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Jamil Hasanli - At the Dawn of the Cold War

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Jamil Hasanli

At the Dawn of the Cold War

2006

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15 Strengthening of the u.S. Influence in Iran S. 326-353

„… 15 Strengthening of the U.S. Influence in Iran The crucial task Qavam was occupied with after …” „… reforms in the country. In 326 Strengthening of the U.S. Influence in Iran 327 fact, he had already set …” „… historical path pursued by the DPA Strengthening of the u.s. Influence in Iran 335 within a year, pointing …”

12 Starting Point of the Cold War: Iranian Azerbaijan, March 1946 S. 225-254

„… clear, Soviet troops were staying in other parts ofIran. According to U.S. Consul Rossow, as the …” „… possible means, the West's monopoly on nuclear weapons. He noted, "News about methods ofU.S.-owned nuclear …” „… , because there is a reason keeping us from testing them.6 The U.S. Consul in Tabriz R. Rossow was fair in …”

Preface

„… between the CentralGovernment and Azerbaijan 28515 Strengthening of the u.S. Influence in Iran 32616 …” „… the U.S. Department of State advised the Iranian government to recognize the national and cultural …” „… ; diplomatic correspondence and materials from the U.S. State Department; letters, articles, interviews, and …”

8 The Situation in Iranian Azerbaijan and the Moscow Meeting of Foreign Ministers S. 125-141

„… independence and sovereignty ofIran.9 On 14 December, the U.S. Secretary of State J. Byrnes came to Moscow to …” „… Affairs Commissar V. Q. Dekanozov and Counselor of the U.S. Embassy G. Kennan met him. The day after his …” „… Azerbaijani national government, on 13 December, U.S. Ambassador in Iran Murray sent four messages to the …”

13 Withdrawal from Iranian Azerbaijan and the Oil Policy of the Soviets S. 255-284

„… date, these goods were considered smuggled goods and were to be confiscated. The activity of U.S …” „… being concluded. 12 After reading the replies, the U.S. Secretary of State J. Byrnes stated that he …” „… speeches of H. Ala at the Security Council and his support of the U.S. Secretary of State's proposals …”

3 The Struggle for Oil and the Government Crisis in Tehran S. 44-60

„… Britain engaged in intriguing spheres of influence. The declaration of Iran is a triumph of the U.S. point …” „… contradictions between themselves. As far back as the early 1920s, U.S. President Harding noted that while …” „… a representative of the U.S. government, oil expert Colonel Levell, arrived in Iran in early July …”

10 January 1946: Beginning of Reforms in Tabriz S. 162-197

„… Wallace Murray, U.S. Ambassador in Iran, in his report of 1 January to the secretary of state, wrote, I …” „… reason that it would assure friendly and unbiased assistance of the U.S. In view, however, of Molotov …” „… . Otherwise, it would be too late. U.S. Consul R. Rossow, observing events in Azerbaijan with great interest …”

14 The Beginning of Negotiations between the Central Government and Azerbaijan S. 285-325

„… view prevailed that it was the U.S. steadfastness that had its influence on the Soviet stand. There was …” „… . The Tabriz-accredited diplomatic corps attended the festivities. U.S. Vice-Consul in Tabriz R. Rossow …” „… exact, the evacuation was not completed on 6 May, as had been promised."14 In the same days, the U.S …”

9 National Government of Iranian Azerbaijan: Between Autonomy and Independence S. 142-161

„… !."22 At the same time, the consul also informed the U.S. political stratums that there was a danger of …” „… national government and the DPA step by step. On 28 December, the new U.S. Consul arrived in Azerbaijan and …” „… protecting themselves and their national democratic rights. The U.S. Consul asked, "If the Shah recognizes …”

Conclusion S. 385-396

„… same time, the U.S. and Great Britain sought to unite their efforts against the third competitor-the …” „… elite-the political bureau, Stalin's files, new documents from U.S. and British archives, ete. At the same …” „… recognize consolidation of U.S. power in Iran and its status of superpower in general. On 6 October 1947 …”

16 Failure of Stalin's Policy in Iranian Azerbaijan S. 354-384

„… Declaration and the U.S. political course. He added, "The declared intention of the Iranian government to send …” „… elections seems to me an entirely normal and proper decision."5 Right after the U.S. Ambassador's statement …” „… manner, the USSR would have to take adequate measures against him. Qavam asked the U.S. Ambassador to …”

11 February 1946: Qavam as-Saltanah's Moscow Visit S. 198-224

„… . On 4 February, U.S. Consul Rossow met with Seyid Jafar Pishavari. His main aim was to learn the prime …” „… us to do this." During the conversation, the U.S. Consul mentioned Pishavari's speech in the plenary …” „… come to an end, seriously alarmed the leadership of the U.S. foreign policy makers-Secretary of State …”

1 Penetration of the Soviet Troops into Iran and Strengthening of the Soviet Position in Iranian Azerbaijan S. 1-25

„… February, owing to the signing of the allied agreement, Muhammad Reza Pahlavi and U.S. President F. D …” „… thus ensure a decisive influence on developments in this part of the world. Second, it would enable the …” „… influence. To his thinking, Tabriz should be subordinated to Armenian state bodies, since Armenian security …”

6 Decision of the Popular Congress of Azerbaijan S. 91-110

„… , Secretary of the U.S. Consulate in Tabriz M. Apric as well met with Malik Tangiyan. M. Apric said about …” „… visits of the U.S. Embassy officials to Tabriz: Americans are coming in particular to study the situation …” „… newspaper announced that the Iranian Ambassador in Washington Huseyn Ala had met with the U.S. State …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780742570900

Herbert Lin, Amy Zegart - Bytes, Bombs, and Spies

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Herbert Lin (ed.), Amy Zegart (ed.)

Bytes, Bombs, and Spies

2019

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How Effects, Saliences, and Norms Should Influence U.S. Cyberwar Doctrine S. 45-80

„… 453How Effects, Saliencies, and Norms Should Influence U.S. Cyberwar Doctrinehenry farrell and …” „… of influence on focal points is U.S. cyber doctrine. Current U.S. doctrine makes clear that the …” „… influence on the understanding of focal points will likely be U.S. (and other states’) actions in response …”

A Strategic Assessment of the U.S. Cyber Command Vision S. 81-104

„… influence on how the strategy plays out in the future. In addition, the success of the U.S. Cyber Command …” „… 814A Strategic Assessment of the U.S. Cyber Command Visionmax w. e. smeets and herbert linOn April …” „… United States Senate to review his nomination to become the first commander of the U.S. Cyber Command and …”

Index S. 401-416

„… , to U.S. networks, 181–82; to software and cybersecurity, 141–43Active defense, 4; cybersecurity and …” „… , 95–96; U.S. Cyber Command on, 85–87, 89Agility as requirement of ISR, 31, 34, 36, 42Air Force (U.S …” „… : China- U.S. military confrontation and, 334; as essential components of ISR, 35, 38, 41; instability …”

Introduction S. 1-18

„… the U.S. intelligence community. All discussions and papers were unclassified.We or ga nized the …” „… cyber operations were becoming increasingly prominent in U.S. policy and international security more …” „… U.S. policy for both offensive and defensive cyber operations, was leaked by Edward Snowden in 2013 …”

Second Acts in Cyberspace S. 133-150

„… have to be able to shut down networks. The U.S. cyberwar community has been arguing, with some success …” „… U.S. and allied forces have to the U.S. software and cybersecurity base may matter. Outsiders can …” „… commercial software. These days, U.S. companies (as well as U.S.- based foundations) account for well over …”

Rules of Engagement for Cyberspace Operations: A View from the United States S. 289-318

„… , herbert lin, and michael sulmeyerAs cyber weapons are incorporated into U.S. military planning …” „… engagement (ROEs) for U.S. forces with regard to military operations that may use such weapons.1 This chapter …” „… addresses ROEs from the perspective of U.S. military operators.2 It is informed by practitioner experience …”

Disintermediation, Counterinsurgency, and Cyber Defense S. 343-356

„… Col-lege, proposed transforming the U.S. military by leveraging computer and 14-3547-2-ch14.indd 347 …” „… instantaneous sharing of information within and among all ele ments of U.S. and allied armed forces …” „… observed:Cyberwarfare is asymmetric. The low cost of computing devices means that U.S. adversaries do not have to build …”

Preface

„… Effects, Saliencies, and Norms Should Influence 45 U.S. Cyberwar Doctrinehenry farrell and charles l …” „… Cyber Operations Offensive cyber operations have become increasingly important elements of U.S. national …” „… Ser vices00-3547-2-fm.indd 4 11/08/18 9:30 pmTo the men and women of U.S. Cyber Command00-3547-2 …”

Hacking a Nation's Missile Development Program S. 151-172

„… Times published a number of arti-cles describing U.S. efforts regarding “left- of- launch” ballistic …” „… external commands or data. For example, early U.S. ICBMs, such as the Atlas, were guided from the ground …” „… spoofed, the missile can be diverted from its planned trajectory. For that reason U.S. ballistic missiles …”

The Cyber Commitment Problem and the Destablization of Nuclear Deterrence S. 195-234

„… enemy weapons before or shortly after they are launched. Since the beginning of the U.S. program, code …” „… to suggest that U.S. left- of- launch efforts have been successful.The authors would like to thank …” „… and control before launch.3A U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff paper from 2013 clearly states the military …”

U.S. Offensive Cyber Operations in a China-U.S. Military Confrontation S. 319-342

„… 31913U.S. Offensive Cyber Operations in a China- U.S. Military Confrontationadam segalDefense …” „… about U.S. operations. In open- source articles, PLA authors write extensively about how a …” „… refer to purported uses of cyberattacks by the U.S. military in Iraq, Kosovo, and Af ghan i stan. The …”

Private Sector Cyber Weapons: An Adequate Response to the Sovereignty Gap? S. 357-378

„… the notion,1 but one also involving freedom from the interference of unaffiliated actors. A U.S …” „… . based oil firm may reasonably expect that the U.S. military will be able to prevent the seizure of its …” „… . Top U.S. officials have called for changes in U.S. law and policy that would bolster the private sector’s …”

Cyber Terrorism: Its Effects on Psychological Well-Being, Public Confidence, and Political Attitudes S. 235-264

„… hundreds of thousands of homes and businesses from the electric grid.10 In March 2018, U.S. intelligence …” „… users in more than 150 countries,14 and almost 47 percent of U.S. companies have reported being …” „… United States, and interfere with and possibly compromise the 2016 U.S. elections. A recent large- scale …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815735489

Eric Patterson - Military Chaplains in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Beyond

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Eric Patterson (ed.)

Military Chaplains in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Beyond

2014

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Chapter 2. Understanding the Role and Influence of U.S. Military Chaplains S. 19-42

„… 192Understanding the Role and Influence of U.S. Military ChaplainsPauletta OtisThere are two …” „… AM Understanding the Role and Influence of U.S. Military Chaplains 21when serving in the Marines …” „… -Patterson.indb 22 7/3/14 11:09 AM Understanding the Role and Influence of U.S. Military Chaplains 23the navy …”

Chapter 4. Beginnings: The Army Chaplaincy and the War on Terror, 2001–2005 S. 63-76

„… relationships between these Islamic clerics and U.S. Army religious-support teams would have some influence on …” „… ended in Pennsylvania) also struck the U.S. Army chaplaincy like a thunderbolt. The chaplains serving at …” „… into the building near their office. All over the world, the U.S. Army and its chaplains reacted with …”

Chapter 8. Strategic Engagement and Advisement at the CENTCOM Center of Excellence S. 129-146

„… readily to mind when discussing U.S. strategic communications.”1 Of course, any form of “strategic …” „… late 2009, headquartered in Tampa, Florida, as part of the Intelligence Group (J-2) of U.S. Central …” „… commander also greatly opened the avenues to reach out to other agencies within the U.S. government.This …”

Chapter 6. Military Chaplains as Whole-of-Government Partners S. 95-0

„… National Security Takes Whole-of-Government Approach,” American Forces Press Service, U.S. Department of …” „… . Ibid. See also U.S. Department of State, 2010 Agency Financial Report, “Smart Power in Action …” „… Johnson, Religion, Terror, and Error: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Chal-lenge of Spiritual Engagement …”

Chapter 3. Chaplains Advising Warfighters on Culture and Religion S. 43-62

„… around the world to Europe, Japan, South Korea, and Hong Kong, first as a U.S. Marine officer and then …” „… , beginning in 1986, as a U.S. Navy chaplain. During a visit to South Korea as command chaplain on the USS …” „… religious and cultural factors in international relations, to the detriment of U.S. national interests. Part …”

Chapter 5. The Iraqi Inter-Religious Congress and the Baghdad Accords S. 77-94

„… fighters, criminal interference, massive population upheaval, and spiraling U.S. military and Iraqi …” „… position: the senior chaplain for all U.S. forces in Iraq. I worked directly for MNF-I Commanding General …” „… exercise of religion for U.S. forces, advocacy for soldiers and civilians in crisis and in need of pastoral …”

Chapter 9. Military Chaplaincy: Religious Leadership and Character Development S. 147-170

„… , then–commander of Multi-National Force–Iraq, that only about half of U.S. military personnel would report a …” „… Westernumber is actually even higher, signaling a generational wave breaking on the U.S. religious landscape …” „… leaders in the U.S. military have advanced concepts and pro-grams to engage spirituality as an element of …”

Preface

„… Intervention and Terrorism 1Eric Patterson2 Understanding the Role and Influence of U.S. Military Chaplains 19 …” „… with appreciation to the military chaplains of West-ern militaries, especially (but not limited to) U.S …” „… . Diane Hess-Hernandez11 Contemporary Challenges and Future Opportunities for U.S. Chaplains 201Jason …”

Chapter 11. Contemporary Challenges and Future Opportunities for U.S. Chaplains S. 201-214

„… 20111Contemporary Challenges and Future Opportunities for U.S. ChaplainsJason Klocek and Ron E …” „… the U.S. commanders in charge of planning the impending assault on Manila. As those in attendance …” „… efforts soon thereafter. On August 9, several hours before U.S. ships were to begin their bombardment of …”

Chapter 10. Occupational-Stress Coping Skills of Military Chaplains: The Role of Spiritual Intelligence S. 171-200

„… of much conflict, stress, and controversy, U.S. military chaplains receive commissions as military …” „… workplace. In addition, mounting challenges regarding constitutional issues surround-ing the U.S. Armed …” „… his commitment to his faith and ended up serving in the highest places of power in the nation’s …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781442235403