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Robert Grzeszczak - Economic Freedom and Market Regulation

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Robert Grzeszczak (ed.)

Economic Freedom and Market Regulation

Series: German and European Studies of the Willy Brandt Center at the Wroclaw University

Volume 10 2020

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Artur Szmigielski Chapter 11: The open-textured nature of anticompetitive practices – in the quest for reconciling legal certainty with effectiveness of EU competition law in the digital markets S. 249-284

„… instances the application of competition law requires comparing the likely anticompetitive effects of a …” „… providing an exhaustive list of prohibited anti‐ competitive practices (and their anticompetitive effects …” „… open-textured nature of anticompetitive practices 257 Ensuring the effectiveness of competition law requires …”

Artur Szmigielski Chapter 6: Limits of investigative and sanctioning powers of competition authorities S. 149-166

„… on the same undertaking in relation to the anticompetitive effects that have arisen in the given …” „… surprise effect usually allows for the collection of key evidence in a given case, including the so-called …” „… pointed out, prohi‐ bitions of anticompetitive practices are very vague and open-textured in their nature …”

Robert Grzeszczak Introduction S. 7-24

„… effectiveness of regulation, including the protection of effective competition - on the one hand, and economic …” „… enforcement of laws and undertaking administrative actions – is needed to tackle the adverse effects generated …” „… of anticompetitive practices, Artur Szmigielski demonstrates the broad and vague nature of the of …”

Michalina Szpyrka Chapter 5: The importance of fines in the market regulation process citing the example of the Polish telecommunications market S. 133-148

„… market effects and whether the procedures in force and the practice of their application con‐ stitute an …” „… function, it should be pointed out that fines con‐ tribute to achieving the desired market effects. This is …” „… which do not infringe the law: it protects them from the anti-competitive consequences of the practices …”

Maciej M. Sokołowski Chapter 7: Balancing energy regulation: a day-watchman approach S. 167-186

„… aimed at influencing socially valuable behaviour which may have adverse side-effects, while definitions …” „… joint platform), a model of an anti-competitive character which react‐ ed poorly to changes and …” „… entities and regulation established to ensure fair and effective competition under private competition …”

Artur Szmigielski Chapter 2: Between economic freedom and effective regulatory enforcement S. 41-68

„… certain forms of anticompetitive behaviour by firms that, alone or acting in concert, have the ability to …” „… , “the practical effect” (effet utile) of the prohibition laid down in Article 101.1 TFEU would be put at …” „… the incentive to invest in new technical advancements, ensures that any adverse effects of these forms …”

Michał Dorociak Chapter 4: Regulatory authorities’ interference in contractual relationships S. 101-132

„… exclude the ap‐ plication of any of the Principles or derogate from or vary their effects, ex‐ cept as …” „… practices or to remove Michał Dorociak 122 their effects. They may consist in an obligation to conclude a …” „… restrictive business practices to an end or to remove its effects. The origi‐ nal source of the contracting …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… anticompetitive practices – in the quest for reconciling legal certainty with effectiveness of EU competition law …” „… effective regulatory enforcement Chapter 2: 41 Artur Szmigielski Methods and tools of regulating markets …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748908463

Prinz Nikolaus von und zu Liechtenstein, Mario Monti, Bo Vesterdorf, Jay Westbrook, Luzius Wildhaber - Economic Law and Justice in Times of Globalisation | Wirtschaftsrecht und Justiz in Zeiten der Globalisierung

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Prinz Nikolaus von und zu Liechtenstein (ed.), Mario Monti (ed.), Bo Vesterdorf (ed.), Jay Westbrook (ed.), Luzius Wildhaber (ed.)

Economic Law and Justice in Times of Globalisation | Wirtschaftsrecht und Justiz in Zeiten der Globalisierung

2007

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Barry E. Hawk Conduct Element in Abuse of Dominant Position S. 393-404

„… competitive from anticompetitive conduct; the chilling effect on investments and efficiency-enhancing conduct …” „… competitive effects (harms and/or benefits). For example, Vitamins appears to require proof of anticompetitive …” „… Anticompetitive Effect, 70 Antitrust L. J. 371, 372 (2002). 23 J. Kallaugher/B.Sher, Rebates revisited …”

Jacques H. J. Bourgeois Ne bis in idem and Enforcement of EEA Competition Rules S. 313-318

„… within and outside the EC for the same anti-competitive conduct (e.g. an international cartel) and second …” „… anti-competitive conduct. The analysis is limited to enforcement by competition authorities. Criminal enforcement …” „… found guilty in proceedings brought against it for a second time on the grounds of anti-competitive …”

Pieter Kalbfleisch The Assessment of Interests in Competition Law: A Balancing Act S. 455-474

„… competitive harm and efficiency gains 458 2. The balancing of pro-competitive against anti-competitive effects …” „… that outweigh these negative effects.9 2. The balancing of pro-competitive against anti-competitive …” „… effects A second balancing concept concerns the weighing of anti-competitive effects of e.g. an agreement …”

Bo Vesterdorf The EC Competition Law Policy on Fines Main Issues and Ways Ahead S. 671-690

„… : Guidelines on fines and leniency 674 c) The effect of the guidelines on the Commission and its margin of …” „… appreciation 676 d) The effect of the guidelines on the Community Courts and their judicial control 678 2 …” „… a sufficient deterrent effect since the number of cartels discovered continues to increase. I shall …”

Philip Lowe Director Competition Policy as an Instrument of Global Governance S. 489-502

„… . The instruments of competition policy prohibit, penalize and deter anti-competitive behaviour and …” „… establishment. The beneficial effects can be seen in the field of electronic communications where liberalisation …” „… multinational. The individual consumer can be concerned by the effects of practices that range from arrangements …”

Eleanor M. Fox Antitrust in Times of Globalization S. 319-330

„… . jurisdiction over effects in foreign markets, or clarified that our law did not reach so far. But essentially …” „… . Europe, in the Wood Pulp case,2 would adopt an iteration of the effects doctrine, without calling it that …” „… . Europe realized, as now most countries have realized, that effects jurisdiction is necessary if they are …”

Samuel Issacharoff A Cosmopolitan Judge for a Cosmopolitan Era. An Essay in Honor of Carl Baudenbacher S. 131-140

„… , particularly those imbued with a public health rationale, may have the same depressive effect on economic …” „… widely consumed product such as alcohol) for the effects of its 136 Samuel Issacharoff conduct. A public …” „… that the effects of the Icelandic state monopoly were to decrease opportunity for producers from …”

Peter Freeman Market Investigations in the United Kingdom: The Story So Far S. 331-350

„… Phase II) to investigate the state of competition in a market and, if there are adverse effects on …” „… competition, to take decisions and to implement measures to remedy those adverse effects. These decisions have …” „… apply remedies.4 2. A new legal test The MIR is based on a new and specific legal test: adverse effect …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845204918

Ralf Dewenter, Justus Haucap, Christiane Kehder - Wettbewerb und Regulierung in Medien, Politik und Märkten

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Ralf Dewenter (ed.), Justus Haucap (ed.), Christiane Kehder (ed.)

Wettbewerb und Regulierung in Medien, Politik und Märkten

Series: Wettbewerb und Regulierung von Märkten und Unternehmen

Volume 24 2013

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Severin Frank, Wolfgang Kerber Patent Settlements in the Pharmaceutical Industry: An Antitrust Perspective S. 385-414

„… the effectiveness of this private enforcement system leading to anticompetitive effects by restricting …” „… anticompetitive effects due to impeding generic competition has met some resistance in the U.S. courts, which …” „… settlements in balancing efficiencies and anticompetitive effects, (C) settlements involving a payment which …”

Steffen Hoernig, Ingo Vogelsang The Ambivalence of Two-Part Tariffs for Bottleneck Access S. 63-80

„… competition, leading to an anti-competitive effect. In the current paper we will use numerical simulations in …” „… benefits of two-part access tariffs without considering the potential anti-competitive effects. Figure 3 …” „… anti-competitive effects. Figure 3 shows that retail prices of all firms change monotonically with the reduction in …”

Justus Haucap, Christiane Kehder Suchmaschinen zwischen Wettbewerb und Monopol: Der Fall Google S. 115-154

„… Haucap/Christiane Kehder 152 Goodwin, D. (2013), Foundem Sues Google for Anti-Competitive Conduct, Search Engine …” „… /pew-report-facebook-effect-online-news_n_859235.html. Lipsky, A. B. & G. J. Sidak (1999), Essential Facilities, Stanford Law Review 51 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845249469

Markus Lenßen - Der kartellrechtlich relevante Markt

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Markus Lenßen

Der kartellrechtlich relevante Markt

Series: Wirtschaftsrecht und Wirtschaftspolitik

Volume 234 2009

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Alternative zur dezidierten Definition des Marktes in der US-amerikanischen Praxis S. 34-39

„… , market power is only one test of ‘reasonableness’. And where the anti-competitive effects of conduct …” „… couldconclude that the arrangements in question would have an anticompetitive effect on customers and markets …” „… analysis carries the day when the great likelihood of anticompetitive effects can easilybe ascertained.“53 …”

Notwendigkeit der Marktabgrenzung S. 45-46

„… sufficient to defeat a price increase. The probability of an anticompetitive effect from the merger is 51% x …” „… an uncommitted entrant. Nor does it appear likely that entry by D would prevent an anticompetitive …” „… effect. Therefore, we shouldchallenge the merger.’“101 H. Friederiszick, Marktabgrenzung und …”

Trotz eigenständiger Marktabgrenzung keine isolierte Betrachtung S. 44-45

„… of an anticompetitive effect from the merger is 51% x 51% x 51%, or about 13%. An inexperienced …” „… by D would prevent an anticompetitive effect. Therefore, we shouldchallenge the merger.’“101 H …”

Die dienende Funktion der Marktabgrenzung S. 23-25

„… effects.“1. Die dienende Funktion der MarktabgrenzungDer kartellrechtlich relevante Markt und der Prozess …” „… evaluating market power and determining whether businessconduct has or likely will have anticompetitive …” „… effects.“3 Im Fusionsfall geht es um den Vergleich des Einflusses auf den Wettbewerb vor und nachdem …”

Aus tatsächlichen Gründen entbehrliche Präzision der Marktabgrenzung S. 27-28

„… . Elzinga/T. F. Hogarty, Antitrust Bulletin 18 (1973), S. 45, 80: „Predicting anticompetitive effects from a …”

Relevanz der Marktabgrenzung für eine systematische Analyse S. 39-41

„… wird. „Quick look“- und „direct effect“-Analyse mögen zwar formal auf den relevanten Markt verzichten …” „… identifiable benchmarks against which to discriminate between ‘competitive behaviour’ and ‘anticompetitive …”

Kritische Betrachtung der Bestimmung des Critical Loss S. 297-300

„… likelihood of anticompetitive effects.“1183 Schließlich würde sodann postuliert, dass der tatsächliche …”

Irrelevanz der Marktabgrenzung aufgrund direkter Marktmachtnachweise S. 28-33

„… (1973), S. 45, 80: „Predicting anticompetitive effects from a merger sans arelevant market context is a …”

Critical Loss und Actual Loss S. 300-306

„… anticompetitive effects.“1183 Schließlich würde sodann postuliert, dass der tatsächliche Absatzrückgang mit …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845219523

Jochen Baier - Das Auswirkungsprinzip im Kartellrecht der USA

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Jochen Baier

Das Auswirkungsprinzip im Kartellrecht der USA

Series: Wirtschaftsrecht und Wirtschaftspolitik

Volume 225 2008

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Die alternative Argumentation S. 139-140

„… ‹ anticompetitive effect on United States commerce and whether that conduct ›gives rise‹ to a Sherman Act claim …” „… the first instance (i) whether the domestic effects of the appellees’ anticompetitive conduct were in …” „… anticompetitive conduct’s domestic effects were linked to that foreign harm. Respondents contend that, because …”

Der Anwendungsbereich des FTAIA ist eröffnet S. 133-134

„… focus upon anticompetitive price-fixing activity that is in significant part foreign, that causes some …” „… issue before us concerns (1) significant foreign anticompetitive conduct with (2) an adverse domestic …” „… effect and (3) an independent foreign effect giving rise to the claim.«; vgl. ferner 124 S.Ct. 2359, 2365 …”

Das Tatbestandsmerkmal »such effect gives rise to a claim« in Subsection (2) FTAIA S. 107-114

„… anticompetitive effect« im Sinne von Subsection (1) FTAIA auf den Binnen- oder den Außenhandel der Vereinigten …” „… antitrust law to remedy anticompetitive effects on a foreign market.«588 Vgl. 117 F.Supp.2d 875, 889.589 In …” „… ) making possible anticompetitive conduct directed at domestic commerce. Now, however, the word »effect« is …”

Die Entscheidung des Court of Appeals vom 28. Juni 2005 S. 141-143

„… claim would be whether appellees’ anticompetitive conduct had effects in the United States that were …” „… only demonstrate therefore that the U.S. effects of the appellees’ allegedly anti-competitive conduct …” „… purported foreign injuries and the domestic effects. We agree. This recommended course will preserve …”

In re Monosodium Glutamate Antitrust Litigation S. 156-158

„… have alleged a sufficient link between the domestic effect caused by Defendants’ anti-competitive …” „… L.Ed.2d 226 (2004). They have sufficiently alleged that Defendants’ anti-competitive conduct had a …” „… »direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect« on United States commerce, and that Plaintiffs …”

Das Tatbestandsmerkmal des »direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect« in Subsection (1) FTAIA S. 79-107

„… antitrust 82stantial and reasonably foreseeable anticompetitive effect on United States domestic, import or …” „… , substantial and reasonably foreseeable anticompetitive effect on United States domestic, import or export …” „… required for jurisdictional nexus must be an anti-competitive effect in the domestic market.«84stelle, nur …”

Zulässigkeit der Argumentation S. 140-141

„… . Rather, they say, the anticompetitive conduct’s domestic effects were linked to that foreign harm …” „… . Rather, they say, the anticompetitive conduct’s domestic effects were linked to that foreign harm …” „… effect (i.e., higher prices in the United States), the sellers could not have maintained their …”

Restriktive Auslegung von Subsection (2) FTAIA S. 145-147

„… domestic effects and the foreign injury claim is simply not sufficient to bring anti-competitive conduct …” „… therefore that the U.S. effects of the appellees’ allegedly anti-competitive conduct »gave rise to« their …” „… Passage such effect gives rise to a claim in Subsection (2) FTAIA.787a) Das Merkmal »such effect gives …”

Die Rezeption des »effects test« durch die Antitrust Division und die FTC im Rahmen ihrer Antitrust Enforcement Guidelines for International Operations S. 114-116

„… an anticompetitive effect on the domestic market. The relevant »conduct« in this case can be …” „… vertical restrictions or intellectual property licensing arrangements have an anticompetitive effect on U.S …” „… im vorliegenden Fall nicht entgegen.608IV. Die Rezeption des effects test durch die Antitrust …”

Der Status Quo in der extraterritorialen Anwendung des Sherman Act nach dem FTAIA S. 165-169

„… .: »Consistent with the purpose of the antitrust laws, the effects examined by the Court must be anticompetitive …” „… demonstrate therefore that the U.S. effects of the appellees’ allegedly anti-competitive conduct »gave rise to …” „… commerce« that produced some substantial effect in the United States. Moreover, as defendants note, the …”

Majority Vote – Die Begründung der Subject Matter Jurisdiction S. 126-130

„… injury to purchasers outside of the United States as a result of the anticompetitive effects of price …” „… plaintiffs who are injured solely by that conduct’s effect on foreign commerce. The anticompetitive conduct …” „… Circuit ein.682677stantial and reasonably foreseeable effect on U.S. commerce required to establish this …”

Die Voraussetzungen von Subsection (2) FTAIA sind nicht erfüllt S. 134-137

„… conduct (1) has a »direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect« on domestic commerce, and (2 …” „… ) »such effect gives rise to a [Sherman Act] claim.«724 Vgl. 124 S.Ct. 2359, 2365: »Respondents make a …” „… [. . .] may reach the same conclusion, namely that the FTAIA’s general rule applies where the anticompetitive …”

Zusammenfassende Stellungnahme S. 137-139

„… whether that conduct has a » ›direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable‹ anticompetitive effect on …” „… (i) whether the domestic effects of the appellees’ anticompetitive conduct were in fact linked to the …” „… unklar, ob das Erfordernis des such effect gives rise to in Subsection (2) FTAIA nach der Auffassung des …”

Kritik S. 131-133

„… by the House Report’s declaration that »the ›effect‹ providing the jurisdictional nexus must also be …” „… which itself arises from the domestic antitrust effect required under subsection (1) of the statute, I …” „… focus upon anticompetitive price-fixing activity that is in significant part foreign, that causes some …”

MM Global Services et al. v. The Dow Chemical Company, et al. S. 153-156

„… alleged anticompetitive conduct’s domestic effects were linked to the alleged foreign harm. The District …” „… that plaintiff steel producers claim foreign injuries that are independent of the domestic effects of …” „… the alleged anticompetitive conduct, Empagran controls our ruling on such claims.«828 Vgl. 106 …”

CSR Ltd. v. Cigna Corp. S. 160-163

„… direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable anticompetitive effect upon domestic trade or domestic …” „… reasonably foreseeable anticompetitive effect forms the basis of the Sherman Act claim.«; vgl. ferner 405 …” „… a »direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect« on domestic commerce, the Amended …”

BHP New Zealand Ltd. v. UCAR International, Inc. S. 152-153

„… alleged anticompetitive conduct’s domestic effects were linked to the alleged foreign harm. The District …” „… reaches a foreign injury that is not independent of the foreign conspiracy’s effect on United States …” „… excessive fees, was dependent on the conspiracy’s effect on United States commerce.«821 Vgl. 378 F.3d 210 …”

eMag Solutions v. Toda Kogyo Corp. S. 158-159

„… foreign plaintiffs would lessen the deterrent effect of treble damages. The conspiracy alleged by the …” „… abroad might be tempted to enter into anti-competitive conspiracies affecting American consumers in the …” „… of their conduct, American consumers are benefitted by the maximum deterrent effect of treble damages …”

Auslegung von Subsection (1) FTAIA S. 144-145

„… »direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect« on American domestic, import, or (certain) export …” „… commerce, and (2) has an effect of a kind that antitrust law considers harmful, i.e., the »effect« must …” „… aber die in der Rechtsprechung umstrittene Auslegung der Passage such effect gives rise to a claim in …”

Latino Quimica-Amtex v. Akzo Nobel Chemicals S. 159-160

„… Amended Complaint failed to allege adequately that the domestic effect of Defendants’ conduct »gave rise …” „… a »direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect« on domestic commerce, the Amended …” „… . commerce by reducing the U.S. MCAA market’s competitiveness and by directing anticompetitive conduct at U.S …”

Minderheitsvotum S. 130-131

„… actions« and »would lessen the deterrent effect« of the antitrust laws. See Pfizer, 434 U.S. at 314-15, 98 …” „… to enter into anticompetitive conspiracies affecting American consumers in the expectation that the …” „… , American consumers are benefitted by the maximum deterrent effect of treble damages upon all potential …”

Zwischenergebnis S. 119-122

„… challenged restraint has, or is intended to have, any anticompetitive effect upon United States commerce …” „… herrschender Meinung ist der nach dem FTAIA durchzuführende effects test eine Frage der subject matter …” „… , and foreseeable effect within the state, but only in respect of such activity; or . . .«642 Vgl. ebd …”

Stellungnahme S. 147-150

„… therefore that the U.S. effects of the appellees’ allegedly anti-competitive conduct »gave rise to« their …” „… effect gives rise to) auf einen unmittelbaren Ursachenzusammenhang zwischen der Handlung, deren …” „… such effect causes umschreiben können. Dass er dies jedoch nicht getan hat, deutet darauf hin, dass ein …”

Die Entscheidung des District Court for the District of Columbia Circuit vom 7. Juni 2001 S. 123-126

„… seek to remedy »arise« from an anticompetitive effect of defendants’ conduct on U.S. commerce.«673 Vgl …” „… conduct causing their injuries resulted in a »direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect on …” „… fixing behavior had direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effects on U.S. commerce, (describing …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 175-179

„… anticompetitive effect, 70 Antitrust L.J. S. 371 ff. 2002-2003Fox, Eleanor M. in: Fuchs, Andreas/Schwintowski …” „… Extraterritorial Effects: Guidance to Courts Facing Questions of Antitrust Jurisdiction Still Lacking, 31 Brooklyn …” „… Antitrust Act: Intent and Effects in the Balance?, 6 Loy L.A. Int’l & Comp. L. J. S. 463 ff. (1983)Dlouhy …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845210551

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