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Zhanna Gevorgyan

Gender, Sex, Taboo

Series: Angewandte Sexualwissenschaft

Volume 2024

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4 Sexuality Education and Healthy Lifestyle Program S. 77-100

„… fordiscussing sex-related issues or feel uncomfortable to broach the subject,894 Sexuality Education and Healthy …” „… primarysources of sexuality education information, there was a sex-related dis-tribution of knowledge resources …” „… system. It has also been criticized forhighlighting the negative consequences of sex/sexuality …”

1 Introduction: Sexuality Education and Gender in Armenian Schools S. 15-26

„… EducationSexuality education aims to improve adolescents’ sexual and reproductivehealth and rights such as reducing …” „… unintended pregnancy and SexuallyTransmitted Infections (STIs) among this age group. Depending on thearea …” „… development and delivery of sexualityeducation.Their reports often serve as a framework for policymakers …”

Bibliography S. 311-328

„… Labauve, B. J. (2002). A multidimensional approach to sexual education.Sex Education: Sexuality, Society …” „… About Sex: The Politics and Practice of SexEducation. Educating Boys, Learning Gender. McGraw-Hill …” „… .(2001). Sex-related difference in amygdala activity during emotionally influencedmemory storage …”

2 Theoretical Assumptions of the Construction and Doing of Gender S. 27-48

„… todiscuss sex-related topics render sexuality educators unqualified to teach(Pound et al., 2017). Despite …” „… ofpatriarchy asmale dominance overwomen and children in both family andsociety where sex-role stereotypes and …” „… heavier, whereas a woman should be petite. Not only faceand body scrutiny and sex-specific clothing, but …”

8 Conclusion: Healthy Lifestyle in the Armenian Schools and Construction of Gendered Knowledge S. 297-310

„… Sexopathology and a lecturer of the Chair of Sexology, criticizesthe brief reference to sexuality-related issues …” „… pupils andwhen presentingoptions for different situations based on the pupil’s sex.The findings …” „… thecategories of sex, sexuality, and gender, along with their underlying struc-tures, which were explored in …”

7 Discussion: Moralization and Essentialization of Gender and Culture S. 275-296

„… accountability prevails (Fenstermaker andWest,1995,p. 21). Despite the emphasis on conducting sex-appropriate …” „… their gender and willingness to discuss sex-related topicswith pupils of the same gender as them (CGLS …” „… of euphemisms and the avoidance of direct language about sex.Thisavoidance and discomfort in …”

3 Gender (In)equality in Armenia S. 49-76

„… children, both within familyunits and in broader society. In such cultures, sex-role stereotypes andbiases …” „… the practice of sex-selective abortions, also known asgendercide, targeting girls. A study by Guilmoto …” „… (2013, p. 7), based on theUNFPA surveys, found that the rate of sex-selective abortions in the RAis one …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… to sex/gender and sexuality can be promoted in society. Sexualityis regarded as being embedded in …” „… Zhanna GevorgyanGender, Sex, TabooT he series “Applied Sexual Science” seeks dialogue: it has an …” „… Applied Sexuality Studiesat Merseburg University of Applied SciencesZhanna GevorgyanGender, Sex …”

6 Results: Reconstruction of Gendered Knowledge in Healthy Lifestyle Lessons S. 137-274

„… ) drawing a clear distinctionbetween the options available for both sexes.The practice of distinguish-ing …” „… optionsavailable to both sexes,whilementioninghis interest in understandinghowresponsible behaviour is perceived by …” „… language and avoiding specificnouns. This tendency of using indirect pronouns for sex-related terms,such as …”

5 Methodology: Examining and Reconstructing Gender Knowledge in Healthy Lifestyle Classroom Discussions S. 101-136

„… not to feel embarrassed, to speakup, and to be open about gender or sex-related topics. In this …” „… explores semi-structured interviews with sex educators andthe authors of the HL program, and the value of …” „… .’138 “Sex vs. Gender Through Linguistic Expression in Armenian” by Rafik Santrosyan:September 2017 …”

Preface S. 11-12

„… that globally, schools are considered acentral place for sex education, and teachers’ beliefs and …” „… PrefaceThe discussion of sexuality and gender in German schools has been a con-troversial topic …” „… since the introductionof “sexual education” in 1968 (with theexception of East Germany,whichmust be …”

Abbreviations S. 13-14

„… Comprehensive Sexuality EducationEU European UnionHIV Human Immunodeficiency VirusHL Healthy LifestyleHSE …” „… Holistic Sexuality EducationIPPF International Planned Parenthood FederationNGO Non-Governmental …” „… Sexually Transmitted InfectionsUN United NationsUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural …”

doi.org/10.30820/9783837962215

Kathryn D. Coduto - Technology, Privacy, and Sexting

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Kathryn D. Coduto

Technology, Privacy, and Sexting

2023

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General Beliefs about Sexting S. 13-30

Technology Beliefs about Sexting S. 31-48

Privacy Concerns about Sexting S. 49-66

Expectations for Sexting S. 67-86

The Future of Sexting S. 87-98

doi.org/10.5771/9781666904796

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Jonas A. Hamm

Trans* und Sex

Series: Angewandte Sexualwissenschaft

Volume 2020

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Ergebnisse S. 75-102

„… ihre persönlichen Definitionen von Sex und Sexualität,aber auch ihre sexuelleOrientierung. Zum …” „… Sexualität.Das Verständnis von Sex schließt zwar oftmals genitale Stimu-lation ein, ist aber nicht beschränkt auf …” „… Hause fühlt.Alle TN berichten, sich auchmithilfe ihrer (Sex-)Partner_in-nen sexuell weiterentwickelt zu …”

Literatur S. 141-151

„… trans sexualities. In C. Smith (Hrsg.), TheRoutledge Companion to Media, Sex and Sexuality (S. 27–37 …” „… . & Scheim, A. I. (2013). Sexual Health of TransMen Who Are Gay, Bisexual, or Who Have Sex with Men: Results …” „… physicalLiteratur142health after sex reassignment surgery. Archives of sexual behavior, 34(6),679–690 …”

Die Teilnehmer_innen S. 103-122

„… BennySexuelles Profil:Benny beschreibt sich als eher pansexuellen, non-binären trans* Mann, sex-positiv und …” „… toll? Auf was für eine Sex-Energie steheich, was für Sexpraktikenmag ich eigentlich?« Er habe …” „… Nebenbeziehun-gen und Gelegenheitskontakte, mit denen er Sex hat. Für einegelingende Sexualität empfindet er es als …”

Resümee und Ausblick S. 131-140

„… . Offen sexinklusive oder -explizi-te Räume wie Sexparties, Playparties, Sex-Saunen und Sexclubsspielen …” „… , Genitaliensta-tus und sexuelle Rolle müssen für guten Sex bzw. gelingendeSexualität nicht stereotyp zusammenfallen …” „… persönlichenAustauschmitCom-munity undPartner_innenunddenBesuch vonSex-RäumenwieSexparties, Playparties, SaunenundSexclubs. Für viele …”

Einleitung S. 17-22

„… * Personen,mitdenen ich im Bett, auf Sexparties, Trans*-Tagungen und anGrill-abenden über Sex spreche. Und die Fragen …” „… zur individuellen Sexualität,I Einleitung21Strategien und Ressourcen und dem sexuellen Lernprozess …” „… I EinleitungWas macht eigentlich für trans*1 Personen guten Sex aus? Oderauch: Was ist überhaupt …”

Die empirische Untersuchung S. 49-74

„… geschaffen:»Was ist denn Sex/Sexualität für dich überhaupt?«Um zu überprüfen, ob durch die (neue …” „… hinweist, wenn Peer Research innerhalb einer sexuellenMinderheit stattfindet. Çetin (2014) stellt …” „… minimieren. Sowurden Freund_innen, vergangene und aktuelle Sexpartner_in-nen sowie Klient_innen, die sich zu …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… Sexualwissenschaftan der Hochschule MerseburgJonas A. HammTrans* und SexGelingende Sexualität zwischenSelbstannahme …” „… Jonas A. HammTrans* und SexDieReihe»AngewandteSexualwissenschaft«suchtdenDia-log: Sie ist …” „… SexualwissenschaftHerausgegeben von Ulrike Busch, Harald Stumpe,Heinz-Jürgen Voß und Konrad WellerInstitut für Angewandte …”

Diskussion S. 123-130

„… nach meinem Wissenstandso bislang nicht beschrieben worden. Die Nutzung von expli-ziten Sex-Räumen wie …” „… ausgeprägte BDSM-Szene als auch eine Sex-party-Kultur. (Trans*) Personen aus allen Teilen Deutschlandsund der …” „… , zuerst im Bereich individuelle Sexua-lität, dann Strategien und Ressourcen und im Anschluss zumsexuellen …”

Forschungsstand S. 29-48

„… be-schreiben:Trans*-Sexualität (»trans sexuality«)werdedurchdasmedizinische Konstrukt von Transsexualität …” „… Teil der sexuellenIdentität begriffen werden. Es reiche nicht aus, wenn sexuelleOrientierung lediglich …” „… trans*-sexuellerPraxis, sondern auch zu Ethik und Haltung lernen. Aus sexual-pädagogischer Perspektive können diese …”

Begriffe S. 23-28

„… durchaus geeignet erschien – nämlichSexualität imweiteren Sinne: sexuellesVerhalten,Gedanken,Ge-fühle …” „… unterscheidet nicht zwischen Sex undGender.Die Distinktion zwischen transsexuell und transgender wird so-mit …” „… oder auchdem sexuellen Profil einer Person ist die Gesamtheit ihres sexuel-len Verhaltens, Begehrens …”

doi.org/10.30820/9783837977073

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Anja Laukötter

Sex – richtig!

2021

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6. Von der Scham zur Lust? Sexualerziehung im Sozialismus der DDR S. 371-445

„… : Lutz D. H. Sauerteig/Roger Davidson (Hg.), Shaping Sexual Knowledge: A Cultural History of Sex …” „… bezüglich der Sexualität ihrer Kinder auf. So plädierte er gegen Masturbation und votierte für sexuelle …” „… Mark Fenemore, The Growing Pains of Sex Education in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), 1945-69, in …”

3. Die »emotionale Auftriebswirkung« im Nationalsozialismus des Films im Nationalsozialismus S. 195-254

„… der »sexuellen Tendenz«, auch Sexualaufklärungsfilme der Weimarer Republik wie »FRAUENNOT …” „… Geschlechtskrankheiten und die Militarisierung der männlichen Sexualität Sexualität und Sexualkrankheiten: Maßnahmen …” „… Annette F. Timm, Sex with a Purpose: Prostitution, Venereal Disease, and Militarized Masculinity in the …”

5. Von der Scham zur Empathie. Anleitung zur Selbstführung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland S. 293-370

„… Klassifizierungsbestrebungen der Sexualität: Donna J. Drucker, The Classification of Sex: Alfred Kinsey and the Organization of …” „… zum Wissen mit einer humorvollen Pointe aufhob. 1 Steinbacher, Wie der Sex, S. 347. Im Hinblick auf …” „… »Befriedigung sexueller Triebe« stellte. Die genannte Forderung hatte im Bereich der Sexualaufklärungsfilme …”

Anhang S. 461-543

„… « (D (West) 1946, R: Hans Cürlis, Fritz Dick) »SEX HYGIENE« (USA 1941, R: John Ford, Otto Brower …” „… , Nr. 2, 1977, S. 191-215. Bastian, Günther, Sex im Film, in: Film-Dienst, Jg. 21., Nr. 11, 12. März …” „… , Ralph, A »Sex Wave« Pervades Life in West Germany, in: New York Times, 22. Dezember 1968, S. 15. Blumer …”

Forschungsperspektiven S. 23-33

„… . Sauerteig/Roger Davidson (Hg.), Shaping Sexual Knowledge: A Cultural History of Sex Education in Twentieth …” „… Pictures since 1915, New York 1996; Robert Eberwein, Sex Ed: Film, Video, and the Framework of Desire, New …” „… York 2011; Sybille Steinbacher, Wie der Sex nach Deutschland kam: Der Kampf um Sittlichkeit und …”

Einleitung S. 11-22

„… ) Möglichkeitsformen von Sexualität in bewegten Bildern auf. Auch sie waren also eine Anleitung dazu, wie Sex korrekt …” „… Sexualaufklärungsfilme, die sich im Themenfeld von den Sexualkrankheiten bis hin zum (gesunden) Sexualleben bewegen, im …” „… .), Fragen Sie Dr. Sex! Ratgeberkommunikation und die mediale Konstruktion des Sexuellen, Berlin 2010, 15 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… Anja Laukötter Sex – richtig! Anja Laukötter Sex – richtig! Körperpolitik und Gefühlserziehung …” „… (Sexual-)Aufklärungsfilms und seine epistemologischen Funktionen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Der Begleitvortrag …” „… zum Beginn der 1980er Jahre: Personenkreise, Gesetze und Einrichtungen 375 6.2. Die (Sexual-)Erziehung …”

1. Kino, Krankheit und Gefühle vor und im Ersten Weltkrieg S. 45-108

„… , Charity Girls, and The End of the Road: Hostile Worlds of Sex and Commerce in an Early Sexual Hygiene …” „… , Condom Nation: The U. S. Government’s Sex Education Campaign from World War I to the Internet, Baltimore …” „… 2010; Eberwein, Sex Ed; Allan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the …”

Struktur S. 38-44

„… von Sexualität aufzeigten. Es ging immer um ein: »Sex – richtig!« Struktur Zeit und Raum Das Buch …” „… Hinblick auf Konzepte, Praktiken und Diskurse über Sexualität und Sexualkrankheiten wie die entsprechende …” „… Sexualerziehung beeinflussten, sondern auch an der Produktion der Sexualaufklärungsfilme der 1980er Jahre, einem …”

Schluss S. 446-460

„… Sexualität und der Sexualkrankheiten diese Filme nun in ihre nationalen bzw. deutsch-deutschen Schranken …” „… als Instrumente einer emotionalen (Sexual-)Erziehung und damit als Politikum und Kern des …” „… »SEX HYGIENE« sind zwar regelmäßig Fallgeschichten zu sehen, die auf ein einzelnes Schicksal verweisen …”

2. Angst, Ekel und Scham in der Weimarer Republik S. 109-194

„… , Krankheit, Sexualität, Gesellschaft, S. 336 f. 3 Ebd., S. 354 f. 4 Ebd., S. 355. 111SEXUALHYGIENE UND DAS …” „… kontextuell hinzuzuziehen, die das (sexual-/sozial-)hygienische Leben einschließlich der Reproduktion …” „… auch: Schaefer, »Bold!«; Eberwein, Sex Ed. Zum Export des amerikanischen Hollywoodkinos siehe: Kerry …”

4. Die Renaissance der Gefühle in der Besatzungszeit S. 255-292

„… amerikanischen Aufklärungsfilms »SEX HYGIENE« aus dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Auch Gefühle und Handlungen des …” „… ) fußt offensichtlich auf Mechanismen von Filmen wie »FALSCHE SCHAM« oder auch »SEX HYGIENE«, birgt …” „… Sexualaufklärungsfilmen der Besatzungszeit ersetzt wurde. Hierzu wird in der Folge zunächst auf die Strategien, Maßnahmen …”

Ansatz und Thesen S. 34-37

„… unterschiedlicher Ausprägung fort. Während in der DDR eine emotionale (Sexual-)Erziehung als Kern des …” „… hier am Beispiel des Mediums des Sexualaufklärungsfilms und aus einer internationalen Perspektive …” „… der variierenden hybriden Form des Sexualaufklärungsfilms jeweils eine spezifische kreiert wurde …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783835346222

Victoria Asaba Chege - Multidimensional Discrimination in EU Law: Sex, Race and Ethnicity

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Victoria Asaba Chege

Multidimensional Discrimination in EU Law: Sex, Race and Ethnicity

Series: Arbeits- und Sozialrecht

Volume 118 2011

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Sex S. 136-142

„… protection of migrant EU citizens. The position of third country nationals will be discussed below.16 II. Sex …” „… 1. Binding measures The first provision on sex equality to be included in the EU Treaty was Article …” „… under race and ethnicity. 137The Treaty of Amsterdam introduced Article 2 EC, which elevated sex …”

Beyond race and sex – to ethnicity/nationality and sex? S. 131

„… intersections of race, ethnicity and sex. Considering this observation, it is possible that unlike in the USA …” „… and Canada where race and sex dominate in intersectional studies, sex, ethnicity and religion might be …” „… discrimination or in relation to the intersections of race and sex. However, religion remains out of the scope of …”

Religion or belief, disability, age, sexual orientation S. 150-155

„… of multiple discrimination, it recognises the sex-related dimensions of all the discrimination …” „… from racial minorities). Although it was basically a sex-based instrument, it did make reference to …” „… That sexual orientation might combine with other types of discrimination, and in particular with sex …”

Legislative framework S. 231-250

„… ] IRLR 669 (CA); [2000] IRLR 548 (EAT) which deals with the interaction of sex and sexual orientation …” „… 231Chapter 6 Addressing the intersections of race, ethnicity and sex in the UK and Germany A …” „… anti-discrimination law statutes on the grounds of sex include the Equal Pay Act of 1970 (EqPA),1 and the Sex …”

The inconsistent levels of protection S. 189-205

„… time, these women cannot make sex-based discrimination claims under section 1981 since it only …” „… Germany.128 In the first place, sex-related reasons including rape which are typical of war-times do not …” „… inter alia cites the need to protect victims of sex-related violence (in cases such as the establishment …”

Approach of UK Courts S. 250-256

„… orientation. Her claims of discrimination on grounds of sex and sexual orientation could not be successful …” „… case law had established that sex discrimination did not cover sexual orientation.165 Having said that …” „… to both sex and racial harassment.161 At appeal, the Employment Appeal Tribunal did acknowledge that …”

USA S. 61-76

„… recognition of intersectional claims were derived from the sex-plus approach adopted by the US courts under …” „… Title VII. Sex-plus claims involve discrimination claims based on a combination of a protected …” „… reasonable analogy to prohibiting discrimination under the sex-plus theory.186 In Hicks v. Gates Rubber Co …”

Exceptions S. 170-176

„… the Sex Recast Directive is worded slightly differently, and makes clear that judicial procedures are …” „… interpretation, which ought to follow the spirit of the Sex Recast Directive. Interestingly enough, the proposal …” „… exceptions may represent (i) an extension or consolidation of the sex approach as far as the new grounds are …”

Introducing a provision on multidimensionality S. 293-317

„… endless list inherent in intersectionality. Sex-plus theory – Ground-plus theory? The other way to put a …” „… rein on possible permutations that will be examined here is the sex-plus theory, which, although not …” „… developed in a legal system with an open-ended list, can still be adapted to them. When the ‘sex-plus …”

Possible reasons for the lack of attention S. 226-228

„… into force of the Employment Framework Directive.332 In the Grant case of 1998, a same-sex partner who …” „… was denied travel concessions granted to the opposite-sex partners whether married or not could not …” „… normally granted to married persons to an employee living in a same-sex registered partnership was …”

Material scope S. 164-166

„… II. Personal scope The sex provisions have always applied to all persons residing in the EU …” „… Directives. The material scope of the sex equality provisions was, before the coming into force of the Sex …” „… 2002/73/EC, the Social Security and the Occupational Social Security Directives. Directive 2006/54/EC (Sex …”

Concept of discrimination S. 156-164

„… good example of a characteristic linked to the ground of sex. Therefore the ECJ has ruled that the less …” „… . Bowers QC and E. Moran, ‘Justification in direct sex discrimination law: Breaking the taboo’, ILJ, 2002 …” „… . 26. 157The sex provisions,148 the Race149 and Framework Directives150 all refer to less favourable …”

Conceptual structure S. 182-189

„… time, these women cannot make sex-based discrimination claims under section 1981 since it only …” „… ensues. Hence once a rule prohibits discrimination on grounds of sex, the fact that other factors might …” „… . Thus under sex equality provisions, sex equality is to be pursued irrespective of other characteristics …”

Post 2000 S. 222-226

„… 222example have been developed in the case law of the ECJ on sex equality. Cases like Defrenne,294 …” „… Marshall,295 Foster,296 Kurtz-Bauer,297 and Barber298 did involve the grounds of sex and age, many of which …” „… grant protection to a man on the grounds of sex and age. On the other hand, perhaps the interaction of …”

Enforcement S. 166-170

„… , age, sexual orientation and disability. The sex provisions are more explicit on this issue – both the …” „… discrimination against migrant workers on grounds of nationality in housing. The sex provisions, unlike the race …” „… discrepancy between the grounds covered by the Framework Directive on the one hand, and race and sex on the …”

Addressing inconsistencies S. 317-326

„… 317intersectional analysis of small groups (sex, sexuality, race/skin colour, ethnicity …” „… personal scope of application of both the Race and Sex Equal Treatment Directive, as well as in the …” „… , which is only explicitly captured as discrimination under the sex employment equal treatment provisions …”

Research question S. 23-26

„… , disability, age and sexual orientation made their way into EU equality law. At the same time, the first sex …” „… discrimination faced by women at the intersections of race, ethnicity and sex in the EU. Since the recent past …” „… . Racial discrimination can hence take place in a context already made vulnerable by prevailing sex …”

Provisions on multidimensionality S. 179-182

„… 179Chapter 5 Addressing the intersections of sex and racial discrimination in EU equality law A …” „… Article 3 (3) of the Treaty of the European Union (TEU) which envisages the duty to promote sex equality …” „… mainstreams sex equality. An extension of the mainstreaming duty to other grounds might be identified in …”

Pre 2000 S. 220-222

„… discrimination. Before the year 2000 the scope of protected grounds was limited to sex and nationality, and the …” „… . Nationality Multidimensionality on grounds of nationality and sex could theoretically speaking have been …” „… contrary to Community law. Neither the claimants nor the ECJ considered the sex dimensions involved in the …”

Legislative framework S. 256-270

„… ). 261claims, including sex and being overweight in a manner similar to the sex-plus approach adopted by …” „… since this involves the interaction of the grounds of race, sex, and religion. This is not to say that …” „… . There is considerable literature on this topic. See W. Däub- 257Both the grounds of sex and race are …”

Legislative framework S. 276-279

„… more with the sex-plus theory308 as developed by the United States District Court of Columbia in Judge …” „… above). 308 On sex-plus theory see discussion below in chapter 7 section A (I) (1) (c). 309 Judge v …” „… , this is evident most particularly in the Pearce case,323 which involved both sex and sexual orientation …”

Interim findings S. 176-177

„… of sex equality. The secondary law instruments on equal treatment of persons however prioritise the …” „… labour market. Sex is only accorded a hierarchy as far as the concept of harassment is concerned, where …” „… , but of sex; there are also no other justifications for direct discrimination on the ground of race …”

Need for a religious dimension? S. 130-131

„… , pay gap, positions held at jobs and sector of employment vary by ethnicity and sex. In most instances …” „… race, ethnicity and sex. III. Intra-group differences At the same time, like in the case of the US and …” „… and sex. These are notably groups with a predominantly Muslim background. The Moving on Up …”

Reasons for restricted approach S. 279-291

„… in the Pearce case,323 which involved both sex and sexual orientation, at a time before sexual …” „… treated as comparators. Since the claimant had not made any claims of sex discrimination, the sexual …” „… sex or sexual orientation in contravention of Article 26 of the ICCPR that prohibits discrimination on …”

German courts S. 270-276

„… ), followed by sex (28 per cent), disability (18 per cent) and ethnic origins (11 per cent).268 Some few cases …” „… sex and instead concentrated only on the ground of religion. This was most notably reflected in the …” „… right not to be discriminated against on grounds of sex, parentage, language, homeland and origin, faith …”

The concepts and conceptions in equality law S. 326-333

„… , including the equal treatment bodies envisaged for the grounds of race and sex.183 Thus a close working …” „… . Sanctions Both the race and sex equal treatment directives entail provisions on sanctions, which as the …” „… developed under a single-ground sex equality approach to intersectionality. Being based on an …”

Background S. 43-45

„… mostly based on sex and race, urges equality law to capture the complex interplay between the grounds of …” „… race and sex.6 In other words, multidimensionality being the contrast to the single-issue analysis …” „… K. Crenshaw, ‘Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of …”

Reasons for disadvantage: Beyond discrimination S. 131-133

„… intersections of race, ethnicity and sex. Considering this observation, it is possible that unlike in the USA …” „… and Canada where race and sex dominate in intersectional studies, sex, ethnicity and religion might be …” „… discrimination or in relation to the intersections of race and sex. However, religion remains out of the scope of …”

Conclusion and final theses S. 349-376

„… race, sexual orientation, disability, but through the incorporation of their sex as well. In a similar …” „… relating to sex, race or ethnic origin, disability, sexual orientation, religion or belief, or age or a …” „… persons of a particular sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual …”

Table of Contents S. 9-16

„… IV. Need for a religious dimension? 130 V. Beyond race and sex – to ethnicity/nationality and sex …” „… provisions 135 II. Sex 136 1. Binding measures 136 2. Soft law measures 139 III. Racial or ethnic origin 142 …” „… rights 169 V. Exceptions 170 1. Extension or consolidation of the sex approach to the new grounds 170 2 …”

Intersectionality revisited S. 53-61

„… sex are essentially separate categories.73 Intersectionality however goes beyond the anti-essentialist …” „… Ibid. 73 I.e. Crenshaw, ‘Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex’; Crenshaw, ‘Mapping the …” „… race and sex’; Crenshaw, ‘Mapping the margins’; Crenshaw, Gender Related Aspects of Race Discrimination …”

Enforcement S. 205-217

„… ground of disability. There are also separate bodies for the grounds of sex and sexual orientation.182 …” „… actuarial factors.165 Yet although it affects the intersections of race and sex, a specific exception on the …” „… ground of sex might remain imperative, in the light of the discussions on the rationale related to each …”

Methodology S. 32-34

„… legal position of women at the intersections of race, ethnicity and sex, who have also been marginalised …” „… from legal scholars so far, although the intersections of race, ethnicity and sex are increasingly …” „… and in particular for race and sex within the EU and the Member States of the UK and Germany. The …”

Methods S. 34-36

„… and labour market participation.82 Furthermore, education is a field covered by the race but not sex …” „… women in the EU. Principal among these is information relating to racial, ethnic and sex discrimination …” „… , statistics and data relating to the interactions between sex and race in the fields of study, with a …”

Peculiarities of EU equality law S. 217-220

„… equal treatment as entailed in the sex provisions on multidimensional equality law.265 One particular …” „… indeed inherent in the concept of discrimination as contained in Article 2 (1) (a) and (b) of the Sex …” „… [..]’.268 Whereas those commentators basically focus on the distinction between the sex equality provisions …”

Interim assessment S. 155-156

„… a certain extent recognise ground-related aspects of sex and age, sexual orientation, or race and …” „… implicitly or explicitly acknowledged the interrelationship of grounds. Some sex equality instruments did to …” „… disability and sex. Not much of this was fleshed out in any details though. Measures dedicated to racial …”

Canada S. 76-85

„… , national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, family status …” „… immigrant women. Race, class and sex have for example been said to determine the level of medical attention …” „… origin, colour, religion, sex, age, and mental or physical disability. The provisions of the Charter are …”

Conceptual structure: Additive and intersectional discrimination S. 45-51

„… as developed under sex equality law reflects the formal and substantive conceptions of equality11 and …” „… grounds involved.14 In relation to race and sex, she argues that the intersectionality of grounds leads to …” „… a unique experience of disadvantage, which can neither be qualified as sex nor as racial …”

Growth of grounds and multidimensionality S. 26-28

„… other grounds other than sex and nationality, EU equality law was consequently enriched by the adoption …” „… into EU equality law. At the same time, the first sex equal treatment directive18 was fundamentally …” „… amended most recently by the Sex Recast Directive,20 while EU sex equality law was also extended beyond …”

Structure S. 36-37

„… ethnicity, migration and sex.86 Besides the aforementioned methods, an assessment representing the study’s …” „… work focuses on the intersections of race, ethnicity and sex, an examination of the legislative …” „… of the EU sex and race equal treatment provisions while at the same time evaluating their ability to …”

Personal scope S. 164

„… II. Personal scope The sex provisions have always applied to all persons residing in the EU …” „… Directives. The material scope of the sex equality provisions was, before the coming into force of the Sex …” „… 2002/73/EC, the Social Security and the Occupational Social Security Directives. Directive 2006/54/EC (Sex …”

Assessment and challenges S. 177-178

„… undergone. These concepts, some of which were developed under sex equality, serve the basis for …” „… instruments, most notably soft law instruments on sex and disability, did integrate groundrelated aspects of …” „… provisions, notwithstanding the fact that the Sex Recast Directive consolidates a number of sex instruments …”

Multidimensionality and the principle of equality and non discrimination S. 28-31

„… discrimination on grounds of sex, race, religion or belief, sexual orientation, disability and age to one of the …” „… human rights and fundamental rights are to be enjoyed without distinction on grounds of race, sex …” „… to discriminate on the grounds of race, sex and disability is contained in the International …”

Approach of courts S. 279

„… in the Pearce case,323 which involved both sex and sexual orientation, at a time before sexual …” „… treated as comparators. Since the claimant had not made any claims of sex discrimination, the sexual …” „… orientation was prohibited. This was also noted in EU equality law where cases involving age and sex were …”

Research objective S. 31-32

„… discrimination on grounds of sex, race, religion or belief, sexual orientation, disability and age to one of the …” „… furthermore to analyse the legal position of women at the intersections of race, ethnicity and sex, who have …” „… academic attention from legal scholars so far, although the intersections of race, ethnicity and sex are …”

Issues not addressed S. 228-229

„… for sex discrimination. In a way therefore, the ground of nationality was given a preferential …” „… notably those based on sex and age, other reasons that explain the lack of attention include lack of …” „… remarks An examination of the EU legal framework for race and sex equality reveals a number of …”

Annex S. 413-416

„… 413Annex Table 1 School statistics 2005/2006 (secondary school levels I and II) Nationality Sex …” „… or sex were divided by the overall sums arrived at by using the method above, and then multiplied by …” „… . Table 2 School statistics 2003/2004 (secondary school levels I and II) Nationality sex Gesamtschule …”

Germany S. 89-91

„… race and sex on the German labour market is compounded by the general lack of studies on the topic, a …” „… simultaneous analysis of sex and ethnicity, race or nationality.4 The German section relies on the statistics …” „… sex and nationality within the same table. The Federal Labour Agency also collects statistics only …”

Effects of gender and ethnicity S. 130

„… , pay gap, positions held at jobs and sector of employment vary by ethnicity and sex. In most instances …” „… race, ethnicity and sex. III. Intra-group differences At the same time, like in the case of the US and …” „… and sex. These are notably groups with a predominantly Muslim background. The Moving on Up …”

Intra-group differences S. 130

„… , pay gap, positions held at jobs and sector of employment vary by ethnicity and sex. In most instances …” „… race, ethnicity and sex. III. Intra-group differences At the same time, like in the case of the US and …” „… and sex. These are notably groups with a predominantly Muslim background. The Moving on Up …”

Germany S. 96-113

„… ).50 Viewed from the perspective of sex and origins, 8,321,100 (56 per cent) of all migrants were from …” „… statistics contain no detailed information on sex and nationality. For that purpose, this study took recourse …” „… discrepancy reflected in sex and ethnicity in relation to school leaving certificates and performance was …”

Preliminary remarks S. 129-130

„… vocational training, pay gap, positions held at jobs and sector of employment vary by ethnicity and sex. In …” „… single-issue approach to race, ethnicity and sex. III. Intra-group differences At the same time, like in the …” „… addition to ethnicity and sex. These are notably groups with a predominantly Muslim background. The Moving …”

Shortcomings and limitations S. 37-39

„… Secondly, as mentioned above, the work basically focuses on sex and race, although EU equality comprises …” „… sociological works and data examining sex and racial issues in general, this is not always the case in respect …” „… between sex and race varies considerably between 92 Ibid. 93 See Decision CC 2007-557, DC of the French …”

Redressing the social context through anti-discrimination law S. 335-338

„… socio-economic context of discrimination. In relation to race and sex, the social-economic context of …” „… addressing part-time work as indirect sex discrimination might be based on the symmetric assumption that men …” „… [1981] ECR 911 para. 13; Case 170/84 Bilka-Kaufhaus v Weber [1986] ECR 1607, para. 29. 336hancing sex …”

The United Kingdom (UK) S. 91-94

„… was to a large extent able to undertake an analysis along sex and origin lines. Even though the report …” „… was carried out under the Sex Discrimination Act of 1975.18 The latter empowered the Equal …” „… earnings of sex and group of interest/mean hourly earnings of White men in full-time work]) * 100.24 Her …”

Final remarks S. 229-230

„… remarks An examination of the EU legal framework for race and sex equality reveals a number of …” „… , Oxford: Clarendon Press 2003 p. 32; C. Palmer, G. Moon, S. Cox, Discrimination at Work: The Law on Sex …”

Nationality provisions S. 135-136

„… protection of migrant EU citizens. The position of third country nationals will be discussed below.16 II. Sex …” „… 1. Binding measures The first provision on sex equality to be included in the EU Treaty was Article …”

Literature S. 377-412

„… (last accessed 23 April 2010). Legal momentum, Sex Discrimination and Sexual Harassment …” „… ’, NJW, 2000, no. 29, 2057. Bowers QC, J. and Moran, E., ‘Justification in direct sex discrimination law …” „… sex: A black feminist critique of anti-discrimination law doctrine, feminist theory, and anti-racist …”

Identifying the socio-context S. 333-335

„… certain extent incorporates the socio-economic context of discrimination. In relation to race and sex, the …” „… the dominant society. Thus addressing part-time work as indirect sex discrimination might be based on …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-4

Conclusion S. 291-292

„… between the sex and race directives per se. A similar move would be expected in this respect, too. 398 …”

Racial or ethnic origin S. 142-150

„… discrimination, it recognises the sex-related dimensions of all the discrimination grounds it addresses. The …” „… and sex in its Communication to the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia …” „… in its recital 14. IV. Religion or belief, disability, age, sexual orientation 1. Binding measures …”

List of acronyms and abbreviations S. 17-22

„… Reports (Canada) SDA Sex Discrimination Act SEDAP Social and Economic Dimensions of an Aging Population …”

General background S. 94-96

„… ).50 Viewed from the perspective of sex and origins, 8,321,100 (56 per cent) of all migrants were from …”

The United Kingdom S. 113-121

„… participation rate (activity rates) Labour activity rates in the UK vary by ethnicity and sex, and ethnic …”

Beyond equality law – structural intersectionality at the interface of anti-discrimination law and other policies – The European Employment Strategy (EES) S. 338-347

„… incorporates the intersections of age and sex (symmetric approach) by recognising workers from the construction …”

External barriers S. 124-129

„… ? investigation identifies racism, sexism and prejudices against Muslims as one of the reasons for the …”

Position of ethnic minority women beyond education and the labour market S. 133-134

„… Sexualaufklärung und Familienplanung, 2006, vol. 6, 3-6, p. 5. Online. Available at …” „… sexualaufklaerung.de/index.php?docid=1031> (last accessed 8 May 2010). 316 Grieger, ibid. 317 Blaschke and Sabanovic, ‘Multi - level …” „… , ‘Migration – ein weiterer Risikofaktor in der Schwangerschaft’, Forum Sexualaufklärung und Familienplanung …”

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