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Mahulena Hofmann, Andreas Loukakis - Ownership of Satellites

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Mahulena Hofmann (ed.), Andreas Loukakis (ed.)

Ownership of Satellites

Series: Luxemburger Juristische Studien - Luxembourg Legal Studies

Volume 9 2017

Results in this title

Philippe Achilleas, Nicholas Puschman Landing Rights and Satellite Operators S. 255-270

„… Landing Rights and Satellite Operators Philippe Achilleas* and Nicholas Puschman** Abstract As the …” „… global satellite telecommunications market continues to grow, it is important to bear in mind the legal …” „… is that of so-called landing rights: the authorisation, e.g. license, that a foreign satellite …”

Gerry Oberst Models of Ownership: Condominium and Hosted Payload Satellites S. 133-146

„… IV. Ownership or Use of Satellites by Several Entities Models of Ownership: Condominium and Hosted …” „… Payload Satellites Gerry Oberst* Abstract “Normal” ownership arrangements for commercial communications …” „… satellites involve a single company or joint venture owning a specific satellite that provides service under …”

Ioanna Thoma Transfer of Satellites in Orbit: the ESA Experience S. 97-110

„… Transfer of Satellites in Orbit: the ESA Experience Ioanna Thoma* Abstract The purpose of this …” „… contribution is to address the legal questions arising from the transfer of satellites in orbit and to present …” „… following sections, the legal solutions given to various cases of transfers of satellites from ESA to …”

Peter Malanczuk Satellite Export Controls and National Security under WTO Rules S. 225-254

„… Activities Solutions Satellite Export Controls and National Security under WTO Rules Peter Malanczuk …” „… * Abstract The exercise of satellite ownership rights is often limited by export controls based on national …” „… ” strategic goods and related technologies. The paper focuses on the admissibility of such satellite export …”

Ingo Baumann, Oliver Heinrich Key Contractual Aspects in Hosted Payload and Condominium Satellite Projects S. 147-162

„… Key Contractual Aspects in Hosted Payload and Condominium Satellite Projects Ingo Baumann and …” „… payload and condominium satellite projects. It starts by detailing the typology of such projects and …” „… . Introduction Hosted payloads and condominium satellite approaches allow public and private entities to realize …”

Mahulena Hofmann Ownership of Satellites: A Simple Legal Fact with Complex Consequences S. 15-26

„… II. Ownership of Satellites: A Simple Legal Fact with Complex Consequences Ownership of Satellites …” „… satellite is an important legal title which empowers its owner or owners to use it, to collect its products …” „… activity” in outer space – not always of an ownership of a satellite (Art. VI OST). The international …”

Karim Michel Sabbagh 4th Luxembourg Workshop on Space and Satellite Communication Law S. 9-12

„… I. Preface 4th Luxembourg Workshop on Space and Satellite Communication Law Karim Michel Sabbagh …” „… also included the creation of an SES chair in satellite communication and media law. It is my pleasure …” „… leading satellite operator, we operate a fleet of more than 50 geostationary communication satellites …”

John Purvis 4th Luxembourg Workshop on Space and Satellite Communication Law S. 13-14

„… 4th Luxembourg Workshop on Space and Satellite Communication Law John Purvis, General Counsel of …” „… a crisis; if we cannot provide satellite services in to one of the countries we have designed our …” „… satellites for, Karim will be speaking very strong words to me, asking why is the legal regime not working as …”

Simona Spassova Harmful Interference and Ownership of Satellites (or Frequencies) in Outer Space S. 205-224

„… Harmful Interference and Ownership of Satellites (or Frequencies) in Outer Space Simona Spassova …” „… natural resources needed for satellite communications. When speaking of ownership or sovereignty in this …” „… from the ownership of the satellite systems themselves; the second one is what are the rights …”

Andreas Loukakis EU as Owner of Galileo Satellites: Consequences for Registration and Liability S. 111-132

„… EU as Owner of Galileo Satellites: Consequences for Registration and Liability Andreas Loukakis …” „… associated with Galileo, the EU’s initiative in the field of satellite navigation. Whereas a system of public …” „… infrastructure, for instance, damage caused by the use of the Galileo satellites. More prominently, the EU is not …”

Bernhard Schmidt-Tedd, Martin Reynders Cross-Border Transfer of Operation (Ownership) of Satellites – Solutions in Line with the Space Treaties S. 65-74

„… Cross-Border Transfer of Operation (Ownership) of Satellites – Solutions in Line with the Space …” „… the common problems related to the transfer of operation and ownership when active satellites are …” „… outer space activities. Especially in the area of telecommunication and remote sensing satellite …”

Elina Morozova Leasing of Orbital Positions S. 187-204

„… development of satellite telecommunications. Although the radius of the GSO is quite expansive,2 it does not …” „… allow for an unlimited number of satellites. This makes orbital positions3 increasingly in demand. At …” „… Communications. 1 The geostationary satellite orbit is a circular orbit 35,786 kilometers above the Earth’s …”

Frans von der Dunk Transfer of Ownership in Orbit: from Fiction to Problem S. 27-44

„… transfer of ownership of a satellite in orbit was not something on the radar screen of anyone seriously …” „… ownership over satellites or other spacecraft involved in such endeavours simply did not make sense …” „… , then privatization of the satellite communications sector, roughly from the 1980s onwards, the idea of …”

Srinivasan Venkatasubramanian Interaction between Registration of Space Objects and the Protection of Frequency Assignment S. 175-186

„… global management of radio frequency spectrum and the associated satellite orbits. The physical aspects …” „… 4th Luxembourg Workshop on Satellite Communications devoted to the investigation on the Ownership of …” „… Satellites. Introduction The objects that are launched into outer space are governed by regulations of the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Ownership of Satellites Mahulena Hofmann/Andreas Loukakis (eds.) 4th Luxembourg Workshop on Space …” „… and Satellite Communication Law Nomos Luxemburger Juristische Studien – Luxembourg Legal Studies 9 …” „… University of Luxembourg Volume 9 Mahulena Hofmann/Andreas Loukakis (eds.) Ownership of Satellites 4th …”

Lesley Jane Smith The Cape Town Convention and the Space Assets Protocol: Considerations after the Event S. 271-286

„… generation of satellites, with the more recent entry onto the market of Cubesat manufacturers and operators …” „… generation of satellites, notably small ‘large’ satellite constellations, currently driven by the industrial …” „… communication technology capacity, and with this, new arrangements for financing incumbents within the satellite …”

Armel Kerrest Legal Aspects of Transfer of Ownership and Transfer of Activities S. 75-84

„… hand satellites”. A solution is proposed here to ease the way a transfer of ownership of a satellite …” „… ownership is relevant, either because the companies would like to adapt their fleet of satellites to their …” „… country, or because the company had given the satellite as security for a loan (for instance under the …”

The Authors S. 287-296

„… Satellite Communications and Media Law at the University of Luxembourg since 2011. Prior to her appointment …” „… her to concentrate on various aspects of satellite communication and media law. Mrs. Hofmann is a full …” „… Luxembourg, researching space law, under the framework of the SES Chair in Satellite Communications and Media …”

Natercia Rodrigues, Kamran Memon United Nations Practice in Registering Space Objects S. 85-96

„… report when a satellite ceases to function, or when space objects are no longer in Earth orbit (e.g. have …” „… Kingdom as the State of Registry no longer displays the above mentioned satellites; • Searching for …” „… People’s Republic of China as the State of Registry now displays the above mentioned satellites. The …”

Jean-François Mayence The Relevance of the Concept of 'Ownership' in Space Activities and their Regulation S. 45-64

„… satellite doesn't make it your property. Actually, the relevance of 'ownership' when it comes to huge …” „… investment assets, such as large infrastructure, ships, aircraft or satellite systems, is quite relative. The …” „… of the satellite-based service be entitled as well to have their national State claiming compensation …”

Francis Lyall Interrelation between Space Law and ITU Law S. 163-174

„… V. The Use of Spectrum by Various Owners or Users of Satellites Interrelation between Space Law …” „… , of course, fairly soon astronauts.9 Remember that without radio, satellites are useless. No radio …” „… orbits, including the geostationary satellite orbit, are ‘limited natural resources’. They must be used …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845281476

Mahulena Hofmann - Dispute Settlement in the Area of Space Communication

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Mahulena Hofmann (ed.)

Dispute Settlement in the Area of Space Communication

Series: Luxemburger Juristische Studien - Luxembourg Legal Studies

Volume 2 2015

Results in this title

Susan Poser, Joel Rische Satellite Telecommunications and American Tort Law S. 161-174

„… III.Outstanding IssuesSatellite Telecommunications and American Tort LawSusan Poser* and Joel …” „… Rische**AbstractThis paper will examine satellite communications under the perspective ofAmerican Tort Law. In doing so …” „… , the paper will briefly describe some of themajor statutory and regulatory schemes governing satellite …”

Frans G. von der Dunk About the New PCA Rules and their Application to Satellite Communication Disputes S. 93-126

„… About the New PCA Rules and their Application to SatelliteCommunication DisputesFrans G. von der …” „… regarding international satellite communication, noting the existence of various dispute settlementregimes …” „… already available and analysing their respective usefulness for suchinternational satellite communications …”

Peter Malanczuk From Negotiations to Dispute Settlement: The Role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in relation to Satellite Communications S. 69-92

„… II.Dispute Settlement in Satellite Communicationand Other ForaFrom Negotiations to Dispute …” „… Settlement:The Role of the World Trade Organization (WTO)in relation to Satellite CommunicationsPeter …” „… relevant for the cross-border activities of satellite communications operators and service providers. This …”

Srinivasan Venkatasubramanian ITU and its Dispute Settlement Mechanism S. 21-32

„… satellitenetworks are identified for a satellite network filing with which coordinationneeds to be effected by …” „… satellite operator before bringing into use a satellitenetwork. Depending on the frequency bands used and …” „… Dispute Settlement in Satellite Communicationand the ITUITU and its Dispute Settlement …”

Andreas Loukakis Product Liability Ramifications for Damage Caused by Erroneous GNSS Signals S. 175-200

„… Loukakis*AbstractThe liability regime for erroneous signals provided from Global NavigationSatellite Systems (GNSS) is …” „… 2013).175IntroductionIntroductory remarks with respect to the development of satellite basedservicesOver the …” „… course of time, space technology has developed into a significantindustry that produces satellites and …”

Gerry Oberst Dispute Resolution before the ITU: The Operator’s Experience S. 43-58

„… Dispute Resolution before the ITU: The Operator’s ExperienceGerry Oberst*AbstractSatellite …” „… cannot bereached. At the end of the day, administrations and satellite operators thatfind themselves in a …” „… , well-suitedto ITU matters, should become increasingly apparent to all parties concerned.IntroductionSatellite …”

Mahulena Hofmann Space Communication in the Jurisprudence of the ECHR S. 145-160

„… install receiving stations for satellite broadcasting. Acommon denominator of these cases is their narrow …” „… European Court of Human Rights1 a body suitable to solve disputesin the area of satellite communication …” „… in Satellite Communication and MediaLaw at the University of Luxembourg.1 In further text „the Court …”

Mahulena Hofmann Introduction: Dispute Settlement in the Area of Space Communication S. 7-20

„… StudyWhat is a „dispute in the area of satellite communication”? Is it possible toanalyze this phenomenon as …” „… SatelliteCommunicationOverviewWhich dispute settlement mechanisms are available in the area of spacecommunication? The choice is …” „… satellite equipment under theGovernment Procurement Agreement (GPA); the only relevant case, i.e.European …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… on Space and Satellite Communication LawNomosLuxemburger Juristische Studien – Luxembourg Legal …” „… (ed.)Dispute Settlement in the Area of Space Communication2nd Luxembourg Workshop on Space and Satellite …” „… Communication2nd Luxembourg Workshop on Space and Satellite Communication LawMahulena Hofmann205 p.Includes …”

List of Authors S. 201-206

„… List of AuthorsMahulena Hofmann is holder of the SES Chair in Satellite Communicationsand Media Law …” „… satellite communication and media law. She is a full member of the International Academyof …” „… Department and was responsible, inter alia, for coordination of the INSAT satellite system. During his tenure …”

Tanja Masson-Zwaan Orbits and Frequencies: The Legal Context S. 59-68

„… satellite services and coordinating and registering those services so that they donot interfere with each …” „… frequencies and any associated orbits, including the geostationary-satellite orbit, are limited natural …” „… commercial satellite operators.The second-most important principle of space law is contained in ArticleII …”

Francis Lyall The Role of Consensus in the ITU S. 33-42

„… byStates of Artificial Earth Satellites for Direct Television Broadcasting, 1982, UNGARes. 37/92.Francis …” „… ., 534-588; M. Onoda, Satellite Earth Observations as ‚Systematic Observation’ in Multilateral Environmental …”

Ioanna Thoma Dispute Settlement in Space: The Perspective of the European Space Agency S. 127-144

„… development of new meteorological satellites.Arbitral Resolution of Disputes in the ESA ConventionDrawing from …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845258584

Jan Dinter - Internationale Infrastrukturprojekte im Telekommunikationssektor

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Jan Dinter

Internationale Infrastrukturprojekte im Telekommunikationssektor

Series: Schriftenreihe Institut für Energie- und Wettbewerbsrecht in der Kommunalen Wirtschaft e.V. (EWeRK) an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin

Volume 40 2010

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Technische und wirtschaftliche Eigenheiten der Telekommunikation per Satellit S. 137-139

„… . Satellitensysteme bestehenaus einem Bodensegment und einem Weltraumsegment, das die Satelliten bilden.Das …” „… Jahreprivatisiert wurde.A. Technische und wirtschaftliche Eigenheiten der Telekommunikation per SatellitMit Hilfe …” „… Bodensegment bilden die Bodenstationen, von denen aus Datensignale an dieSatelliten gesendet werden (up-link …”

Wachstum des Satellitensystems S. 146-149

„… SatellitensystemsDas Satellitenkommunikationssystem wuchs rasant und dementsprechend bekamauch die Interimsorganisation …” „… Globus von dem Satellitensystem abgedeckt wurde. Während die Gesprächskapazität des ersten Satelliten …” „… mehr Bedeutung. 1969 wurde der dritte Intelsat-Satellit im Weltraum platziert, so dass nun der gesamte …”

Vorarbeiten zum Aufbau eines europäischen Satellitennavigationssystems S. 231-235

„… GrundlagenSatellitennavigationssysteme ermöglichen die Positionsbestimmung auf der Erdemit Hilfe von Satellitendaten. Die Satelliten, die …” „… . Auf derErde werden die Signale mehrerer Satelliten mit einem geeigneten Navigationsgerätempfangen …” „… Satellitennavigationssysteme. Einzig dieehemalige Sowjetunion plante auch, ein eigenes globales Satellitennavigationssystem …”

COMSAT S. 139-142

„… Betreiber des Satellitensystemshat.I. COMSATDie Grundlagen für die Satellitenkommunikation wurden in den …” „… Satellitenübertragungen war langeZeit das INTELSAT-Satellitensystem. Mitte der 1990er Jahre waren 148 Staatenan dem …” „… INTELSAT-Satelliten erreicht werden konnte.569 Betrieben wurdediese Infrastruktur zunächst durch ein Konsortium der …”

Wachsender Druck zur Veränderung der Governancestrukturen S. 158-167

„… Satellitensysteme sowie durchsolche Satelliten, die spezielle Dienstleistungen (wie Datenübertragungen) erbrachten …” „… Satellitenkommunikation, S. 113.675 United States GeneralAccountingOffice , Competition Issues in International Satellite …” „… Satelliten-Kommunikation, abgedruckt in ABl.EG 1994 Nr. L 268, S. 15.685 Art. 2 Nr. 3 der Richtlinie 94/46/EG …”

Umfassende Änderung der Governancestrukturen S. 167-173

„… Satellitensystemsversorgt werden kann. Diese Verpflichtung ist dann erfüllt, wenn sämtliche Gebiete,die von einem Satelliten …” „… Abspaltung und Privatisierung von New Skies Satellites NV beendete jedochnicht die Diskussionen zwischen den …” „… inBetriebnehmen konnte, während New Skies Transponder auf den übertragenen Satelliten zu Verfügung stellte, damit …”

Definitive Agreements aus dem Jahr 1971: Errichtung der endgültigen institutionellen Strukturen S. 149-158

„… Satellitensysteme sowie durchsolche Satelliten, die spezielle Dienstleistungen (wie Datenübertragungen) erbrachten …” „… internationalen völkerrechtlichen Organisation mit dem Namen InternationalTelecommunications Satellite …” „… Weltraumsegment stand im Eigentum von INTELSAT.Das Bodensegment, d. h. die Bodenstationen, die die Satelliten mit …”

Interimsvereinbarung im Jahr 1964 S. 142-146

„… Satellite Policy, S. 53; Baumann, Das internationale Rechtder Satellitenkommunikation, S. 90: Da die …” „… Satelliten-Fernmeldesystem“ ist abgedruckt im BGBl. 1965 II, S. 1498 ff.602 Art. XII lit. a Nr. ii, lit. b des …” „… . Wachstum des SatellitensystemsDas Satellitenkommunikationssystem wuchs rasant und dementsprechend bekamauch …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-16

„… per Satellit 137B. Entwicklung der rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen 139I. COMSAT 139II …” „… SatellitesN.V.,Anfänge der Privatisierung 166VI. Umfassende Änderung der Governancestrukturen 1671. Neue organisatorische …” „… Strukturen 168a) International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO) 168b) Intelsat Ltd. 1702. Das …”

Zusammenfassung und Bewertung S. 173-178

„… Satelliten-Unternehmen auf die gewinnträchtigen Märkte, also auf dieviel genutzten Verbindungsstrecken zwischen …” „… course of events. ‘ [. . .]Aglobal satellite systemcould not, therefore,be established on the basis of a …” „… and allow second parties to make use ofthe satellite facilities were rejected out of hand by the …”

Einführung in die technischen Grundlagen S. 231

„… GrundlagenSatellitennavigationssysteme ermöglichen die Positionsbestimmung auf der Erdemit Hilfe von Satellitendaten. Die Satelliten, die …” „… . Auf derErde werden die Signale mehrerer Satelliten mit einem geeigneten Navigationsgerätempfangen …” „… Satellitennavigationssysteme. Einzig dieehemalige Sowjetunion plante auch, ein eigenes globales Satellitennavigationssystem …”

Öffnung der Märkte, Durchsetzung neuer Governance- und Regulierungsstrukturen S. 248-258

„… Satellit wurde alsoim wesentlichen die gleiche Governancestruktur angewendet, die auf …” „… viaSatellit für den Wettbewerb geöffnet wird (S. 161 ff.). Ausschlaggebend warendafür mehrere Gründe: Zum …” „… Substitutionskonkurrenz für das Satellitensystem, außerdem wurdedie Errichtung konkurrierender Satellitensysteme …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 261-276

„… internationale Recht der Satellitenkommunikation.Baumol, William J.: Contestable Markets: An Uprising in the …” „… Overview, in: Alper , Joel /Pelton, Joseph N.(Hrsg.): The INTELSAT Global Satellite System, NewYork, 1984 …” „… Organization 41(1987).Hahn, Robert W. /Korszner, Randall S.: Lost in Space – U.S. International Satellite …”

Inmarsat S. 179-182

„… können, die mit der Einführung neuer Generationen von Satelliten die erforderlichentechnischen …” „… geschaffen.Die InternationalMaritime SatelliteOrganization (kurz Inmarsat) beruhte ähnlichwie die …” „… Organisation in International MobileSatellite Organisation , wobei allerdings die bekannte Kurzform Inmarsat …”

Rechtsdokumente und andere offizielle Stellungnahmen S. 277-279

„… : Competition Issues in International Satellite Communications, 1996, URL: Satellite Communications.— Competitive Impact of Restructuring the …” „… International Satellite Organizations, Juli 1996, URL: (letzter …”

Dominanz staatlicher Akteure S. 246-248

„… . Für die internationale Telekommunikation via Satellit wurde alsoim wesentlichen die gleiche …” „… nationalen Telekommunikationsanbietern verglichen werden kann, lässt sich bei denSatellitensystemen INTELSAT …” „… und Inmarsat beobachten. Bei diesen Satellitensystemen waren staatliche Akteure bereits seit längerem …”

Communications Act 1934: Einführung einer sektorspezifischen Regulierung S. 50-53

„… Übertragungsmöglichkeitenwie Richtfunk und Satelliten sowie neuen Endgeräten wie etwa Telefaxgeräte undComputer und …”

Öffnung der Telekommunikationsmärkte für den Wettbewerb S. 53-57

„… Übertragungsmöglichkeitenwie Richtfunk und Satelliten sowie neuen Endgeräten wie etwa Telefaxgeräte undComputer und …”

Fragestellung der Arbeit S. 17-20

„… wird zuletzt die Governancestrukturbei dem Galileo-Satellitennavigationssystem dargestellt, mit dem …” „… Satellitennavigationssystem aufzubauen (Kapitel 8.). Im letzten Fall wurde nämlich – letztenEndes erfolglos – versucht, eine …”

Gang der Untersuchung S. 20-21

„… wird zuletzt die Governancestrukturbei dem Galileo-Satellitennavigationssystem dargestellt, mit dem …” „… Satellitennavigationssystem aufzubauen (Kapitel 8.). Im letzten Fall wurde nämlich – letztenEndes erfolglos – versucht, eine …”

Verteilungsgerechtigkeit S. 43-45

„… zu rechtfertigen.120 Ebenso wurde beimINTELSAT-Satellitensystem das Argument bemüht, durch die …”

Öffnung der Märkte durch die Postreformen I–III S. 72-79

„… dieMärkte für Mobilfunk276 , Satellitenkommunikation, Endgeräte277 und Mehrwertdienste. Die Erosion des …”

Europäische Union: Vereinheitlichung der nationalen Regulierungsrahmen durch das Europarecht S. 80-86

„… derKommission auf mehrereTeilmärkte (Satellitenkommunikation328 , Kabelfernsehen,Mobilfunk329) ausgedehnt. Eine …”

Gründe für die Veränderung der Präferenzen bei der Regulierung der Telekommunikation S. 92-102

„… , Satellitenkommunikation undMobilfunk), sodass eine Substitutionskonkurrenz für die bis dahin dominierende …”

Neue rechtliche Strukturen für nationale Telekommunikationssektoren S. 102-128

„… , Satellitenkommunikationund Endgeräte. Art. 3 des Poststrukturgesetzes, mit dem die Postreform I umgesetztwurde, sieht …”

Schlussfolgerung aus den gegenwärtigen Regulierungsstrukturen: Gewährleistung als Paradigma für staatliche Aktivitäten S. 131-136

„… staatliche Akteure zuvor noch nicht aktiv waren. Zuletzt wird daseuropäische Satellitennavigationssystem …”

Ausblick auf den weiteren Gang der Untersuchung S. 136

„… staatliche Akteure zuvor noch nicht aktiv waren. Zuletzt wird daseuropäische Satellitennavigationssystem …”

Einrichtung des gemeinsamen Unternehmens Galileo durch die Verordnung 876/2002 S. 235-237

„… organisatorisches Vehikel für den Aufbau desSatellitennavigationssystems sollte das Galileo JU Eigentümer aller …” „… europäischen Satellitennavigationssystems zuständig.991 Im Sinne einer umfassenden Zuständigkeit trägt …”

Einrichtung der Verwaltungsorgane für den dauerhaften Betrieb des Galileo-Projektes durch die Verordnung 1321/2004 S. 237-238

„… europäischen Satellitennavigationssystems zuständig.991 Im Sinne einer umfassenden Zuständigkeit trägt …”

Ausschreibung des Betreibers S. 238-240

„… Satellitennavigationssystem durch die EU selbst aufzubauen. Das Navigationssystem könne nach seiner Errichtung gegebenenfalls …” „… beschloss der Rat dann, das Satellitennavigationssystemin eigener Regie aufzubauen.1007 Mit der Verordnung …” „… 683/20081008 wurden dieorganisatorischen Strukturen für die europäischen Satellitennavigationsprogrammeneu …”

Zusammenfassung S. 240

„… C. ZusammenfassungBei dem Galileo-Satellitennavigationssystem war, ähnlich wie auf anderen …” „… Satellitennavigationssystem, wird durch einen privaten Anbieterbetrieben; der Betrieb richtet sich dabei an kommerziellen …” „… Aspekten aus. So solltedas europäische Satellitennavigationssystem kostenpflichtige …”

Bewertung der Governance- und Regulierungsstrukturen auf nationalen Telekommunikationsmärkten S. 241-246

„… nationalen Telekommunikationsanbietern verglichen werden kann, lässt sich bei denSatellitensystemen INTELSAT …” „… und Inmarsat beobachten. Bei diesen Satellitensystemen waren staatliche Akteure bereits seit längerem …” „… Satellitennetz betreiben sollte(S. 139 ff.), – ähnlich wie derzeit auf den nationalen Telekommunikationsmärkten …”

Zusammenfassendes Fazit S. 258-260

„… . Formelle Organisation der RegulierungBei den INTELSAT- und Inmarsat-Satellitensystemen wird die Aufischt …” „… , nämlich eine externeRegulierungsstelle. Bei dem Galileo-Satellitennavigationssystem war eine …” „… zentralen Infrastrukturen des Internets und des Galileo-Satellitennavigationssystemsgibt es eine …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845226699

Mahulena Hofmann - Harmful Interference in Regulatory Perspective

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Mahulena Hofmann (ed.)

Harmful Interference in Regulatory Perspective

Series: Luxemburger Juristische Studien - Luxembourg Legal Studies

Volume 5 2015

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Lesley Jane Smith Contractual Responses to Loss of Satellite Based Services S. 65-84

„… Contractual Responses to Loss of Satellite Based Services Lesley Jane Smith* Abstract The fields of …” „… satellite-based services and applications are a growth sector, and continue to attract attention in line with …” „… starting point the loss of satellite-based connectivity for reasons of harmful interference, and discusses …”

Justin (Gus) Hurwitz Satellite Harmful Interference: A U.S. Telecom Perspective S. 173-192

„… Satellite Harmful Interference: A U.S. Telecom Perspective Justin (Gus) Hurwitz* Abstract This …” „… authorisation to repurpose spectrum licensed for Mobile-Satellite Service (MSS) operations for terrestrial use …” „… MSS spectrum for terrestrial use will interfere with other satellite-based services – including the …”

Guy Modert The Restructuring of an Intergovernmental Satellite Communications Organisation from a Luxembourg Perspective S. 231-260

„… V. Outstanding Issues The Restructuring of an Intergovernmental Satellite Communications …” „… of the first satellite, “Sputnik”, in the framework of the United Nations. Intergovernmental …” „… technologies via satellite. Luxembourg took a very active role in satellite communication within Europe at the …”

Simona Spassova New and Alternative Means for Safeguarding the Efficient Use of Spectrum Resources for Satellite Communications S. 193-214

„… the Efficient Use of Spectrum Resources for Satellite Communications Simona Spassova* Abstract Access …” „… the satellite in space and an interference-free electromagnetic signal transmission.3 Most …” „… communications satellites are placed within the Geostationary Orbit (GSO), a space ring some 36 000 km above the …”

Alexander Soucek Radio Frequency Interference in the Earth Exploration Satellite Service: the Case of the European Space Agency’s SMOS Mission S. 55-64

„… Radio Frequency Interference in the Earth Exploration Satellite Service: the Case of the European …” „… satellites, the problem can equally affect Earth science missions, as exemplified by the case of ESA’s soil …” „… International Telecommunication Union (ITU) for the registration of its satellites and ground stations, while …”

Frans G. von der Dunk The ‘Space Side’ to ‘Harmful Interference’ – Evaluating Regulatory Instruments in Addressing Interference Issues in the Context of Satellite Communications S. 85-100

„… ’ – Evaluating Regulatory Instruments in Addressing Interference Issues in the Context of Satellite …” „… Communications Frans G. von der Dunk* Abstract Interference issues in the context of satellite communications can …” „… character of both interference and satellite communications as a sector. From that perspective, the present …”

Olga Batura Harmful Interference and Human Rights S. 215-230

„… Satellites, in: CommLaw Conspectus 10, pp. 207-226. 215 tional) radio communication when using the …” „… 2014: http://www.spacenews.com/article/satellite-telecom/40818eute …” „… jamming equipment to block Russian satellite broadcasts on the Ukrainian territory. See Russian …”

Elina Morozova, Yaroslav Vasyanin Dealing with Harmful Interference – the Protostar Case S. 41-54

„… years been successfully operating in the field of satellite telecommunications, among other things …” „… filing satellite networks with the ITU on its own behalf and securing their international legal …” „… protection for further use by telecommunications and broadcasting satellites within the framework of joint …”

Johan G. Kroon Harmful Interference from the Netherlands Radiocommunication Agency Perspective S. 161-172

„… role of ‘Notifying Administration’ for several satellite operators. This means that the Netherlands …” „… orbits/orbital locations, frequency bands and technical parameters for satellites, for the benefit of its …” „… satellite operators. The number of operators for which the Radiocommunication Agency fulfils this role is …”

Mahulena Hofmann Introduction S. 9-16

„… deterioration of signals from broadcasting and communications satellites, including cases of intentional …” „… the situation? * Prof. Dr., CSc., SES Chair in Satellite Communication and Media Law at the University …” „… in this area, and Professor Mahulena Hofmann (SES Chair in Satellite Communication and Media Law) who …”

Jean-François Mayence Harmful Interference in Telecommunications under International and National Space Law S. 101-122

„… be used as a legal remedy for harmful interference in satellite telecommunication? This chapter …” „… than space activities. The role played by satellite systems in telecommunications nowadays makes it …” „… frequencies are not only used for satellites services, they are also used by satellites to speak to each other …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Luxembourg Workshop on Space and Satellite Communication Law Luxemburger Juristische Studien – Luxembourg …” „… interference-free radio communication 3rd Luxembourg Workshop on Space and Satellite Communication Law Nomos The …” „… legislation. 4. Artificial satellites in telecommunication. 5. Space security. 6. International …”

List of Authors S. 261-266

„… Satellite Communications and Media Law in 2011. Prior to her appointment at the University of Luxembourg …” „… minority languages allow her to concentrate on various aspects of satellite communication and media law …” „… communications satellite operator SES S.A. Gerry joined SES after practicing as a lawyer in the communications …”

Gerry Oberst European Law as an Instrument for Avoiding Harmful Interference S. 123-142

„… & Governmental Strategy for international communications satellite operator SES S.A., based in Washington, DC. 1 …” „… , primarily the satellite communications sector in which this author is most involved. How is harmful …” „… ” interference. The vast majority of interference cases, especially in the satellite communications field, arise …”

Francis Lyall ‘Harmful Interference’ and the ITU S. 17-30

„… problems across the radio spectrum, this Workshop is directed particularly to satellite matters. Without …” „… interference-free or interference-minimal radio links satellites services are degraded, and at the worst rendered …” „… supervise satellite activities. Harmful interference was identified as a problem at the very beginning of …”

Mitsuhiro Sakamoto ITU and Harmful Interference Prevention S. 31-40

„… manage radio frequency spectrum and associated satellite orbits in order to avoid harmful interference …” „… station antenna alignment errors in the case of satellite communications. As described below, those types …” „… example, a downlink assignment of the broadcasting-satellite service has a service area recorded in the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845265759

Andreas Loukakis - Non-Contractual Liabilities from Civilian Versions of GNSS

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Andreas Loukakis

Non-Contractual Liabilities from Civilian Versions of GNSS

Series: Luxemburger Juristische Studien - Luxembourg Legal Studies

Volume 12 2017

Results in this title

Chapter 1: General aspects of satellite based services and GNSS S. 51-70

„… Satellite based services and GNSSFirst part: General aspects of satellite based services and GNSS …” „… their whereabouts. Constellations of manmade satellites are now taking over as beacons for guidance….”36 …” „… Central themes of the chapter Presently, various areas where satellite based information can be observed …”

Introduction: Setting the scene S. 27-50

„… Introduction: Setting the scene The advent of satellite based services Satellite based services …” „… satellites and launches vehicles to deliver a number of important services on Earth to governments …” „… life. One example worth mentioning is the field of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)1. In …”

Chapter 2: Liability risks within the field of GNSS: general remarks S. 71-98

„… of the satellite based information, causes loss. Such loss need not, but may reach disastrous …” „… the satellites of the GPS constellation81. As a result of this action, there was a positioning error …” „… satellite navigation programs (EGNOS and Galileo), esp. Art. 16 of the said Regulation. Chapter 2: Liability …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-26

„… like to thank my advisor Professor Dr. Mahulena Hofmann (holder of the SES Chair in Satellite …” „… satellite navigation, especially with regard to issues of dispute resolution, from a number of legal angles …” „… under the present research study, taking into consideration the position of current satellite operators …”

Chapter 1: Current liability law and its relevance to GNSS-related disputes S. 103-110

„… fact that satellite based services do not and will not start operating in a legal and regulatory vacuum …” „… relevant, have not been drafted with satellite based services and GNSS in mind. Remarkably, as Frans von …” „… der Dunk observes139, there is a legal environment within which satellite based services and GNSS …”

Bibliography S. 357-370

„… - Defense-Exploration (in French), Larcier, 2009. Andrade A., The Global Navigation Satellite System, Ashgate Studies in …” „… Space Communication, Second Luxembourg Workshop on Space and Satellite Communication Law, Nomos, 2015 …” „… Cover Liability for Damage Caused by Malfunctions in Global Navigation Satellite Systems”, in Uniform …”

Chapter 3: Second case study: a private governance scheme and liability claims towards the private industry S. 161-228

„… International Telecommunications Satellite Organization. For the privatization of this organization see in more …” „… : http://www.intelsat.com/about -us/our-history/2000s/. 272 The International Mobile Satellite Organization. For the formation of …” „… Telecommunications Satellite Organization. For the privatized form of EUTELSAT in particular, see again footnote 271 …”

Conclusion of the study: Could arbitration be a possible alternative? S. 343-356

„… means is that of global satellite navigation. Generally speaking, many areas are expected to benefit …” „… life. Nonetheless, as the field of satellite navigation undergoes remarkable expansion, it is a likely …” „… . Defective satellite components may lead to liability implications concerning the satellite manufacturer …”

Chapter 1: Problems connected to the existing legal framework S. 241-262

„… the field of satellite navigation and their practical chances of success remain questionable …” „… satellites. This will certainly be quite beneficial for future users of GNSS technology being able to exploit …” „… Satellite Systems: A Preliminary Study”, p. 1, esp. p. 11-14. Chapter 1: Problems connected to the existing …”

Concluding chapter on first part: Signal provision in space and signal provider’s liability S. 99-102

„… task given that the field of satellite navigation encompasses a number of specificities such as …” „… satellite navigation that has attracted a lot of attention lately is the liability of basic-primary signal …” „… on Third Party Liability for Satellite Navigation Signals”, in Uniform Law Review, 2009, p. 38. See …”

Chapter 2: Considerations De Lege Ferenda S. 263-332

„… satellite navigation Before delving into the specific de lege ferenda options regarding noncontractual …” „… competences488 in the field of satellite navigation. However, this does not mean to say that Member States …” „… GNSS Regulation490 dealing with the development of different EU satellite navigational programs not …”

Chapter 2: First case study: a public governance scheme and liability claims towards the European Union S. 111-160

„… more detail “Policy Aspects of Third Party Liability in Satellite Navigation: Preparing a Roadmap for …” „… seq. 165 See in more detail “Policy Aspects of Third Party Liability in Satellite Navigation …” „… arise within EU c. 166 See in more detail “Policy Aspects of Third Party Liability in Satellite …”

Concluding chapter on third part: Other options available at international level S. 333-338

„… the implementation and exploitation of European satellite navigation systems and repealing Council …” „… Convention on Third Party Liability for Satellite Navigation Signals”, in Uniform Law Review, 2009, p. 38 …” „… Satellite Systems: A preliminary study”, S79, 2010, p. 1. In this respect, also footnote 3. All the authors …”

Summary tables on case studies (De Lege Lata) S. 235-240

„… limited to direct cases of damage from satellite collisions General international law for damage within …” „… direct damage such as collision of satellites. However. damage emanating from the use of the capabilities …”

Concluding chapter on second part: A future need for a centralized approach S. 229-234

„… Liability Convention would apply and cover only direct cases of damage caused by satellites’ collisions …” „… for the operation of EGNOS, the first initiative of the EU within the field of satellite navigation …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845280677

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