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Richard Paul, Linda Elder - The Thinker's Guide to Scientific Thinking

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Richard Paul, Linda Elder

The Thinker's Guide to Scientific Thinking

2019

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Why Scientific Thinking? S. 4

„… Thinking?The Problem:Everyone thinks; it is our nature to do so. But much of our thinking, left to itself, is …” „… what we produce, make, or build depends precisely on the quality of our thought. Shoddy thinking is …” „… cultivated.A Denition:Scientific thinking is that mode of thinking in which the thinker improves the quality of …”

The Figuring Mind Thinking Scientifically S. 14

„… Thinking ScienticallyObjectThe thing must have a logic… something to gure out…The Elements of Thought …” „… mind mirrors the logic of the thing to be understood11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 14 3/25/21 8:45 …”

Intellectual Standards in Scientific Thinking S. 13

„… Standards in Scientic Thinking11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 13 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

Experimental Thinking Requires Experimental Controls S. 18

„… www.criticalthinking.org © 201518 The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific ThoughtExperimental Thinking …” „… number of years we could compare the rate of incidence of heart attacks in the two groups. 11 SciThinking …”

Intellectual Dispositions Essential to Scientific Thinking S. 36-37

„… Dispositions Essential to Scientic ThinkingTo become fairminded, intellectually responsible scientific …” „… viewpoint. Questions that foster intellectual humility in scientific thinking include:• What do I really …” „… ability to think scientifically?• How do the beliefs I have uncritically accepted keep me from thinking …”

A Critical Approach to Scientific Thinking S. 61-62

„… Approach to Scientic Thinking*A critical approach to learning science is concerned less with accumulating …” „… University, Ithaca, NY, June 20–22, 1983, p. 3.11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 61 3/25/21 8:45 AM …” „… paleontologists do. Furthermore, scientific thinking is not a matter of running through a set of steps one time …”

The Problem of Pseudo-Scientific and Unscientific Thinking S. 57

„… Pseudo-Scientic and Unscientic ThinkingUnscientific and pseudo-scientific thinking come from the unfortunate fact …” „… thinking.“IT’S TRUE BECAUSE I BELIEVE IT.” I assume that what I believe is true even though I have never …” „… become explicitly aware of our unscientific thinking only if trained to do so. We do not naturally …”

Universal Intellectual Standards Essential to Sound Scientific Thinking S. 11-12

„… Intellectual Standards Essential to Sound Scientic ThinkingUniversal intellectual standards are standards …” „… which must be applied to thinking whenever one is interested in checking the quality of reasoning about …” „… Richard Paul (Dillion Beach: Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2008).11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 11 …”

Scientific Thinking Seeks to Quantify, Explain, and Predict Relationships in Nature S. 9-10

„… The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific Thought 9© 2015 www.criticalthinking.org Scientic Thinking …” „… built up.Lincoln Library of Essential Information, 1940Scientific thinking is based on a belief in the …” „… physical law. For example, it is found that for a constant mass of gas, at a constant 11 SciThinking TG …”

Preface

„… NRICHARD PAUL and LINDA ELDER The Thinker’s Guide toSCIENTIFIC THINKINGBased on Critical Thinking Concepts …” „… Thinking?This guide is designed for students and faculty. It consists of the essence of scientific thinking …” „… & Principles11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 1 3/25/21 8:45 AMOriginally published by The Foundation for …”

Ethics and Science S. 63-1

„… 9780944583333 eBook 9781538133798The Thinker’s Guide to Analytic ThinkingPaperback 9780944583197eBook …” „… Functions of Critical & Creative ThinkingPaperback 9780944583265eBook 9781538133958Thinker’s Guide to the …” „… Human MindPaperback 9780944583586eBook 9781538133880The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific ThinkingPaperback …”

How to Analyze the Logic of a Scientific Article, Essay, or Chapter S. 15-16

„… briefly elaborate what the author means by these ideas.) 11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 15 3/25/21 …” „… assumption(s) underlying the author’s thinking is (are) _____________ (Ask yourself: What is the author taking …” „… where the author’s thinking logically begins.)7a) If we accept this line of reasoning (completely or …”

The Questioning Mind in Science S. 42-43

„… critical thinking. Through skilled, deep, and persistent questioning, they redesigned our view of the …” „… gravitation, he said: “By thinking on it continually. I keep the subject constantly before me and wait till …” „… SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 42 3/25/21 8:45 AMThe Thinker’s Guide to Scientific Thought 43© 2015 …”

The Logic of Science S. 44

„… ’ inking: The most fundamental concepts that guide the thinking of scientists are 1) physical world (of …” „… Science: Many important implications and consequences have resulted from scientific thinking, some of …” „… important positive implication of scientific thinking is that it enables us to replace mythological thinking …”

Purpose S. 28

„… purposes they have chosen. Inadvertently negate their own purposes.Do not monitor their thinking for …” „… part?Adjust their thinking regularly to their purpose.Do not adjust their thinking regularly to their …” „… SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 28 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

Development of the Scientific Mind S. 39

„… the need for regular practice)Beginning Scientic Thinker (We try to improve our scientic thinking, but …” „… our thinking about scientic issues, hence we are unable to distinguish science from pseudo-science)11 …” „… SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 39 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

Concepts and Ideas S. 33

„… using in my thinking?What are the main concepts others are using?Are able to explain the basic …” „… to think deeply about the concepts they use.Am I thinking deeply enough about this concept? For …” „… inexpert customers. Do I need to consider the idea of product safety more deeply?11 SciThinking TG 01.2015 …”

The Logic of Botany S. 51

„… guide botanical thinking are: plant anatomy (the study of internal plant structure), plant cytology (the …” „… botany is a pure science, there are important implications of botanical thinking. Botany can make a …” „… creatures.11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 51 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

Asking One-System and Conflicting-System Questions S. 23-24

„… medicine, in lumber production, and in food production?11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 23 3/25/21 8:45 …” „… scientific thinking making a contribution to our personal lives? Are there any ways in which it is a threat …” „… ? To what extent is it not?11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 24 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

A Pseudo-Science: Why Astrology Is Not a Science S. 58-60

„… influence on earthly events.3 These ideas were originally formulated by Dr. Wesley Hiler.11 SciThinking TG …” „… theory and what is known about someone, and they ignore lack of correspondence.11 SciThinking TG 01.2015 …” „… copies world-wide.44 The Press Democrat, Jan. 3, 2003, p. B2.11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 60 3/25/21 …”

Scientific Reasoning Abilities S. 25

„… points of view• engaging in Socratic discussion on scientific issues• practicing dialectical thinking on …” „… scientific generalizations11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 25 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

Analyzing the Logic of a Science Textbook S. 17

„… ____________________________ _______________________________________________________. 6) The main assumption(s) underlying the author’s thinking is(are …” „… ) __________ _______________________________________________________.11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 17 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

Analyzing & Assessing Scientific Research S. 26-27

„… at issue have been settled.11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 26 3/25/21 8:45 AMThe Thinker’s Guide …” „… implications and consequences.11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 27 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

The Logic of Biochemistry S. 52

„… biochemical thinking are: that there are chemical foundations to life, that the techniques of chemistry are …” „… whole-animal level are highly diversified.11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 52 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

A Checklist for Scientific Reasoning S. 7-8

„… ?• Can you strive to be fairminded in evaluating all scientific points of view?11 SciThinking TG 01.2015 …” „… SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 8 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

The Logic of Animal Physiology S. 54

„… relations. Other important concepts used to guide physiological thinking are: reproduction, growth …” „… pathology and improved life quality.11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 54 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

The Logic of Biology S. 49

„… biological thinking are: that there are foundations to life; that these foundations can be identified …” „… consistent. It sees life processes at the whole-animal level to be highly diversified.11 SciThinking TG …”

The Elements of Scientific Thought S. 5

„… , principles,modelsElementsofScienticThoughtQ11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 5 3/25/21 8:45 AM …” „… reference,perspective,orientationPurpose of Scientic Thinkinggoal, objective,functionScienticQuestions at Issueproblem …”

Scientific Thinkers Routinely Apply the Intellectual Standards S. 38

„… mindClarityAccuracyRelevanceLogicalnessBreadthPrecisionSignificanceCompletenessFairnessDepthESSENTIAL INTELLECTUAL STANDARDS11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 38 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

Two Kinds of Scientific Questions S. 22

„… both types of questions on the following two pages.11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 22 3/25/21 8:45 …”

The Logic of an Experiment S. 19

„… _______________________________________________________________________________________________.11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 19 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

Post Experiment Analysis S. 20

„… ____________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________.11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 20 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

The Logic of Scientific Reasoning S. 41

„… world, we can gain important knowledge about that world11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 41 3/25/21 …”

Questions Using the Elements of Scientific Thought S. 6

„… SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 6 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

Assumptions S. 32

„… making in this situation?Are they justiable?Where did I get these assumptions?11 SciThinking TG 01.2015 …”

The Logic of Archaeology S. 55

„… humankind as taking place through stages over hundreds of thousands of years.11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd …”

Inference and Interpretation S. 31

„… inference be changed if I were to base it on a dierent, more justiable assumption?11 SciThinking TG 01.2015 …”

Information S. 30

„… distorted information to support my position?11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 30 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

Analyzing the Logic of a Subject S. 40

„… implications of what we are studying?11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 40 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

Implications and Consequences S. 35

„… involved?11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 35 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

Questions at Issue or Central Problem S. 29

„… the question?11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 29 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

How to Evaluate an Author’s or Experimenter’s Scientific Reasoning S. 21

„… sensitivity to the implications and consequences of the position s/he is taking?11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd …”

Point of View S. 34

„… , there are competing schools of thought to be considered.11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 34 3/25/21 …”

The Logic of Zoology S. 50

„… , and survive.11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 50 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

The Logic of Paleontology S. 53

„… ongoing, dynamic process.11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 53 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

The Logic of Ecology S. 56

„… in balance for the earth to be healthy and sustainable.11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 56 3/25/21 …”

The Logic of Astronomy S. 48

„… system of systems and a hugely unexplored space waiting to be discovered and understood.11 SciThinking TG …”

The Logic of Chemistry S. 46

„… studied and transformed in accordance with various chemical laws and principles.11 SciThinking TG 01.2015 …”

The Logic of Physics S. 45

„… . Many physicists see the universe as open to almost unlimited exploration and discovery.11 SciThinking …”

The Logic of Geology S. 47

„… , influences and forces which, when systematically studied, can improve the quality of life.11 SciThinking TG …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538133842

Richard Paul, Linda Elder - A Guide for Educators to Critical Thinking Competency Standards

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Richard Paul, Linda Elder

A Guide for Educators to Critical Thinking Competency Standards

2019

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The Critical Thinking Competencies S. 17-45

„… insightful.Standard Nine: Assessing ThinkingStudents who think critically recognize that all thinking has potential …” „… © 2007 Foundation for Critical Thinking Press www.criticalthinking.orgCritical Thinking Competency …” „… the critical thinking competency (as detailed in the performance indicator) with the following …”

Critical Thinking Competency Standards: Guide for Educators S. 4-5

„… © 2007 Foundation for Critical Thinking Press www.criticalthinking.org4 Critical Thinking …” „… Competency StandardsCritical Thinking Competency Standards: Guide for Educators Education is not the …” „… filling of a pail. It is the lighting of a fire.—William Butler Yeats, English PoetCritical Thinking …”

Understanding the Intimate Relationship Between Critical Thinking, Learning, and Education S. 6-13

„… thinking.Critical Thinking and Information LiteracyInformation literacy is of growing concern to educators. It …” „… © 2007 Foundation for Critical Thinking Press www.criticalthinking.org6 Critical Thinking …” „… Competency StandardsUnderstanding the Intimate Relationship Between Critical Thinking, Learning, and …”

Appendix S. 46-56

„… predispositions of the mind, are powerful barriers to the development of critical thinking.We will now comment …” „… to the Development of Thinking.To develop as thinkers, it is important to focus, not only on the …” „… Creative Thinkingin teaching critical thinking to elementary children, see The Miniature Guide to Critical …”

Preface

„… Critical Thinking Master RubricCritiCal thinking CompetenCy StandardSOriginally published by The Foundation …” „… for Critical Thinking 1-800-833-3645www.criticalthinking.orgReissued in 2019 by Rowman & LittlefieldAn …” „… Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.The Foundation for Critical Thinking and the Thinker’s …”

The Structure and Components of the Competencies S. 14-16

„… intellectual standards (see diagram 3 in the appendix).Standard Nine: Assessing ThinkingSection Three: The …” „… © 2007 Foundation for Critical Thinking Press www.criticalthinking.org14 Critical Thinking …” „… critical thinking competency to specific concepts in critical thinking. We then outline the structural …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538133934

Donata Schoeller, Vera Saller - Thinking thinking

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Donata Schoeller (ed.), Vera Saller (ed.)

Thinking thinking

Series: Schriftenreihe der DGAP

Volume 5 2017

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Terrence W. Deacon The emergent process of thinking as reflected in language processing S. 136-159

„… The emergent process of thinking as reflectedin language processing1Terrence W …” „… . DeaconIntroductionIt has been common practice to explore the process of thinking interms of our most familiar publicly …” „… emergent process of thinking as reflected in language processingcalled self-organization, and the dynamical …”

Donata Schoeller, Vera Saller Introduction S. 9-27

„… (Thinking-at-the-Edge).Our interest in the fuzzy, »abductive«, felt-sensing process of think-ing and articulating brought us …” „… come.Verbalizing the act of thinking therefore seems to be doomed to re-main »theoretical activity after the fact …” „… what one is trying toreflect?An inquiry into thinking that accounts for the act of thinking canbe …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… thinking that accounts for the process of thinkingitself can be termed radical reflection. This kind of …” „… thinkingDSchriftenreihe derDeutschen Gesellschaft fürphänomenologische Anthropologie,Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie …” „… BSchriftenreihe der DSchriftenreihe derDHow can one approach the very thought process of thinking, if …”

Eugene Gendlin A changed ground for precise cognition S. 50-91

„… entities.III-4) The practice of thinkingIn my book Experiencing and the Creation of Meaning (ECM) I in-sisted …” „… fromour speaking. On any topic (not only about speaking and thinking),what the words say, instances the …” „… thinking. This article willmake the implicit kind of precision visible, explain how it enables newlogical …”

Vera Saller The detective metaphor in abduction studies and psychoanalysis – and what it teaches us about the process of thought S. 181-208

„… everyday thinking,where they belong. Finding a third logical form of inference itselfmanifests in an …” „… thinking on theother, seem to be the promise the term abduction carries. After all, itwas Peirce who stated …” „… as the consequence ofthe above mentioned opening up of logic to everyday thinking. It isalso a …”

Donata Schoeller Somatic – Semantic – Shifting: Articulating Embodied Cultures S. 112-135

„… computational view of thinking and of human language. Tophilosophically and scientifically pay attention to an …” „… for thinking. He demonstrates how sequences of experience donot obey categories and logical rules that …” „… categorical thinking come into view,carefully explored by Dilthey in comparing the real-categorical senseof …”

Index of Authors S. 238-240

„… and psychotherapist who devel-oped ways of thinking about and working with living process, thebodily …” „… translated inup to 17 languages. He is best known for Focusing and for Thinking atthe Edge, two procedures …” „… for thinking with more than patterns andconcepts. Four times he was awarded by the American …”

Claire Petitmengin The scientist’s body at the source of meaning S. 28-49

„… role in the scientist’s thinking: the process of expression andtransmission of meaning, and the process …” „… associated with the abandonment of the abstract and dis-cursive mode of thinking for an imaged and …” „… an imaged way of thinking may also be elicited by a hypnagogicstate. From Kekule to Laurent Schwartz …”

Susan A. J. Stuart Enkinaesthesia and Reid’s natural kind of magic S. 92-111

„… conscious of, or remember, is suggested toevery thinking being, we do not know how.« (ibid., 43). So, in …” „… of mind, or how we can tell thatand, more particularly, what another person is feeling or thinking …” „… work, first through the ever-flow-ing ever-thinking felt body sense of our situations, and …”

Contents S. 7-8

„… embodied cultures . . 112Terrence W. DeaconThe emergent process of thinking as reflected in …”

Vincent Colapietro A Peircean Account of First-Person »Authority«: The Radical Implications of Thoroughgoing Fallibilism S. 160-180

„… thinking,—ways that tend to puff up the person, and make him think himself farmore real than he veritably is. A …” „… Wishful thinking bears upon first-person knowledge, possibly ina quite fundamental way. That the self …” „… , might be closer to wishful thinking thanmost humans are opento considering seriously (Short 1997; cf …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783495828205

Leon Tsvasman, Florian Schild - AI-Thinking

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Leon Tsvasman, Florian Schild

AI-Thinking

2019

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Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… begreifen gilt. „AI-Thinking“ beinhaltet weder Werbung noch Ablehnung, sondern bietet eine Antwort auf die …” „… Frage nach dem Know-why. ISBN 978-3-95650-533-1 Leon Tsvasman – Florian Schild AI-Thinking Dialog …” „… Leon Tsvasman – Florian Schild AI-Thinking Dialog eines Vordenkers und eines Praktikers über die …”

Diskurs VIII. Impuls für die Praxis S. 159-162

„… 159 Diskurs VIII Impuls für die Praxis The Principles of AI-Thinking Überlegung von Leon …”

Diskurs I. Wer versteht KI? S. 11-37

„… dieser Fragen daher Mindsets wie AI-Thinking und Design-Thinking bemühen. Im besten Fall werden die …”

Diskurs II. Wert und Werte von KI S. 38-52

„… Debatte über Grundeinkommen, werden mithilfe von KI-Thinking als Mindset gesellschaftliche Modelle …”

Diskurs III. KI und die Welt S. 53-132

„… spezialistenübergreifenden Ansatzes, was wir hier mit AI-Thinking anregen möchten. Im Grunde ist jede Finanzierung ein …” „… KI-Visionen. Zumindest setzt dies jedoch ein Verständnis von Mindsets wie AI-Thinking und Human Difference …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783956505348

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Matthias Gouthier (ed.)

Service Design

Series: Reihe Dienstleistungsmanagement | Dienstleistungsmarketing

Volume 3 2017

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Harald F.O. von Korflesch Introducing Entrepreneurial Design Thinking S. 33-44

„… Introducing Entrepreneurial Design Thinking Harald F.O. von Korflesch Management Summary The …” „… objective of this contribution is to conceptually analyze the potentials of entrepreneurial design thinking …” „… as being a rather new method for teaching entrepreneurial thinking and acting. Based on a literature …”

Oliver Böpple Kreativmethoden im unternehmerischen Einsatz: Design Thinking als Ordnungsrahmen S. 45-60

„… individuell zu planen. Hier empfiehlt es sich, auf erfahrene Design- Thinking-Coaches zurückzugreifen, sollte …” „… Kreativmethoden im unternehmerischen Einsatz: Design Thinking als Ordnungsrahmen Oliver Böpple …” „… und nutzerzentrierte Arbeitsweisen zu setzen. Design Thinking oder Service Design sind solche Ansätze …”

Carsten Schulz, Annika Weckmann Out of the box and into reality – Die Potentiale innovativer Methoden richtig verstehen, kombinieren und in echten Kundennutzen umsetzen – wie aus „Design Thinking“ „Design Doing“ wird S. 79-96

„… , kombinieren und in echten Kundennutzen umsetzen – wie aus „Design Thinking“ „Design Doing“ wird Carsten Schulz …” „… , Annika Weckmann Management Summary Die Anwendung von „Design Thinking“ ist in den meisten Unternehmen …” „… Unternehmen schaffen es nicht, vom Prototyping in die Umsetzung zu gelangen und somit kann Design Thinking …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… Gestaltung von positiven Kundenerlebnissen zielt, ist das Service Design (Thinking). Dieses Konzept basiert …” „… auf dem Design-Thinking-Ansatz, fokussiert sich aber auf die Spezifika von Dienstleistungen und …” „… Design Thinking 33 Harald F.O. von Korflesch Kreativmethoden im unternehmerischen Einsatz: Design …”

Matthias H.J. Gouthier Einführung ins Service Design: Ziele, Prozess und Instrumente S. 15-32

„… völlig anderen Richtung kommt der mittlerweile äu- ßerst populäre Ansatz des Service Design (Thinking …” „… diese kauft. Dabei werden die Ideen des Design Thinking auf Services übertragen und angewandt. Da …” „… . (2008): Design thinking, in: Harvard Business Review, 86. Jg., Nr. 6, S. 84-95. Brown, T. (2009): Change …”

Roger Berliat Innovative Services und Customer Experience rund um den Kühlschmierstoff S. 187-201

„… stimmigen Gesamtkontext einzuordnen und umzusetzen, wurde konsequent der Design-Thinking-Prozess angewendet …” „… themenspezifische Methoden wie Design-Thinking- Prozess, Service Design, Prototyping usw. zielgerichtet und wirksam …” „… markant reduziert. Wir haben uns in diesem Fall für die Methode des Design-Thinking- Prozesses (siehe …”

Gerrit Egg, Nadine Speicher Kundenzentriert und gemeinsam kreativ: Service Design bei der WISAG S. 157-168

„… Design Thinking. – Basics, Tools, Cases, Amsterdam. Streicher, H./Ball, T. (2015): Der deutsche FM-Markt …”

Gero Niemeyer, Franz Weisenburger, Lars Kindervater Mit Premium-Service und Digitalisierung Kunden begeistern - Wie die Deutsche Telekom veränderte Kundenerwartungen in der digitalen Welt aufnimmt und weiter vorantreibt S. 135-156

„… denen alltägliche Innovationen geschaffen werden. Design Thinking und agiles Arbeiten sind neue Ansätze …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845286136

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