisions. While there have been extensive debates on its application to provincial and lower …”

Overall control S. 217-218

„… more reluctant to deviate from the rules of attribution under general international law than one might …” „… determining attribution in investment law.1060 B. Lower threshold as lex specialis Overall, a review of recent …” „… suggestions concerning lex specialis attribution rules in investment law. An example that comes to mind is the …”

Lower threshold as lex specialis S. 218-219

„… Tribunal in Hamester v. Ghana explicitly rejected it for the purposes of determining attribution in …” „… concerning lex specialis attribution rules in investment law. An example that comes to mind is the decision …” „… the rules of attribution, its significant weaknesses notwithstanding. Accordingly, there is still time …”

The ILC ASR and their preparatory works S. 25-26

„… Entities in International Arbitration 7, 9 (2008); Hober, K., “State Responsibility and Attribution”, in …” „… : Introduction and Overview”, 96 AJIL 773, 783 (2002); Smutny, A.C., “State Responsibility and Attribution: When …” „… particular, it will be assessed to what extent the interpretations of the rules of attribution by a specific …”

Drafting history of Art. 5 S. 120-122

„… attribution enshrined in 538 Palchetti, P., “De Facto Organs of a State”, para. 13, in: R. Wolfrum (ed …” „… of Art. 5 The principle of attribution enshrined in Art. 5 can already be found in the discussions of …” „… attribution of conduct of territorial governmental entities.546 The Commentaries explain that the provision is …”

Art. 9 – Conduct carried out in absence or default of official authorities S. 221-223

„… 221 Chapter VII. Other Attribution Provisions 1. Introduction Besides Arts. 4, 5 and 8, two more …” „… attribution provisions of the ILC ASR could, under certain circumstances, apply to the conduct of State …” „… entities. Art. 9 provides for the attribution of conduct carried out in the absence or default of the …”

State entities in scholarly writings S. 56-58

„… Attribution: When is a State Responsible for the Acts of State Enterprises?: Emilio Augustin Maffezini v. The …” „… , A.M., “The Wrongful Acts of Independent State Entities and Attribution to States in International …” „… (2008); Hober, K., “State Responsibility and Attribution”, in: Muchlinski, P., Ortino, F., Schreuer, C …”

Privatization agencies S. 75

„… 75 ment promotion agencies can enjoy substantial autonomy, making an attribution of conduct …” „… State property, is partly commercial and partly governmental.300 Accordingly, attribution due to …” „… of these powers would be attributable under Art. 5 ILC ASR. Attribution due to control under Art. 8 …”

Intervention with de facto binding instructions: Lemire v. Ukraine S. 214-217

„… role for their final decision. While convincingly specifying how attribution due to control should be …” „… matters of attribution, as it was the “influencing acts” by State organs that were at the heart of the …” „… applicable threshold for control are limited, as the decision did not deal with attribution strictu sensu. It …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… application of the rules of attribution under public international law to the conduct of State entities in the …” „… context of investment protection. Besides a brief discussion of the role of the rules of attribution and …” „… the three principal rules of attribution relevant in this field. These are examined with respect to …”

Conclusions S. 146-147

„… attributable to the State”.693 4. Conclusions Case law for the attribution of State entities under Art. 5 is …” „… attribution. Unfortunately, such clear distinctions are still rather the exception than the rule.695 Tribunals …” „… should specifically state which facts they consider relevant for the attribution of Art. 5 ILC ASR. In …”

Sovereign Wealth Funds S. 78-81

„… major problems of attribution.315 Furthermore, if they lack separate legal personality, these funds do …” „… rule of attribution is most likely to be applicable to the conduct of individual SWFs. The functions …” „… governmental. Accordingly, attribution would be most conceivable due to control under Art. 8. However, this is …”

Separate legal personality S. 58-59

„… , the question of attribution would not be affected by the considerations that are the subject of this …” „… . This includes, for example, national or central banks. The attribution of such organs endowed with …” „… ., “New Developments Regarding the Rules of Attribution? The International Court of Justice’s Decision in …”

State entities in the ICSID Convention S. 44

„… “constituent subdivisions or agencies” under Art. 25(1) must be distinguished from the question of attribution …” „… responsibility of the State as party to the proceedings.146 Thus, no inferences can be made for the attribution …”

Special relationship with the State S. 60

„… might be acknowledged or adopted by the State as its own, which allows attribution under Art. 11.230 …” „… regional governments, are part of the State and the attribution of their conduct to the State has been long …”

Conclusion S. 81-82

„… pursued by investment firms and could hardly be characterized as governmental. Accordingly, attribution …” „… non-commercial aims are a fertile ground for disputes with foreign investors.331 When determining the attribution …”

State entities in the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property (2004) S. 44-46

„… “constituent subdivisions or agencies” under Art. 25(1) must be distinguished from the question of attribution …” „… responsibility of the State as party to the proceedings.146 Thus, no inferences can be made for the attribution …”

Art. 11 – Conduct acknowledged and adopted S. 223-226

„… ., “The Wrongful Acts of Independent State Entities and Attribution to States in International Investment …” „… acts as an achievement of the government, this could give rise to attribution under Art. 11. masinghe …”

Conclusion S. 230

„… and challenges should ensure that the attribution of State entities will continue to pose a difficult …”

Conclusions S. 226

„… give rise to attribution under Art. 11. masinghe, C., “Immunity of State Officials and International …”

Reversed burden of proof S. 219-220

„… 219 Nul v. Egypt.1062 The only recent case in which the attribution considerations in Bayindir were …”

Reversed burden of proof S. 196-197

„… Proceedings 60, 63 (1984); Caron, D.D., “The Basis of Responsibility: Attribution and Other Trans-Substantive …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845236261

Kerstin Zettl, Sebastian Harnisch, Mischa Hansel - Asymmetrien in Cyberkonflikten

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Kerstin Zettl (ed.), Sebastian Harnisch (ed.), Mischa Hansel (ed.)

Asymmetrien in Cyberkonflikten

Series: Außenpolitik und Internationale Ordnung

Volume 2022

Results in this title

Rebecca Beigel Attribution von Cyberoperationen – Deutschlands öffentliche Zuschreibungen S. 169-198

„… ) er-wähnte Attributions-»nuancen« analysiert. Nach Egloff (2020: 10) werden lediglich die Art der …” „… der Erwähnung von Egloff (2020: 10) als »Nuancen« der Attri-bution (2) Attributions-Institution Wer …” „… Attributionsprozessen (siehe Abschnitt »Definition und Erklärung von Attribution«) kann die öffentliche Attribution des …”

Sebastian Harnisch, Kerstin Zettl, Mischa Hansel Einleitung: Asymmetrien und Cyberkonflikte S. 11-42

„… Attributions-informationen an internationale Organisationen angegriffene Staaten viele potentielle Reputationsabwägungen und …” „… de-ren konkreten Implikationen für die US-Cybersicherheits- und Attributions-politik auf operativer sowie …” „… . Asymmetrien und Cyberkonflikte 35 Im zweiten Beitrag des Attributions-Themenblocks stellt Rebecca Beigel …”

Mischa Hansel, Kerstin Zettl, Sebastian Harnisch Schlussbetrachtung S. 257-276

„… wichtige Aufgabe der zukünftigen Attribu-tionsforschung werden. 3. Attribution und Geheimhaltung Dass …” „… in der Attributionsforschung. Der Blick auf die ›Nuancen‹ der Attribution könnte indes auch noch in …” „… offensiver Proxies und die Verschleierung im Rahmen defensiver Attributions-prozesse nicht nur die …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… [Hrsg.]Asymmetrien in CyberkonfliktenWie Attribution und der Einsatz von Proxies die Normentwicklung …” „… .AuflageAsymmetrien in CyberkonfliktenNomosWie Attribution und der Einsatz von Proxies die Normentwicklung …” „… . Eine empirische Annäherung 105 ATTRIBUTION Sebastian Harnisch Cyber Fiasko: Populismus, proaktive …”

Sebastian Harnisch Cyber Fiasko: Populismus, proaktive Selbstverteidigung und die gescheiterte Cybersicherheitspolitik der Trump-Regierung S. 137-168

„… Attribution der US-Regierung. Diese staatliche Attributionszurückhaltung könnte somit einen weiteren Einfluss …” „… ATTRIBUTION 137 Cyber Fiasko: Populismus, proaktive Selbstverteidigung und die gescheiterte …” „… ihr Verhalten, z. B. die öffentliche Attribution eines Angriffs, den sozialen Kontext für das …”

Kerstin Zettl Der Einsatz von Cyberproxies zur Wahrung autokratischer Regimesicherheit – Iran und Nordkorea im Vergleich S. 69-104

„… , dass das Regime durch Attribution extern in Zugzwang gerät; zudem verhindern sie, dass sich innerhalb …” „… der attribuierten AngreiferInnen und Opfer Der Datensatz versteht Attribution weniger als ein genuin …” „… und entsprechend durch die Kategorien »Attribution Basis/ Attribution Type« kenntlich gemacht. Auf …”

Alexander Klimburg Whole of What? Kooperationsansätze in der internationalen Cybersicherheit S. 229-254

„… Akteur*innen, zum Beispiel bei der zunehmenden Attribu-tion von Cyberangriffen (2017). 2014 kehrte Nye dann …” „… Dissens bezüglich der Standards einer legitimen politischen Attribution gibt, sodass Regierungen, welche …” „… weiter vertiefen könnte. Seit 2019 hat eine Reihe von Staaten begonnen, »informell« bei der Attribution …”

Stefan Steiger Auf leisen Pfoten oder brüllend laut: Chinesische und russische Cyberangriffe im Vergleich S. 45-68

„… Attributions-Quellen trianguliert, ist nicht davon auszugehen, dass die Befunde durch die Attributionspraxis …” „… , wurde ebenfalls auf die Attribution im Datensatz zurückgegriffen (Initiator Cate-gory). Für die Analyse …” „… dieser Studie durch die (politische) Attri-butionspraxis beeinflusst sein könnten. Wie im …”

Mischa Hansel Cybernormbildung in den Vereinten Nationen. Welche Rolle spielt der asymmetrische Gebrauch von Proxies? S. 201-228

„… specialis, schaffen. So könnten Staaten, gestützt auf due diligence, auch ohne zweifelsfreie Attribution …” „… .). Bei den so ausgewählten Cyberoperationen wurde jeweils nachrecherchiert, ob eine Attribution vorlag …”

Matthias Schulze Asymmetrien zwischen Cyber-Offensive und -Defensive. Eine empirische Annäherung S. 105-134

„… kann und durch das Attributionsproblem die Urheber nicht immer klar sind, braucht es sichtbare, also …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748913573

Mike Hickey, Michael Hickey - Holy Silence

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Mike Hickey, Michael Hickey

Holy Silence

2022

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