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Douglas Greene - Stalinism and the Dialectics of Saturn

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Douglas Greene

Stalinism and the Dialectics of Saturn

2023

doi.org/10.5771/9781666930900

Bernd Kuzmits - Borders and Orders in Central Asia

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Bernd Kuzmits

Borders and Orders in Central Asia

Series: Weltregionen im Wandel

Volume 15 2013

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New States: Soviet Union and Independent Afghanistan S. 97-98

„… separated continued to change several more times. 3.2.4. New States: Soviet Union and Independent …” „… the Basmachi movement, an early and amorphous liberation struggle against Soviet rule78, operated from …” „… fight against Bukharan Communists and Soviet troops. The Russian historian Vladimir Boyko suggests that …”

From Friendly Buffer State to Battlefield S. 104-107

„… the Soviet Union and Afghanistan (Dupree 1980: 424). While the northern border was thus finally fixed …” „… this conflict, the Soviet Union opened supply routes through the northern border based on the transit …” „… agreement of 1950. But only after Stalin’s death did the Soviet Union seek more actively to restore …”

State Building and the Fostering of the Soviet–Afghan Border S. 98-103

„… customs officer in Sher Khan Bandar, Afghanistan (8 October 2006). 99 collapse of the Soviet Union, the …” „… modernize his country by counterbalancing his powerful neighbours, the Soviet Union and British India, a …” „… strategy that was to be employed after World War II as well. In March 1926, the Soviet Union and …”

Withdrawal from Afghanistan and Upheaval in Soviet Central Asia S. 107-110

„… depended on Soviet financial and military support and revenues from the export of gas to the Soviet Union …” „… ). Eventually, the war in Afghanistan altered the position of the bordering Central Asian Soviet Union republics …” „… and their populations within the Soviet Union. Many Central Asians served in the Soviet army as …”

Ruptures in the Sociocultural Structure of Soviet Central Asia S. 103-104

„… , more than two million people from the front regions in the European parts of the Soviet Union found …” „… ) the official border between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan (Dupree 1980: 424). While the northern …” „… border with Afghanistan in the course of this conflict, the Soviet Union opened supply routes through the …”

New States and New Borders S. 116-120

„… of the Soviet Union, the character of the borders changed again. New state borders emerged between …” „… former Soviet Union republics from mere administrative lines which before had hardly any effect on …” „… on-the-ground demarcation. Just before the break-up of the Soviet Union, the Geographical Institute of the …”

Arrangements in the post-Soviet Realm S. 259-264

„… dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991.334 However, dissolution did not lead to international …” „… summer, when it was needed to leach and irrigate the fields downstream. The Soviet Union built hydropower …” „… Soviet Union, the regional system of energy–water swaps as well as the whole regional irrigation …”

‘Who Are We – And If So, How Many?’ The Ethnic Ascriptions of the Population S. 113-116

„… Siberia, and birth rates among the titular nations were rising. The demise of the Soviet Union accelerated …” „… and New Borders With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the character of the borders changed again …” „… . New state borders emerged between former Soviet Union republics from mere administrative lines which …”

Summary S. 110-112

„… ‘[t]he Soviet Union collapsed without its Muslims making a lot of trouble’ (Khalid 2007: 117). In the end …” „… , it was a complex mixture of reasons that contributed to the demise of the Soviet Union; its …” „… Soviet Union, see among others Carrère d’Encausse (1992), Hough (1997), Lapidus et al. (1992), Roeder …”

Bibliography S. 347-388

„… Former Soviet Union in International Trade. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Brookings Institution. 2006 …” „… Isolation: Border Controls in the Soviet Union and its Successor States. 1917-1993. London: McGill-Queen’s …” „… Bilateralism in the Former Soviet Union. In International Politics 34(4): 417–48. Darden, Keith Alexander. 2008 …”

Summary: The State of Regionalism in Greater Central Asia S. 311-318

„… processes are designed in dissociation from the previous empires of Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union as a …” „… 311 from the European Union and Central Asia in September 2008 that ‘for Tajikistan, stability in …” „… countries. First, there is infrastructural interdependence. Post-Soviet Central Asia experienced the …”

Borders as Markers of Sovereignty – the Power-related Narrative S. 319-326

„… networks remained vital. The border grew adolescent with the consolidation of the Soviet Union and vigorous …” „… transnational character dominated by the north, i.e., from the Soviet Union. With the Soviet invasion of …” „… integrated into the system. With the break-up of the Soviet Union, the new independent states had to build up …”

Acknowledgements S. 5-10

„… . Empires Reloaded: the ‘Great Game’ and the River as Border 95 3.2.4. New States: Soviet Union and …” „… Independent Afghanistan 97 3.2.5. State Building and the Fostering of the Soviet–Afghan Border 98 3.2.6 …” „… . Ruptures in the Sociocultural Structure of Soviet Central Asia 103 3.2.7. From Friendly Buffer State to …”

Failed States and War Economies S. 120-125

„… 120 Another border-related change occurred as the Soviet Union passed on its external boundaries to …” „… state-building processes. The border between the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China (PRC), based on …” „… Cross-Border Dimension of Wars in Afghanistan and Tajikistan The break-up of the Soviet Union and the creation …”

Abbreviations and Acronyms S. 11-14

„… (Tajikistan 1997-2000) CP Communist Party CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union CSATT Central and South …” „… and Development ECO Economic Cooperation Organization EU European Union FD Foreign Direct …” „… Asia SSR Socialist Soviet Republic TaASSR Tajik Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic TASSR …”

Summary: Drivers of and Constraints on Cross-Border Interactions S. 338-346

„… developed from the mere administrative line it was before the breakdown of the Soviet Union to an adult …” „… Tajikistan was an early catalyst of this development. As the Soviet Union’s southern frontier to a country at …” „… peculiarity. Almost any border section of the Soviet Union ran through formerly homogenous settlement areas …”

Between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan S. 159-164

„… Surkhondaryo during the Soviet Union have meanwhile left. A considerable Tajik minority remained, most of them …” „… councils are still called SelSoviet (abbreviation of Sel’skiy Soviet), just as they were in the Soviet …” „… Union. They are directly subordinated to the district administration, the hokimiyat. Subordinate to the …”

State and Nation Building in Central Asia S. 136-140

„… in Central Asia that survived the Soviet Union (Collins 2006, 2003, 2002). This concept fits only …” „… Central Asian countries after independence. 4.4.2.1. Historicising (Post-)Soviet Identities for Nation …” „… tensions between the ethnic majority (or ‘titular nation’ in the Soviet jargon) and the national minorities …”

Water and Energy Interdependence S. 264-270

„… summer. Together with the Soviet Union, the regional system of energy–water swaps as well as the whole …” „… agriculture, especially in the downstream areas. In Soviet times, upstream republics (Kyrgyz SSR and Tajik …” „… reservoirs in spring and summer, when it was needed to leach and irrigate the fields downstream. The Soviet …”

Summary S. 222-238

„… . With the collapse of the Soviet Union, subsidies ground to an abrupt halt. During the civil war, the …” „… the completion of new ones, some of which had already been planned during the Soviet Union. The Tajik …” „… well as at institutions of higher education elsewhere in the Soviet Union. Nowadays, government …”

Why Study Borders? S. 15-21

„… came into being only after the demise of the Soviet Union, whereas the Amu Darya had marked a state …” „… . This situation changed when the Soviet Union started to fortify the border in the 1930s and literally …” „… Japan, the European Union (EU) and Norway, will replace a ferry that commuted between the Tajik village …”

Empires Reloaded: the ‘Great Game’ and the River as Border S. 95-97

„… the states it separated continued to change several more times. 3.2.4. New States: Soviet Union and …” „… . Fighters in the Basmachi movement, an early and amorphous liberation struggle against Soviet rule78 …” „… Bukhara in his short fight against Bukharan Communists and Soviet troops. The Russian historian Vladimir …”

State and Nation Building in Uzbekistan S. 146-153

„… . Summary: The Production of States and Borders With the break-up of the Soviet Union and the creation of …” „… well-established control infrastructure from the Soviet Union. External entities from Afghanistan that targeted …” „… Uzbeks and Kyrgyz that took the same course until Soviet troops stopped the clashes (Bisig 2002). 147 …”

Between Uzbekistan (Surkhondaryo) and Tajikistan (RRS and Dushanbe) S. 165-176

„… addition, Afghans who studied in the Soviet Union are more likely to foster their connections in Tashkent …” „… something to lose, as they were elites connected to the Soviet Union.181 They came from all over Afghanistan …” „… Afghanistan. Azizi Hotak studied in the Soviet Union and is very well connected in the former Soviet republics …”

The Bigger Players – USA, Russia and China S. 239-247

„… the country after the breakup of the Soviet Union under a mandate by the Commonwealth of Independent …” „… frontier states of the former Soviet Union gained momentum. Russian President Medvedev and his Tajik …” „… , regionalism seems much more pronounced in post-Soviet Central Asia, although initiatives that include …”

The Degree of Regionalisation: Higher in the Mountains S. 333-338

„… Russia and the Soviet Union, as a move towards psychological disintegration. Thus, nation building …” „… post-Soviet realm, i.e., with China, India and Iran, but also with and through Afghanistan. As vectors of …” „… transnational strategic state–business groups, which continue to be more developed within the post-Soviet realm …”

Summary S. 288-290

„… CACO more on Kazakhstan). However, practically all of the unions created since 1991 have similar or …” „… Soviet boundaries linking the CARs with Af- 379 ibid. 380 ibid. 289 ghanistan and other countries, as …” „… 2008 also demonstrated the distribution of military power on the rim of the post-Soviet realm. Thus …”

Summary: The Production of States and Borders S. 153-158

„… 153 4.5. Summary: The Production of States and Borders With the break-up of the Soviet Union and …” „… well-established control infrastructure from the Soviet Union. External entities from Afghanistan that targeted …” „… between the former Soviet republics in Central Asia that had been only sluggishly controlled changed in …”

Study Outline S. 21-24

„… consolidation of the Soviet Union in conjunction with vigorous state-building endeavours including fortification …” „… measures along the river. Ultimately, with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the border became a frontier …” „… dates back to their joint past as Soviet peoples but has decreased steadily and significantly. Overall …”

State and Nation Building in Tajikistan S. 140-146

„… language Russification was already beginning to surface in the last years of the Soviet Union. But beneath …” „… 140 this reasoning, Soviet policies and institutions in Central Asia had not only created and …” „… power asymmetries would continue to dominate decision making in the post-Soviet period. Although the …”

Between Tajikistan and Afghanistan S. 181-204

„… remote regions of the Soviet Union eventually became a special feature of Stalinist borderland policies …” „… Soviet Union. The border post is quite busy as people travel to spend this holiday with relatives. At 5 …” „… often competed in the Soviet Union, where he made contacts. In 1994, he came to Tajikistan, where he has …”

Regional Players S. 247-257

„… prominently, Russia cancelled 90% of Afghanistan’s Soviet-era debt in August 2007, worth about USD 10 billion …” „… during Soviet times (1988) and basically halted until an Iranian engineering company contracted for the …” „… the Afghan anti-Soviet Jihad of the late 1970s and 1980s relative to the Pakistan border area was the …”

Between GBAO (Tajikistan) and Badakhshan (Afghanistan) S. 212-220

„… by Moscow. Thus, the breakdown of the Soviet Union had a significant economic impact on the region …” „… administrative structure of Tajikistan. It is a Soviet-era distinction granted in recognition of the separate …” „… identity of the Pamiri people and the specific character of the region as a Soviet frontier outpost in a …”

Economic Initiatives with Central Asian Roots S. 270-272

„… the Cholpon-Ata Treaty of April 1994. Initially called the Central Asian Economic Union (CAEU), and …” „… ostensibly modelled after the European Union, this organisation was renamed the Central Asian Economic …” „… Central Asian Union (CAU) in April 2007. The union was planned to consist of all five CARs and to promote …”

… between Tajikistan and Afghanistan S. 309-311

„… within which this thesis is written, in Kabul, September 2008. 311 from the European Union and Central …” „… interdependence. Post-Soviet Central Asia experienced the fragmentation of formerly integrated transport systems …” „… after the split of the Union. This joint infrastructure that might have served as a potential driver for …”

Impediments to Enhanced Regional Trade? S. 290-305

„… the rim of the post-Soviet realm. Thus, security concerns are the major driving force for cooperation …” „… Union (Pomfret 2006: 190). However, Central Asian regional organisations have made no attempt, for …” „… Asian region, i.e., the post-Soviet ‘Stans’. Since the start of transition, the excessive degree of …”

Producing and Reproducing Borders S. 30-38

„… , since the river changes course from time to time. In 1946, the Soviet Union and Afghanistan agreed on …” „… also the case in the post-Soviet realm. In the absence of post-independence border agreements by the …” „… map-shaking events of Soviet and Yugoslavian disintegration, rigid adherence to this principle has also been …”

Migration S. 128-130

„… people – teachers, journalists, and physicists – who had at least an affinity to the Soviet Union and the …” „… Yet the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1989, and later the overthrow of the Najibullah regime, had …”

Regional Organisations Exceeding the post-Soviet Space S. 272-276

„… 272 6.2.4. Regional Organisations Exceeding the post-Soviet Space Similar to the organisations …” „… that cover the post-Soviet space, most regional organisations with Central Asian memberships that go …” „… and foremost to contain U.S. influence in the region, expanded more recently by the European Union …”

Borders, Orders and States S. 38-56

„… while the external borders were weakened. The collapse of the Soviet Union alone created more than …” „… dynamics of the European Union, internal borders were eliminated while external borders were gradually …” „… states. 30 In some regions, most prominently in the European Union, this has created a vibrant …”

Excursion: Drug Traffic in Central Asia S. 281-288

„… of Soviet wheat subsidies, which further impoverished the peasantry (Rubin 2000). Taken together …” „… different members (EurAsEC on Russia and CACO more on Kazakhstan). However, practically all of the unions …” „… organisations increasingly transcend the former Soviet boundaries linking the CARs with Af- 379 ibid. 380 ibid. …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845245362

Mark Kramer, Aryo Makko, Peter Ruggenthaler - The Soviet Union and Cold War Neutrality and Nonalignment in Europe

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Mark Kramer (ed.), Aryo Makko (ed.), Peter Ruggenthaler (ed.)

The Soviet Union and Cold War Neutrality and Nonalignment in Europe

2021

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Part III THE SOVIET UNION IN THE POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN NEUTRALS S. 181-290

doi.org/10.5771/9781793631930

Concha Maria Höfler - Boundaries and Belonging in the Greek Community of Georgia

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Concha Maria Höfler

Boundaries and Belonging in the Greek Community of Georgia

Series: Border Studies. Cultures, Spaces, Orders

Volume 2 2020

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Transformations: The end of the Soviet Union as a turning point S. 173-208

„… Chapter 6: Transformations: The end of the Soviet Union as a turning point In this Chapter, I will …” „… Citizen. The primacy of Time in this Chapter, with its focus on the end of the Soviet Union, reflects how …” „… consultants establish it as a moment of rupture, a temporal boundary. The transformation from the Soviet Union …”

Historical background S. 27-46

„… (the Soviet Union) to the Georgian nation state (I.), and the Greek migrations from the post-Soviet …” „… after the demise of the Soviet Union. Crucially, the Russian Empire also recognized them not only as …” „… “fellow Orthodox Christians” but as “Greeks”, a categorization later adopted by the Soviet Union (cf …”

Discussion S. 277-288

„… focus is not limited to the Soviet Union – it also reveals traces of the Russian Empire’s categorization …” „… them, thereby establishing the end of the Soviet Union as a temporal threshold. This threshold is …” „… differences consultants perceive between Today and Yesterday make the Soviet Union the most important temporal …”

Bibliography S. 295-313

„… language planning 1917-53. InKirkwood,Michael, ed., Language Planning in the Soviet Union, Houndmills etc …” „… the Soviet Union. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer. Gugushvili, Dimitri (2017): Lessons from Georgia’s …” „… , ed., Language Planning in the Soviet Union, Houndmills etc.: Macmillan, pp. 123–144. Hionidou …”

Introduction S. 19-26

„… Byzantines’, ‘Greeks of the Soviet Union’, ‘Rōssopontii’, ‘Ellēnopontii’, ‘Rōmii’, ‘Urumebi …” „… since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Numbering around 100,000 in 1989 (Geostat, 2013), only 5,500 …” „… Soviet Union has had for my consultants’ Belonging to Georgia. The third question focuses particularly on …”

Conclusion S. 289-290

„… of belonging, was explored in Chapter 6. The investigation showed that the end of the Soviet Union …” „… must be understood as a liminal phase of profound uncertainty; that the Soviet Union is established as …” „… different from the Soviet Yesterday; and that the end of the Soviet Union is spoken about in terms of a …”

“Language” as a resource for positioning S. 93-172

„… Russian, which became the language of inter-ethnic communication at the latest during the Soviet Union, as …” „… , certainly until the end of the Soviet Union. 40 First published in Höfler (2016, p. 220). 130 B. Standard …” „… attested for minority languages in the post-Soviet space that consultants give as rodnoy yazyk not their …”

(Un)Making boundaries S. 209-276

„… of the analysis. The end of the Soviet Union as a (if not the) major turning point in the lives of my …” „… drawn by Others In the previous Chapter we saw that the end of the Soviet Union led to the massive …” „… , with and without my prompting. If the Soviet Union in many ways functions as the historical point of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-18

„… : Historical background 27 A. Migrating from the Ottoman to the Russian Empire 28 B. The Soviet Union …” „… 166 Chapter 6: Transformations: The end of the Soviet Union as a turning point 173 A. How to avoid …” „… talking about the end of the Soviet Union 179 B. The end of the Soviet Union as “Family Breakdown” 190 I …”

Data collection and analysis S. 79-92

„… life was during the Soviet Union, the changes in the years since the end of the Soviet Union and …” „… : the end of the Soviet Union, the civil war and turmoil of the early 1990s in Georgia, experiences of …” „… powerful literary collages of interviews people narrate their lives in the Soviet Union and afterwards …”

Researching identification, belonging, and the (un)making of boundaries S. 47-78

„… , while Chapter 6 explores the social changes after the end of the Soviet Union, it is their temporal …” „… every time they are invoked.31 Establishing the Soviet Union as a “family”, as featured 29 This means …” „… metaphor for the Soviet Union. For an appeal to extend MCA beyond the realm of establishing and positioning …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845290508

Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg / IFSH - OSCE Yearbook 2008

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Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg / IFSH (ed.)

OSCE Yearbook 2008

2009

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S. Neil MacFarlane Frozen Conflicts in the Former Soviet Union – The Case of Georgia/South Ossetia S. 23-34

„… 23 S. Neil MacFarlane Frozen Conflicts in the Former Soviet Union – The Case of Georgia/South …” „… international relations of “frozen” conflicts in the former Soviet Union. The Russian invasion and …” „… ” Conflict1 in the Former Soviet Union During and immediately after the collapse of the USSR, several …”

Michael Merlingen, Manuel Mireanu, Elena B. Stavrevska The Current State of European Security S. 91-120

„… and defence capabilities, for Russia the collapse of the Soviet Union meant a dramatic loss of power …” „… a huge gap between the global influence once exercised by the Soviet Union and Russia’s ability to …” „… successor states of the Soviet Union later in the same month, with Georgia joining as the twelfth member in …”

Ursel Schlichting Foreword S. 13-22

„… . South Ossetia and Abkhazia.2 Four conflicts on the territory of the former Soviet Union have been …” „… supra-regional and even global significance: For the first time since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia …” „… . This event cannot be considered in isolation from the secession conflicts in the former Soviet Union …”

Kilian Strauss Economic and Environmental Security Should Remain Key Components of the OSCE’s Core Mandate S. 311-324

„… Europe and the former Soviet Union, as well as the United States and Canada, making the OSCE the …” „… remains an important player in today’s Europe, including in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The …” „… post- Soviet area, the Organization has field operations in every state, allowing it to play an …”

P. Terrence Hopmann The Future Impact of the OSCE: Business as Usual or Revitalization? S. 75-90

„… into escalating violence for the second time since the break-up of the Soviet Union. It also proved to …” „… Russia as a stabilizing force throughout the former Soviet space, leading to the perception that Western …” „… movement towards greater political centralization. In other post-Soviet states where democratization and …”

Hansjörg Eiff The OSCE Mission to Georgia and the Status of South Ossetia S. 35-44

„… stronger legal and political position than it had ever enjoyed in the Soviet Union or previously. In …” „… : the reintegration into the Georgian state, on the one hand, and independence from Georgia and union …” „… Soviet Army from Central Europe, Western Europeans in contact with Russian diplomats and military …”

David Aprasidze State-Building and Democratization in Georgia: Have the Limits Been Reached? S. 63-74

„… Revolution: Delayed Transition in the Former Soviet Union, Aldershot 2005. 5 According to the …” „… remnants of the Soviet era, incapable of facing modern challenges. A group that became known as the …” „… Facto States in the Post-Soviet Space, in: Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the …”

Gabriel Leonte, Saba Nordström Promotion of Security and Co-operation through Water Management Activities S. 295-310

„… Soviet Union, the existing infrastructure for the management of water resources (reservoirs, pumps, pipes …” „… , decrees, codes, and regulations. Many regulatory documents dating from the former Soviet Union are still …” „… depend on the quality of land and water resources. During Soviet times, infrastructure development did …”

Elena Kropatcheva Russia’s Response to Georgia’s Military Operation in South Ossetia S. 45-62

„… , Russian Prime Minister Putin argued as follows: “When the Soviet Union was formed, these territories, by …” „… and the West to the post-Soviet region, but also their bilateral problems – the Cold War legacies of …” „… in the Russian-led Collective Security Treaty, which was designed to become a military union of the …”

Frank Evers OSCE Co-operation with China: Relevance, Benefits, and Downsides S. 369-386

„… the Soviet Union) and the US have a deterring effect on China. In multilateral organizations such as …” „… happened in the Soviet Union, perhaps with the exception of the late Gorbachev period. In addition …” „… change, just as happened with the Helsinki Final Act in the former Soviet bloc. Seen from this …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… in the Former Soviet Union – The Case of Georgia/South Ossetia 23 Hansjörg Eiff The OSCE Mission …” „… co-operation with Jonathan Dean, Ambassador ret., Union of Concerned Scientists, Washington Pál Dunay …”

Arnaud Amouroux The OSCE Media Freedom Representative Turns Ten: Current and Future Challenges to Press Freedom in the OSCE Region S. 331-338

„… States and the European Union. Reino Paasilinna, a Finnish Member of the European Parliament, explored …” „… post-Soviet countries as unsatisfactory. Aleksey Simonov, President of the Glasnost Defence Foundation …”

Hans-Joachim Heintze The OSCE – a Club of “Dyed-in-the-Wool Democrats”? S. 253-262

„… ruins of the Soviet Union dependent upon – among other things – their respecting the UN Charter, the …”

Margit Hellwig-Bötte Kazakhstan’s OSCE Chairmanship – The Road to Europe? S. 175-190

„… its disentanglement from the Soviet Union and transformation into an independent state. Since 1999 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845213866

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