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David Krivanek - The Weapons Provisions in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and in the German Code of Crimes Against International Law

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David Krivanek

The Weapons Provisions in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and in the German Code of Crimes Against International Law

2010

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Armed conflict S. 179-181

„… Code of Crimes against International LawArmed conflictWhen implementing the provisions on prohibited …” „… weapons also ininternal armed conflicts.For one, from the beginning of the drafting process the creators …” „… , at 536.180Nexus between the acts and the armed conflictAlthough the CCAIL also requires a certain …”

Nexus between the acts and the armed conflict S. 181

„… Nexus between the acts and the armed conflictAlthough the CCAIL also requires a certain nexus …” „… armed conflict.Mental elementLike the Rome Statute, the Code of Crimes against International Law …” „… weaponry applicable in international armed conflictsto conflicts not of an international character.943 …”

In violation of the international law of armed conflict S. 135-136

„… of armed conflictThe next requirement of Element of crime 2 of Article 8 (2) (b) (xix) of the …” „… Statuteis that the use of the named bullets violates the international law of armed conflict.The insertion …” „… armed conflict.Nevertheless, the phrase was deemed necessary in order to allow for the lawfuluse of …”

In violation of the international law of armed conflict S. 165

„… law of armed conflictThe means or methods must furthermore cause these effects 'in violation of …” „… theinternational law of armed conflict'. Although it has been argued that it is not easyto agree upon when weapons …” „… indiscriminateimplies that it is in violation of the international law of armed conflict. As explainedabove, both …”

Contextual element 1 S. 176-179

„… between the acts and the armed conflictThere further has to be a certain link between the acts committed …” „… conflictwhatsoever,918 this would not amount to a war crime. The act has to be linked tothe armed conflict.919 …” „… Crimes against International LawArmed conflictWhen implementing the provisions on prohibited means of …”

Comparing the contextual elements of the Rome Statute and of the CCAIL S. 181-185

„… Nexus between the acts and the armed conflictAlthough the CCAIL also requires a certain nexus …” „… armed conflict.Mental elementLike the Rome Statute, the Code of Crimes against International Law …” „… weaponry applicable in international armed conflictsto conflicts not of an international character.943 …”

Bibliography S. 201-232

„… 2001.206Boelaert-Suominen, Sonja, "Grave Breaches, Universal Jurisdiction and Internal Armed Conflict:Is …” „… Armed Conflict.Greenspan, Morris, The Modern Law of Land Warfare. Berkeley. Los Angeles: University …” „… Humanitarian Law: The Regulation of Armed Conflicts.Aldershot 1990.Cited as: McCoubrey, International …”

Elements of Crimes of the new provisions S. 196-198

„… laws and customs applicable in armed conflicts not of an international character, within the …” „… bullets' use "violatesthe international law of armed conflict" sufficiently takes these situations into …” „… Whereas the first part of the new Element is taken from the modelapplied in international armed conflicts …”

Mental element S. 181

„… Nexus between the acts and the armed conflictAlthough the CCAIL also requires a certain nexus …” „… armed conflict.Mental elementLike the Rome Statute, the Code of Crimes against International Law …” „… weaponry applicable in international armed conflictsto conflicts not of an international character.943 …”

Introduction S. 176

„… asinternal armed conflict equally has been very topical for quite some time.907 Thecurrent examination will …” „… took place in the context of and was associated with an international armed conflict;2. The perpetrator …” „… international armed conflict. According to the ICTY, "an armed conflict existswhenever there is a resort to …”

Conclusion regarding the contextual elements S. 185-186

„… war crimes committedin international and non-international armed conflicts alike, it is not …” „… ) of the Statute to non-international armed conflicts.969 This isonly partly explained by the …” „… internal armedconflicts today by far surpass that of international armed conflicts.970In this aspect, the …”

Of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate S. 149-165

„… See for attempts of interpreting this principle UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict,marginal nos …” „… effects.In violation of the international law of armed conflictThe means or methods must furthermore cause …” „… armed conflict it is permissible to injure and even kill combatants;however, this is allowed only with …”

Conclusion S. 198-200

„… context of international armed conflict for guidance. At the same time,the preamble to the resolution is …” „… differingfrom those in the context of international armed conflict. Even if the new thresholdmay be easier for …” „… aninternational armed conflict. However, there is no indication of this intention.The other difference is the …”

History of restricting the use of certain means of warfare S. 24-25

„… .16 It is true, however, thatwith the intensification of the way armed conflicts were fought in the 20 …” „… the concept of 'war' changed to 'armed conflict' cf. Partsch, inBernhardt (ed.), EPIL I (1992), at 249 …” „… et seq.12 See Green, in Delissen, Tanja (eds.), Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict, p. 269, at 283;cf …”

Contextual element 2 S. 179

„… Code of Crimes against International LawArmed conflictWhen implementing the provisions on prohibited …” „… awareof factual circumstances that established the existence of an armed conflict'. Thiselement, the …” „… considered sufficient for theperpetrator to have been aware that an armed conflict existed, and the …”

Contextual elements of Article 8 (2) (b) (xx) of the Rome Statute S. 179

„… Code of Crimes against International LawArmed conflictWhen implementing the provisions on prohibited …” „… awareof factual circumstances that established the existence of an armed conflict'. Thiselement, the …” „… considered sufficient for theperpetrator to have been aware that an armed conflict existed, and the …”

A decision by the International Criminal Court S. 188-190

„… means of warfare in international armed conflictto non-international armed conflict are missing in the …” „… warfarein non-international armed conflict.Extending the Court's jurisdiction ratione materiae to other …” „… non-international armed conflict.993All in all, the Court would be well advised to follow the tendency of this …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-18

„… violation of the international law of armed conflictII. 135Possible applicability to other weaponsIII. 136 …” „… agentsd. 163Preliminary conclusione. 165In violation of the international law of armed conflictIII. 165 …” „… Code of Crimes againstInternational LawD.179Armed conflictI. 179Nexus between the acts and the armed …”

Future Review Conferences S. 190-193

„… penali?ation of the use of prohibited means of warfarein non-international armed conflict.Extending the Court …” „… criminal in the context of anon-international armed conflict.992 The ICC cannot yet convict anyone on the …” „… basisof having used prohibited means of warfare in non-international armed conflict.993All in all, the …”

Comparison with the weapons provisions of the Code of Crimes against International Law S. 23-24

„… international armed conflict,within the established framework of international law, namely, any of the following …” „… violation ofthe international law of armed conflict, provided that such weapons, projectiles and materialand …” „… armed conflicts were fought in the 20th century,ever more gruesome weapons were developed, the …”

Possible applicability to other weapons S. 136-138

„… crimes are committed in the context of an armed conflict.Nevertheless, the phrase was deemed necessary in …” „… , although such ahostage situation may be difficult to imagine in the context of an armed conflict654 and …” „… this situation would have to take place in the contextof an armed conflict and not merely on the …”

Subject of a comprehensive prohibition S. 165-172

„… law of armed conflictThe means or methods must furthermore cause these effects 'in violation of …” „… theinternational law of armed conflict'. Although it has been argued that it is not easyto agree upon when weapons …” „… indiscriminateimplies that it is in violation of the international law of armed conflict. As explainedabove, both …”

Aggravating circumstances S. 83-85

„… distinguishing between civilians and combatants in times of armed conflict,which is reflected in Article 48 of AP …” „… protections granted".379Admittedly, civilians are the most vulnerable group of persons in an armed conflict …” „… number of civilian casualties in recent armed conflicts, Report of the Secretary-General, Protection of …”

Overview of new provisions in the Rome Statute S. 25-27

„… arms-limitation treaties, armed conflicts still witnessthe employment of means of warfare the legality of which is …” „… the victims of an armed conflict. Following this distinction, this analysis,being concerned with the …” „… International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977.24 For an overview of this development see Heinsch, Die …”

Bullets that expand or flatten easily in the human body S. 128-135

„… in the humanbody.In violation of the international law of armed conflictThe next requirement of …” „… the international law of armed conflict.The insertion of these words in Element 2 is owed to concerns …” „… their use violates theinternational law of armed conflict because they expand or flatten easily in …”

General Comment S. 38-39

„… formulated by Grotius; see Green, in Delissen, Tanja(eds.), Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict, at 283.109 Cf …” „… norms that were originally intended for international armed conflicts to non-international armed …” „… conflicts.113According to the ICRC, this rule has by now been established as a norm ofcustomary …”

Decision taken at the Review Conference S. 195-196

„… ) (xvii) –(xix) of the Statute to armed conflicts not of an international character.1021The relevant …” „… " means:…(e) Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in armed conflicts not of an …” „… non-international armed conflict; cf. ICRC, The weapons amendment, Annex.1022 Resolution RC/Res.5, Annex II.1023 …”

General Comment S. 127-128

„… Law of Armed Conflict, marginal no. 6.9.1: "This prohibition[of bullets which expand or flatten easily …” „… . 510, 1. (b); UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict, marginal no. 6.9.; U.S. Law of War Handbook, at …” „… theinternational law of armed conflict because they expand or flatten easily in thehuman body.One of the issues …”

Findings S. 187-188

„… means of warfare in international armed conflictto non-international armed conflict are missing in the …” „… criminali?ation of the use ofchemical and biological weapons in both international and non-international armed …” „… inmind.187conflicts is incomprehensible in light of recent developments at various levels,including State …”

Effects of the substance S. 42-44

„… , Tanja (eds.), Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict, at 289 et seq. pointsout that the use of poison was …” „… , at 5-3.144 German Manual, Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts, para. 434.145 UK Manual of the Law of …” „… Armed Conflict, marginal no. 6.19.1.146 U.S. Law of War Handbook, at 183.147 See for further examples …”

Relationship to Article 8 (2) (b) (xviii) of the Rome Statute S. 44-46

„… .), Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict, at 289 et seq. pointsout that the use of poison was sometimes considered to …” „… German Manual, Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts, para. 434.145 UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict …”

Other bullets S. 142-145

„… Moreover, considering that injuring or killing combatants in an armed conflict is generallypermissible, it …” „… 127 et seq.692 German Manual, Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts, para. 407.142It is interesting to …” „… , Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts, para. 407.697 Parks, 8 YIHL 2005, at 65 et seq.698 Oeter, in Fleck (ed …”

Article 8 (2) (b) (xx) of the Rome Statute S. 23

„… international armed conflict,within the established framework of international law, namely, any of the following …” „… violation ofthe international law of armed conflict, provided that such weapons, projectiles and materialand …”

Scope of application S. 142

„… Moreover, considering that injuring or killing combatants in an armed conflict is generallypermissible, it …” „… 127 et seq.692 German Manual, Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts, para. 407.142 …”

Employment S. 39-40

„… norms that were originally intended for international armed conflicts to non-international armed …” „… conflicts.113According to the ICRC, this rule has by now been established as a norm ofcustomary …” „… international humanitarian law seeMeron, 90 AJIL 1996, at 238 et seq.115 Turns, 11 Journal of Conflict …”

Weapons encompassed by Sec. 12 (1) No. 1 of the CCAIL S. 73-81

„… in international and noninternational armed conflicts; cf. infra, at 179 et seq.76national criminal …” „… 121 et seq.73domestic riot control may be used by the police as well as the armed forces.317 …” „… use of riotcontrol agents within Germany. Following the amendment, the armed forces may now useRCAs …”

Introduction S. 141-142

„… Moreover, considering that injuring or killing combatants in an armed conflict is generallypermissible, it …” „… 127 et seq.692 German Manual, Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts, para. 407.142 …”

Introduction S. 194-195

„… armed conflict, i.e., Article (8) (2) (b) and (e) of the Statute; and the criminali?ation of weapons …” „… blinding laser weapons,in both international and non-international armed conflicts.1009 Mexico raised …”

Overview of the Rome Statute's weapons provisions S. 21-23

„… international law of armed conflict, provided that such weapons, projectiles and materialand methods of warfare …” „… conflict,within the established framework of international law, namely, any of the following acts:…(xvii …” „… " means:…(b) Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in international armed …”

Weapons encompassed by Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii) of the Rome Statute S. 46-67

„… 1999, p. 234, at 240.178 UK Ministry of Defence, Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict, at 118, marginal …” „… warfareused in armed conflict. Thus, one has to make sure, e.g., that their use conforms to theprinciple of …” „… .49tional armed conflict183 –, an examination of this event is feasible in light of thefatality rate …”

Conclusion regarding the scope of application of Article 8 (2) (b) (xix) of the Rome Statute S. 140-141

„… 61.680 ICRC, Arms Availability and the Situation of Civilians in Armed Conflict, at 23 et seq.140national …” „… the same about these provisions.679 Jussila, Normia, 20 Medicine, Conflict and Survival 2004, at …”

Element of Crime 1: The perpetrator employed certain bullets. S. 128

„… their use violates theinternational law of armed conflict because they expand or flatten easily in …”

Conclusion regarding the scope of application of Sec. 12 (1) No. 1 of the CCAIL S. 85

„… consideration that killing or injuring combatants is not a violation of the lawof armed conflict.381 This may …”

Mental Element: The perpetrator was aware that the nature of the bullets was such that their employment would uselessly aggravate suffering or the wounding effect. S. 138-140

„… 61.680 ICRC, Arms Availability and the Situation of Civilians in Armed Conflict, at 23 et seq.140 …” „… the same about these provisions.679 Jussila, Normia, 20 Medicine, Conflict and Survival 2004, at …”

Comparing Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii) of the Rome Statute and Sec. 12 (1) No. 1 of the CCAIL S. 85-86

„… consideration that killing or injuring combatants is not a violation of the lawof armed conflict.381 This may …”

General Comment S. 147-148

„… or which are inherently indiscriminate in violation of the international law of armed conflict …”

Drafting history of the weapons provisions in the Rome Statute S. 27-31

„… ) agents or toxins for hostile purposes or an armed conflict,(v) Chemical weapons as defined in and …” „… Durham, McCormack (eds.), The Changing Face of Conflict, p. 65,at 89.57 As does Kalivretakis, 15 Emory …”

Weapons encompassed by Article 8 (2) (b) (xviii) of the Rome Statute S. 93-117

„… Manual, para. 518; German Manual, Humanitarian Law in ArmedConflicts, para. 434.451 See the references in …”

Employing weapons, projectiles and material and methods of warfare S. 148-149

„… ofinternational humanitarian law that the only legitimate purpose of an armed conflictis to weaken the military …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845227559

Detlef Briesen - Armed Conflict and Environment

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Detlef Briesen (ed.)

Armed Conflict and Environment

2018

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Detlef Briesen Introduction. Armed Conflict and Environment – War Impacts, Impacts of War, and Warscape S. 7-16

„… Introduction. Armed Conflict and Environment – War Impacts, Impacts of War, and Warscape Detlef …” „… demarcation from other forms of armed conflict. Wars can, therefore, be classified into different basic types …” „… , whereby previous definitions often still concentrate on armed conflicts between two or more states. In …”

Babu Rangaiah, N. K. Kumaresan Raja Political Conflict and its Impact on Environment – A Study of Kashmir of India S. 261-270

„… . Kumaresan Raja Armed conflicts and degradation of environment have always been inter‐ related. The …” „… known for their guerilla warfare. There are references from the war of Vietnam that armed conflict has a …” „… armed conflict including their assessment and awareness on environment, which has given a never before …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… Detlef Briesen [ed.] Armed Conflict and Environment From World War II to Contemporary Asymmetric …” „… Warfare Nomos Armed Conflict and Environment Nomos Detlef Briesen [ed.] From World War II to Contemporary …” „… , Detlef [ed.] Armed Conflict and Environment From World War II to Contemporary Asymmetric Warfare Detlef …”

Anthony Goreau-Ponceaud Conflict and Environment in Sri Lanka, a Complex Nexus S. 227-260

„… three decades of brutal armed conflict, on 19 May 2009, the GoSL declared victory over the LTTE. The …” „… pre‐ 227 million people.5 Like other diasporas from conflict-ridden societies, this transnational …” „… Conflict and Environment in Sri Lanka, a Complex Nexus Anthony Goreau-Ponceaud1 Introduction: a New …”

Brigitte Sebastia We Will not Leave the Forest. We Will not Leave the Land. Internally Displaced Persons from Chhattisgarh to Khammam District: Inhuman Living Conditions in a Degraded Environment S. 193-226

„… particular as a result of or in or‐ der to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized vio …” „… IDPs who fled armed conflicts is worse. Although Indian citizens, they are ignored in the state where …” „… Suk‐ ma blocks, a region severely affected by an armed conflict opposing Maoists and anti-Maoist …”

Detlef Briesen The War-Landscape of Stalingrad. Destroyed and Destructive Environments in World War II S. 17-50

„… . This fact played a decisive role for all the key actors in this conflict and for their personnel …” „… workers, armed with submachine guns and light and heavy ma‐ chine guns, moved out to the northern edge of …” „… taken there in forced marches. The Guards Division had over 10,000 soldiers hastily armed with …”

David Pickus Adding Detail to the Anthropocene: David Halberstam, Korea and Narratives of War and Environment S. 75-88

„… course this “stage,” if we must call it that, is a the‐ ater of politics, conflict and war. Put more …” „… descriptions of Vietnam during the time of conflict, see Halber‐ stam, David (1998): Reporting Vietnam. New …” „… revealed themselves to be products of wish‐ ful thinking. Thus, in the end, the Korean conflict culminated …”

Tim Kaiser Between Destruction and Reconstruction: The Development of Vinh City’s Built Environment in the Second Half of the 20th Century S. 141-192

„… that most displaced households simply returned to their home areas once the conflict had end‐ ed. This …” „… after Socialism. Urban and Regional Change and Conflict in Post-Socialist Soci‐ eties. Oxford. 70–99. 76 …” „… the PRC and Democratic Kam‐ puchea on the other that escalated into open conflict in the late 1970s …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845293868

Andreas Fischer-Lescano, Hans-Peter Gasser, Thilo Marauhn, Natalino Ronzitti - Frieden in Freiheit - Peace in liberty - Paix en liberté

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Andreas Fischer-Lescano (ed.), Hans-Peter Gasser (ed.), Thilo Marauhn (ed.), Natalino Ronzitti (ed.)

Frieden in Freiheit - Peace in liberty - Paix en liberté

2008

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Yoram Dinstein Comments on the UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict S. 387-402

„… Comments on the UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict Yoram Dinstein A. The present …” „… essay will address selected problems emanating from the Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict, published …” „… player in the world arena, and any Manual of the law of armed conflict officially published by its …”

Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg Manoeuvring in Rough Waters: The UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict and the Law of Naval Warfare S. 439-456

„… Manoeuvring in Rough Waters: The UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict and the Law of Naval …” „… and rules of international humanitarian law applicable to armed conflicts at sea. In view of the fact …” „… International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, printed in: Documents on the Laws of War, at p. 573 et …”

Dieter Fleck Law Enforcement and the Conduct of Hostilities: Two Supplementing or Mutually Excluding Legal Paradigms? S. 403-420

„… non-international armed conflicts. It is a truism, although not always taken seriously enough, that States and …” „… advocates a strict legal distinction between the conduct of hostilities in armed conflicts and law …” „… , have progressively been extended to non-international armed conflicts by custom and opinio iuris, but …”

Heike Spieker The Conduct of Hostilities and the Protection of the Environment S. 753-780

„… . Armed Conflict and Effects on the Environment That armed conflict does not leave the natural …” „… new is that effects of armed conflict on the natural environment are the object of explicit legal …” „… such is not accepted in an international armed conflict even in cases where the conflict parties are …”

Elzbieta Mikos-Skuza The International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission: An Awakening Beauty? S. 493-504

„… , international humanitarian law. The question of compliance with the law of armed conflicts is the key topic at …” „… Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, of 8 June 1977 (Protocol Additional I of 1977 …” „… abuses of legal norms and are particularly useful before an armed conflict breaks out. Classic measures …”

Sabine von Schorlemer “Women in Progress?” The Relevance of Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) S. 1155-1170

„… violence in armed conflict. Under his competent (“masculine”!) leadership, a two-year project (1997-99 …” „… ?” Since then, the impact of armed conflict on women and vice versa2 has been increasingly recognized: From …” „… the provisions on women and armed conflict in the Beijing Platform for Action and the Beijing+5 …”

Thilo Marauhn The Silent Thread: Explosive Remnants of War S. 205-216

„… has taken long to limit the effects of ongoing armed conflicts, it seems to take even longer to …” „… effects of armed conflicts that should be addressed. This article will not discuss the continuing effects …” „… of weapons, effects activated during armed conflict. To give an example, the war-fighting use of …”

David P. Forsythe The United States and International Humanitarian Law S. 421-428

„… armed conflict, and APII for internal armed conflict) have been formally accepted (ratified or formally …” „… emblems in armed conflict) is of recent vintage and was always as controversial—if not more so—as the …” „… management of armed conflict. (Some do contest the nomenclature, with some preferring the old semantics …”

Marco Sassòli Human Shields and International Humanitarian Law S. 579-590

„… Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 8 June 1977, 1125 UNTS 3 – 434. It corresponds however without …” „… contribution discusses the provisions of IHL of international armed conflicts; however, if one considers that …” „… conflicts,8 all findings are also valid for noninternational armed conflicts. II. The Prohibition The use …”

Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov The End of Contractual Disarmament? S. 345-350

„… humanitarian law. It may be assumed that certain exigencies of contemporary armed conflicts could be met …” „… an ever-expanding notion of “armed conflict” which oftentimes tends to embrace traditional …” „… Armed Forces in Europe and the Agreement on its Adaptation had been blurred and clouded, to say the …”

Bibliographie Michael Bothe S. 1265-1290

„… . • New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts, Commentary on the 1977 Protocols Additional to the Geneva …” „… State, in: Kalshoven (ed.), Assisting the Victims of Armed Conflict and Other Disasters, 1989, S. 91-97 …” „… Law of Armed Conflict - Challenges Ahead, Essays in Honour of Frits Kalshoven, Dordrecht u.a. 1991, S …”

Friedhelm Krüger-Sprengel Das rechtliche Fundament Nicht-Letaler Waffen (NLW) S. 477-492

„… Armed Conflict. Bericht über ein Symposium in Mannheim im Oktober 1997. Abgedruckt in: Zeitschrift für …” „… States, international armed conflict Krüger-Sprengel 480 Declarations of State Parties …” „… with national and international law Consistency with the Law of armed Conflict The research and …”

Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 7-12

„… im bewaffneten Konflikt – The law of armed conflict – Droit humanitaire François Bugnion La …” „… Dinstein Comments on the UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict 375 Dieter Fleck Law Enforcement and the …” „… Manoeuvring in Rough Waters: The UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict and the Law of Naval Warfare 427 …”

Natalino Ronzitti The Proliferation Security Initiative and International Law S. 281-296

„… the law of armed conflict. For instance, the UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict makes the case of …” „… deployed on an attack. An example might be when, during an armed conflict, an exclusion zone has been …” „… ignored”14. It is, however, difficult to consider aircraft hijacking as a kind of armed conflict …”

Mary Ellen O’Connell Defending the Law against Preemptive Force S. 249-260

„… Council acts “if an armed attack occurs.”15 Plainly this is a very narrow exception to Article 2(4 …” „… first attempt to stretch the Charter to fit uses of force in self-defense where no armed attack had …” „… use of force where no armed attack was occurring. Only such an argument could justify Israel’s attack …”

Hanspeter Neuhold The International Community and „Rogue States“ S. 227-248

„… party; 1 Michael Bothe, International Legal Aspects of the Darfur Conflict, in: August Reinisch and …” „… ” of the conflict with Libya, another “rogue state”, see Jonathan B. Schwartz, Dealing with a “Rogue …” „… Axis powers and their supporters were defeated, the conflicts between the Western great powers and the …”

Djamchid Momtaz La participation directe des personnes civiles aux hostilités S. 505-514

„… . 365 ss. 10 Michael N. Schmitt Direct Participation in Hostilities and 21st Century Armed Conflict in …” „… § 1944. 13 Yoram Dinstein The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict …” „… Consequences in International Law and Armed Conflict : Exploring the Faultivies Essay in Honour of Yoram …”

Stefan Oeter Das militärische Vorgehen gegenüber bewaffneten Widerstandskämpfern in besetzten Gebieten und internen Konflikten – „Direct participation in hostilities“ und der Schutz der Zivilbevölkerung S. 515-534

„… : A Contribution to the Understanding and Respect for the Rule of Law in Armed Conflict, International …” „… in Hostilities” and 21st Century Armed Conflict, in: Horst Fischer u.a. (Hrsg.), Crisis Management …” „… / Waldemar Solf, New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts. Commentary on the Two 1977 Additional Protocols …”

Ruth Lapidoth The legal effect of Security Council Resolution 1701 (2006) on cessation of hostilities in Lebanon S. 199-204

„… ., 30 August 2006; Robbie Sabel, "Hezbollah, Israel, Lebanon and the Law of Armed Conflict", ibid., 25 …” „… July 2006; Robbie Sabel, "War in Lebanon, the Law of Armed Conflict and the UN Security Council …” „… Litani river of a zone demilitarized of any weapons or armed personnel except for those of the …”

Theodor Schweisfurth The United Nation's Peacebuilding Commission's First Year S. 309-344

„… an instrument of conflict-prevention. To fill the "gaping hole" in the United Nations institutional …” „… enforcement and peacekeeping forces may be essential in terminating conflicts but are not sufficient for …” „… countries with post-conflict recovery experience; five top providers of contributions to the UN budgets and …”

Stelios Perrakis De la réparation des victimes des violations du droit international humanitaire et l'affaire des „réparations de guerre allemandes“ en Grèce – Essai de synthèse et quelques considérations S. 535-562

„… right of compensation for victims of an armed conflict, Chinese Journal of International Law, 2005 …” „… in applying human rights law to armed conflict, IRRC 2005. 737-754; M. Dennis, Application of human …” „… rights treaties extraterritorially in time of armed conflict and military occupation, AJIL 2005. 119-141 …”

Daniel-Erasmus Khan At the Edge of an „Inadvertent War“ – The 2007 British-Iranian Incident in the Shatt-al-Arab Annotated S. 155-168

„… . I. Arreguin-Toft, How the Weak Win Wars: A Theory of Asymmetric Conflict", Khan 144 …” „… and embedded in a number of lingering conflicts of a global character (“nuclear nonproliferation …” „… to produce conflict go well beyond traditional interstate rivalries and include demographic …”

Volker Epping Ius post bellum – Völkerrechtliche Grauzone und Flickenteppich S. 77-92

„… for Victims of Armed Conflicts: Commentary on the two 1977 Protocols Additional to the Geneva …” „… Post-conflicts namentlich im Umfeld des Kosovo widmete.6 Zur Erinnerung: Nach Beendigung der Nato-Luftangriffe …” „… , Post-Conflict: Peacebuilding im Kosovo – Die internationale Verwaltung von Territorien als Methode des …”

Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, Danio Campanelli The United Nations Compensation Commission: Time for an Assessment? S. 13-30

„… bello imposing liability for environmental damage during armed conflicts, and considering also that Iraq …” „… called to adjudicate on claims for environmental damage during an armed conflict, a subject that had …” „… the first time in history a State’s liability for environmental damage caused during an armed …”

Yves Sandoz Mondialisation, société civile et action humanitaire S. 563-578

„… , New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts, Martinus Nijhoff Pubishers, The Hague/Boston/London, 1982 …” „… Violations of International Humanitarian Law and the Deterioration of the Situation of Civilians in Armed …” „… Conflicts, Report of an Expert group meeting, CICR et Croix-Rouge norvégienne, Oslo, 18-20 Mai 1998, 87p …”

Lucius Caflisch Militärpersonen und die Europäische Konvention für Menschenrechte S. 1111-1132

„… Thema N. Lubbell, "Challenges in Applying Human Rights Law to Armed Conflict", International Review of …” „… , s.P. J. Rowe, The Impact of Human Rights Law on Armed Forces, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press …” „… Armed Forces Act von 1996 abgelöst worden. Dieser ersetzt den "Convening Officer" durch drei …”

Rainer Hofmann International Protection of Human Rights and International Territorial Administration: A Legal Black Hole S. 135-154

„… such peaceful occupation by international organisations subsequent to an armed conflict have become a …” „… agreements that ended the military conflict; and to provide assistance to UNMIK. In order better to assess …” „… Army and other armed Kosovo Albanian groups; establishing a secure environment in which refugees and …”

Hans-Peter Gasser Recht der kriegerischen Besetzung und Menschenrechte: Leitlinien für die Konfliktlösung? S. 429-438

„… Armed Conflicts: Exploring the Faultlines, Essays in Honour of Yoram Dinstein, Martinus Nijhoff …”

Andreas Zimmermann Durchsetzung des Völkerrechts zwischen Fragmentierung, Multilateralisierung und Individualisierung S. 1089-1100

„… Gross, The Grave Breaches System and the Armed Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia, Mich- JIL 16 (1994/95 …”

François Bugnion La neutralité du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge et celle de la Suisse S. 363-374

„… II. Recht im bewaffneten Konflikt – The law of armed conflict – Droit humanitaire …”

Christian Tomuschat Pacta sunt servanda S. 1059-1078

„… the requisite standards their own armed forces or their own civilians will also be deprived of the …” „… Government, a statement later softened by indicating that in case of conflict between the ICCPR and the …” „… laws were in conflict.” 43 UN doc. CCPR/C/28/Add.15, Official Records of the Human Rights Committee …”

Andreas Fischer-Lescano Bundeswehr als globaler Sicherheitsdienstleister? Grenzen der Zustimmungsfähigkeit von bewaffneten Streitkräfteeinsätzen S. 93-114

„… of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977, Art. 91, 1053 (Rdn. 3658 …”

Gerhard Hafner The ECHR torn between the United Nations and the States: The Behrami and Saramati Case S. 115-134

„… Post-Conflict Kosovo, in: EJIL 12 no. 3 (2001), 486; The submission of the German Government to the German …” „… Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective selfdefense if an armed attack occurs …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845209593

Vincent Widdig - Kulturgüterschutz im System der Vereinten Nationen

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Vincent Widdig (ed.)

Kulturgüterschutz im System der Vereinten Nationen

Series: Schriften zum Kunst- und Kulturrecht

Volume 32 2021

Results in this title

Paul Fabel, Ruth Lecher The United Nations Security Council’s Role in Protecting Cultural Heritage during Armed Conflicts S. 139-174

„… The United Nations Security Council’s Role in Protecting Cultural Heritage during Armed Conflicts …” „… of cultural property, particularly in the event of armed conflicts, are unfortunately not new issues …” „… working theses: First thesis: The protection of cultural heritage in the event of armed conflict has …”

Vincent Widdig Die „UNECSO Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict“ und Militärische Handbücher S. 175-194

„… Die „UNECSO Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict“ und …” „… , International Cultural Heritage Law in Armed Conflict, 2017, S. 1 f.; Bauer, The Destruction of Heritage in …” „… , Armed Non-State Actors and Cultural Heritage in Armed Conflict, International Journal of Cultural …”

Martin Gerner Under the auspices of... ‒ UNESCO’s commitment to safe havens for safe-guarding cultural property S. 123-138

„… armed conflicts and crises of manifold provenance and scale lead to the prevalent question of how this …” „… . In order to preserve cultural property during events of (armed) conflict and war, state parties do …” „… armed conflict; and 4 4.1 15 Cf. Nos. 1, 8, 16, 22, 23 UNESCO (2015). Martin Gerner 130 e) Visibility …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… in Protecting Cultural Heritage during Armed Conflicts 139 Paul Fabel / Ruth Lecher Die „UNECSO …” „… Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict“ und Militärische …”

Manuel Brunner Menschenrechte und kulturelles Erbe. Gleichzeitig ein Beitrag zu Mandat und Praxis der Sonderberichterstatterinnen im Bereich der kulturellen Rechte des Menschenrechtsrates der Vereinten Nationen S. 71-122

„… Property in Armed Conflict, 2006; Wolfrum, Cultural Property, Protection in Armed Conflict, in: Peters …” „… .; Poulos, The 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict …” „… Protection of Cultural Property in Times of Armed Conflict: The Practice of the International Criminal …”

Manuel Brunner Die UNESCO als Zentralakteurin des globalen Schutzes von Kulturgut und kulturellem Erbe S. 11-32

„… Property in Event of Armed Conflict, 249 UNTS 215. 67 Protocol for the Protection of Cultural Property in …” „… the Event of Armed Conflict, 249 UNTS 358. Manuel Brunner 26 cher Regelungsgegenstand der Schutz von …” „… Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, 2253 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845296166

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Bojan Bilic

We Were Gasping for Air

Series: Southeast European Integration Perspectives

Volume 8 2012

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Sustaining Activism beyond Armed Conflicts: Belgrade Women in Black S. 159-178

„… Chapter Six Sustaining Activism beyond Armed Conflicts: Belgrade Women in Black …” „… staged regular weekly protests on Belgrade streets throughout the whole duration of the armed conflicts …” „… Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina. ŽUC see the armed conflict as an act of Serbian aggression on …”

Introduction S. 17-36

„… ), there is little that we know about the processes through which the imminence of an armed conflict …” „… Croatian and Serbian citizens resisted the 1990s armed conflicts. Figure1: Demonstrations against the …” „… positions within the armed conflicts. Whereas I examine the local, regional and republican organisational …”

Recruitment to High Risk Anti-War Activism: Anti-War Campaign of Croatia S. 109-136

„… the organisation in 1991: Whatever the results of today’s armed conflicts, people will continue to …” „… his experiences and impressions of the armed conflict. The final version of the Diary was compiled by …” „… good employment prospects at the beginning of the armed conflict and in their ever more impoverished …”

Power in Activism: Impacts and Meanings of Anti-War Engagement S. 179-198

„… violence, pervasive uncertainty, and poverty. At the beginning and during the armed conflicts, anti-war …” „… evening since the beginning of the armed conflicts in late 1991, a small group of activists gathered in …” „… at the beginning of the armed conflict had a personal dimension and appeared as a first reaction to …”

“Crossing the Lines”: Feminist Anti-War Activism S. 83-108

„… Yugoslav territory was a protest of the mothers whose children were serving in JNA as the armed conflict …” „… mothers at the dawn of the armed conflict quickly lost their activist charge because they could not …” „… group itself. Moreover, with the armed conflicts looming large on the horizon, feminist engagement …”

Afterword: Bending the Gaze S. 199-204

„… Croatia and Serbia immediately prior to, during and, to a lesser extent, after the 1990s armed conflicts …” „… reported, although armed with a deadly rifle somewhat unsuitably matched by her civilian attire, no one …”

(Post-)Yugoslav Anti-War Activisms: Marginal(ised) Phenomena S. 37-58

„… anti-war initiatives taking place throughout the country before and during the armed conflicts has …” „… armed conflict, posit that the multi-national so- 14 …” „… personal biographies. Kuljić maintains that once the armed conflicts on the Yugoslav territory were over …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… and Multiplying: Scale Shift of Anti-War Initiatives 137 6. Sustaining Activism beyond Armed …” „… Conflicts: Belgrade Women in Black 159 7. Power in Activism: Impacts and Meanings of Anti-War …”

Appendices S. 213-224

„… . There are (as in other numerous similar conflicts such as Northern Ireland) no quick and easy solutions …” „… the southern Balkans. If continued this conflict can escalate beyond Balkan borders and, if turned …” „… regime's anvil. In dealing with the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia the leaders of the world …”

Putting (Post-)Yugoslav Anti-War Activisms in Motion S. 59-82

„… anti-war contention taking place in environments in which an armed conflict actually occurred, although …” „… undemocratic political systems, especially in those involved in a protracted armed conflict and in a simulation …” „… , state dissolution and formation, class conflict, forced migrations, organised international crime …”

Between Fragmenting and Multiplying: Scale Shift of Anti-War Initiatives S. 137-158

„… conviction that there is no greater evil than the armed conflict which is happening because the three …” „… workshops on non-violent conflict resolution and human rights protection. 8 In one of their earliest …” „… Yugoslavia’s disintegration, especially in Serbia which at that time did not have a military conflict on its …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845242941

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