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Thomas Fischer - Neutral Power in the CSCE

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Thomas Fischer

Neutral Power in the CSCE

Series: Wiener Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 12 2009

Results in this title

Yugoslavia S. 50-54

„… alliances helped preserve Yugoslavia’s frontiers. At first there was a “little entente” between Yugoslavia …” „… Partly in reaction to Yugoslavia’s closer ties with Western alliance members, Khrushchev, after Stalin’s …” „… Yugoslavia’s relations with the West without complications. Among other things, there was a looming border …”

Yugoslavia S. 73-76

„… , like in Austria and Finland, Yugoslavia’s security and independence were highly sensitive to the state …” „… same time, the Brezhnev doctrine touched upon one of the cardinal principles of Yugoslavia’s …” „… context. In 1969, Mirko Tepavac, Nikezic’s successor as Yugoslavia’s foreign minister, stated to the UN …”

Yugoslavia S. 138-141

„… the multilateral talks truly commenced.Yugoslavia Although Yugoslavia’s initial reaction to the May …” „… for the idea of a European security conference. Following a declaration on Yugoslavia’s positive …” „… foreseeable progress in the German question, in spring 1970 Yugoslavia returned to its earlier strong support …”

Prelude to the N+N: The “Group of Nine” S. 76-82

„… 76Overall, the development of détente was welcomed in Yugoslavia despite some scepticism. Initially …” „… began, expectations arose in Yugoslavia that the various concepts of “active neutrality”, as developed …” „… Security”, 101; Bilandzic/Nick, “The Policy of Non-Alignment of Yugoslavia”, 177. 182 Cf. Radovan …”

Summary and Conclusions S. 357-376

„… also invigorated Yugoslavia’s struggle for national sovereignty and independence, which once again …” „… their cooperation. Yet Yugoslavia’s participation in the N+N collaboration also held advantages …” „… , Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland, together with non-aligned Yugoslavia, Cyprus, Malta, and the two …”

Finland S. 45-50

„… alliances helped preserve Yugoslavia’s frontiers. At first there was a “little entente” between Yugoslavia …” „… and sovereignty, with whatever constraints in Realpolitik this policy choice brought about. Yugoslavia …” „… . Turning to non-aligned Yugoslavia, an even sharper contrast becomes evident. Davidson points out that the …”

Mitigating Bilateral Differences S. 347-351

„… 347 Mitigating Bilateral Differences The inclusion of Yugoslavia in the neutral collaboration in …” „… encountered at the time with Belgrade. Austria’s bone of contention with Yugoslavia already existed before …” „… village onto a German-language sign. Public protests arose in the Slovene parts of Yugoslavia. To make …”

Five Times Neutral and Non-Aligned S. 54-55

„… regulating relations between belligerent and non-belligerent states, Yugoslavia’s non-alignment was devoid of …” „… liberalization of mutual trade; finally, in 1980, Yugoslavia signed a cooperation agreement with the EC that …” „… nations based on a liberal democracy, Yugoslavia remained a developing country based on the Marxist ideal …”

Growing Mutual Respect and Understanding S. 343-347

„… North-South aspects to it. For Yugoslavia, the CSCE provided a unique forum to translate classic non-aligned …” „… context. As an institutional expression of détente, the CSCE would allow Yugoslavia to develop mutually …” „… contributor from the non-aligned side to the N+N cooperation was clearly Yugoslavia.1345While Yugoslavia …”

Finland S. 71-73

„… a state visit by President Tito of Yugoslavia to Finland in 1964, Kekkonen argued that the primary …” „… turning to non-aligned Yugoslavia, an important observation should be made regarding the neutral states …” „… , it reflects the four states’ individual outlook in dealing with the matter. Yugoslavia Given the aims …”

Neutral and Non-Aligned Reactions to the Finnish CSCE Memorandum S. 100-111

„… foreign policy concept of “non-alignment”, Yugoslavia’s interest in overcoming bloc structures in Europe …” „… a “useful” initiative that would find Yugoslavia’s support. Nevertheless he insisted that the …” „… July,311 however, did a major reason for Yugoslavia’s “passive attitude”312 seem to have been removed …”

Introduction S. 17-28

„… . “On the Road to Belgrade: Yugoslavia’s Contribution to the Defining of the Concept of European …” „… written up until now on Yugoslavia’s participation in the CSCE, the archives in Belgrade, namely, promise …” „… Yugoslavia, Cyprus, and Malta as well as the microstates Liechtenstein and San Marino, began to form a group …”

The Inclusion of the Mediterranean Small States and European Microstates in the N+N Group S. 351-354

„… solidarity Yugoslavia showed within the N+N collaboration. The Inclusion of the Mediterranean Small States …” „… states together with Yugoslavia, the cooperation of the non-bloc member states in the course of the …” „… until 1975, Spain was not “acceptable” politically – particularly for socialist Yugoslavia – and was …”

Sweden S. 135-138

„… talks truly commenced.Yugoslavia Although Yugoslavia’s initial reaction to the May 1969 Finnish …” „… European security conference. Following a declaration on Yugoslavia’s positive attitude towards the project …” „… German question, in spring 1970 Yugoslavia returned to its earlier strong support for the idea of a …”

Final Deals on Basket III and the Follow-Up S. 307-316

„… Belgrade: Yugoslavia’s Contribution to the Defining of the Concept of European Security and Cooperation …” „… resolutions (from Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, and Finland) had been put before the CSCE regarding …” „… point was particularly true for Finland and Yugoslavia (and for Austria to a lesser extent), whose …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… about were I was sitting... Non-aligned Yugoslavia, due to the alphabetical seating order, would have …” „… ), Andreas Oplatka, Hans-Jörg Renk (Switzerland), and Vladimir Bilandzic (former Yugoslavia). Some of them …” „… Switzerland 32Austria 36Sweden 40Finland 45Yugoslavia 50Five Times Neutral and Non-Aligned 54A Changing …”

Neutral and Non-Aligned Agenda Proposals S. 177-181

„… were mainly interested in being informed on the force reduction talks.602Yugoslavia – like Finland …” „… number of issues where the positions of the neutrals and non-aligned Yugoslavia were close and where …” „… ]: Yugoslavia, draft agenda (CESC/HC/23), 18 January 1973. 181 existed. The Yugoslav delegation, like the Swiss …”

Reactions to the Neutral and Non-Aligned Proposals on Security Matters S. 181-185

„… invented by NATO states and proposed by Yugoslavia to the CSCE), and the separation between cultural …” „… , Switzerland, Yugoslavia, and Malta, which were basically inclined to discuss the issue under the heading …” „… MBFR sought by Sweden, Austria, and Yugoslavia. Mendelevich believed that the most Moscow would be …”

The Role of a Neutral/Non-Aligned State and Possible Forms of Cooperation S. 141-150

„… balancer between East and West would most likely fall to them, nonaligned Yugoslavia struggled for a more …” „… conference should be no less than a “democratization of relations between states”. In that sense Yugoslavia …” „… , 222. 467 Yugoslavia was still considered by the neutral states very much a case apart, and none of …”

Neutral and Non-aligned Cooperation at the MPT S. 216-218

„… of Yugoslavia, these precise and strict procedural rules created a legitimate defence against …” „… for the cooperation with non-aligned Yugoslavia, common interests were strictly limited to procedural …” „… three neutrals Austria, Sweden, Switzerland (and if possible also with Yugoslavia) before the second …”

No N+N Cooperation in Basket II S. 238-240

„… on a Negotiation, 228, 253.853 On Yugoslavia’s positions in Basket II, see Zielinski, Die neutralen …” „… between market-economy and socialist countries, a potential conflict with non-aligned Yugoslavia, which …” „… had been rather lukewarm. They pointed out that states such as Austria, Yugoslavia, Finland, and …”

Finland Joins in the Neutral Consultations S. 226-228

„… conference, and perhaps even more advantageous with respect to non-aligned Yugoslavia. Indeed, Belgrade was …” „… this group of four was extended to five to include Yugoslavia, and then to the other non-aligned, all …” „… ”794 and in general, the N+N delegations – most of all Yugoslavia – tended to believe that the list of …”

Helsinki-Geneva-Helsinki: Deciding on the Venue of the Conference S. 201-216

„… 201 Romania, Yugoslavia, and the Netherlands. On this basis, on 11 May an agreement was concluded …” „… option, became a middle road on which the neutral states could join Yugoslavia during the second stage of …” „… follows: Switzerland, Romania, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Greece, Cyprus, Portugal, Italy, FRG, Liechtenstein …”

Drafting a First Common Proposal in the Military Sub-Committee S. 246-250

„… European neutrals, as well as non-aligned Yugoslavia, Malta, and Cyprus, met on the premises of the Swedish …” „… Austria, Cyprus, Finland, Switzerland, Sweden, and Yugoslavia, presented the first co-sponsored N+N …” „… projects further, which was categorically rejected by Switzerland, Austria, and Yugoslavia.889 It took …”

Negotiation Deadlock in Basket III S. 263-267

„… This was a more explicit alignment of Yugoslavia with neutral positions on the matter than before, and …” „… Vilfan, Delegate of Yugoslavia in the Third Committee, March 6, 1974, Annex to: Kommission III …” „… February 1974. Yugoslavia took the lead in the neutral and non-aligned camp, and announced that it would …”

The Mandate on Military Aspects of Security – Disarmament and CBM S. 200-201

„… Aspects, Telegram Elliott to FCO, Helsinki, 28 April 1973. 201 Romania, Yugoslavia, and the Netherlands …” „… which the neutral states could join Yugoslavia during the second stage of the conference so as to make …”

The N+N Package Deal S. 278-293

„… still lacked a clear reference to the fulfilment of obligations under international law, and Yugoslavia …” „… Yugoslavia, Geneva, 11 July 1974. Found in ÖStA/AdR, BMfaA, II-Pol/International 12, [non-registered box 109 …” „… , Switzerland and Yugoslavia, 290 On the backdrop of clear signs of Soviet concessions to the substance of …”

The Austrian Middle East Proposal – First to Fail S. 189-191

„… , Sweden, and Switzerland, together with non-aligned Yugoslavia, played a prominent role by performing …” „… At the start of the third session, when Yugoslavia convened an unofficial working group comprised of …”

Moving from Helsinki to Geneva S. 219-226

„… Yugoslavia had always insisted that military aspects should also be discussed at the conference, in …” „… Statement by the foreign minister of the Federative Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia, Milos Minic, Helsinki …” „… conference, and perhaps even more advantageous with respect to non-aligned Yugoslavia. Indeed, Belgrade was …”

Neutral Coordinators for the Informal Minigroups S. 185-187

„… Yugoslavia, Sweden, and Austria, as well as from the Soviet Union. Despite initial resistance from the EC …” „… (chaired by Switzerland), and the last with the Mediterranean issue (chaired by Yugoslavia).623 However …”

The N+N at the Helsinki Summit (30 July – 1 August 1975) S. 317-324

„… President Tito followed as opening speaker. Yugoslavia’s assessment of the Geneva negotiations was similarly …” „… implicitly clear that Yugoslavia was not satisfied with the results reached within this field at the Geneva …” „… alphabetical order of participating states, beginning with the FRG and ending with Yugoslavia. Archbishop …”

Basic Terms S. 29-32

„… Yugoslavia.” In Karl E. Birnbaum and Hanspeter Neuhold (eds.). Neutrality and Non-Alignment in Europe. Wien …” „… dimension of the movement was originally represented by Yugoslavia and Cyprus alone, before Malta joined the …”

The Principle of Equal Participation and the Rule of Consensus S. 324-327

„… with Yugoslavia. Archbishop Makarios of the Republic of Cyprus was the only signatory who did not use …” „… , Sweden, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia had originally envisaged the role of negotiators primarily for …” „… weapons-free zone proposal, Austria’s Middle East proposition, or Swedish and Yugoslavian claims for inclusion …”

Performance of the Neutral and Non-Aligned States S. 169-173

„… German report stated that countries such as Switzerland, Sweden, Yugoslavia, Malta, and Spain, with their …” „… organizer, whereas countries such as Yugoslavia, Romania, and Malta, with their emphasis on strict …”

The Soviet Njet to the Swiss SRPD Project S. 250-254

„… Yugoslavia. In fact, this was the only time during the Geneva talks that substantial alternative ideas on the …” „… Swiss, rather than adopt a middle-of-the-line position between East and West (as attempted by Yugoslavia …”

Presentation of Neutral and Non-Aligned Proposals in Basket I S. 228-238

„… Yugoslavia – tended to believe that the list of confidence-building measures should be extended. The West had …” „… discussion, Yugoslavia tabled its proposals on 24 September 1973 with a working paper containing an extensive …” „… conflict with non-aligned Yugoslavia, which aligned mainly with Eastern demands in the economic cooperation …”

A Breakthrough on CBM Parameters S. 297-307

„… , and Yugoslavia immediately expressed support. In early March the Swiss delegate advocated basing the …” „… 16 May, on behalf of Austria, Cyprus, Sweden, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia,1142 Finland introduced a …” „… contrast, the more realistic threat scenario (for example, for Yugoslavia, Finland, and Austria) stemmed …”

Bibliography S. 379-392

„… to Belgrade: Yugoslavia’s Contribution to the Defining of the Concept of European Security and …” „… of Yugoslavia.” In Karl E. Birnbaum and Hanspeter Neuhold (eds.). Neutrality and Non-Alignment in …” „… : Studenttliteratur, 1990. Pirjevec, Joze. “Yugoslavia and the Helsinki Process.” In Carla Meneguzzi Rostagni (ed …”

The Declaration of Principles and Basket III S. 193-198

„… to the neutrals – with the exception of non-aligned Yugoslavia, who had introduced the topic to the …” „… Basket III, the neutrals and non-aligned Yugoslavia on the whole were careful to remain firm on their …”

Appendix: List of Key N+N Delegation Members S. 377-378

„… , 1975) Yugoslavia Djura Nincic (Head of Delegation Geneva) Svetozar Markovic (Geneva) Ljubivoje Acimovic …”

Switzerland S. 128-135

„… presented to a number of Eastern European states, including Yugoslavia, in summer 1972. Belgrade immediately …” „… secretary general Pierre Micheli, only Yugoslavia and Romania gave support to the Swiss initiative; the …”

Rules of Procedure S. 155-162

„… subject. After further contacts on 20-21 November with Canada, the US, Yugoslavia, and Poland, the Swiss …” „… from Norway, Spain, the Soviet Union, Romania, Great Britain, and Yugoslavia, and he was formally …”

The Swiss-Austrian Quarrel over Neutrality S. 254-263

„… middle-of-the-line position between East and West (as attempted by Yugoslavia in February 1974), took a robust …” „… countries Yugoslavia, Cyprus, and Malta. All in all the idea to include a reference to neutrality in the …”

The Birth of the N+N Group (January – December 1974) S. 245-246

„… Bindschedler pointed out, Spain, Yugoslavia, and Romania were expected to submit proposals on the followup …”

Sweden S. 69-71

„… contrast, in an address in honour of a state visit by President Tito of Yugoslavia to Finland in 1964 …”

Organization of the Work S. 165-167

„… , [non-registered box 9, 1973]: Suggestions by the Ambassador of Yugoslavia concerning the Programme of Work for the …”

The Catalogue of Principles S. 187-189

„… non-aligned Yugoslavia, played a prominent role by performing procedural and administrative tasks. At the …”

Other Reference Groups S. 354-356

„… non-aligned Yugoslavia, Cyprus, and Malta in this topical forum together with states such as Portugal, Spain …”

The Role of Personalities S. 330-340

„… summit meeting.1310Non-aligned Yugoslavia, however, knew how to take advantage of the special …” „… , 27. 339 Yugoslavia was at the forefront of neutral and non-aligned efforts to create new instruments …”

Other Military Aspects of Security S. 191-193

„… exception of non-aligned Yugoslavia, who had introduced the topic to the conference agenda. The marked …”

Neutral Caucus with a View to the Continuation of Stage II and the Follow-Up S. 243-245

„… Bindschedler pointed out, Spain, Yugoslavia, and Romania were expected to submit proposals on the followup …”

Assuming Responsibility as Coordinators of Basket III S. 240-243

„… neutrals stood firmly in the Western camp in this debate, where Yugoslavia, despite its socialist state …”

East-West Polarization and the N+N Dual Role Strategy S. 327-330

„… neutral and non-aligned states Austria, Finland, Sweden, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia had originally …”

Making Their Own Instructions S. 340-343

„… states were Finland and Yugoslavia: both had a delegation counting more or less ten members, depending …”

Switzerland S. 32-36

„… Yugoslavia and Cyprus alone, before Malta joined the group.27In the European Cold War context, non-aligned …”

Technical Preparations S. 151-155

„… , Switzerland, and Austria, with Yugoslavia and other non-aligned joining at certain points. However, the …”

Continued High-Level Contacts among the Neutrals S. 293-297

„… could take place in Vienna in early February, and it was agreed that Yugoslavia, which had written a …”

A Swedish Proposal to Break the Negotiation Impasse S. 273-278

„… constellation of the four neutrals, together with Yugoslavia as well as Cyprus and Malta. ÖStA/AdR, BMfaA …”

N+N Discussions on a Yugoslav Follow-Up Proposal S. 267-273

„… February 1974. Yugoslavia took the lead in the neutral and non-aligned camp, and announced that it would …”

The Finnish CSCE Initiative of 5 May 1969 S. 89-100

„… Soviet Union since 1955, Romania since 1967, and Yugoslavia since 1968. 267 Korhonen quoted in Hentilä …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845217703

Cornelius Adebahr - Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy

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Cornelius Adebahr

Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 2009

Results in this title

Former Yugoslavia S. 29-31

„… end the crisis in Kosovo.1.1.3 Former YugoslaviaThe years 1998/99 were dominated by events in the …” „… .”42Figure 3: Map of former YugoslaviaBosnia and …” „… overshadowed by the North Atlantic Alliance’s bombardment of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in order to …”

Mandates continued, and ceased: Great Lakes, Middle East, former Yugoslavia S. 36-38

„… YugoslaviaExisting mandates demanded a great deal of attention too, with the Great Lakes region, and mainly the DRC …”

The Middle East Peace Process S. 26-29

„… end the crisis in Kosovo.1.1.3 Former YugoslaviaThe years 1998/99 were dominated by events in the …” „… . The other areas were: Promotion of stability and peace in Europe; South Africa; Former Yugoslavia …” „… overshadowed by the North Atlantic Alliance’s bombardment of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in order to …”

The Great Lakes S. 21-26

„… continent. This became most obvious in the wars following the break-up of Yugoslavia that had left the EU …” „… for what was then still Yugoslavia (Haine 2004, 38). Later, the Union nominated two successive special …” „… Yugoslavia, with Cyrus Vance and, later, Thorvald Stoltenberg as their UN counterparts (Allen/Smith 1996, 64 …”

Treaty changes in Amsterdam and Nice S. 31-33

„… with the violent break-up of former Yugoslavia (Bendiek 2007, 218; cf. Jaanson 2008, 3). It was worked …” „… aim of supporting regional recovery from the recent set of wars in former Yugoslavia.46 The Pact’s …” „… . Still, two new mandates were added to the list, while those in former Yugoslavia proved to be …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Former Yugoslavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291.2 Still …” „… ceased: Great Lakes, Middle East, former Yugoslavia . . . . 361.3 Troubled growth: Expansion (2002–2005 …”

Index of Figures S. 244

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Figure 3: Map of former Yugoslavia …”

Index of Tables S. 244-245

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Figure 3: Map of former Yugoslavia …”

List of Abbreviations S. 242-244

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Figure 3: Map of former Yugoslavia …”

Case selection: Why study the EUSRs? S. 82-84

„… in one form or the other, be it in former Yugoslavia or for Sudan.– Finally, cooperation with …”

Different roles of special envoys S. 80-82

„… other, be it in former Yugoslavia or for Sudan.– Finally, cooperation with international actors is the …”

Internal consolidation S. 49-51

„… diplomat and former ambassador to Yugoslavia and Macedonia Michael Sahlin followed him, serving in this …”

Increased number of EUSRs S. 119-121

„… short-lived and merely half-successful EUSRs for former Yugoslavia of 1998 and 1999, full five years passed …”

New mandates: Macedonia, Afghanistan S. 33-36

„… EUSR.1.2.3 Mandates continued, and ceased: Great Lakes, Middle East, former YugoslaviaExisting mandates …”

Deliberate use of envoys S. 193-195

„… Royaumont Process and for Yugoslavia, it was mainly a lack of success—and not the completion of tasks—that …”

Tenures extended S. 46-49

„… Kosovo as SRSG. The Swedish diplomat and former ambassador to Yugoslavia and Macedonia Michael Sahlin …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845217338

Emir Suljagic - Ethnic Cleansing: Politics, Policy, Violence

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Emir Suljagic

Ethnic Cleansing: Politics, Policy, Violence

Series: Demokratie, Sicherheit, Frieden

Volume 199 2010

Results in this title

Yugoslavia into Serbia S. 76-90

„… Miloševi?’s and his attempts to convince Kadijevi? that defending Yugoslavia’s internationally recognized …” „… 1991, as the debate about the future of Yugoslavia reached an impasse – ethnic cleansing in Croatia was …” „… the Assembly sessions, that a sovereign Bosnia means an independent Bosnia, if Yugoslavia doesn’t …”

Ethnic Cleansing as Policy: Yugoslavia into a Common Serb State S. 31-34

„… of coercion”.79 To the extent the study of violence in former Yugoslavia is possible to generalize …” „… : Yugoslavia into a Common Serb State This thesis is a study of a historical case of ethnic cleansing: the …” „… specific interaction between the Serb state, the Serb elites’ agenda within Yugoslavia and nationalist …”

Kosovo: Yugoslav Failure and Serbian Challenges S. 42-52

„… finally the way in which it helped crystallize the project for new Serb state in Yugoslavia. The emergence …” „… Yugoslavia falls under the category of expert rather than academic literature which to some extent presented …” „… Socialist Yugoslavia. For that reason, the part of this chapter dealing with the emergence of the movement …”

Movement Expansion and the Emergence of the State-building Project S. 71-74

„… debated the political agenda of the Serb community in Yugoslavia began to center on a single Serb state as …” „… Yugoslavia following the Nazi invasion in April 1941. But, rather than fight the Nazi occupiers, the ?etniks …” „… and German forces in Yugoslavia. As importantly, however, in the process they pursued their own policy …”

Intelligentsia Responds S. 52-64

„… province in Serbia and Yugoslavia and the existing constitutional framework were perceived as problematic …” „… 129 Migrations within Yugoslavia, however, appear to have been far more complex than the picture the …” „… ?, Political organizations in Socialist Yugoslavia, Duke University Press, Durham, 1986, pp. 81-92 132 …”

Ethnic Cleansing in Retrospect and Some Conclusions S. 259-266

„… Serbs and Yugoslavia’s other ethnic groups and reduced their interaction to a zero-sum-game. In other …” „… socialist states ethnic cleansing appeared to be viable policy option in former Yugoslavia for some, in this …” „… . The need to place the choice of ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia in a new theoretical framework came of …”

Historical Background: Yugoslav Crisis and Serb Agenda S. 34-38

„… policy and purpose of Serb politics in former Yugoslavia centered on formation of a state for all Serbs …” „… legitimate grievances of industrial workers there – and as the wave of democratization reached Yugoslavia, to …” „… League of Communists of Yugoslavia, and a major re-alignment within Serbian political …”

Alternative Approach: Ethnic Cleansing as Function of State-building and State-Consolidation Policies S. 11-20

„… convicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (hereinafter ICTY) of aiding and …” „… President of Serbia and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He was indicted as a member of joint criminal …” „… Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia”, International Criminal Law Review 5: 167-201, 2005). 3 …”

The Three Serb States S. 90-96

„… spiritual, cultural, political and state unity of the Serb people in Yugoslavia.”(Undated Congratulatory …” „… dissolution of Yugoslavia could be settled as a Serbo-Croatian matter265 – which gave the Serbs all the …” „… Herzegovina and Yugoslavia: establishment of state borders separating the Serb people from the other two …”

The Starting Point: Political Support S. 229-237

„… . That is why the process usually takes time. The author argues that the evidence from former Yugoslavia …” „… other. Historically, ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia began with Slobodan Miloševi? and the …” „… Serbia: “He also told us that he knew our proposal for a Kosovo Republic within Yugoslavia would not be …”

Bibliography S. 269-294

„… Banac, Ivo. National Question in Yugoslavia, Cornell University Press, 1984, New York Barjaktarevi …” „… organizations in Socialist Yugoslavia, Duke University Press, Durham, 1986 John Coakley (Ed.), The Social Origin …” „… Social Conflicts, Prentice-Hall, 1973, Englewood Cliffs Magaš, Branka. Destruction of Yugoslavia …”

Conclusion: From Conflict to Cleansing – The Thin Red Line S. 40-41

„… a Serb state in former Yugoslavia and b. centrality of ethnic cleansing policy in the implementation …” „… first point out what this dissertation is not about. It is not about dissolution of Yugoslavia or …” „… Yugoslavia on the platform of one of schools of thought within the Serb understanding of national question in …”

Sources and Outline S. 38-40

„… Serb campaign of ethnic cleansing in former Yugoslavia this dissertation will rely for the most part …” „… Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (thereinafter, The Hague Archives), which is the largest public …” „… collection of primary sources documentation on former Yugoslavia. In addition to witness statements, it …”

Co-optation of the Movement: The Party Shows the Way S. 64-71

„… time made it clear that Serbia would not be in any kind of Yugoslavia184. The rally in Novi Sad …” „… Constitution, one judiciary“, „Let the people speak“, „Loss of Kosmet, break-up of Yugoslavia“ and most …” „… importantly „Unified Serbia – certainty of Yugoslavia“. “Gra?ani traže jednu Srbiju”, Politika, 10 July, 1988 …”

Conclusion: State as Key Aspiration of the Serb Nationalist Movement S. 74-75

„… unification of Serbs in former Yugoslavia into one, single state, a state in which they will “have no enemies …” „… in Yugoslavia. 2.4. Conclusion: State as Key Aspiration of the Serb Nationalist Movement The …” „… element for the unitarization of Yugoslavia (…) he suddenly realized that inducing them to revolt was the …”

Destruction of Documents, Revisionism and Denial S. 192-197

„… kind of evidence ICTY received, the Army of Yugoslavia (VJ) and the Ministry of Defense of Yugoslavia …” „… the Committee of the General Staff of Yugoslavia and Federal Ministry of Defence on cooperation with …” „… Staff of Yugoslavia and Federal Ministry of Defence on cooperation with The Hague Tribunal, 11 June 2001 …”

Contention into Violence S. 30-31

„… of coercion”.79 To the extent the study of violence in former Yugoslavia is possible to generalize …” „… : Yugoslavia into a Common Serb State This thesis is a study of a historical case of ethnic cleansing: the …” „… specific interaction between the Serb state, the Serb elites’ agenda within Yugoslavia and nationalist …”

From Differing to Profiting: Serbs Take Advantage of Ethnic Cleansing S. 244-248

„… Bratunac, as elsewhere in former Yugoslavia integral part of polarization was the distribution of weapons …” „… Governments of Serbia and Yugoslavia did not even attempt to hide it779. Croa …” „… interviews: 24 and 25 March 1996 779 See Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Ministry of Defense, Area …”

Deportation/Resettlement – differentia specifica of Ethnic Cleansing S. 104-112

„… nineteen-nineties in former Yugoslavia. Ethnic cleansing is a complex process consisting of a set of interrelated …” „… cleansing – at least as far as the experience of former Yugoslavia is concerned – is that they are meant to …” „… Republic of Yugoslavia – and Serbia – Republika Srpska and Republika Srpska Krajina, regardless of the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… Cleansing: Politics, Policy, ViolenceSerb Ethnic Cleansing Campaign in former YugoslaviaNomos1. Auflage …” „… as Policy: Yugoslavia into a Common Serb State 31 1.4. Historical Background: Yugoslav Crisis and …” „… Cleansing: Common Agenda, State and Policy 76 3.1. Serb Politics in the Nineteen-nineties: from Yugoslavia …”

Nationalism as a Form of Politics S. 20-26

„… understand, however, how and why the Serb political and military leadership in former Yugoslavia opted for …” „… 28 Jacques Semelin, “Analysis of a Mass-Crime. Ethnic Cleansing in the Former Yugoslavia (1991-1999 …” „… former Yugoslavia, Rwanda or presently in Sudan. While Holocaust research is certainly useful, having …”

Crisis Staffs: Legal and Political Background S. 198-209

„… connections are stronger, more frequent and intense than in a democratic society. In Socialist Yugoslavia …” „… was different to a certain extent: for Croatian Serbs the question was getting from Yugoslavia to RSK …” „… bodies, acting in a supporting role for the Army of Yugoslavia (Vojska Jugoslavije/VJ) and the Ministry …”

Conclusion: Final Piece of the Puzzle S. 197

„… Bosnia and Herzegovina, for that matter – in the mainstream of the Serb community in former Yugoslavia …” „… cleansing the Serb political and military leadership implemented in former Yugoslavia and that it b. was …” „… cleansing in the environment in which it was dominantly implemented throughout former Yugoslavia: the …”

One State, One Camp-Network S. 151-163

„… part of the Serb ethnic cleansing campaign in former Yugoslavia; the second question is related to the …” „… Yugoslavia, the discovery of detention/concentration camps and conditions that camp inmates had been …” „… on all fronts of group existence of non-Serbs in former Yugoslavia. If, as the previous chapter has …”

The Growing Gap: Cultivating Difference to the Point of Escalation S. 237-244

„… if the Muslims do not want to stay with us in Yugoslavia, we will have them impaled, just like the …” „… conflicts which ravaged the area of former Yugoslavia throughout the twentieth century. The author can …” „… in former Yugoslavia integral part of polarization was the distribution of weapons to the Serb …”

Establishing Political Domination S. 112-120

„… former Yugoslavia. The following section will deal with way(s) the Serbs established control in …” „… country and out- 113side Yugoslavia to enforce full control over the province for about a decade before …” „… Yugoslavia in relation to Radovan Karadži? and Bosnian SDS. “My thought was, well, they are copying …”

Ordinary People and Extraordinary Crimes S. 96-102

„… fact, it seems more likely that as a result of political dynamics in Yugoslavia and in the Serb …” „… where Serbs have voted in favor of remaining in Yugoslavia and to “implement the plebiscite decision …” „… organizations on behalf of Serbs in former Yugoslavia. In addition, distribution of arms demonstrates that a …”

Murder of Opportunity: Vae victis S. 132-138

„… part of Serb ethnic cleansing in former Yugoslavia. Essentially, as counter-productive as it is, murder …” „… share with their victims, but rather to their own community. In former Yugoslavia then, the argument …” „… instance of murder in the Serb ethnic cleansing campaign in the former Yugoslavia between 1991 and 1999 …”

Crossing the Boundary: Ethnic Cleansing Crossing Over into Genocide S. 145-148

„… Yugoslavia, there seems to be at least one such case where what began as ethnic cleansing in April 1992 …” „… 415 set it apart from all others in former Yugoslavia and explain how and why it could happen in 1995 …” „… isolation – was not present anywhere in former Yugoslavia before or after, in addition to …”

Conclusion: Ethnic cleansing – the policy of choice of Serb leadership S. 102-103

„… others. One is that Serbs were not a majority in Yugoslavia, but rather plurality: there was no other way …” „… . The defense concept Yugoslavia developed in the 1960s relied more heavily than almost any other …”

Conclusion: Murder for, in the Name of and by the State S. 148-150

„… they’re doing.’ And this is what I noted down.”423 Anyone not from former Yugoslavia would have …” „… what was still formally the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRJ) issued an Instruction on …”

Srebrenica – Cconcealment and Destruction as Military Operation S. 177-185

„… , p. 105 178nal for the former Yugoslavia. It is a complex operation involving organizations and …” „… cleansing campaign in former Yugoslavia: Srebrenica and Kosovo. Both these operations are exemplary of …” „… and documentary sources. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) has …”

Murder They Wrote S. 138-145

„… practice seems to have been repeated throughout former Yugoslavia with different Serb forces, formations …” „… lives of entire communities. In former Yugoslavia, there seems to be at least one such case where what …” „… Yugoslavia and explain how and why it could happen in 1995, but not for instance in 1991 in Croatia, 1992 in …”

Acknowledgments S. 9-10

„… former Yugoslavia for helping me both gain access and research the archives of the tribunal. Without …”

Kosovo – Asanacija as Reason d’État S. 185-192

„… leadership of Serbia and Yugoslavia in March 1999. The report states that at the meeting held in Slobodan …” „… former Yugoslavia. A Serb eye-witness and participant in the affair describes such activities in Dalj …”

Conclusion: Political, Economic and Military Domination – Point of Departure for Ethnic Cleansing S. 130-131

„… convoy was intercepted by the Serbian police and Army of Yugoslavia (VJ) and 24 men were taken off the …”

Crisis Staffs and Ethnic Cleansing S. 219-227

„… to leave the territory of Yugoslavia and travel to Western European countries out of their own free …” „… cleansing in former Yugoslavia and c. crucial ingredient of their success is the apparent normalcy of what …”

Conclusion: Crisis Staffs – Deadly Fusion of State and Society S. 227-228

„… perpetrated b. Crisis Staffs are the central organization of ethnic cleansing in former Yugoslavia and c …”

Conclusion: Ordinary Peoples’ Participation in Violence – Betrayal on a Large Scale S. 257-258

„… Yugoslavia. This support is reflected in many different ways: in the speed with which ordinary Serbs forgot …”

Epilogue S. 267-268

„… ethnic cleansing in former Yugoslavia is in many ways unique. The kind of measures it consisted of is to …”

Kosovo S. 129-130

„… the Serbian police and Army of Yugoslavia (VJ) and 24 men were taken off the convoy, including Mr …”

Heavenly Choice: Economic Ruin or Death S. 123-125

„… Yugoslavia, where the victims were different but the perpetrators remained members of the same group. The …”

Croatia S. 125-127

„… specific historical cases of resettlement/ deportation in former Yugoslavia, where the victims were …”

General conditions S. 163-165

„… set up in addition to the prison system of the Republic of Serbia and the Army of Yugoslavia468. One …”

Marginalizing the Other S. 120-123

„… without any choice.”346 In societies like former Yugoslavia and in communities such as Bosniak, very …”

Complicity and Responsibility S. 253-257

„… Yugoslavia. This support is reflected in many different ways: in the speed with which ordinary Serbs forgot …”

The Importance of the Local Community in Ethnic Cleansing: Degrees of Responsibility S. 248-253

„… following section is not to collectively indict the Serb people in former Yugoslavia, but rather to show …”

Torture S. 165-170

„… the Army of Yugoslavia468. One aspect of the cruelty in camps was adherence to existing procedures to …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845226156

Massimiliano Maidano, Gary Armstrong - The Croat Fortress and the Cave Dwellers

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Massimiliano Maidano, Gary Armstrong

The Croat Fortress and the Cave Dwellers

Series: Academia Sport

Volume 59 2024

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Chapter 2: The Fall Of Yugoslavia S. 91-122

„… Yugoslavia‘War is organised confusion’ Lord Arthur Tedder (2006) quoted in The Inside Story of the Invasion of …” „… Fall Of Yugoslavia92istered by the Ottomans (Malcolm, 1996). The A-H administrator Benjamin von Kállay …” „… being subsumed. Before the creation of Yugoslavia in 1945 many Bosniaks sought their own Bosniak state …”

References S. 393-430

„… its workforce: considerations from fieldwork in (former) Yugoslavia, Labor History, 58:1, 44-66, DOI …” „… : http://www.bhas.ba/obavjestenja/Preliminarni_hr.pdfBieber, F., Galijaš, A., Archer, R. (eds) (2016). Debating the End of Yugoslavia. Farnham: Ashgate.Bilić …” „… Hall. BNE-Intellinews.com. (2021). Yugoslavia 30 years on: ‘Yugo-Nostalgia’ fading but not gone …”

Chapter 1: Power, The Civil And Stigma S. 31-90

„… exploded in what was then the region of Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH) in the country known as Yugoslavia. That …” „… Yugoslavia (ICTY)1 in The Hague, Slobodan Praljak a war-time Commander with the Croatian HVO military …” „… International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was a law court established in 1993 to deal …”

Chapter 3 Broad Hills: Football & War Veterans S. 123-162

„… Ivković- was best remembered for saving Diego Maradona’s shot during a Yugoslavia-Argentina penalty …” „… Kingdom of Yugoslavia). The establishment of a cattle fair in 1927 became one of the most important of its …” „… to the Serbian hegemony of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Others today give primacy for this latter …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-30

„… The Fall Of YugoslaviaChapter 2: 91Landscapes and Memories 91New Contests: Meat and Heirs 93Join Our …” „… for the former Yugoslavia Acronyms16JNA Jugoslavenska Narodna Armija (Yugoslav People's Army) KM …” „… Yugoslavia. Owned by Mirko Grbešić who is often referred to as ‘MEPAS’ by the people of SB, the enterprise …”

Chapter 6: Faith In People: The Croat As Lived S. 241-270

„… decades- long resistance the town manifested towards the state of Yugoslavia, and the town’s post-Homeland …” „… Wars and result of the creation of Yugoslavia. The aforementioned comment on who they are insults thus …” „… saw Croatian Kings (notably the 114 Tomislavgrad (known as Duvno during the times of Yugoslavia) is …”

Chapter 8: Citizenship: Capital, Club And Party S. 307-346

„… to the contemporary Assembly also existed during the years of Yugoslavia.The Assembly: Speaking and …” „… time the one called BiH (not Yugoslavia) and against perceptions of Bosniak and Serb hegemony as …” „… took place within the state of Yugoslavia (which was created out of war) and, to follow Tilly, the …”

Chapter 9: Place, People And Performance S. 347-376

„… at large. What this research was particularly concerned about was how the end of Yugoslavia produced …” „… Yugoslavia. The magnanimous winner claimed to advocate the interests of all ethnicities but his victory …” „… Yugoslavia (Bieber et al, 2016). Goods were bought along ethnic lines in this system to sustain the patron …”

Chapter 7: The Škripari: Location, Loyalty And Lived S. 271-306

„… times of Yugoslavia as more money circulated and people became more willing to spend on both their …” „… theological under-pinning. While SB is considered the Catholic capital of the former Yugoslavia, such a …” „… ’ decision at the end of the 3rd round.136 Older SB citizens supported boxers from across Yugoslavia …”

Chapter 4: Space, Face And Response S. 163-208

„… former Yugoslavia (ICTY) of Crimes Against Humanity. The club were fined of 3,000 KM by Savez …” „… here once supplied energy to the whole of Yugoslavia, now he cannot explain why energy is expensive …” „… similar purpose in previous decades. Built in 1937 at the time of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia the structure …”

Chapter 5: The Škripari: Practices And Negotiations S. 209-240

„… Independent State of Croatia (NDH). This entity was founded in April 1941 following the invasion of Yugoslavia …” „… attributable to the credo of “brotherhood and unity” long-professed by the politicians of the former Yugoslavia …” „… eliminate Croats from BiH or reduce their political influence. There are good aspects of Yugoslavia that we …”

Epilogue: Quo Vadis S. 377-384

„… former Yugoslavia in the town of Epilogue: Quo Vadis381Knin located inside Croatian controlled …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783985721443

Ulrich Schlie, Miklos Lojko, Thomas Weber - Vom Nachkrieg zum Vorkrieg

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Ulrich Schlie (ed.), Miklos Lojko (ed.), Thomas Weber (ed.)

Vom Nachkrieg zum Vorkrieg

Series: Andrássy Studien zur Europaforschung

Volume 26 2020

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Dragan Bakić The Kingdom of Yugoslavia during the Peace Conference and its Aftermath S. 93-108

„… already occupied much of the territory to which it aspired and that made Yugoslavia’s position …” „… settled in 1924. The details of the settling of Yugoslavia’s borders are outside the scope of this …” „… rigour in determining Yugoslavia’s borders.13 This seems to have vindicated the scepticism of Nikola …”

Thomas Weber Skating into the Abyss: The Struggle between the Revolutionary Spirit of 1776 and the Reformist Spirit of 1783 in the Establishment of the New International Order in 1919 and After S. 33-46

„… Yugoslavia. It is equally possible to tell the story of the establishment of a monarchy in the multiethnic …” „… , multi-religious territories of the Western Balkans as a story of success or failure. Yugoslavia did turn toward …” „… Slovenes, as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia originally was called, conflict did eventually ensue, but that …”

Vorwort S. 5-8

„… of Yugoslavia during the Peace Conference and its Aftermath …”

János Hóvári The Emergence of the Turkish Political and Military Resistance to Great Britain and its Allies (1919) S. 109-136

„… , p. 199. 31 On the formation of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania see: William Vasilio …” „… Sotirovich: The Unity and Division of Three European Countries. Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, [S.l …”

Miklos Lojko Uncertain Beginnings in Danubian Central Europe: Embedding the new states system in Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland, 1919-1927 S. 57-76

„… Little Entente of Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia, with France as its main patron. Theoretically …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748921240

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