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Anna Locher

Crisis? What Crisis?

2010

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Introduction S. 11-32

„… Atlantic Alliance Under Stress: US-European Relations after Iraq (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press …” „… which small allies and institutional actors early on used the forum of NATO to come to terms with this …” „… Shapiro, Allies at War: America, Europe, and the Crisis over Iraq (Washington: McGraw-Hill, 2004); Vincent …”

De Gaulle’s Announcement S. 261-268

„… 261 the US government had the opportunity to restate its fundamentals and obtain credit for its …” „… recent initiatives.118 This pathway was notable in two regards. First, it reassured NATO allies who had …” „… increasingly asked for US leadership. By the end of the year, most Western governments considered the defense …”

Conclusion S. 281-292

„… and other small allies clearly preferred the distant superpower US as alliance leader over a more …” „… attractive to other NATO allies, particularly Germany. Furthermore,the domestic situation in the US and the …” „… countries; after US President Dwight D. Eisenhower had turned the demand down, the course of the alliance up …”

Assuming Leadership – the US at the May 1965 Meeting S. 206-215

„… this first attempt at reasoning with NATO allies to support the US in Vietnam, the efforts seemed to …” „… time and to serve as an instrument with which to rally NATO allies behind US views and policies …” „… . First, the mounting US involvement in the Vietnam War brought to mind the need for allies and their …”

Atlantic Tensions Go Public in Foreign Affairs S. 101-107

„… , impotence and even despair” that allies felt in their dealings with the US, a nation many times as strong …” „… self-reinforcing process separating the U.S. from Western Europe.”37 In spite of this positive assessment …” „… tentative measures that the US feared would be just pro forma exercises unless the Six acknowledged that the …”

Crisis in the EEC and NATO Consultations in Europe S. 228-235

„… what may hit us some time or other. In agreement with our Allies of the Fourteen we should get our …” „… “least spectacular and most successful […] intensive policy consultation among the interested allies.”157 …” „… representatives in Geneva to obtain new instructions. US diplomats predicted that the crisis was likely to last …”

Conclusion S. 235-236

„… .” According to Finletter, European allies were actually begging for US leadership.186 After the clarifying May …” „… domestic situation in the US, and the persistent push by Canada and other small allies for coping with …” „… 235 share of the leadership comparable to our power, in a joint initiative with willing Allies …”

Washington’s Focus on Trilateral Measures and Institutional Leadership S. 237-245

„… allies, including the US as the alliance leader, were willing to assume an active role in managing the …” „… robustness which US, Canadian, and European allies were ready to display in the event of a French withdrawal …” „… by US Republicans and challenged by European NATO allies. In Washington, Republicans requested even …”

Interpreting de Gaulle: “Why He Does It Is A Riddle” S. 129-134

„… US-friendliness could not offset his total lack of access to de Gaulle. The original French fear that Stikker …” „… the US State Department, identified a number of deep cleavages resulting from divisions between Europe …” „… and the US, which de Gaulle intensified and capitalized on. According to the Harvard professor …”

French Reform Claims and Nuclear Weapons S. 37-41

„… The US did not, however, oppose informal policy coordination. See Sherwood, Allies in Crisis, 106f …” „… London, negotiations with the Six were top priority. According to US views, Britain was “almost …” „… French voice within the transatlantic decisionmaking process and increasingly demanded US deference to a …”

Back on Track: The Alliance in December 1965 S. 254-261

„… among smaller allies that the proposed committee would amount to a US-British-German directorate. Still …” „… the official US attitude, not least for domestic reasons. First, the governments with French-speaking …” „… hostilities against US troops or facilities in France, the US government considered relocation to the Benelux …”

Crisis as Solution? Allied Perceptions of the French Move S. 268-279

„… Soviet Union.146 Also, the personality and political instinct of US President Johnson played a decisive …” „… hat and go,” became the catchphrase of the levelheaded US reaction to the French challenge in spring …” „… 1966.147 Apart from reviewing the US and UK perspectives of the account, this chapter will focus on the …”

Doubts and Questions in the Summer and Fall of 1963 S. 107-113

„… inter-bloc rapprochement came at a cost for US relations with European NATO allies. France and Germany in …” „… missile crisis of October 1962, US President John F. Kennedy and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev were …” „… , the US chief negotiator, briefed NATO ambassadors in Paris and Washington on 29 July, assuring them …”

Small Allies Taking Charge, May 1964 S. 134-141

„… 134 on alliance affairs, which neither the US nor France wished, on the multilateral NATO agenda …” „… . 2.4 Small Allies Taking Charge, May 1964 Reinvigoration of the alliance was considered vital …” „… .”213 In the run-up to the meeting, Spaak had urged the US to agree on the need for a fundamental review …”

French Fleet Withdrawal and NATO Military Strategy S. 93-101

„… ancient Greece; or outward looking and imbuedwith the idea that the defense of the West is indivisible.1US …” „… clear that the Western allies were not faced with a passing mood on the part of de Gaulle; rather, they …” „… , it was NATO’s small allies that, with the help of NATO Secretary-General Dirk Stikker, initiated a …”

Canada’s Proposal to Study the Future of the Alliance S. 187-195

„… Presidential campaign is alreadyunder way. It would be unwise for us to act as if we have any time to prepare …” „… . The General’s tactics are always flexible. We shouldget ready now for what may hit us some time or …” „… other.1US NATO Ambassador Thomas Finletter, 12 July 1965 IV “Stepping Up the Pace:” Crisis Peak, Spring …”

The British Common Market Bid S. 33-37

„… rejecting both the offer to buy US Polaris missiles and participation in the renewed discussion on a …” „… Western allies.”3 Not that le général had started his campaign out of the blue. Since his return to power …” „… January 1963, de Gaulle impeded British accession to the EEC, dismissed the offer to purchase US Polaris …”

Institutionalizing the Debate on the State of the Alliance? S. 215-221

„… discussions with US allies on NATO’s future, while being pessimistic that the French would join in a sincere …” „… the alliance was “doing quite well,” but the US and German allies, according to Canada, appeared to …” „… agreeable solutions among the other 14 NATO states. The US in particular had come a long way. There was a …”

Bibliography S. 295-314

„… . Ball Papers of Francis M. Bator Oral History Interviews US National Archives and Record …” „… Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) 1961-1963: 12, West Europe and Canada (Washington: US …” „… Government Printing Office, 1994) 1964-1968: 12, Western Europe (Washington: US Government Printing Office …”

Follow-up on The Hague: Summit Ideas and Study Proposals S. 143-151

„… to discuss with its allies.29 This remarkable reference and US commitment to the alliance’s …” „… Background paper, US State Department, 19 November 1964III “Ensure that NATO Survives:” Reflections …” „… in NATO. In that sense, the efforts of dedicated smaller allies and of the NATO secretary-general …”

Nuclear Sharing or Nuclear Consultation? Acting on the NATO Crisis S. 221-228

„… idea further. The British counterproposal had added to manifold opposition to the MLF both in the US …” „… and internationally: Resistance in the US Congress was complemented by opposition to the project in …” „… Washington’s European allies.122 At the December 1964 ministerial reunion, Norwegian Foreign Minister 120 See …”

Conclusion S. 89-92

„… activities, including US pressure for and German approval of the preamble to the Elysée Treaty, resumption of …” „… of communication. Why else would Rusk have elaborately sought to convince Washington’s allies of the …” „… US’ sincere intentions? Why else would Stikker have treated the “state of the alliance” so …”

Shattering of Hopes for a Mutually Agreeable NATO Solution S. 201-206

„… would give NATO allies, including the US, plenty of warning and time to consider the French suggestions …” „… on major international developments. Rather, Stewart felt that de Gaulle’s hostility toward the US …” „… had deepened: The French president was convinced that US policies throughout the world were “animated …”

NATO Arguments over Détente, December 1963 S. 113-117

„… believed: A confrontation with the French “would only make them more rigid.”94 The US State Department held …” „… review East-West relations at the NATO ministerial meeting in December 1963. US NATO Ambassador Thomas …” „… allies including Canada, Norway, and Denmark advocated wide-ranging détente, France and Germany formed a …”

Damage Control à la NATO Council S. 76-82

„… interdependence of NATO allies. Similarly, the German, Norwegian, Danish, Greek, Turkish, and US representatives …” „… harmonized policies – “nationalism is not enough.” Nuclear weapons wielded in isolation from the US raised …” „… the specter of a “final holocaust.” By doubting the US readiness to protect Europe, NATO – read …”

Conclusion S. 185-186

„… France. This was the case mainly in the US and Britain, whereas some smaller allies and Brosio still …” „… alliance’s top-ranking diplomat. Elections in the US and Britain confirmed US President Johnson and brought …” „… , supported the idea of rallying the allies behind a common project while winning time to devise strategies …”

Intra-Alliance Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Nassau Summit S. 41-47

„… 41 reluctant US attitude on de Gaulle’s demands to have an equal say increased de Gaulle’s …” „… , other allies. As a longer-term result of their cooperation during the Second World War, London was able …” „… to benefit from unique nuclear cooperation with Washington after the US had amended the McMahon Act …”

Implications for NATO S. 60-67

„… prevailed in the US. Not least for this reason, political consultation among NATO allies remained essential …” „… combined effect, revealed a number of bilateral and overall strains between France and the US, but also …” „… “Atlantic partnership” idea as cherished particularly in the US,136 and policies relevant to NATO as such …”

Conclusion S. 141-142

„… problem that NATO allies had to face was not a particular French policy, but rather what may be described …” „… withdrawal and the policy of withholding information puzzled NATO allies and observers likewise. While in a …” „… undergoing significant shifts in power relations, which resulted in intensified US demands for sharing the …”

Conclusion S. 279-280

„… the allies initially aimed to achieve this with varying strategies. Europeans as a rule were less …” „… dilemma. In doing so, new avenues were sought. The US, UK, and Germany started to prepare trilateral …” „… once more precipitated by one of NATO’s small allies, was to redefine the alliance’s tasks with the …”

Reflecting the Crisis – Observers’ Views S. 72-76

„… – Observers’ Views In the first half of 1963, European and US interests seemed to be in jeopardy. This …” „… determination to remain the single nuclear power in NATO, and US pressure for more conventional European …” „… Nouvelle République, a party closely linked with de Gaulle, was pleased with Kissinger’s argument that US …”

Crisis or No Crisis? The Run-Up to the Winter Convention S. 170-177

„… confirmation in the US presidential elections instigated a critical reappraisal, and the subsequent demise, of …” „… run-up to the ministerial meeting of December 1964. As the US State Department’s scope paper put it under …” „… tend to wither.122 This internal assessment contrasted with a widely received public speech the US …”

“Limited Cohesion:” The Alliance One Year After the Clash S. 117-124

„… much weight in the first years of US President Lyndon B. Johnson, attempts at a new US policy towards …” „… , importantly, the US, Britain, and Germany. The fact that these new leaders, and in particular the new German …” „… Ambassador to Bonn Robert Franks felt.124 In talks with the US president in December 1963, Erhard labeled the …”

The MLF Controversy and its Impact on the Vigor of NATO S. 157-164

„… Nevertheless, US State Department officials had been pushing for the MLF throughout 1963, and the project …” „… Kennedy’s successor Lyndon Johnson to relaunch the proposal. At a meeting in Washington on 10 April, the US …” „… idea was Thomas K. Finletter, the US NATO ambassador. From the onset, he had been a fierce supporter of …”

Confrontation or No Confrontation? Allied Strategies toward France S. 245-254

„… about the Select Committee idea and felt US-British-German cooperation should be converted into …” „… permanent machinery. He noted with satisfaction that the US, British, and German defense secretaries …” „… coordination between Washington, London, and Bonn was still at the planning stage and handled carefully. The US …”

The Press Conference S. 47-50

„… was directed both against Britain and the US, and it amounted to a major attack against the “grand …” „… signaled his resolve to build a French-defined Europe as a counterweight to US dominance, claiming that …” „… dependence on US decisions, had shown American supremacy over the Soviet Union. An independent French policy …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… ” – Stikker and France 124 2.3 Interpreting de Gaulle: “Why He Does It Is A Riddle” 129 2.4 Small Allies …” „… Shattering of Hopes for a Mutually Agreeable NATO Solution 201 1.4 Assuming Leadership – the US at the May …”

Shock in Washington and Apprehension in Europe S. 56-60

„… US government, “from Kennedy on down, panicked.”111 Special adviser to Kennedy John McCloy, the …” „… disturbed about the turn of events than I have ever been at any time since the end of the war.”112 For US …” „… autarchic Europe.”114 Such a vision necessarily collided with the prevailing US 108 Knipping, Rom, 134 …”

“We Must Find Out Where We Stand” – Stikker and France S. 124-129

„… exercise, among other things. Other issues that NATO allies deprecated were France’s attitude toward NATO …” „… to US President Lyndon Johnson, complaining that the French president was blocking the way to …” „… of Atlantic Political-Military Affairs in the US State Department’s Bureau of European Affairs …”

“We Are in an Awkward Transition Period” – Assessing the Challenges S. 164-170

„… in a position to ponder such steps with equanimity because he could be confident that the US nuclear …” „… actors to mull over the French-US relationship, transatlantic relations in general, and the state of NATO …” „… relations between the US and Europe; French short- and mid-term goals; and – on a meta-level – language …”

The Transition from Stikker to Brosio as Triggering Effect for Movement in NATO S. 151-157

„… nuisance to us all.” According to the British ambassador, the regret about Stikker’s leaving was …” „… that Brosio was, paradoxically, favored by France and the US, the two countries that disagreed most …” „… about NATO’s purpose, the role of the International Secretariat, and the military command.48 The US …”

May 1963: Ministers Discuss the State of the Alliance S. 82-89

„… sought to convince Washington’s allies of the US’ sincere intentions? Why else would Stikker have treated …” „… ministers in the Canadian capital. In view of the ministerial meeting, the US Department of State identified …” „… Alliance,” its strategy paper read. The basic US goal for the Ottawa meeting – the first gathering …”

Avoid Confrontation, Study the Future: The December 1964 Meeting S. 177-185

„… 1954 Nine Power Conference of the US, Britain, Canada, and the European Six had agreed that the …” „… Khrushchev to seek better relations with the US. However, the complex reasons for Khrushchev’s removal from …” „… demonstrating to Western governments the dangers of nuclear proliferation, Beijing’s bomb prompted the US, in …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845222486

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Jeanette Schade

Soft Superpower

Series: Entwicklungstheorie und Entwicklungspolitik

Volume 9 2010

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Das Paradox des Supermachtstatus, Zukunftsszenarien und Handlungsoptionen S. 158-161

„… military forces abroad; (2) to ensure US allies’survival and their active cooperation with the US in …” „… die USAwähnen. Auch Samuel Huntington sah die US-Hegemonie schon längst wieder durch Widerstände und …” „… one that seeks to ensure U.S. influence over and participation in collectivedecisionmaking in a wide …”

Public diplomacy mit Hilfe von NGOs S. 244-249

„… extend our reach into the core of the societies and help us to find allies whoshare our passion for wider …” „… , Patricia de Stacy Harrison, bestätigte, sei das Ziel, „to engage and support potential allies, opinion …” „… “, also von engagierten US-Bürgern inEntwicklungsländer; sowie eine Vervierfachung der Publikationen des …”

Zivilgesellschaft, Demokratisierung und Globalisierung S. 177-179

„… Demokratieverständnis der US-Regierung angelegt: Zwischen Verbreitung der Demokratie und Verbreitungder Marktwirtschaft …” „… associations are natural allies in activities and efforts intended to bolstermarket economies. We have natural …” „… natural allies in our efforts tostrengthen market economies. Similarly, our goal of strengthening …”

Zivilgesellschaft und Regimewandel im postsowjetischen Raum S. 381-419

„… der US-Regierung neben der Verletzung der Menschenrechte um eine marktgestützte Landpolitik und …” „… Demokratisierungsprogramm im Iran wendete die US-Regierung laut DOS hingegen allein im FY2006 annähernd66Mio. USD auf (DOS …” „… . Insbesondere die US-Politik gegenüber Russland und den Staaten an dessen Südgrenze wird im folgenden Kapitel …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845224282

Iwona Hanska, Christoph Schuck, Andreas Vasilache, Kirsten Westphal - Nachdenken über Europa

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Iwona Hanska (ed.), Christoph Schuck (ed.), Andreas Vasilache (ed.), Kirsten Westphal (ed.)

Nachdenken über Europa

2009

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Ivo Samson New EU Member States: Contribution of Central Eastern Europeans to European Unity? Slovakia as a Model Case S. 201-211

„… to the support by the new allies in CEE: “Finally, we were convinced, as have been many US …” „… , if the US and a number of European allies were to clash over some UN SC resolutions. The Basic …” „… security and defense issues, they definitely sided with the US policy concerning the invasion of Iraq in …”

Wolfgang Straßburg Europäische Energiepolitik im natürlichen Spannungsfeld von Versorgungssicherheit, Klimaschutz und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit S. 189-201

„… confidence as to the support by the new allies in CEE: “Finally, we were convinced, as have been many US …” „… supporters of European autonomy in security and defense issues, they definitely sided with the US policy …” „… Eastern Europeans have contributed more to the division of Europe than to its unity. Their pro-US policy …”

Susanne Peters, Kirsten Westphal Providing Security in a Changing World? The Old Continent’s Security Strategy Revisited S. 243-267

„… case for NATO. If the US administration does succeed in convincing more NATO allies to commit troops …” „… 2008 document mentions the US as the key partner e.g. for a more effective multilateralism. And indeed …” „… , for the above mentioned challenges, the US is the primary partner. In retrospective of the last five …”

Dai Bingran Common Goals and Interests: Some Reflections on the EU-China Partnership S. 371-387

„… ; and it does not seem that the US and its allies could afford to enter a full-scale war with China …” „… 35 billion USD,7 ranking third after the US and Japan. In technology transfer, the EU is by far …” „… China’s most important partner, surpassing both Japan and the US in terms of value and growth rate, which …”

Emil J. Kirchner The EU’s Role in Regional and Global Security Governance S. 277-293

„… “Berlin-plus” rules which allow the US certain controls over EU-led peace-keeping in return for NATO planning …” „… . 26 For example, the US has 250 long-range transport planes and the Europeans have 11. There are …” „… exercises are linked to the former US Defence Secretary Rumsfeld’s famous dictum that the task determines …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845219493

Ludger Kühnhardt - Im Gespräch bleiben: Politische Wissenschaft und berufliche Praxis

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Ludger Kühnhardt (ed.)

Im Gespräch bleiben: Politische Wissenschaft und berufliche Praxis

Series: Schriften des Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung (ZEI)

Volume 85 2023

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Susanne Baier-Allen Europe and America S. 689-698

„… allies could feel assured with previous presidents that the US would have their security interests at …” „… Europe and AmericaSusanne Baier-Allen*Two years into the Trump presidency, relations between the US …” „… the credibility of the US in Europe and cast severe doubts on the reliability of America as an ally …”

Andrew B. Denison „Rally the World“ – Die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika und die transatlantischen Beziehungen seit dem 11. September S. 343-354

„… Weißen Haus verkündeten National Security Strategy lautet: „The U.S. National Security Strategy will be …” „… Denison, Shades of Multilateralism: U.S. Perspectives on Europe’s Role in the War on Terrorism, ZEI …” „… right on target with respect to the new circumstances confronting the United States and its allies in …”

Bassam Tibi Die Herausforderung des djihadistischen Islamismus und die Dreiecksverbindung Europa – USA – Islamische Zivilisation S. 375-402

„… folgt gedeutet:„Bin Laden is hoping to create fears among the US-allies and to bolster the European …” „… lässt sich anhand der Veröffentlichung der Erklärung von 60 führenden US-Wissenschaftlern und „opion …” „… bombed us in Afghanistan.”Als Verbündete führt er Großbritannien, Frankreich, Italien und schließlich …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748926771

Peggy Wittke - The Bush Doctrine Revisited

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Peggy Wittke

The Bush Doctrine Revisited

Series: Völkerrecht und Außenpolitik

Volume 88 2018

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3. Kapitel – Die Bush-Doktrin S. 43-80

„… inflict terrible damage on the United States, its allies and U.S. citizens and troops abroad. We must …” „… conflicts; – prevent our enemies from threatening us, our allies, and our friends, with weapons of mass …” „… erforderlichen regime change verortet. In dem Kapitel “Prevent Our Enemies from Threatening Us, Our Allies, and …”

7. Kapitel – Staatenpraxis nach 9/11 S. 225-348

„… restore international peace and security in the area.” Der US-Kongress hatte Präsident Bush schon im …” „… 77-23, im Repräsentantenhaus 296-133. 723 U.S. Department of Defense News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld …” „… WMD compels us to action. […] Rogue states and terrorists do not seek to attack us using conventional …”

9. Kapitel – Auswirkungen der Bush-Doktrin auf das Völkerrecht S. 371-454

„… Relations des US-Kongresses: ”The Islamic State of Afghanistan, which is the political extension of the …” „… their international terrorist allies like bin Ladin. […] A first step is the total removal of the …” „… support for the legality of the US claim to self-defence could constitute instant customary international …”

8. Kapitel – Rechtsprechung des IGH nach 9/11 S. 349-370

„… , inklusive eines Berichts des U.S. State Department, vgl. Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory …” „… Oil Company durch US-amerikanische Kriegsschiffe am 19. Oktober 1987 und 18. April 1988 zugrunde. Die …” „… armed attacks on U.S. ships.” Rejoinder submitted by the United States, 23. März 2001, para. 5.35. 1265 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845287478

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