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Lisa Klingsporn, Merete Peetz, Christiane Wilke - Otto Kirchheimer - Gesammelte Schriften

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Lisa Klingsporn (ed.), Merete Peetz (ed.), Christiane Wilke (ed.)

Otto Kirchheimer - Gesammelte Schriften

Series: Otto Kirchheimer - Gesammmelte Schriften

Volume 4 2019

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[6.] [Rezension:] Andrei Y. Vyshinsky (Hg.): The Law of the Soviet State[1949] S. 839-841

„… [6.] [Rezension:] Andrei Y. Vyshinsky (Hg.): The Law of the Soviet State* [1949] The Law of the …” „… Soviet State. Edited by Andrei Y. Vyshinsky. Translated by Hugh A. Barb. Introduction by John N. Hazard …” „… theory of the Soviet state. The doctrine presented contrasts sharply with the writings of Soviet authors …”

[4.] [Rezension:] Rudolf Schlesinger: Soviet Legal Theory: Its Social Background and Development[1947] S. 832-834

„… [4.] [Rezension:] Rudolf Schlesinger: Soviet Legal Theory: Its Social Background and Development …” „… * [1947] Soviet Legal Theory: Its Social Background and Development. By Rudolf Schlesinger. New York …” „… : Oxford University Press, 1945. Pp. viii, 299. $5.00. Dispassionate inquiries into Soviet legal thinking …”

[11.] The Wall and After[1964] S. 875-883

„… , Committee on Foreign Affairs. State University of New York, University at Albany, Special Collections …” „… Developments in the Soviet Bloc. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Europe of the Committee on Foreign Affairs …” „… Germany. This maximum demand, under present circumstances, has no chance of realization, a state of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… :] Andrei Y. Vyshinsky (Hg.): The Law of the Soviet State [1949] [6.] 839 [Rezension:] G. Louis Joughin and …” „… ] [3.] 135 [Rezension:] Rudolf Schlesinger: Soviet Legal Theory: Its Social Background and Development …”

Abkürzungen S. 915-918

„… States of America USC United States Code USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics v. versus VEB …” „… Gerichtshof UdSSR Union der Sozialistischen Sowjetrepubliken UN United Nations U.S. United States USA United …”

[7.] [Rezension:] G. Louis Joughin and Edmund M. Morgan: The Legacy of Sacco and Vanzetti[1949] S. 842-843

„… juggernaut of the rising Soviet state as they were to the established order of New England. By accident they …” „… for one’s political enemies has a fighting chance in the United States probably appears as the major …”

Sachregister S. 929-940

„… , 852 Soviet State, law of the 79, 832, 839 Sowjetunion 42, 70, 78-80, 83, 86, 224, 276, 283, 292, 306 …” „… , 736, 748, 760, 769, 774, 814, 851, 853, 854, 865, 866, 893-898 Soviet legislation 79, 86, 832-834 …” „… theory 832 Soviet legal theory 86, 832, 839 Redefreiheit ( Freiheit) Regime ancien régime 613 …”

Einleitung zu diesem Band S. 7-96

„… suchte Ende der 1940er Jahre einen Weg von seiner Arbeit im U.S. Department of State zur universitären …” „… : Franz L. Neumann war 1947 aus dem State Department an die Columbia University gewechselt und zur …” „… Kirchheimer an Ernst Friesenhahn vom 13. Juli 1948, State University of New York, University at Albany …”

[3.] Politische Justiz: Verwendung juristischer Verfahrensmöglichkeiten zu politischen Zwecken[1965] S. 135-831

„… Janns und seiner Mitarbeiter in der rechtswissenschaftlichen Abteilung der United States Library of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845290003

Ryan Shaffer - The Handbook of Asian Intelligence Cultures

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Ryan Shaffer (ed.)

The Handbook of Asian Intelligence Cultures

2022

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25 Tajikistan: Post-Soviet Intelligence Culture in a Fractured State S. 339-354

„… Tajikistan: Post- Soviet Intelligence Culture in a Fractured StateMichael Yerushalmi340 Chapter 25KEY …” „… 339Tajikistan is the smallest, poorest, and most fractured post- Soviet state in Central Asia.1 …” „… similar to its Soviet predecessor, the Committee for State Security (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti …”

15 Mongolia: Democratization and Intelligence S. 199-212

„… Soviet Union in the Sino- Soviet split and thus became a frontier state. During this Sino- Soviet …” „… state during the state- socialist period.MONGOLIAN INTELLIGENCE SERVICES IN 1990The end of the Soviet …” „… and analysis of democratic revolutions in state- socialist states, including the Soviet Union and …”

28 Turkmenistan: Analysis of an Enigmatic Intelligence Culture S. 383-394

„… state.After the Soviet Union’s dissolution, Niyazov supervised the creation of the National Security Committee …” „… Soviet period.6 This was especially evident when the law “On the Organs of State Security of the USSR …” „… (development of cells such as Islamic State—Khorasan Province), and transnational organized crime. Typical of …”

11 Kyrgyzstan: Seeking Stability in a Complex Region S. 143-156

„… as a post- Soviet state have contributed to the conception of a novel Kyrgyz intelligence culture and …” „… the Committee for State Security of the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic immediately followed. At the …” „… challenging political environment since independence. While the post- Soviet state has a functional …”

18 North Korea: An Agile and Adaptable National Intelligence System S. 241-254

„… actors—notably Japan and the United States—as the greatest nemeses to the survival of the DPRK. In reality, the …” „… components are prioritized when it comes to the allocation of state funds. Statements by North Korean …” „… from the stereotype of the North Korean state as an outmoded international pariah.1 Indeed, the North …”

9 Japan: The Rise, Fall, and Reinvention of the Intelligence Community S. 117-128

„… States—the possibility that Washington would lose its capacity to effectively manage the gap between its …” „… . This visit convinced Yamagata that Japanese security required a powerful state at home protected by a …” „… moment when European states were beginning to profes-sionalize their intelligence services, Japan began …”

12 Laos: Intelligence Culture with Internal Threats and External Actors S. 157-170

„… Viktor M. Chebrikov, head of the Soviet Committee for State Security (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy …” „… -2-police- state/?sh =2f7cf1295eda. 168 Chapter 12 2. Volker Grabowsky, Bevoelkerung und Staat in Lan …” „… unlimited in size. Every person is a potential small cog in the state’s machinery, and most people do not …”

29 Uzbekistan: Political Economy of the Intelligence Services S. 395-406

„… Grand Corruption in Uzbekistan,” International State Crime Initiative, 2017, 33, http://statecrime …” „… legacy of the Uzbek Republic’s Committee for State Security (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezo-pasnosti, KGB …” „… March 2018, the SNB was renamed the State Security Service (Sluzhba Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti, SGB …”

30 Vietnam: Intelligence-Led Policing Culture at the Borderland S. 407-418

„… the United States in 1965–1975), the early state faced several challenges in integrating the country …” „… after 1975.1 In the intelligence domain, the first effort to build state intelligence structures …” „… Department.5 Employing a model similar to the former Soviet Union’s intelligence services, this department …”

Preface

„… Tajikistan: Post- Soviet Intelligence Culture in a Fractured State 339 by Michael Yerushalmi26 Thailand …” „… of professional intelligence training and educational programs across the United States and abroad …” „… States’ Central Intelligence Agency on WorldCat returns more than 15,300 items.12 When one considers …”

3 Bhutan: An Intelligence Culture amid Regional Geopolitics S. 31-42

„… European countries and the United States.In contrast, following the Treaty of Punakha in 1910, the British …” „… nation- states, plans policies to meet national inter-ests based on information that is not otherwise in …” „… - states in Europe not only had been competing with each other in the continent but also military conflicts …”

10 Kazakhstan: A Circular Revolution in Intelligence Culture S. 129-142

„… independence and appear to have returned to their original model of the Soviet Union’s Committee for State …” „… the world, including most post- Soviet states, Kazakhstan retains authoritarian origins. The main …” „… Security (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti, KGB). Under the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan operated the …”

1 Afghanistan: The Graveyard of Intelligence Empires S. 1-14

„… home.3 According to a Soviet Committee for State Security (Komitet Gosudarstven-noy Bezopasnosti, KGB …” „… 1A mountainous, landlocked state located in a vital crossroads of Asia, Afghanistan was created as …” „… fragile entities, cursed by their inability to extend state power beyond the capital, Kabul, and a few …”

23 Sri Lanka: The Evolution of an Offensive Intelligence Culture S. 309-322

„… SAS as well as Israeli Special Forces and Soviet Union Committee for State Security (KGB) consultants …” „… safeguarding the nation- state. Indeed, the strategic culture determines the “strategic posture” of the country …” „… relative political stability and economic perseverance despite the Cold War between the United States and …”

Index S. 419-450

„… , 26US Forces Korea (USFK), 300USSR. See Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsUSTDC. See United States …” „… Intelijen Negara (State Intelligence Agency, BIN), in Indonesia, 103–13Badan Intelijen Strategis (Strategic …” „… ), in Indonesia, 105Badan Koordinasi Intelijen Negara (State Intelligence Coordinating Board, BAKIN), in …”

6 China: The Fearful Intelligence Culture S. 69-82

„… third section analyzes the intelligence culture’s state- centric approach in contrast to the United …” „… States’ national security focus. Then it turns to the lasting influence of two key leaders, which …” „… Guotao (张国焘), from Shanghai to the Eyuwan Soviet, 500 miles to the west. Once Gu delivered Zhang, he went …”

19 Pakistan: The Multidimensional Culture of the Inter-ServicesIntelligence S. 255-266

„… shadows of three large states: India, China, and the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, Pakistan lacked a …” „… armed forces of Pakistan and other state bodies. By virtue of this, it has an intimate relationship with …” „… Agency channels power from all- state machinery to improve its delivery and has a cohesive culture.Owing …”

About the Contributors S. 451-458

„… focus is the post- Soviet space, primarily de facto states and unresolved conflicts, as well as the …” „… . He holds a PhD in international security policy from the University of Pittsburgh, United States. His …” „… is Shadow Warfare: Cyberwar Policy in the United States, Russia, and China (Rowman & Littlefield …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538160008

Stefan Meister - Economization versus Power Ambitions

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Stefan Meister (ed.)

Economization versus Power Ambitions

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 2013

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Jarosław Ćwiek-Karpowicz Limits to Russian soft power in the post-Soviet area S. 47-58

„… post-Soviet states like access to its labor market, language proximity, a common culture, and enormous energy …” „… the post-Soviet area is also due to its neo-imperial attitude toward neighboring states. Moscow is not …” „… post-Soviet states have a visa-free regime with Russia, which makes its large labor market quite accessible to …”

Stefan Meister Introduction S. 7-18

„… interest in the post-Soviet neighborhood. The Com- 7 monwealth of Independent States (CIS) founded in 1991 …” „… Putin became president in 2000, the relations with the post-Soviet states became a priority for Russian …” „… post-Soviet states around the core of the Custom Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. However, this is not …”

Vladislav L. Inozemtsev Russia’s national interest: What does it (and what should it) mean for post-Soviet countries? S. 35-46

„… Independent States (CIS). This article examines how Russia’s foreign policy towards the post-Soviet space is …” „… merely an instrument to help achieve a “civilized divorce” between the post-Soviet states. In these years …” „… post-Soviet states were reluctant to grant comparable concessions to Moscow and the economic role of the CIS …”

Stefan Meister Conclusion S. 135-144

„… Russia’s policy towards post-Soviet states and to compare the political rhetoric with the performance of …” „… the policy. Russian policy towards post-Soviet states takes place between the poles of traditional …” „… Russia’s integration policy with post-Soviet states in the Eurasian Economic Union.1 Third, the increasing …”

Igor Torbakov Understanding Moscow’s conduct: The analysis of the domestic politics-foreign policy nexus in Russia S. 19-34

„… anti-Western policies. Unlike the defunct Soviet Union, today’s Russia is not an ideological state. In fact, it …” „… the same token, the state of Russia’s other key asset, which during Soviet times used to be called, in …” „… successor to the defunct Soviet state, which presupposed, among other things, the restoration of Russia’s …”

Vasily Fedortsev The EU and the Eurasian Union: Partnership instead of competition? S. 105-116

„… committed to its integration goals. In his statement before the State Duma in 2011—which was effectively his …” „… post-Soviet space and the formation of an Eurasian Union by 2015 that will unite Russia and the post-Soviet …” „… states following the EU model. The project is an attempt by Russia to alter the status quo in the …”

Alex Nice Playing both sides: Belarus between Russia and the EU S. 73-90

„… Gazprom for 2.5 billion dollars, Russia’s Sberbank provided a 1 billion dollar loan to the state-owned …” „… . Behind the games of “virtual integration” with Russia, the regime has pursued a state-building policy …” „… resist, they will crush us and put us in their pocket.”37 By presenting the current state-dominated …”

Arkady Moshes marriage of unequals: Russian-Ukrainian relations under President Yanukovych S. 59-72

„… In 2009, relations between Russia and Ukraine reached their lowest point in post- Soviet history. In …” „… and most unquestionable foreign policy failure in the post-Soviet space. To accept Yushchenko as a …” „… economically, but instead increased pressure to bring it closer to Russia-centered schemes of post-Soviet …”

Hiski Haukkala The EU and Russia and their “common neighbourhood”: Can the two finally move from competition to cooperation? S. 91-104

„… shouldering the lion's share of seeking to organize the, at times, turbulent post-Soviet setting in Central …” „… the puzzle was also certain: with the notable exception of the three Baltic States, full accession …” „… into the EC was not in the cards for the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU). Regardless of the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… .] Economization versus Power Ambitions Rethinking Russia’s Policy towards Post-Soviet States Nomos Die …” „… ) mean for post-Soviet countries? 35 By Vladislav L. Inozemtsev Limits to Russian soft power in the …” „… post-Soviet area 47 by Jarosław Ćwiek-Karpowicz A marriage of unequals: Russian-Ukrainian relations under …”

Abbreviations S. 147-148

„… the Baltic Sea States CEEC Central and Eastern European Countries CES Common Economic Space CIS …” „… Commonwealth of Independent States CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization DCFTA [EU] Deep and …” „… Community FSU Former Soviet Union GDP Gross Domestic Product GUUAM Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan …”

Select Bibliography S. 149-153

„… the Commonwealth of Independent States: Recent Trends and Future Prospects, in: Problems of …” „… ). Taras Kuzio, Political Culture and Democracy: Ukraine as an Immobile State, in: East European Politics …” „… Post-Soviet Politics and Business, Ithaca, NY 2006. Andrei Liakhovich, “Belarus’ ruling elite: Readiness for …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845241968

Bernd Kuzmits - Borders and Orders in Central Asia

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Bernd Kuzmits

Borders and Orders in Central Asia

Series: Weltregionen im Wandel

Volume 15 2013

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New States: Soviet Union and Independent Afghanistan S. 97-98

„… separated continued to change several more times. 3.2.4. New States: Soviet Union and Independent …” „… 97 lution in 1917 and the independence of Afghanistan in 1919. But its character and the states it …” „… the Basmachi movement, an early and amorphous liberation struggle against Soviet rule78, operated from …”

State Building and the Fostering of the Soviet–Afghan Border S. 98-103

„… Afghan civil war, Soviet state-run agencies seized the opportunity of penetrating the northern Afghan …” „… Soviet state was based on a strong vertical power structure that incorporated traditional political …” „… 98 Amanullah received the Soviet commitment to deliver reciprocal concessions in kind.80 …”

State and Nation Building in Central Asia S. 136-140

„… the case of the Baltic States. And the secular and competing first generation of post-Soviet Central …” „… and Pre-Soviet Legacies Another aspect of state building relates to the functional continuity of …” „… to construct a historical continuity of statehood that excludes the periods of Russian and Soviet …”

Arrangements in the post-Soviet Realm S. 259-264

„… disintegration of the common Soviet state in order to maintain linkages or to dissolve 334 On the elements of …” „… stage of state formation in the first half of the 1990s. Thereafter, the Soviet successors followed …” „… past, Dushanbe has also cultivated closer relations with the PRC, the United States, the EU and major …”

Summary: The State of Regionalism in Greater Central Asia S. 311-318

„… moment. Regarding the ‘shadow-of-the-future’ argument, post-Soviet states do not consider their status as …” „… part of the post-Soviet realm as given. Central Asian states, for instance, are interested in …” „… terms of security cooperation, Tajikistan and Afghanistan corroborate the state-weakness theory on …”

New States and New Borders S. 116-120

„… of the Soviet Union, the character of the borders changed again. New state borders emerged between …” „… 30 were identified in Central Asia (Kolossov 1992). In general, the successor states to the Soviet …” „… the Soviet Union’s successor states (Libman 2007: 401). CIS members endorsed the inviolability of the …”

Bibliography S. 347-388

„… Ray Taras (eds.). New States, New Politics: Building the Post-Soviet Nations: 602–27. Atzili, Boaz …” „… Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State. New York: Cambridge UP. Bergne, Paul. 2007. The Birth of …” „… Isolation: Border Controls in the Soviet Union and its Successor States. 1917-1993. London: McGill-Queen’s …”

Borders as Markers of Sovereignty – the Power-related Narrative S. 319-326

„… finally accepted and adopted by the post-Soviet successor states of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The border …” „… integrated into the system. With the break-up of the Soviet Union, the new independent states had to build up …” „… post-Soviet void of unsuspicious and uncorrupted ideology and surrounded by fragile to failed states, strength …”

Empires Reloaded: the ‘Great Game’ and the River as Border S. 95-97

„… the states it separated continued to change several more times. 3.2.4. New States: Soviet Union and …” „… policy of state-making by means of organised crime and war-making (Tilly 1985, 1990; see chapter 2 …” „… borderland region between the Emirate of Bukhara, a Tsarist vassal, and the buffer state of Afghanistan …”

Between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan S. 159-164

„… socioeconomic situation and take a look at the existence of special policies as indicators of state–borderland …” „… that shares a border with Afghanistan gives it a significance that influences the state–periphery …” „… of state building and border production in the Amu Darya region, this chapter focuses on the …”

Summary S. 110-112

„… political and socioeconomic achievements since 1991 in Afghanistan and the Soviet successor states of …” „… became a dividing line between two diverging state-building trajectories with borderlands that were …” „… party leader of the Kyrgyz SSR, Askar Akayev, was the only one to clearly state his opposition to the …”

Regional Interdependence and Regional Cooperation S. 330-333

„… democratic regime quality. The post-Soviet successor states are young political entities whose rulers …” „… 330 Despite differences in their state–border relationships, there is one commonality in the region …” „… and Afghanistan corroborate the state-weakness theory on cooperation. Endowed with less control …”

State and Nation Building in Uzbekistan S. 146-153

„… . Summary: The Production of States and Borders With the break-up of the Soviet Union and the creation of …” „… , business beyond state-controlled enterprises has become even less profitable. 158 Conversation with …” „… sides from one other. The three countries differ in their state–border narrative as discussed in …”

Failed States and War Economies S. 120-125

„… state-building processes. The border between the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China (PRC), based on …” „… for control shifted to new states confronted with the challenges of maintaining statehood, vulnerable …” „… 120 Another border-related change occurred as the Soviet Union passed on its external boundaries to …”

State and Nation Building in Tajikistan S. 140-146

„… hermetic Soviet information policy. Yet, it can be stated that the recentralisation of authority has been …” „… , and the introduction of state-sponsored exams for imams humiliated the clergy. If these tendencies …” „… 140 this reasoning, Soviet policies and institutions in Central Asia had not only created and …”

Summary S. 222-238

„… through Turkmenistan can be seen as part of a state-building project to avoid dependency on difficult …” „… do not postulate that the compatibility of state-building strategies is an explanatory factor for …” „… state-building policies are directed in a conflictive manner against the neighbouring state, or if they are …”

The Degree of Regionalisation: Higher in the Mountains S. 333-338

„… transnational strategic state–business groups, which continue to be more developed within the post-Soviet realm …” „… post-Soviet realm, i.e., with China, India and Iran, but also with and through Afghanistan. As vectors of …” „… Russia and the Soviet Union, as a move towards psychological disintegration. Thus, nation building …”

Summary: Drivers of and Constraints on Cross-Border Interactions S. 338-346

„… Opportunity State/Nation Building Internal Sovereignty State Interdep. Sov. Border Management Tajikistan …” „… as a nation-building and state-building objective. In Uzbekistan, this strategy is compounded by a …” „… borderlands (enforced) and state-building trajectories (conflictive) and, in particular, by border management …”

The Bigger Players – USA, Russia and China S. 239-247

„… frontier states of the former Soviet Union gained momentum. Russian President Medvedev and his Tajik …” „… in Afghanistan. While state-builders welcome massive investments as part of efforts to stabilise …” „… seen as free-riding on NATO-led state-building efforts (Norling 2008). In any case, relations between …”

Borders as Markers of Identity S. 328-330

„… typical of economic relations between many post-Soviet states and further dim the outlook for effective …” „… cooperation than the liberal argument of democratic regime quality. The post-Soviet successor states are young …” „… state–border narratives. In Uzbekistan, borders are clear defining lines for the project of building a late …”

Study Outline S. 21-24

„… consolidation of the Soviet Union in conjunction with vigorous state-building endeavours including fortification …” „… , Tajikistan and Afghanistan corroborate the state-weakness theory on cooperation. 24 With a lesser capacity …” „… Afghan wars and the impact of transborder war economies on borderlands and state building (Cramer and …”

Why Study Borders? S. 15-21

„… came into being only after the demise of the Soviet Union, whereas the Amu Darya had marked a state …” „… Afghanistan on the Amu Darya basin while the rest of the studies focus only on post-Soviet states. Studies by …” „… state-formation process and from below in the daily practice of borderland people living close to a border. This …”

Water and Energy Interdependence S. 264-270

„… agriculture, especially in the downstream areas. In Soviet times, upstream republics (Kyrgyz SSR and Tajik …” „… reservoirs in spring and summer, when it was needed to leach and irrigate the fields downstream. The Soviet …” „… summer. Together with the Soviet Union, the regional system of energy–water swaps as well as the whole …”

Uzbek Interventions S. 125-128

„… was little publicly admitted state-organised support for Dostum. Moreover, due to economic …” „… ‘Leninabadis’, who dominated the former republican elite in Soviet times. Many inhabitants of the Soghd …” „… recruits from among refugees, diaspora or allied states. A perpetual momentum in which parties are never …”

Impediments to Enhanced Regional Trade? S. 290-305

„… concen-291 tration on trade between the Soviet successor states has greatly diminished. At the same time …” „… them managers of state-owned firms or joint-stock companies. Almost immediately, Uzbek construction and …” „… ideological competition’ (Mihalka 2007: 21). In this sense, the United States aims to exert influence on the …”

Summary: The Production of States and Borders S. 153-158

„… 153 4.5. Summary: The Production of States and Borders With the break-up of the Soviet Union and …” „… sides from one other. The three countries differ in their state–border narrative as discussed in …” „… . Furthermore, the worsened security situation beyond Kabul makes state-building endeavours even more …”

Regional Players S. 247-257

„… prominently, Russia cancelled 90% of Afghanistan’s Soviet-era debt in August 2007, worth about USD 10 billion …” „… . Apart from the global players of the United States, Russia and China, but partly instrumentalised by …” „… for shipments to the Gulf States and Africa and Gwadar as the main port leading to India and Southeast …”

Between Tajikistan and Afghanistan S. 181-204

„… border ports between former Soviet republics up north, because the course of the boundary is more complex …” „… remote regions of the Soviet Union eventually became a special feature of Stalinist borderland policies …” „… Soviet Union. The border post is quite busy as people travel to spend this holiday with relatives. At 5 …”

Producing and Reproducing Borders S. 30-38

„… system. Borderlands can be margins if one takes a state-centred perspective. But, as this work will show …” „… state-oriented stances but move in different normative directions. Realists focus on the production of borders …” „… direct consequence of the idea of exclusive and uncontested territorial state power that emerged in the …”

… between Tajikistan and Afghanistan S. 309-311

„… level, Uzbek–Afghan relations have lost steam. With the slow process of state-building and the …” „… assessments on the quality of border control by the Russian Federal Border Service, see chapter 4.4.3 State …” „… Afghanistan and ill-treatment at the five official border crossing points. 6.5. Summary: The State of …”

Economic Initiatives with Central Asian Roots S. 270-272

„… July 2008). 272 6.2.4. Regional Organisations Exceeding the post-Soviet Space Similar to the …” „… organisations that cover the post-Soviet space, most regional organisations with Central Asian memberships that …” „… Council of the Heads of Member States in 2002 defined its goals, principles and structure in a charter. In …”

Borders, Orders and States S. 38-56

„… resurfacing (e.g., Yugoslavia). Also, the birth of new states in the post-Soviet region was in some cases a …” „… serve as a reference for understanding many post-Soviet states (Christophe 2005: 64). The weakness of …” „… state-building/state-decaying dynamics, challenged the state-centred focus of mainstream theories of IR and revealed the flaws …”

Research Objectives S. 25-26

„… and stability of inter-state and state–societal relations, especially in conflict-prone and landlocked …” „… these border sections not only as a function of state formation but also from the perspective of the …” „… gauges the quality of state sovereignty in these borderlands on the one hand and the potential for …”

Adapting to the Multiplicity of Actors S. 257-259

„… from member states, some of whom contribute troops to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF …” „… for complementary access to policy offers and resources for the Central Asian states and, increasingly …” „… interests of other states in the region, meaning downstream countries like Uzbekistan.329 This turn in …”

Empires in a Zone of Transition S. 91-93

„… borderland. But let’s take a step back and look at the history of the region first. 3.2. History of States …” „… , established a strong local state, but although it pledged its allegiance to the distant Abbasid caliphate in …” „… Samanids when seeking historic inspiration for the non-Turkic legitimacy of their contemporary state …”

… between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan S. 305-308

„… thorny from the very beginning. The crumbling of the Soviet allocation system of water and energy pitched …” „… regime perceives the major Islamist threat to their state as being conveyed by intruders from …” „… abroad (Fumagalli 2007b: 239). There is no diaspora policy, nor is there a state institution that cares …”

State and Nation Building in Afghanistan S. 130-136

„… returned home or has been resettled to third countries.125 4.4. The State of State and Nation Building …” „… Now that I have finished describing the repercussions of the Afghan and Tajik wars on the three states …” „… under consideration and the borderland region, I will next look at the development of state and nation …”

The Relevance of Borderlands… S. 56-67

„… borderlands, transcending the state-centred view that understands borderland as the region of a state that is …” „… their objectives. The outlined patterns of the degree of borderland integration in state–periphery …” „… , etc.) formulate descriptions from a state-centric perspective. In his typology of borderland …”

Cross-Border Interactions between Cooperation and Control S. 67-82

„… , this study will go beyond the state-centred concept of security only by adding societal security. It …” „… ., regular interactions across borders with at least one actor a non-state agent or not operating on behalf …” „… 1962). On the comparative macro-level, the assumption is that states that share borders tend to have a …”

From Friendly Buffer State to Battlefield S. 104-107

„… well-received tour of the state ensemble ‘Lola’ in 1971.88 For the Soviet leadership, Soviet Central Asia was …” „… uniform Soviet style, but the contents were still more regional than socialist (Baldauf 2007). Local …” „… music, but they did so in unusually big ensembles. With all of these aspects taken together, the Soviet …”

Withdrawal from Afghanistan and Upheaval in Soviet Central Asia S. 107-110

„… Afghanistan and the Soviet successor states of interest here, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. 3.3. Summary This …” „… all posts (Korgun 2004: 412). Immediately after his return, and with the backing of the Soviet embassy …” „… Taraki was found dead. Finally, on 27 December 1979, Soviet troops occupied the centre of Kabul and …”

Ruptures in the Sociocultural Structure of Soviet Central Asia S. 103-104

„… of these aspects taken together, the Soviet state in Central Asia up to the 1980s was a mixture of …” „… 2006). 3.2.6. Ruptures in the Sociocultural Structure of Soviet Central Asia During World War II …” „… , more than two million people from the front regions in the European parts of the Soviet Union found …”

‘Who Are We – And If So, How Many?’ The Ethnic Ascriptions of the Population S. 113-116

„… . New state borders emerged between former Soviet Union republics from mere administrative lines which …” „… the Soviet Union’s successor states (Libman 2007: 401). CIS members endorsed the inviolability of the …” „… 113 4 State and Nation Building since 1991 When thinking about state and nation building, one first …”

Acknowledgements S. 5-10

„… . Empires Reloaded: the ‘Great Game’ and the River as Border 95 3.2.4. New States: Soviet Union and …” „… Independent Afghanistan 97 3.2.5. State Building and the Fostering of the Soviet–Afghan Border 98 3.2.6 …” „… . Ruptures in the Sociocultural Structure of Soviet Central Asia 103 3.2.7. From Friendly Buffer State to …”

Abbreviations and Acronyms S. 11-14

„… Cross-Border Transactions CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CNR Commission for National Reconciliation …” „… (Tajikistan 1997-2000) CP Communist Party CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union CSATT Central and South …” „… to support local governance) KOGG Tajik Committee for the Protection of State Borders (Komitet …”

Between Uzbekistan (Surkhondaryo) and Tajikistan (RRS and Dushanbe) S. 165-176

„… Afghanistan are brought in here. Hairatan arose only with the beginning of border trade with the Soviet …” „… river port at Termez. At Hairatan, goods were processed by the Soviet–Afghan joint transport venture …” „… Afghan–Russian state enterprises, in which the Afghan side held 51% of the shares. The Afghan government has the …”

Borders as Membranes – the Economic Narrative S. 326-328

„… of economic relations between many post-Soviet states and further dim the outlook for effective …” „… ill-coordinated agencies operating at borders. From the state- and nation-building perspective of the Tajik regime …” „… necessarily in the state’s interests to substantially tamper with current enforcement practices and alienate …”

Summary S. 288-290

„… 288 Kabul states, ‘it is difficult to prop up competitive products. The country is swamped with …” „… Soviet boundaries linking the CARs with Af- 379 ibid. 380 ibid. 289 ghanistan and other countries, as …” „… this sense, the United States aims to exert influence on the choice of regional partners and on the …”

Between GBAO (Tajikistan) and Badakhshan (Afghanistan) S. 212-220

„… in Tajikistan differ, as figures are kept as state secrets. As of 2006, government officials reported …” „… administrative structure of Tajikistan. It is a Soviet-era distinction granted in recognition of the separate …” „… identity of the Pamiri people and the specific character of the region as a Soviet frontier outpost in a …”

Migration S. 128-130

„… Yet the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1989, and later the overthrow of the Najibullah regime, had …” „… people – teachers, journalists, and physicists – who had at least an affinity to the Soviet Union and the …” „… third countries.125 4.4. The State of State and Nation Building Now that I have finished describing …”

Regional Organisations Exceeding the post-Soviet Space S. 272-276

„… 272 6.2.4. Regional Organisations Exceeding the post-Soviet Space Similar to the organisations …” „… that cover the post-Soviet space, most regional organisations with Central Asian memberships that go …” „… Council of the Heads of Member States in 2002 defined its goals, principles and structure in a charter. In …”

From Shaartuz (Tajikistan) to Termez via the border post at Gulbakhor S. 176-180

„… the least popular state representatives in the post-Soviet realm. 204 The acronym SNB stands for …” „… chatter that he had been in the United States for training. For- 200 Conversation with Amanullo Valiev …” „… maintained and expanded their Soviet heritage of border control hardware here, which is admittedly easier at …”

Excursion: Drug Traffic in Central Asia S. 281-288

„… of Soviet wheat subsidies, which further impoverished the peasantry (Rubin 2000). Taken together …” „… controlled by the nationals in question, with border crossings involving groups from both states. The drug …” „… it is ‘unfettered’ in terms of state regulation, in other respects it is subject to regulations …”

Geographical Context S. 89-91

„… independent. State and nation building since then will be covered in chapter 4. 3.1. Geographical Context …” „… borderlands – with the exception of Tajikistan’s Khatlon province – are cut off from their respective state’s …” „… GBAO is only technically an autonomous region, a Soviet-era distinction granted in recognition of the …”

Weak Political Orders – Strong Translocal Ties S. 93-95

„… state of war with one another. Closely knit economic and societal relations persisted across the river …” „… structure of the Afghan state, see Noelle (1998), Gregorian (1969) and Saikal (2004). On the Central Asian …” „… nomadic Turks. Following the National Delimitation of the Central Asian Soviet Republics of 1924, the …”

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Peter Reddaway

The Dissidents

2020

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Explusion: Cultural Trends, Literary Friends, and the Sharp Edges of the Soviet State S. 69-102

„… 69FOURExpulsionCultural Trends, Literary Friends, and the Sharp Edges of the Soviet StateCultural …” „… the French state radio, and the most anti- Soviet was the West German government station, Deutsche …” „… States and the Soviet Union had recently agreed to set up, for use in emergencies. There was some …”

Preface

„… , Vytautas Magnus University and Ilia State University, Kaunas/TbilisiIn the last decades before the Soviet Union …” „… weakness of the Soviet state. Their work, first published in underground texts known as samizdat and then …” „… repression that marked the Soviet state: forced labor camps, internal exile, censorship, and the use and …”

"The Mental State of Such People Is Not Normal": Exposing the Political Abuse of Psychiatry S. 164-184

„… 164NINE“The Mental State of Such People Is Not Normal”Exposing the Political Abuse of PsychiatryThe …” „… 1972 the Kremlin also managed temporarily to stop Khronika from appearing. By 1973, however, the Soviet …” „… United States and Canada— signed what came to be known as the Helsinki Agreement in August 1975. It …”

Upending Manufactured Schizophrenia S. 242-256

„… period ended with a long, unprecedented, firsthand exami-nation of Soviet psychiatry by a large group of …” „… for the An-driyanov article of May 20 (the Soviet senior psychiatrist Aron Belkin told me that he, not …” „… dignified speech about the tough but sensible conditions on which, in his view, the Soviet Psychiatric …”

Graduate Studies: A Double Miracle S. 28-37

„… aspects of Soviet literature at Moscow State University. Shortly afterward, I was looking through the …” „… outline of my career. First, I became committed to studying the history and politics of the Soviet Union …” „… commitment. I was intrigued by the ways the Soviet system denied human rights to its citi-zens, yet left open …”

Notes S. 301-318

„… : “The Mental State of Such People Is Not Normal”1. Soviet spokesman, Chronicle of Current Events, issue …” „… 199–2094. Michael Bourdeaux and Peter Reddaway, “Church and State and Schism: Soviet Baptists Today …” „… . C. Fletcher, eds., Religion and the Soviet State: A Dilemma of Power (London: Pall Mall Press, 1969 …”

Dissent and Reform under Gorbachev: Uncertain Terrain S. 220-241

„… steadfastly declined to give in as hundreds of her friends trickled away to Israel or the United States.Moscow …” „… change to the Soviet Union, while a major change in my own life placed me in an ideal spot to observe …” „… December 1985 I moved from the London School of Economics, where I had been teaching Soviet history and …”

The Emergence of Dissent: Bringing Dissidents and the Emerging Human Rights Movement to the World's Attention S. 103-119

„… Soviet State. First Phase: 1917–1922. The book had been commissioned in 1951 by a committee of London’s …” „… 12/3/19 9:48 AM106 the dissidentsa history of the Soviet state since 1917. A key aspect of all three …” „… United States, where he gave powerful testimony on the Soviet regime’s misuse and abuse of psychiatric …”

Two Early Giants of Soviet Dissent: Marchenko and Grigorenko S. 132-149

„… by their political beliefs, Tsukerman states, Soviet psychiatry was hardly used to handling such …” „… 132SEVENTwo Early Giants of Soviet DissentMar chen ko and GrigorenkoNot all dissidents who worked …” „… for human rights in the Soviet Union and published samizdat started off as writers. Two human rights …”

Fighting on Old and New Fronts: 1968 to 1983 S. 203-214

„… shorter term, the fate of Soviet psychiatry itself.” The abuse could be halted, he stated, through …” „… 203TWELVEFighting on Old and New Fronts1968 to 1983Until the early seventies, the United States …” „… lagged far behind Britain in its responses to dissent in the Soviet Union.1 That status changed with an …”

Dignity under Persecution: Dissent among the Ethnic Minorities S. 185-195

„… Soviet Jewry in the United States. Many Soviet and diaspora Jews rejected this policy as being too …” „… inde-pendent Ukrainian state.Reddaway_Dissidents_ab_i-viii_1-338.indd 195 12/3/19 9:48 AM …” „… USSR’s ethnic minorities really began with my study of early Soviet history. I learned that Lenin and …”

The End: RIP USSR, 1917 to 1991 S. 257-288

„… States. In the 1950s, he traveled to Soviet- controlled terri-tory in Czechoslovakia to fetch his …” „… final years in power, and those of the Soviet Union, 1990 and 1991, with fascination and wrote a number …” „… of articles that tracked the trajectory of the leader and his far- flung Union of Soviet Socialist …”

Confronting the Naysayers in the West S. 150-163

„… activities that undermined the Soviet state. When, as I mentioned earlier, I had tried in 1963–1964 in Moscow …” „… the “letter of the 88,” he gave the names of three promi-nent liberal Soviet writers who, he stated …” „… Soviet Union. One unsettling feature of this debate, however, was that human rights violations in the …”

Introduction S. 1-4

„… , carrying on my journalism activities in the United States.From 1986 to 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev liberalized …” „… December of that year and dissolved into fifteen independent states.In the immediate aftermath of these …” „… the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from the late 1950s to the collapse of the country in …”

Immersion: Daily Life in Khrushchev's Russia S. 38-68

„… provid-ing detailed refutations of official Soviet statements, particularly on eco-nomic issues. These …” „… student at Moscow State University I wrote long, detailed letters to several friends about all that I was …” „… to my observations regarding Soviet domestic and foreign policy to my personal relations with Soviet …”

The Other '68: Upheaval in the Soviet Bloc and the Chronicle of Current Events S. 120-131

„… 120SIXThe Other ’68Upheaval in the Soviet Bloc and the Chronicle of Current EventsIn April 1968 I …” „… Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs in the 1930s and was lucky enough to die in his own bed. Some of my …” „… 9:48 AM121The Other ’68sian, “Human Rights Year in the Soviet Union” (the UN had designated 1968 as …”

Subject Index S. 319-328

„… Russia (Con-quest), 28Commonwealth of Independent States, 288The Communist Party of the Soviet Union …” „… 319subject indexAcademy of Agricultural Sciences of the Soviet Union, 63, 71Action Group for the …” „… Defense of Human Rights, 170Action Group for the Revival of Le-ninism, 139Afghanistan invasion by Soviets …”

Names Index S. 329-0

„… , Vytautas Magnus University and Ilia State University, Kaunas/TbilisiIn the last decades before the Soviet Union …” „… weakness of the Soviet state. Their work, first published in underground texts known as samizdat and then …” „… repression that marked the Soviet state: forced labor camps, internal exile, censorship, and the use and …”

Religious Persecution, Religious Dissent S. 196-202

„… tell the same story. Either explicitly or implicitly they tell the viewer that the Soviet state …” „… 196ELEVENReligious Persecution, Religious Dissent Religious dissent in the Soviet Union extended …” „… specialized state and KGB agencies in the hope that the outside world could be fooled into thinking that …”

Some Conclusions S. 289-294

„… the Soviet people were not as passive or conformist as they looked. Further, my expectation was that …” „… , and social reform. The Three Factors in the Soviet CollapseFirst, from the beginning of Communist …” „… rule in 1917, the hidden curse of empire creation hung over the whole Soviet system. Until 1987 one of …”

First Steps S. 5-27

„… period coincided with a dynamic era in the history of the Soviet Union that saw Nikita Khrushchev at the …” „… apex of his power— and led to my lifelong commitment to studying and un-derstanding the Communist state …” „… , its peoples, and its leaders. I soon de-veloped a consuming commitment to Soviet dissidents— their …”

Works by Peter Reddaway Cited in this Volume, By Year S. 295-300

„… Propaganda,” in Contemporary Soviet Pro-paganda and Disinformation, U.S. Department of State Conference …” „… 295works by peter reddaway cited in this volume, by year1963“Yevtushenko and Kochetov in the Soviet …” „… 15, 1965.1966“Aspects of Ideological Belief in the Soviet Union,” Soviet Studies 17, no. 4 (April …”

Publishing Samizdat in the West S. 215-219

„… Seytmuratova after her arrival in the United States. And religious materials of all sorts I turned over to …” „… spread the word about the barely known subject of samizdat and its role in Soviet life, Karel came to …” „… know the tiny number of Soviet specialists who had some knowledge of this field, of whom I was one …”

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