„… incidental damage to civilian objects or excessive incidental loss of civilian lives although, as O’Keefe …” „… excessive incidental harm to the civilian population – now better known, perhaps, as ‘collateral damage …” „… ) and it does not contain any direct prohibition of attack on civilian objects per se which would be …”

„… anticipated civilian collateral damage is notexcessive.52 An example is sailing under convoy of enemy warships …” „… may only take placewhen the plausible civilian collateral damage is not „excessive”. No attemptwill be …” „… Direct Civilian Participationin Hostilities during World War II?Magne Frostad*IntroductionThe question of …”

„… distinction, the obligationto take of precautions in attack and the prohibition of excessive collateraldamage …” „… to, individuals; or (ii) damage to,or destruction of, objects.”11 Devices and systems that are not …” „… designed orused to kill, injure, damage or destroy do not qualify as means of warfare.For instance, an …”

„… , paras 25-30. 16 Geneva Academy (ed), Reactions to Norms: Armed Groups and the Protection of Civilians …” „… seeks to provide security to individuals, combatants and civilians alike – but of course to different …” „… to conduct warfare in an effective manner.41 The legal prohibition of Art. 2 (4) UN-Charter embodies …”

„… of hostilities and restricts or reduces damages to civilians and civilian objects by prohibiting …” „… of IHL to directly attack civilians and civilian objects, in conjunction with the prohibition of …” „… , investments are often the target of hostile action or collateral damage, resulting in the destruction, seizure …”

„… damage to civilians; see the Agreement on the Civilian Protection Component of the International …” „… the lives and livelihoods of the respective civilian populations.2 Although it is well-established by …” „… civilians and those detained or deprived of their liberty in armed conflicts, ____________________ of …”

„… that such attack will cause incidental loss of life or injury to civilians or damage to civilian …” „… identified. b) Rule 45 The prohibition of causing widespread, long-term and severe damage to the …” „… regulation and the fact that the prohibition of causing certain negative effects on the natural environment …”

„… civilians, the prohibition of superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering, and the principle of humanity …” „… requires the avoidance of any loss of civilian life, injury to civilians, and damage to civilian objects …” „… distinction between fighters and civilians, the prohibition of unnecessary suffering, and humanity must be …”

„… prohibited to use human beings for this purpose, since the use of civilian objects to shield combatants or …” „… objectives. This prohibition of abuse of the principle of distinction (by using human shields) is itself …” „… civilians by mistake, who causes excessive civilian losses or who does not take all feasible measures to …”

„… Convention rights of the civilian population, in particularunder Articles 2 …, 3 … and 8” ECHR. Based on Rule …” „… protected civilian objects such as schools and hospitals, and to en-sure immediately the safety of the …” „… justsatisfaction of more than 1.8 billion euros in respect of pecuniary damage underArt. 41 ECHR to the …”