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Eleni Trova, Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris - The Olympic Games of the European Union

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Eleni Trova, Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris

The Olympic Games of the European Union

2011

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Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Games S. 85

„… GamesThe?Olympic?Games?are?entrusted?by?the?IOC?to?a?city?,?which?is?elected?as?the?hostcity?of?the?Olympic?Games?(article?33?par.?2 …” „… ).?More?specificprovisions?about?the?Olympic?Games?are?provided?by?the?article?33-45.?It?has?to?bepointed?out?that,?as?the?Olympic?Charter?clearly?mentions?(article?6 …” „… ? theOlympic?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The first Olympic Games S. 36-39

„… Chapter?2From the Olympic Games of the Antiquity until the Modern Olympic GamesThe Modern Olympic …” „… GamesFrom the First Modern Olympic Games of Athens to the Olympic games of …” „… ? theGames?led?to?a?total?philosophical?perception?which?more?than?ever?nowadays?posesthe?dilemma?whether?the?human?body?should?be?an?object?of?construction?due?tothe?records?and?the?distinctions.?The?discussion?about?doping?inevitably?emerged.The first Olympic GamesIn?the?first?session?of?the?IOC?in?1894 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The London Olympic Games and Para-Olympic games Act 2006 S. 234-235

„… ?bid?will?alsorest?on?our?growing?commitment?to?grassroots?sport.”The?leaders?of?all?political?parties?as?well?as?the?leaders?from?Scotland,?Walesand?Northern?Ireland?also?stated?their?support.The London Olympic Games and Para-Olympic games Act 2006 …” „… main?law,?the?London?Olympic?Games?and?Para-Olympic?Games?Act?2006 …” „… ,?whichcovers?all?the?major?issues?of?the?Olympic?Games.?It?sets?up?the?Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Modern Olympic Games S. 36

„… Chapter?2From the Olympic Games of the Antiquity until the Modern Olympic GamesThe Modern Olympic …” „… GamesFrom the First Modern Olympic Games of Athens to the Olympic games of …” „… ? theGames?led?to?a?total?philosophical?perception?which?more?than?ever?nowadays?posesthe?dilemma?whether?the?human?body?should?be?an?object?of?construction?due?tothe?records?and?the?distinctions.?The?discussion?about?doping?inevitably?emerged.The first Olympic GamesIn?the?first?session?of?the?IOC?in?1894 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova European law and Olympic Games S. 152-154

„… .?Sectors?thatwill?come?under?the?Community?law?are,?inter?alia,?the?status?of?entering?into?publiccontracts,?the?status?of?assessing?environmental?repercussions?and?environmentalprotection,?etc.European law and Olympic GamesOn?the?27th?of?July?2012?the?opening?ceremony?of?the?30 …” „… ? practices,?whichwould?result?in?the?prevalence?of?the?Treaty?in?all?cases.Apart?from?that,?the?application?of?Community?law?as?a?whole?should?be?considered?self-evident?in?view?of?the?organization?of?the?Olympic?Games …” „… th?Olympic?Games?willtake?place?in?London.?They?will?be?held?2 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova From the Olympic Games of the Antiquity until the Modern Olympic Games S. 36

„… Chapter?2From the Olympic Games of the Antiquity until the Modern Olympic GamesThe Modern Olympic …” „… GamesFrom the First Modern Olympic Games of Athens to the Olympic games of …” „… ? theGames?led?to?a?total?philosophical?perception?which?more?than?ever?nowadays?posesthe?dilemma?whether?the?human?body?should?be?an?object?of?construction?due?tothe?records?and?the?distinctions.?The?discussion?about?doping?inevitably?emerged.The first Olympic GamesIn?the?first?session?of?the?IOC?in?1894 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Human Rights and Olympic Games S. 104-106

„… Chapter?5Human Rights and Olympic GamesIn?1940 …” „… GamesThe?Chinese?were?totally?ready?for?the?Olympics.?The?new?impressive?OlympicStadium?with?a?capacity?of?100.000 …” „… ,?the?cancellation?of?the?Olympic?Games,?which?were?to?take?place?in?Japan,because? of? the?2nd?World?War,?clarified? the? relation?between …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova From the First Modern Olympic Games of Athens to the Olympic games of Europe S. 36

„… Chapter?2From the Olympic Games of the Antiquity until the Modern Olympic GamesThe Modern Olympic …” „… GamesFrom the First Modern Olympic Games of Athens to the Olympic games of …” „… ? theGames?led?to?a?total?philosophical?perception?which?more?than?ever?nowadays?posesthe?dilemma?whether?the?human?body?should?be?an?object?of?construction?due?tothe?records?and?the?distinctions.?The?discussion?about?doping?inevitably?emerged.The first Olympic GamesIn?the?first?session?of?the?IOC?in?1894 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova EC law and 2004 Olympic Games S. 178-181

„… ven?that?the?Olympic?Movement?isconnected?with?huge?economic?interests,?Olympic?Games …” „… ? the?IOCshould?reconsider?its?policy?of?the?host-city?contract,?given?that?it?cannot?committhe?community?legislative?organs.Nevertheless,?it?has?to?be?stated,?the?Olympic?Games …” „… ?of?Athens?can?lead?us?tothe?conclusion?that?the?EU?was?totally?absent.?Despite?the?fact?that?the?communityinterest?in?sport?is?enormous?and?despite?the?fact?that?many?issues?arose?regardingthe?EC?law?during?both?the?preparation?and?the?organization?of?the?Games,?it?cannotbe?claimed?that?the?expected?activation?from?he?side?of?the?community?organs?wasnoticed.EC law and 2004 Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Host City Contract and Olympic Games-the penetration of the Olympic Movement Rules in the national legal orders S. 88-90

„… ?and?the?president?decision?130/2000.The Host City Contract and Olympic Games-the penetration of the OlympicMovement Rules in …” „… ?autonomy?of?the?NOCs?is?of?pivotal?importance.In?the?vast?majority?of?the?states?the?NOCs?constitute?a?legal?person?of?privatelaw.?In?the?framework?of?the?Greek?law,?the?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee?recognizes? the? Hellenic? Olympic? Committee? as? a? legal? person? of? public? law? called“Olympic? Games …” „… ? showtolerance?and?respect?to?the?special?character?of?the?Games?and?have?not?challengedthis?contract.?According?to?the?contract,?the?Organizing?Committee?of?the?OlympicGames?(OCOG),124?the?NOC?and?the?host?city?are?jointly?and?severally?liable?forall?comm …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sporting Rules, Olympic Games and International Law S. 69-70

„… ? theobjective?disciplinary?liability?if?the?team?for?its?spectators’?behaviour.?As?we?cansee,?in?Greek?law?there?is?also?a?restriction?of?the?right?to?participate?in?sport?of?thefootball?fans,?but?this?seems?to?be?more?reasonable?and?less?harsh?than?the?Englishlaw?and?therefore?can?survive?the?European?law?challenge.Sporting Rules, Olympic Games and …” „… easing?the?international?community?interest?in?sport?and?games.?This?is?true?especially?taking?intoaccount?the?number?of?the?spectators?and?the?political?influence?that?the?OlympicGames …” „… A.,?Sport?ethics?and?violent?behavior?in?the?sport?field,?(in?Greek),?in?Klamaris/Malatos/Bredimas?Olympic?Games?and?Law,?Ant.N.Sakkoulas?Publishers,?Athens-Komotini2005,?p.349.77 Karras Ar.,?Criminal?Procedural?Law?(?in?Greek?),?2 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic games of 2004 under Greek legislation S. 217-218

„… ?Charter?incorporates?regulations?that?affect?the?Constitution?and?the?Community?law,?its?interpretation?will?bedealt?with?in?the?following?chapter.The Olympic games of 2004 under Greek legislationThe?undertaking?of?the?Olympic?Games?of?2004 …” „… The?need?to?deal?with?the?organizational?issues?of?the?Olympic?Games?of?2004was?the?reason?that?justified?the?first?separate?statute?passed?by?the?Parliament?inFebruary …” „… It?would?be?worthwhile?studying?the?law-producing?activity?of?the?Greek?State?on?the?occasion?of?the?first?Olympic?Games?and?drawing?certain?critical?conclusions?with?referencethereto.?Panagiotopoulos D.?has?made?reference?to?this?activity?in?Olympic?Games?Law(In?Greek),?Ant.?Sakkoulas,?1991 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The innovative Olympic Games of 1896 and 2004 S. 43-44

„… ?marathondistance?in?order?to?announce?the?Greek?victory?against?the?Persian?invasion?forces.In?addition?the?marathons?finished?on?the?Olympic?stadium?that?was?used?in?theAthens?1896?games.?On?this?more?than?100?year?old?venue?the?Archery?competitionstook …” „… A?lot?of?positive?things?have?been?said,?as?they?should?have?been,?about?the?roleof?volunteers?in?the?celebration?of?the?Olympic?Games …” „… ?and?even?more?so?in?theParalympics.?Everything?that?has?been?said?is?true.?Three?quarters?of?the?personnelwho?supported?the?operation?-34,548?in?the?Olympic?Games?and?8,250 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The challenge of the first European Olympic Games S. 51-54

„… ntly,?a?European?dimension?of?sport?constituters?a?matter?whichattracts?the?attention?every?time?that?a?city?of?the?EU?is?to?organize?a?major?sportingevent,?such?as?the?Olympic?Games.?The?Community?Law?as?well?as?the?case?law/jurisprudence?are?now?dealing?with?systematically?with?sport?and?after?the?Bosmanjudgement,? there? have? been?many? judgements …” „… ? firstOlympic?Games?under?a?regime?of?absolute?application?of?the?community?law?inAthens?could?creatively?contribute?to?the?establishment?of?a?European?perceptionabout?the?Olympic …” „… It?is?worth?approaching?this?first?experience?of?Athens?and?hope?that?both?thestudy?and?the?imagination?could?lead?to?a?productive?approach?of?the?Europeandimension?of?the?Olympic?Games,?which?is?to?be?proved?in?2012.It?is?also?worth?conce …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The historical evolution of the Olympic Games; S. 26

„… The historical evolution of the Olympic Games;The body from the classic antiquity to the Age of …” „… ?of?the?institutionof?the?Pan-Hellenic?Games?(Pythia,?Isthmia,?Olympia)?and?the?subsequent?spreading?of?thespirit?throughout?the?Greek?territory,?Tzachou-Alexandri O …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Para-Olympic Games and the handicapped body S. 33-34

„… s.?There?is,?therefore,a?reason,?to?evaluate?the?route?of?Olympism?and?one?could?reflect?over?what?hasremained?from?the?classic?perception?about?the?human?body?in?the?contemporaryworld?and?how?much?sport?and?Enlightenment?had?contributed?to?the?recalling?ofrelative?perceptions.The Para-Olympic Games and the handicapped …” „… ? international?organizationbegan.?Olympic?Games?for?athletes?with?disabilities?were?first?organized?in?Romein?1960,?the?Games?that?are?now?called?Paraolympic?Games.?In?Montreal?1976 …” „… ?as?well.?Torino?hosted?in2006?the?Winter?Paraolympic?Games?which?correspond?to?the?summer?Olympicsof?Beijing?2008 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The particular attributes of the Olympic organization – An autonomous legislative framework for the Olympic Games S. 60

„… Olympic GamesThe legal status of the Olympic organization and the legislative framework of …” „… sportWhat?has?been?mentioned?about?the?existing?framework?of?sport,?takes?on?a?particular?importance?in?view?of?the?organization?of?the?Olympic?Games?of?2004 …” „… ? interest,since?it?establishes?a?special?legal?framework?for?the?Olympic?Games,?through?astructure?of?institutions?and?rules,?which?are?accepted?not?so?much?through?legislation?but?rather?through?private?law?contracts.?Studying?the?example?of?Athens,we?see?that?the?internal?law?has?embodied?the?Olympic?organization?of?2004 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Community Law involvement in sport and Olympic Games S. 154-156

„… ity?organs,?whendealing?with?important?matters?that?could?affect?sport,?to?ask?the?sporting?institutions’?opinion.?In?this?framework?special?importance?should?be?attached?to?the?particularities?of?amateursport.,? Olympic? Games? and? Environment,? Greek? Company? of? Environmental? Law,Ant.N,Sakkoulas …” „… GamesIn?the?Nice?Declaration?the?importance?of?sport?was?highlighted?and?the?Communitywas?asked?to?take?into?account?the?social,?educational?and?cultural?mission?of?sportin?the?exercise?of?its?policy.336The?sporting?Phenomenon?first?emerges?in?relation?to …” „… The Community Law involvement in sport and Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The historical and ideological background of the Olympic Games S. 18

„… Chapter?1The historical and ideological background of the Olympic GamesThe human body, the …” „… historyCoubertin?mentions?that?“sports?and?Olympic?Games …” „… omethean?human?being?and?the?humanbeing?of?excesses.?It?creates?the?half-God?within?the?origins?of?ancient?Greek?gamesand …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Law 2598/1998 ‘Organization of the Olympic Games – Athens 2004’ S. 218-222

„… The?analysis?attempted?in?this?section?adopts?the?method?of?a?historical?reviewof?the?law-producing?activity?for?the?Olympic?Games?of?2004.?The?goal?of?thisanalysis?is?double.?On …” „… rporated?the?‘rules’?and?the?‘directives’?resulting?from?the?Olympic?Charter,?the?Host?City?Contract?and?the?otherOlympic?texts.?Also,?by?the?analysis?below,?one?could?compare?the?Greek?.446Law 2598/1998 ‘Organization of the Olympic Games – Athens 2004’Law?2598/1998 …” „… ? specializedlegislative?regulations?concerning?the?Olympic?Games?of?2004 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Games of 2012: London, the second European experiment S. 233

„… Chapter?11The Olympic Games of 2012: London, the second European experimentBidding process and …” „… ,?the?International?Olympic?Committee?(IOC),?after?a?technical?evaluation,?reduced?thenumber?of?cities?to?five.?London,?Madrid,?Moscow,?New?York,?and?Paris?were?nowthe?candidates?cities.By?19?November?2004 …” „… ?all?five?candidate?cities?had?submitted?their?candidatefile?to?the?International?Olympic?Committee.?The?IOC?inspection?team?visited?thefive?candidate?cities?during?February?and?March?2005.?The?Paris?bid?suffered …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The protection of the human rights as a major objective of the Olympic Games S. 106-108

„… GamesThe?Chinese?were?totally?ready?for?the?Olympics.?The?new?impressive?OlympicStadium?with?a?capacity?of?100.000 …” „… ?the?bodies?and?the?omnipotence?of?the?democratic?regime?and?the?of?the?ideology?which?stands?by?it.?At?the?same?time,?nongovernmental?organizations,?such?as?the?Olympic?Watch?(Committee?for?the?2008Olympic? Games? in? a? Free? and? Democratic? Country)202? and? the? InternationalAmnesty203 …” „… ? theprevention?of?their?violation.The?Olympic?Games?of?2008 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Law 2833/2000 ‘Issues of Preparation of the Olympic Games of 2004 and other provisions’ S. 227-229

„… ? the?OrganizingCommittee?for?the?Olympic?Games?‘Athens?2004?SA’?and?of?the?Special?Secretariatfor?the?Olympic?Games.?Lastly,?article?6 …” „… ?A?),?so?that?it?would?assume?issuesof?organization,?promotion?and?exploitation?of?the?Cultural?Olympiad.Law 2833/2000 ‘Issues of Preparation of the Olympic Games of 2004 and otherprovisions’Law?2833/2000 …” „… ?‘Issues?of?Preparation?of?the?Olympic?Games?of?2004?and?otherprovisions’?(Government?Gazette?150 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The law 3254/2004 about Olympic and Paraolympic Games matters and the law 3342/2005 about the sustainable development and the social utilization of the Olympic Departments S. 229

„… both?the?existing?sports?venues?and?the?additional?buildings,?which?would?be?required?for?the?staging?of?the?Olympic?Games …” „… .The law 3254/2004 about Olympic and Paraolympic Games matters and the law3342/2005 about the sustainable …” „… ?Organization.?Incase?that?the?security?was?endangered?during?the?Games,?irregular?measures?wouldbe?taken?which?would?totally?undermine?the?state’s?sovereignty.The?law?3103/2003,?article?16,?regulated?the?matter?of?the?Olympic?Family’scredence.?This?matter? is? also …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The connection of the rules of the Olympic Movement with the Host City and hence with the legal order of the country that hosts the Olympic Games S. 90

„… ?Committeeof?the?country,?where?the?Host?City?is?found,?as?well?as?with?a?special?and?independent?legal?person,?the?Organizing?Committee?of?the?Olympic?Games.?This?contract?is?the?Host?City?Contract,?which?constitutes?the?principal?frame?of?the?Olympic …” „… ?of?the?Olympic?Charter,?the?elected?city,?which?will?receive?the?Olympic?Games?must,?immediately?upon?its?election,?enter?into?a?contractwith?the?International?Olympic …” „… GamesThe?exercise?of?power?by?contract?is?a?governance?especially?popular?in?modernlegal?thought131 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Bibliography S. 285-299

„… ?Truce?(electronic?article)?in?www.ifose.grMoustaira E.,?Nationality?and?Olympic?Games,?in?Klamaris/Bredimas/Malatos,?Olympic?Gamesand?Law,?Ant.N.Sakkoulas?Publcations,?Athens-Komotini,?2003.Müller N. (ed.) (1986 …” „… Th.,?Restrictions?on?Personal?Rights?because?of?the?organisation?of?Olympic?Games,?inKlamaris?N./?Bredimas?A./?Malatos?A.,?Olympic?Games?and?Law,?Ant.N.Sakkoulas?PublishersAthens-?Komotini?2005,?p.165.Avlonitis G./Ladias S.,?Ambush?Marketing?and?the?Olympic?Games?“Athens?2004 …” „… ”,?in?D.Panagiotopoulos,?Sports?Law,?Implementation?and?the?Olympic?Games,?Ant.N.Sakkoulas,?Athens,Komotini,?p.381.Auer An./Malinverni G./ Hotellier …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The human body, the international society and the fair play of history S. 18-25

„… Chapter?1The historical and ideological background of the Olympic GamesThe human body, the …” „… historyCoubertin?mentions?that?“sports?and?Olympic?Games …” „… ?Movement?should?deal?with.?On?theother?hand,?the?city?constituted?not?only?an?administrative?unite?but?also?a?geographical?and?infrastructural?territory.?The?Olympic?Movement?acquired?throughthe?city?a?geopolitical?importance?and?an?essential?territorial?dimension.The?Olympics?have?turned?out?to?be?the?most?impressive?and?spectacular?publiccultural?event?in?the?modern?society.12?The?first?modern?Olympic?Games?of?Athens1896?attracted?311?athletes?from?13 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The commercialization of the Games and the early violations. S. 259-262

„… .?Avery?Brundage,?chairman?of?the?IOC?at?that?time,?found?the?use?of“?Olympic”?in?commercial?advertising?quite?unpleasant.?Nevertheless,?Helms?received? the?bread?supply?contract? for? the?1948?Games?with?no?restrictions?as …” „… combined?with?the?issuance?by?the?Greek?government?of?the?first?series?of?commemorative?stamps?of?the?Olympic?Games,?provided?the?funds?necessary?to?thesuccess?of?the?Games.559 …” „… ?Review?to?help?cover?costs.?The?coverage?of?the?cost?was?his?main?intention.Since?the?early?years,?though,?it?was?obvious?to?both?simple?people?as?well?asbusinessmen?that?the?institution?of?the?Olympics?involved?huge?amounts?of?money.The?great?appeal?that?they?had?could?lead?to?a?great?commercial?benefit.?This?ledto?an?excessive?usage?of?the?title?“Olympic?Games”?by?unauthorized?parties.?IOCtrying? to? protect? the? title? established? guidelines? in? 1913? under?which? “the? title“Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Law 2819/2000 ‘Creation of the Olympic Village 2004 SA, protection of the Olympic symbols and indicia and other provisions’ S. 224-227

„… )?dealt?with?organizationalissues?of?the?Olympic?preparation?bearing?mainly?on?amendments?to?the?legislativestatus?of?the?Organizational?Committee?for?the?Olympic?Games?that?had?been?established?by?Law?2598/1998.?Two?new?institutions?had?been? introduced?by …” „… ? theregulations?of?that?chapter:?the?institution?of?the?Olympic?Executives?and?the?Special?Secretariat?for?the?Olympic?Games?created?in?the?Ministry?of?Culture.?The?ideaof?the?Olympic …” „… ?Executive?has?been?based?on?the?need?to?coordinate?all?ministriesthat?are?involved?in?the?organization.?Correspondingly,?the?creation?of?the?SpecialSecretariat?for?the?Olympic?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Host City Contract and the Olympic Charter S. 90-95

„… ?Committeeof?the?country,?where?the?Host?City?is?found,?as?well?as?with?a?special?and?independent?legal?person,?the?Organizing?Committee?of?the?Olympic?Games.?This?contract?is?the?Host?City?Contract,?which?constitutes?the?principal?frame?of?the?Olympic …” „… ?of?the?Olympic?Charter,?the?elected?city,?which?will?receive?the?Olympic?Games?must,?immediately?upon?its?election,?enter?into?a?contractwith?the?International?Olympic …” „… o?respect?the?Olympic?Charter?guaranteeing?for?that?appositely.?The?Olympic?Charter?is?a?rule,?which?must?be?observedby?any?city?that?is?going?to?organize?the?Olympic?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Special legislation introduced by the hosting states S. 272-280

„… ?Games?Act?(Indiciaand?Images)?and?the?Olympic?Arrangements?Act?2000 …” „… ? theOlympic?insignia,?providing?a?long?list?of?protected?items.?Prima?facie?this?legislation?could?prevent?some?ambushers?from?trying?to?associate?themselves?to?theGames?by?using?inappropriately?the?Olympic …” „… Olympic?Games?(“?SOCOG”?)?worked?together?with?the?Australian?authorities?tosupplement?the?existing?intellectual?property?and?trade?practices?legislation?withthe?aim?of?stopping?ambush?marketers?and?protecting?the?exclusivity?of?the?officialsponsors.?The?result?of?this?collaboration?was?the?Sydney?2000 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sponsorship S. 264-266

„… ?organization?has?certain?exclusive?sponsors.?However,?it?cancoexist?with?an?individual?sponsorship?or?sponsorship?of?a?certain?team.Indeed,?the?Olympic?Games?are?really?attractive?for?sponsors,?since?the?Gamescommand?the?focus?of?the?media?and?the?attention?of?the?entire?world?for?17?consecutive?days,?reaching?billions?of?people?in?more?than?220?countries?throughoutthe?world …” „… Olympics?are?the?event?that?is?probably?affected?the?most?by?this?phenomenondue?to?its?great?promotion?and?the?great?importance?that?the?Olympic?sponsorshipprogram?represents?for?the?Games …” „… ? programsestablished?by?the?IOC?are?designed?to?contribute?to?the?independent?financial?stability?of?Olympic?movement,?to?generate?continual?and?substantial?support?throughsustained,?long-term?partnerships,?to?prohibit?the?uncontrolled?commercializationof?the?Olympic?Games.574Since?the?very?first?Olympic?Games?of?Athens?1896 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Charter S. 83-85

„… GamesThe?Olympic?Games?are?entrusted?by?the?IOC?to?a?city?,?which?is?elected?as?the?hostcity?of?the?Olympic?Games?(article?33?par.?2 …” „… ?Charter?rules?is?secured?by?aprivate?law?contract?that?is?institutionally?provided?by?it.?Every?city?that?undertakesto?host?the?Olympic?Games …” „… ?Movement.The?IOC?defines?with?a?text?which?is?quite?similar?to?a?constitution?as?far?as?itsstructure?is?concerned?the?fundamental?rules?that?are?committing?for?both?itself?andthe?total?of?the?Olympic?Movement.?Its?structure?comprises?the?fundamental?principles,?the?rules?and?the?amendments?that?the?IOC?adopts.?Special?chapters?regulatematters?that?concern?the?Olympic?movement,?the?IOC,?the?Ifs,?the?NOCs?and?finallythe?Olympic?Games.?It?has?to?be?noted?here?that?it?is?a?very?concise?and?simultaneously?clear?text.110 Greek?law …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The International Olympic Committee (IOC) S. 85-87

„… GamesThe?Olympic?Games?are?entrusted?by?the?IOC?to?a?city?,?which?is?elected?as?the?hostcity?of?the?Olympic?Games?(article?33?par.?2 …” „… ).?More?specificprovisions?about?the?Olympic?Games?are?provided?by?the?article?33-45.?It?has?to?bepointed?out?that,?as?the?Olympic?Charter?clearly?mentions?(article?6 …” „… ? theOlympic?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Ambushing strategies and examples S. 266-270

„… G.,?the?contactual?relationships?between?the?IOC,?the?state,?the?host?city,OCOGs?and?sponsors?(In?Greek),?in?Klamaris/Bredimas/Malatos,?Olympic?Games?and?Law,Ant.N.Sakkoulas,?Athens-Komotini?2005,?p.277,?Colantuoni?op.cit.579 Séguin …” „… ? marketing? incidents? during? theOlympic?Games?of?the?past?two?decades.In?the?1984 …” „… ?Los?Angeles?Olympic?Games?where?Converse?was?an?official?sponsor,?Nike?built?huge?murals?near?the?Los?Angeles?Coliseum?displaying?the?Nikelogo?and?several?athletes?wearing?Nike?sporting?clothes.In?the?1988 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova General Remarks S. 230-232

„… ? theOlympic?Movement?into?the?Union?legal?system.?Therefore,?the?Olympic?Gamesof?2004?would?not?only?be?the?games?of?the?city?of?Athens?and?Greece,?but?also?thegames?of?Europe.465 …” „… ?Ideal?was?sanctioned?and?the?penalties?for?contravention?thereof?were?prescribed.e. The?determination?of?site?of?the?Olympic?venues?was?regulated?and?specialprocedures?was?enacted?for?the?approval?of?environmental?terms,?the?issuingof?building?licenses?and?the?necessary?expropriations?for?the?works?that?willbe?carried?out?on?the?occasion?of?the?Olympic?Games?of?2004 …” „… .?At?the?sametime,?broader?procedures?have?been?initiated?for?the?functional?urban?planningof?Athens?in?view?of?the?staging?of?the?2004?Olympic?Games.462 http://www.afsouth.nato.int/JFCN_Factsheets/Athens04/Olympics04.htm.230f …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The security of the Games S. 229-230

„… both?the?existing?sports?venues?and?the?additional?buildings,?which?would?be?required?for?the?staging?of?the?Olympic?Games …” „… .The law 3254/2004 about Olympic and Paraolympic Games matters and the law3342/2005 about the sustainable …” „… ?Organization.?Incase?that?the?security?was?endangered?during?the?Games,?irregular?measures?wouldbe?taken?which?would?totally?undermine?the?state’s?sovereignty.The?law?3103/2003,?article?16,?regulated?the?matter?of?the?Olympic?Family’scredence.?This?matter? is? also …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The competitive relationship among the Olympic Movement rules and the state rules and the institutional balancing of each Olympic Organization S. 110-112

„… ation?of?the?personal?privacy.The?Olympic?Movement?perceives?the?continuance,?the?security?and?the?integrityof?the?Games?as?more?important.?It?claims?though?that?there?will?be?a?gradual?balancing.?On?the?other?hand,?the?identification?of?the?Games …” „… ?itself?leads,?because?ofits?extreme?publicity,?to?opinions?which?under?different?circumstances?would?notbe?obvious.Therefore,?the?legal?pluralism?is?no?longer?an?object?of?dialogue?among?lawyers.It?constitutes?an?object?of?dialogue?with?history,?which?the?Olympic?Games?and?theOlympic?Movement?aim?at?affecting.In? this?way,?China?via? the?host?city?contract …” „… ,?Lieu?Ginkmin,?vice-president?of?the?Olympic?Games?cliam?committee?declared:?“by?assigning?to?Beijing?to?host?the?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Law 2730/1999 ‘Planning, complete development and carrying-out of the Olympic Works and other provisions’ (Government Gazette 130 A´) S. 222-224

„… ? ofprotection?of?the?Olympic?torch?and?authorized?the?re-examination?of?the?status?ofthe? Committee? for? the? Olympic? Games,? which? changed? its? name? to …” „… ?Works?is?thoroughly?examined?in?the?next?chapter.?However,it?should?be?noted?at?this?point?that?although?this?concept?seems?self-evident?at?first?sight,?itis?of?great?consequence?given?the?special?legal?status?attached?to?the?Olympic?Works.?Thebreadth?of?the?concept?is?particularly?important?for?the?practical?application?thereof.222to?show?the?crucial?importance?of?the?Olympic?Games?of?2004 …” „… )?dealt?with?organizationalissues?of?the?Olympic?preparation?bearing?mainly?on?amendments?to?the?legislativestatus?of?the?Organizational?Committee?for?the?Olympic?Games?that?had?been?established?by?Law?2598/1998.?Two?new?institutions?had?been? introduced?by …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Section 10: Olympic Transport Plan S. 238-240

„… ng?Committee?and?the?Olympic?Delivery?Authority?are?working?closely?with?Government?and?a?host?of?policing,?safety?andsecurity?agencies?to?achieve?a?safe?and?secure?Games.?London?and?the?rest?of?theUK?regularly?host?and?police?major?events?safely?and?securely.?In?all?likelihoodthat?NATO? assistance?will? be? asked? for? once?more.?However? it? seems …” „… PlanThe?ODA?will?be?required?to?prepare?and?keep?under?review?an?Olympic?TransportPlan?(OTP).?The?OTP?will?set?out?the?transport?plans?for?the?Games?and?details?of477 S. 8.238 …” „… d?authorities?are?not?being?asked?to?deliver?conflicting?plans.?The?OTP?isto?be?published,?as?long?as?its?publication?is?not?to?undermine?the?security?of?theGames.478The?Olympic?Delivery?Authority?shall?prepare?and?keep?under?review?a?plan(?theOlympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The National Olympic Committees (NOCs) S. 87-88

„… ?and?the?president?decision?130/2000.The Host City Contract and Olympic Games-the penetration of the OlympicMovement Rules in …” „… ,?they?have?the?exclusive?authority?to?select?and?designate?the?city?whichmay?apply?to?organize?Olympic?Games?in?their?respective?countries.118?Also,?theNOC?is?one?of?the?parties?that?enter?into?the?host?city?contract119 …” „… ?autonomy?of?the?NOCs?is?of?pivotal?importance.In?the?vast?majority?of?the?states?the?NOCs?constitute?a?legal?person?of?privatelaw.?In?the?framework?of?the?Greek?law,?the?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee?recognizes? the? Hellenic? Olympic? Committee? as? a? legal? person? of? public? law? called“Olympic? Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova An overview S. 44-46

„… ?marathondistance?in?order?to?announce?the?Greek?victory?against?the?Persian?invasion?forces.In?addition?the?marathons?finished?on?the?Olympic?stadium?that?was?used?in?theAthens?1896?games.?On?this?more?than?100?year?old?venue?the?Archery?competitionstook …” „… ? dimension?of?sport.?Athens?hosted?forsecond?time?the?Olympic?Games?under?circumstances?of?crisis?and?criticism.?Thefirst?organization?by?Athens?was?accompanied?by?scepticism?about?the?effectiveness?of?the?revival?of?the?Games …” „… .?The?second?organization?by?Athens?is?connectedwith?various?influences?in?the?social?and?financial?life?according?to?the?EC?law?rulesin?the?framework?of?a?global?civilization?and?of?an?international?economy.An overviewAt?the?28th?Olympic?summer?games?in?Athens?2004 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Games of Barcelona S. 39-40

„… GamesThere?was?a?security?risk?in?holding?the?Games?in?Spain,?since?the?country?had?ahistory?of?domestic?terrorism?by?Basque?Separatist?group?ETA.?Catalonian?nationalism?could?also?have?been?a?disruptive?issue.?The?Olympic?Stadium?on?Montjuic,for?example …” „… ticipated?as?one?nation?again.?In?addition?to?these?new?nations?on?the?Olympic?scenean?older?one?returned?to?the?Olympic?games?as?apartheid?was?abolished?in?SouthAfrica.?The?South?Africans?participated?again?for?the?first?time?since?1960.Approximately? 9,300?athletes? participated,? representing? 169?countries.? orespecifically …” „… d?the?Games?having?eliminated?apartheid.Baseball,?a?demonstration?sport?in?earlier?Games,?was?added?to?the?Olympic?roster.36 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Security in the Barcelona Games S. 40-42

„… GamesThere?was?a?security?risk?in?holding?the?Games?in?Spain,?since?the?country?had?ahistory?of?domestic?terrorism?by?Basque?Separatist?group?ETA.?Catalonian?nationalism?could?also?have?been?a?disruptive?issue.?The?Olympic?Stadium?on?Montjuic,for?example …” „… ?Olympic?Games,?allowed?theUnited?States?to?send?the??Dream?Team,??a?basketball?team?made?up?of?a?numberof?the?most?famous?U.S.?professional?basketball?players,?to?the?Olympics.Two?new? sports? entered? the?Olympic? program? in?Barcelona? as? baseball …” „… ? its?own?poster,mascot?and?emblem?was?original.?The?emblem?was?a?dynamic,?abstract?humanfigure?jumping?over?the?five?Olympic?rings.?The?bright?colors?had?their?own?meaning? for? the? Olympic? games? in? Barcelona? ;? the? blue? was? the? omnipresent …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The legal status of the Olympic organization and the legislative framework of sport S. 60-61

„… Olympic GamesThe legal status of the Olympic organization and the legislative framework of …” „… sportWhat?has?been?mentioned?about?the?existing?framework?of?sport,?takes?on?a?particular?importance?in?view?of?the?organization?of?the?Olympic?Games?of?2004 …” „… ? interest,since?it?establishes?a?special?legal?framework?for?the?Olympic?Games,?through?astructure?of?institutions?and?rules,?which?are?accepted?not?so?much?through?legislation?but?rather?through?private?law?contracts.?Studying?the?example?of?Athens,we?see?that?the?internal?law?has?embodied?the?Olympic?organization?of?2004 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Amendment of the Chinese Constitution in 2004- 3 years after the amendment of the Greek one S. 108-110

„… P.,?From?the?First?Olympic?Games?of?Athens?to?the?first?Olympic?Gamesof?Europe,?Ant.?N.?Sakkoulas?Publications,?Athens-Komotitni,?2003,?Theodoratos …” „… E.,?Olympic?Games?and?Law?(inGreek),?Ant.N.Sakkoulas,?Athens-Komotini?2001.206 http://www.hrichina.org/public/.207 http://www.oikologos.gr/News2004/0155.html.208 …” „… was?promoted?because?of?the?upcoming/impeding?Olympic?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The legislative delineation of the principles of the Olympic Charter and consequences thereof. The concept of the Sporting Spirit, of sports traditions and of the Olympic Ideal and fair play S. 71-73

„… ?legal?approach,?in?so?far?as?they?are?incorporated?into?alegislative?system,?which?converses?with?the?positive?law.From?what?has?been?briefly?said,?it?is?obvious?that?the?Fundamental?Principlesof?the?Olympic?Charter?have?a?political?connotation?and?essence.?It?is?clearly?understood?that?through?the?revival?of?the?Olympic?Games?in?late?19th?century,?the …” „… Intentionally?the?Greek?translation?of?the?term?has?not?been?attempted,?because?any?attemptto?render?the?meaning?would?divest?it?of?the?depth?of?these?two?small?but?meaningful?words.However?the?term?has?been?translated?for?the?needs?of?the?Bylaw?of?the?Organizing?Committeeof?the?Olympic?Games?–?Athens?2004 …” „… ? the?OlympicGames …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova General S. 120-121

„… ?were?revived.?However,?their?revival?was?not?accompanied?by?a?revival?of?the?truce.?On?the?contrary,?while?in?the?ancient?times?theGames?inhibited?the?wars,?in?the?modern?Olympics?the?war?has?prevented?gamesfrom?being?held.?The?Olympic?Games?of?Berlin?in?1916?were?never?held.?The?1 …” „… stWorld?War?made?it?impossible?for?the?Games?to?be?organized.?The?Olympic?Gamesof?1940?and?1944?were?also?cancelled?due?to?the?2 …” „… ?the?Olympic?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The hosting of the Games, the regulations and the institutions S. 15-16

„… orting?event,?the?regulation?which?accompanies?it,?and?the?institutionalframework?which?each?organization?requires.?In?contrast?to?the?Ancient?Olympicswhich?were?necessarily?connected?with?the?Ancient?Olympia,?the?modern?OlympicGames?follow? the?achievements?of?modern?sport?which?combines …” „… ith?the?regulatory?framework?of?the?Olympic?Games.The?hosting?of?the?Games …” „… proceduresOlympic?Games?have?been?closely?linked?with?the?political?and?historical?evolutionsince?the?period?when?the?Delphi?Oracle?consulted?Ifitos,?the?king?of?Elis,?in?776BC,to?organize?sporting?and?cultural?games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Games and the city: the Barcelona mythe S. 42-43

„… Testimony?Given?at?a?Competition,?Foreign?Commerce,?and?Infrastructure?Hearing:?LessonsLearned?from?Security?at?Past?Olympic?Games?Tuesday,?May?4?2004?-?2:30?PM?-?SR?-?253The?Testimony?of?Mr.?David?Maples …” „… ?in?the?celebration?of?the?Olympic?Games?and?even?more?so?in?theParalympics.?Everything?that?has?been?said?is?true.?Three?quarters?of?the?personnelwho?supported?the?operation?-34,548?in?the?Olympic?Games?and?8,250?in?the?Paralympics-?were?volunteers,?and?w …” „… ?simply?would?not?havebeen?possible.?There?were,?in?contrast?to?what?more?than?one?person?had?forecast,practically?no?desertions,?and?the?image?of?service?and?dedication,?in?some?casesself-sacrificing,?that?they?gave?will?remain?in?the?public's?memory,?and?luckily?inthe?newspaper?archives,?for?many?years?to?come.Nevertheless,?the?Barcelona?Games?triggered?an?intense?scepticism?and?a?development?of?theoretical?structures.?The?Spanish?made?the?Olympic?Studies?a?separate?section?of?study?and?tried?to?make?the?inheritance?of?their?Games?inspireother?people.40 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The interest of modern states in sport S. 59-60

„… attributes of the Olympic organization – An autonomous legislativeframework for the Olympic GamesThe legal …” „… tonomy?of?the?sports?movement?to?a?pivotal?issue.?This?issue?becomes?even?moreacute?in?view?of?a?forthcoming?Olympic?organization?by?a?Member?State?of?theEuropean?Union.?Such?is?the?case?of?Greece,?where?the?Olympic?Games …” „… sportWhat?has?been?mentioned?about?the?existing?framework?of?sport,?takes?on?a?particular?importance?in?view?of?the?organization?of?the?Olympic?Games?of?2004 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The London 2012 Olympics S. 50-51

„… Olympic?Games?in?a?free?and?Democratic?Country)?and?the?International?Amnestywill?insist?on?pointing?out?the?need?for?human?rights?and?their?violations.47The London 2012 OlympicsOn?the?27th?of?July?1012 …” „… Ji..?The?Olympic?Movement,?the?Games?and?Olympic?IPR,?China?lawand?practice,?Volume?17?2003-4.47 …” „… ? the?Beijing?OlympicGames?period?must?respect?Chinese?law.?As?to?those?legal?activities,?police?will?protect?themaccording? to? the? law.?As? for? those? activities? that? are? illegal,?we? police?will? handle …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The importance of sporting events for the international procedures S. 16-17

„… proceduresOlympic?Games?have?been?closely?linked?with?the?political?and?historical?evolutionsince?the?period?when?the?Delphi?Oracle?consulted?Ifitos,?the?king?of?Elis,?in?776BC,to?organize?sporting?and?cultural?games …” „… th?century,?Olympic?Games?found?themselves?in?the?heart?of?historyquite?a?few?times.?They?coexisted?with?wars,?boycotts,?terrorist?attacks,?and?diplomatic?episodes.?In?1920?the?very?first?boycott?was?noted?in?the?Adverb?OlympicGames …” „… ?dynamically?evolving?as?well?as?the?domestic?and?internationallegislations?which?have?to?coexist?with?the?regulations?of?the?Olympic?movement.The?first?Olympic?Games?of?the?21st?century?were?the?ones?of?Athens.The?Athens?of?2004?seemed?to?be?a?chance?not …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Cassandras which were denied S. 48-49

„… ?the?cancellation?of?the?Olympic?games,?which?were?to?be?held?in?Japan,due?to?the?WW?2 …” „… ights.?Asiaclaimed?its?place?in?the?world?and?with?the?occasion?of?the?Olympic?Games?it?hastried?to?find?out?if?the?world?balance?has?been?altered?up?to?the?extend?to?offer?tothe?modern?history?contemporary…..?If?the?2nd?world?war?postponed?an?organiza-49 …” „… ?sufficed?even?for?the?revision?of?the?Chinese?Constitutionso?that?the?freedom?of?property?could?welcome?the?event?in?a?better?way.?The?gamesof? Beijing? aspired? to? be? “Green? games,? Games? of? High? Technology …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Responses to Ambush Marketing S. 270-272

„… ?Games?Act?(Indiciaand?Images)?and?the?Olympic?Arrangements?Act?2000 …” „… Th.,?Ambush?Marketing,?Strategies?to?avoid?it?or?combat?it,?in?D.Panagiotopoulos,?Sports?Law,?Implementation?and?the?Olympic?Games,?Ant.N.Sakkoulas,?Athens,?Komotini,?p.398.595 Moss,?op?cit.596 92?D.L.R.?4th?349?(B.C.?1992).597 There?are?5 …” „… )whichcauses?actual?damage?to?a?business?or?goodwill?of?the?trader?by?whom?the?action?is?brought.598 Davis R.,?Ambushing?the?Olympic?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Olympism S. 82-83

„… ?acceptance?is?necessary?for?the?undertaking?of?the?organization?of?the?Olympicsby?each?hosting?city.?The?observance?of?the?Olympic?Charter?rules?is?secured?by?aprivate?law?contract?that?is?institutionally?provided?by?it.?Every?city?that?undertakesto?host?the?Olympic?Games …” „… ?Movement.The?IOC?defines?with?a?text?which?is?quite?similar?to?a?constitution?as?far?as?itsstructure?is?concerned?the?fundamental?rules?that?are?committing?for?both?itself?andthe?total?of?the?Olympic?Movement.?Its?structure?comprises?the?fundamental?principles,?the?rules?and?the?amendments?that?the?IOC?adopts.?Special?chapters?regulatematters?that?concern?the?Olympic?movement,?the?IOC,?the?Ifs,?the?NOCs?and?finallythe?Olympic?Games.?It?has?to?be?noted?here?that?it?is?a?very?concise?and?simultaneously?clear?text.110 Greek?law …” „… Olympic?Movement.?It?is?the?Olympic?Charter?that?regulates?the?Olympic?Gamesits …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Bid Process S. 205-207

„… ?by?the?Greek?capital.?The?other?candidate?cities?which?were?claiming?theGames?were?Atlanta,?Belgrade,?Manchester,?Melbourne?and?Toronto.?The? finalvoting?of?the?members?of?the?International?Olympic?Committee,?took?place?at?the96 …” „… Six?years?later,?the?Greek?State?considered?that?the?conditions?for?a?new?effortof?claiming?the?Olympic?Games …” „… ?Gameswould?be?nothing?but?the?proof?via?the?TV?coverage?that?the?Olympic?movementcan?work?in?accord …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Role of NATO S. 70-71

„… Beyond?the?symbolisms,?though,?the?regulation?of?the?truce?acquires?an?important?sense/meaning?when?the?Olympic?phenomenon?is?accompanied?by?securityregulations?like?the?Games …” „… ?WinterOlympics.The?British?Parliament?has?already?dealt?with? the? issue?of?asking?the?NATOassistance?in?the?2012?Games?but? they?decided?that …” „… ?it?created?the?International?Treaty?against?apartheidin?sport.?Its?greater?contribution?though?was?in?the?field?of?the?effort?of?the?revivalof?the?Olympic?Truce.81 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova General S. 263-264

„… ?organization?has?certain?exclusive?sponsors.?However,?it?cancoexist?with?an?individual?sponsorship?or?sponsorship?of?a?certain?team.Indeed,?the?Olympic?Games?are?really?attractive?for?sponsors,?since?the?Gamescommand?the?focus?of?the?media?and?the?attention?of?the?entire?world?for?17?consecutive?days,?reaching?billions?of?people?in?more?than?220?countries?throughoutthe?world …” „… nown?as?“?parasite”?or?“?guerrilla”?marketing,?was?seen?in?theOlympic?Games …” „… Olympics?are?the?event?that?is?probably?affected?the?most?by?this?phenomenondue?to?its?great?promotion?and?the?great?importance?that?the?Olympic?sponsorshipprogram?represents?for?the?Games.?Indeed,?the?TOP?sponsoring?program?is?expectedto?reach?the?866?million?dollars?and?each?exclusive?sponsorship?package?of …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Towards a formation of European perception on sport. S. 177-178

„… sport.So,?what?could?the?contemporary?European?perception?on?sport?be??This?questionis?quite?important?since?the?Olympic?Games?of?Athens?in?2004?and?the?ones?ofLondon?in?2012 …” „… e?EC?law?in?sport,?the?first?two?Olympic?Games?of?Europe.?How?isthe?legal?framework?of?the?Olympic …” „… ,?though,?for?a?more?essential?objective.?They?would?allow?the?gradual?exploration?of?the?European?dimension?ofsport,?as?formulated?by?the?EC?Treaty.The?Olympic?Games?as?an?event?addressed?to?a?huge?number?of?European?citizens?inevitably?concerns?a?huge?number?of?European?voters?as?well.?A?European177 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Bidding process and governmental support S. 233-234

„… Chapter?11The Olympic Games of 2012: London, the second European experimentBidding process and …” „… ?bid?will?alsorest?on?our?growing?commitment?to?grassroots?sport.”The?leaders?of?all?political?parties?as?well?as?the?leaders?from?Scotland,?Walesand?Northern?Ireland?also?stated?their?support.The London Olympic Games and Para-Olympic games Act 2006 …” „… ,?the?International?Olympic?Committee?(IOC),?after?a?technical?evaluation,?reduced?thenumber?of?cities?to?five.?London,?Madrid,?Moscow,?New?York,?and?Paris?were?nowthe?candidates?cities.By?19?November?2004 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova In 2008 the world athletic society is hosted to Beijing. The importance of the Asian continent and the human rights crisis S. 49-50

„… ?the?cancellation?of?the?Olympic?games,?which?were?to?be?held?in?Japan,due?to?the?WW?2 …” „… ights.?Asiaclaimed?its?place?in?the?world?and?with?the?occasion?of?the?Olympic?Games?it?hastried?to?find?out?if?the?world?balance?has?been?altered?up?to?the?extend?to?offer?tothe?modern?history?contemporary…..?If?the?2nd?world?war?postponed?an?organiza-49tion,?the?21 …” „… Olympic?Games?in?a?free?and?Democratic?Country)?and?the?International?Amnestywill?insist?on?pointing?out?the?need?for?human?rights?and?their?violations.47The London 2012 OlympicsOn?the?27th?of?July?1012 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Olympic Truce S. 120

„… ?were?revived.?However,?their?revival?was?not?accompanied?by?a?revival?of?the?truce.?On?the?contrary,?while?in?the?ancient?times?theGames?inhibited?the?wars,?in?the?modern?Olympics?the?war?has?prevented?gamesfrom?being?held.?The?Olympic?Games?of?Berlin?in?1916?were?never?held.?The?1 …” „… stWorld?War?made?it?impossible?for?the?Games?to?be?organized.?The?Olympic?Gamesof?1940?and?1944?were?also?cancelled?due?to?the?2 …” „… ?the?Olympic?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Final Remarks S. 256-257

„… ? to?comply?with?theobligations?deriving?from?the?host?city?contract..The?main?measures?of?the?Act?involve?the?establishment?of?the?Olympic?DeliveryAuthority,?its?powers,?duties?and?functions,?the?delivery?of?transport?needs?for?theGames,?including?the?necessary?preparations?in?the?lead?up?to?2012,?controls?ofmarketing? in? connection?with …” „… ? the?Olympic?Games,? including? the? protection? ofOlympic? intellectual? property,? restrictions? on? commercial …” „… ? theGames,?the?prohibition?of?street?trading?and?outdoor?advertising?in?the?vicinity?ofOlympic?venues?and?of?ticket?touting?in?connection?with?Olympic?events,?the?powerof? the?Mayor? of?London? to? prepare? for? and? stage? the?Olympic?Games? and …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Community law and sport S. 149-152

„… .?Sectors?thatwill?come?under?the?Community?law?are,?inter?alia,?the?status?of?entering?into?publiccontracts,?the?status?of?assessing?environmental?repercussions?and?environmentalprotection,?etc.European law and Olympic GamesOn?the?27th?of?July?2012?the?opening?ceremony?of?the?30 …” „… ? practices,?whichwould?result?in?the?prevalence?of?the?Treaty?in?all?cases.Apart?from?that,?the?application?of?Community?law?as?a?whole?should?be?considered?self-evident?in?view?of?the?organization?of?the?Olympic?Games …” „… th?Olympic?Games?willtake?place?in?London.?They?will?be?held?2 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The contemporary exercising body S. 31-33

„… s.?There?is,?therefore,a?reason,?to?evaluate?the?route?of?Olympism?and?one?could?reflect?over?what?hasremained?from?the?classic?perception?about?the?human?body?in?the?contemporaryworld?and?how?much?sport?and?Enlightenment?had?contributed?to?the?recalling?ofrelative?perceptions.The Para-Olympic Games and the handicapped …” „… ?Games,?succeeded?in?enhancing?the?fundamentalprinciples?of?the?Enlightenment,?as?were?expressed?in?the?Anglo-Saxon?educationalsystem?of?that?age?as?well?as?the?theory?of?the?social?contract?to?a?vision?of?changeof?the?human?destine.?Simultaneously,?he?tr …” „… ? the?Red?Cross,?of?the?visionary?Esperanto?movement,?and?the? internationalOlympic?Movement?(Hoberman?1995 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The limits to the autonomy of the Olympic organization S. 183-185

„… Games,?without?indicating?specifically?the?way?or?means,?or?contracting?directlywith?them?in?view?of?the?Olympic?organization.Sports?organizations,?for?their?part,?claim?substantial?au …” „… ,? theOlympic?Games,?making?use?of?state?and?private?means.?The?overview?of?the?resultis?assigned?to?the?main?financier.The?leap?endeavored?by?the?Baron?de?Coubertin?consisted?in?the?will?throughsport?to?penetrate?into?the?historical?destiny?of?the?world.?Private?law?had?supportedhim? in? his? endeavor.? The? modern? approach? to? the? sports? phenomenon …” „… ?the?EuropeanSports?Charter,?which?bears?many?resemblances?to?the?Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Security S. 237-238

„… ?iswhy?security?planning?is?already?well?under?way.?For?example,?a?specially-createdOlympic?Command?Unit?of?the?Metropolitan?Police?Service?will?work?to?co-ordinate?security?planning?at?a?local,?national?and?international?level.?Also,?close?liaison472 S. 5.4.473 S. 5.5,?London?Olympic?Games?and?Para-Olympic?Games?Act?1006?Explanatory?notes.474 S …” „… anising?Committee?and?the?Olympic?Delivery?Authority?are?working?closely?with?Government?and?a?host?of?policing,?safety?andsecurity?agencies?to?achieve?a?safe?and?secure?Games.?London?and?the?rest?of?theUK?regularly?host?and?police?major?events?safely?and?securely.?In?all?likelihoodthat?NATO? assistance?will? be? asked? for? once?more.?However? it …” „… PlanThe?ODA?will?be?required?to?prepare?and?keep?under?review?an?Olympic?TransportPlan?(OTP).?The?OTP?will?set?out?the?transport?plans?for?the?Games?and?details?of477 S. 8.238 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The effect of the Bosman judgment in the Olympic movement rules S. 159-163

„… ?to?be?of?pivotal?importance?because?the?whole?sport?system?inthe?aggregate?as?well?as?the?institution?of?the?Olympic?Games …” „… ?With?the?host?city,?the?NOC?of?the?respective?country?and?a?special?andautonomous? legal? person,? the?Organization? Committee? of? the?Olympic?Games(OCOG).?This? is? the? host …” „… A.,?(eds):Olympic?Gamesand?Law?(in?Greek),?Ant.?N.?Sakkolulas?Athens-Komotini,?2003,?p.73,?Giannopoulos G.,op?cit,?p.277.371 The? Commission? published? the? following …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Athens: the first European Host City in the European Territory S. 46-47

„… ?Gameswould?be?nothing?but?the?proof?via?the?TV?coverage?that?the?Olympic?movementcan?work?in?accord …” „… ome?sates?with?equivalentrules.?These?first?Europe?Olympic?Games?could?“depict”?to?the?international?community? this? specific? phenomenon? and? the? successful? idea? of? the? route? of …” „… ? theOlympic?flame?to?the?world?contributed?to?this?direction.The?organization?of?the?Games?during?the?Summer?of?2004 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The international agreements against doping S. 71

„… ? issue?of?asking?the?NATOassistance?in?the?2012?Games?but? they?decided?that? it?was?rather?early?for?suchdiscussions.The international …” „… ?security?matters?and?got?involvedto?the?Olympic?organization?trying?to?stop?terrorist?attacks.Torino?also?asked?the?cooperation?of?NATO?for?the?security?of?the?2006?WinterOlympics.The?British?Parliament?has?already?dealt?with? the …” „… ?level?of?international?law,?the?piece?and?security?of?the?Games?constitutes?a?mixture? of?one? ideology?and?one?grant.?After?Munich?and? the?11th …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova WADA and UNESCO against doping S. 71

„… ? issue?of?asking?the?NATOassistance?in?the?2012?Games?but? they?decided?that? it?was?rather?early?for?suchdiscussions.The international …” „… ?security?matters?and?got?involvedto?the?Olympic?organization?trying?to?stop?terrorist?attacks.Torino?also?asked?the?cooperation?of?NATO?for?the?security?of?the?2006?WinterOlympics.The?British?Parliament?has?already?dealt?with? the …” „… ?level?of?international?law,?the?piece?and?security?of?the?Games?constitutes?a?mixture? of?one? ideology?and?one?grant.?After?Munich?and? the?11th …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Violence and Sport in International Treaties-The Council of Europe position S. 66-69

„… ? theobjective?disciplinary?liability?if?the?team?for?its?spectators’?behaviour.?As?we?cansee,?in?Greek?law?there?is?also?a?restriction?of?the?right?to?participate?in?sport?of?thefootball?fans,?but?this?seems?to?be?more?reasonable?and?less?harsh?than?the?Englishlaw?and?therefore?can?survive?the?European?law?challenge.Sporting Rules, Olympic Games and …” „… easing?the?international?community?interest?in?sport?and?games.?This?is?true?especially?taking?intoaccount?the?number?of?the?spectators?and?the?political?influence?that?the?OlympicGames …” „… A.,?Sport?ethics?and?violent?behavior?in?the?sport?field,?(in?Greek),?in?Klamaris/Malatos/Bredimas?Olympic?Games?and?Law,?Ant.N.Sakkoulas?Publishers,?Athens-Komotini2005,?p.349.77 Karras Ar.,?Criminal?Procedural?Law?(?in?Greek?),?2 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sustainability S. 251-253

„… London?Olympic?Games?and?Para-Olympic?Games?Act?1006?Explanatory?notes.251 …” „… ?all?newbuses?on?the?streets?will?have?lower?emission?hybrid?engines.?VolunteeringA?very?encouraging?element?of?the?Olympic?Games …” „… ?sport?and?develop?active,?healthy?lifestyles.London?put?sustainability?at?the?heart?of?its?bid?for?the?2012?Games,?framed?bythe?concept?of?‘Towards?a?One?Planet?2012 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The relation between the EC law and the Olympic movement rules S. 163-165

„… ?With?the?host?city,?the?NOC?of?the?respective?country?and?a?special?andautonomous? legal? person,? the?Organization? Committee? of? the?Olympic?Games(OCOG).?This? is? the? host …” „… A.,?(eds):Olympic?Gamesand?Law?(in?Greek),?Ant.?N.?Sakkolulas?Athens-Komotini,?2003,?p.73,?Giannopoulos G.,op?cit,?p.277.371 The? Commission? published? the? following …” „… e?the?relative?rules?among?their?legislation?or?cooperate?viacontracts?with?the?sporting?organizations,?through?which?they?would?mutually?agreeon?a?certain?regime.?Also,?within?the?framework?of?this?effort,?member?states?shouldapply?certain?legal?regime?to?the?sporting?clubs/unions.The relation between the EC law and the Olympic movement rulesIn? every …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Fair play in the Code of Sports Ethics of the Council of Europe S. 73-74

„… ? the?OlympicGames …” „… .?TheCouncil?of?Europe88?has?adopted?rules,?quite?similar?to?the?ones?of?the?Olympic …” „… ?theEuropean?Sports?Charter,?which?is?quite?similar?to?the?Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Games of the Classical era S. 27-28

„… .?In?the?democratic?cities-states,?sport?was?associated?witheducation?and?the?necessity?for?responsible?citizens?to?be?raised.?The?objective?ofthe?education?in?Ancient?Athens?was?the?“kalokagathia”,?that?is?the?creation?of?acitizen?of?physical?beauty,?brave?and?bold.The?Olympic?Games?used?to?be?the?most?ancient?and?the?most?important?Gamesamong …” „… ?of?adoration,?they?evolved?to?a?holly?ground,?full?ofartistic?temples,?(The?temple?of?Jeus?was?the?greatest?one),?statutes?and?buildings.New?events?emerged?in?the?Games?and?new?building?were?erected?for?the?athletes’assistance.The?Olympic?Games …” „… ,? theOlympic?Game?turned?to?pan-Hellenic?games.?This?reality?is?noticed?approximatelyin?696BC.?Since?558BC?the?eligibility?of?participation?in?the?Games?was?expandedto? the?Greeks? of …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Planning S. 236-237

„… ly?clear,?therefore,?thatthe?sustainable?development?is?one?of?the?fundamentla?requirements?of?the?IOC?inthe?organizing?of?the?Olympic?Games.469 …” „… ?iswhy?security?planning?is?already?well?under?way.?For?example,?a?specially-createdOlympic?Command?Unit?of?the?Metropolitan?Police?Service?will?work?to?co-ordinate?security?planning?at?a?local,?national?and?international?level.?Also,?close?liaison472 S. 5.4.473 S. 5.5,?London?Olympic?Games?and?Para-Olympic?Games?Act?1006?Explanatory?notes.474 S …” „… In?discharging?its?functions?as?a?local?planning?authority,?the?ODA?is?requiredto?have?regard?to? the?need?to?prepare?properly?for? the?2012?Games?and,?in …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Competition-Public Contracts and Olympics Games S. 195-196

„… ?Olympics,?which?were?the?first?Olympic?Games …” „… e?OlympicGames,?and?subsequently?by?the?Agency?to?meet?the?needs?of?civil,?and?possiblymilitary,?aviation.Nor?does?it?seem?possible?to?invoke?another?exception?in?connection?with?reasonsof?extreme?urgency?brought?about?by?events?unforeseeable?by?the?contracting?authorities.? The? need? to? have? operational?weather? stations? for? the? 2004 …” „… ?OlympicGames?cannot?be?regarded?as?an?unforeseeable?event.?Finally,?the?need?would?notappear?to?be?so?urgent?that?the?deadlines?required?under?the?open?and?restrictedprocedures?could?not?be?respected.The tickets selling matter and the competition …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Transfer schemes S. 238

„… ng?Committee?and?the?Olympic?Delivery?Authority?are?working?closely?with?Government?and?a?host?of?policing,?safety?andsecurity?agencies?to?achieve?a?safe?and?secure?Games.?London?and?the?rest?of?theUK?regularly?host?and?police?major?events?safely?and?securely.?In?all?likelihoodthat?NATO? assistance?will? be? asked? for? once?more.?However? it? seems …” „… PlanThe?ODA?will?be?required?to?prepare?and?keep?under?review?an?Olympic?TransportPlan?(OTP).?The?OTP?will?set?out?the?transport?plans?for?the?Games?and?details?of477 S. 8.238 …” „… Games?in?Athens.Staff?at?the?London?2012?Organisi …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Dissolution S. 238

„… ng?Committee?and?the?Olympic?Delivery?Authority?are?working?closely?with?Government?and?a?host?of?policing,?safety?andsecurity?agencies?to?achieve?a?safe?and?secure?Games.?London?and?the?rest?of?theUK?regularly?host?and?police?major?events?safely?and?securely.?In?all?likelihoodthat?NATO? assistance?will? be? asked? for? once?more.?However? it? seems …” „… PlanThe?ODA?will?be?required?to?prepare?and?keep?under?review?an?Olympic?TransportPlan?(OTP).?The?OTP?will?set?out?the?transport?plans?for?the?Games?and?details?of477 S. 8.238 …” „… Games?in?Athens.Staff?at?the?London?2012?Organisi …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Transport S. 238

„… ng?Committee?and?the?Olympic?Delivery?Authority?are?working?closely?with?Government?and?a?host?of?policing,?safety?andsecurity?agencies?to?achieve?a?safe?and?secure?Games.?London?and?the?rest?of?theUK?regularly?host?and?police?major?events?safely?and?securely.?In?all?likelihoodthat?NATO? assistance?will? be? asked? for? once?more.?However? it? seems …” „… PlanThe?ODA?will?be?required?to?prepare?and?keep?under?review?an?Olympic?TransportPlan?(OTP).?The?OTP?will?set?out?the?transport?plans?for?the?Games?and?details?of477 S. 8.238 …” „… Games?in?Athens.Staff?at?the?London?2012?Organisi …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova City-state and sport S. 28-29

„… ,? theOlympic?Game?turned?to?pan-Hellenic?games.?This?reality?is?noticed?approximatelyin?696BC.?Since?558BC?the?eligibility?of?participation?in?the?Games?was?expandedto? the?Greeks? of …” „… .?The?athlete’s?victory?was?equalized?to?a?citystate’s?victory.?For?this?reason,?the?conflicts?among?cities-states?ceased?during?theperiod?of?the?Games?(Olympic …” „… .All?the?cities?were?obliged?to?cease?their?conflicts?during?the?organization?of?theGames.?All?the?Greek?citizens?were?eligible?to?participate.?There?were?certain?rulesabout?the?pre-training?and?the?organization?of?the?games.The Pan-Hellenic GamesIn? the?background?of?boom?of?Greek?cities,?as?gymnasia? of?body?and?soul …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The adoration of the human body in the palaistras S. 26-27

„… The historical evolution of the Olympic Games;The body from the classic antiquity to the Age of …” „… .?In?the?democratic?cities-states,?sport?was?associated?witheducation?and?the?necessity?for?responsible?citizens?to?be?raised.?The?objective?ofthe?education?in?Ancient?Athens?was?the?“kalokagathia”,?that?is?the?creation?of?acitizen?of?physical?beauty,?brave?and?bold.The?Olympic?Games?used?to?be?the?most?ancient?and?the?most?important?Gamesamong …” „… ?of?adoration,?they?evolved?to?a?holly?ground,?full?ofartistic?temples,?(The?temple?of?Jeus?was?the?greatest?one),?statutes?and?buildings.New?events?emerged?in?the?Games?and?new?building?were?erected?for?the?athletes’assistance.The?Olympic?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Pan-Hellenic Games S. 28

„… ,? theOlympic?Game?turned?to?pan-Hellenic?games.?This?reality?is?noticed?approximatelyin?696BC.?Since?558BC?the?eligibility?of?participation?in?the?Games?was?expandedto? the?Greeks? of …” „… .All?the?cities?were?obliged?to?cease?their?conflicts?during?the?organization?of?theGames.?All?the?Greek?citizens?were?eligible?to?participate.?There?were?certain?rulesabout?the?pre-training?and?the?organization?of?the?games.The Pan-Hellenic GamesIn? the?background?of?boom?of?Greek?cities,?as?gymnasia? of?body?and?soul …” „… ? the?harmonic?development?ofbody?and?soul?and?the?noble?competition.?It?is?clear,?therefore,?that?since?the?Gamesof?antiquity?both?the?Games?and?their?basic?principles?tried?and?finally?achieved?toexpand?to?an?exceedingly?bigger?group?of?people,?which?did?not?decline?this?call.City-state and sportSince?the?8 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Games during the period of Homer S. 27

„… .?In?the?democratic?cities-states,?sport?was?associated?witheducation?and?the?necessity?for?responsible?citizens?to?be?raised.?The?objective?ofthe?education?in?Ancient?Athens?was?the?“kalokagathia”,?that?is?the?creation?of?acitizen?of?physical?beauty,?brave?and?bold.The?Olympic?Games?used?to?be?the?most?ancient?and?the?most?important?Gamesamong …” „… ?of?adoration,?they?evolved?to?a?holly?ground,?full?ofartistic?temples,?(The?temple?of?Jeus?was?the?greatest?one),?statutes?and?buildings.New?events?emerged?in?the?Games?and?new?building?were?erected?for?the?athletes’assistance.The?Olympic?Games …” „… The Games during the period of HomerDuring?the?Homer?period,? the?competition? in? the? sporting …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova EU law in the Barcelona Games S. 42

„… Testimony?Given?at?a?Competition,?Foreign?Commerce,?and?Infrastructure?Hearing:?LessonsLearned?from?Security?at?Past?Olympic?Games?Tuesday,?May?4?2004?-?2:30?PM?-?SR?-?253The?Testimony?of?Mr.?David?Maples …” „… GamesThe?Games?of?Barcelona?took?place?in?Spain?without?the?absolute?application?ofthe?Community?law.?Therefore,?they?cannot?set?an?example?in?respect?of?the?EClaw?application.The Games and the city: the Barcelona mytheObtaining? good? economic? results? was,? for? the …” „… ?law?enforcement?personnel?and?numerous?support?personnel?were?committed?to?security?of?the?Barcelona?Games.38EU law in the Barcelona …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The constructed body of the athlete S. 34-35

„… ? international?organizationbegan.?Olympic?Games?for?athletes?with?disabilities?were?first?organized?in?Romein?1960,?the?Games?that?are?now?called?Paraolympic?Games.?In?Montreal?1976 …” „… ?as?well.?Torino?hosted?in2006?the?Winter?Paraolympic?Games?which?correspond?to?the?summer?Olympicsof?Beijing?2008 …” „… ? WinterParaolympic?Games?were?held?in?Sweden.Today,?the?Paraolympic?Games?are?exceptional?sporting?events?for?athletes?with6 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The relation between the body and the city S. 25-26

„… W.,?Sport?in?the?Greek?antiquity,From?the?Minoans?to?the?Olympic?Games,?Papazisis,?Athens,?2004.25The historical evolution of the Olympic Games;The body from the classic antiquity to the …” „… cityThe?relation?between?the?body?and?the?city?has?been?considered?to?be?importantsince?antiquity?when?the?citizen?represented?the?city?in?Games …” „… ?The?classic?antiquity?placed?the?athlete’s?body?inthe?framework?of?the?town.?The?role?that?sporting?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sporting Games and the theory of the Games S. 17

„… /eng/home.htmll?about?the?Games?ofAthens?according?to?the?research?of?the?Olympic?Studies?Center?of?Barcelona.3 Relatively,?Heila E.,?Sport?and?political?crisis,?Kathimerini,?Epta?Hmeres?16/5/2004 …” „… GamesThe?theory?of?Games?includes?both?the?sporting?games?and?the?historical?games.In?these?games?the?athlete?is?starring,?as?a?body-symbol?of?the?human?being?whoexceeds?his?personal?and?natural?destine?within?the?historical?juncture.The Game with its rules-tests of legal …” „… ?Those?Games?cannot?be?reallycharacterized?as?Games?of?power,?but?mainly?as?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Game with its rules-tests of legal pluralism S. 17

„… /eng/home.htmll?about?the?Games?ofAthens?according?to?the?research?of?the?Olympic?Studies?Center?of?Barcelona.3 Relatively,?Heila E.,?Sport?and?political?crisis,?Kathimerini,?Epta?Hmeres?16/5/2004 …” „… GamesThe?theory?of?Games?includes?both?the?sporting?games?and?the?historical?games.In?these?games?the?athlete?is?starring,?as?a?body-symbol?of?the?human?being?whoexceeds?his?personal?and?natural?destine?within?the?historical?juncture.The Game with its rules-tests of legal …” „… ?Those?Games?cannot?be?reallycharacterized?as?Games?of?power,?but?mainly?as?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The body from the classic antiquity to the Age of Enlightenment S. 26

„… The historical evolution of the Olympic Games;The body from the classic antiquity to the Age of …” „… ?of?the?institutionof?the?Pan-Hellenic?Games?(Pythia,?Isthmia,?Olympia)?and?the?subsequent?spreading?of?thespirit?throughout?the?Greek?territory,?Tzachou-Alexandri O …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova EC law, Mass Media and Sport S. 193-195

„… ?Olympics,?which?were?the?first?Olympic?Games …” „… GamesThe?public?contracts?regime?is?also?of?great? interest?for?sport,?especially?on?theoccasion?of?the?Athens?2004 …” „… re?wasno?question?at?all?as?regards?the?observance?of?the?EC?law.?The?exclusive?broadcasting?of?the?Games?was?governed?by?a?contract?attached?in?the?host-city?contractand?therefore?is?accepted?without?following?any?EC?law?procedure.421418 Welrave,?Dona,?Deliege.419 European?Community?and?Sport,?SEC?(91)?1438,?31/7/1991 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… Olympic Games of the European UnionNomosBUT_Skouris_6372-9.indd 3 27.09.11 09:451. Auflage 2011 …” „… Chapter?1 18The?historical?and?ideological?background?of?the?Olympic?Games 18 …” „… The?human?body,?the?international?society?and?the?fair?play?of?history 18The?relation?between?the?body?and?the?city 25The?historical?evolution?of?the?Olympic?Games; 26 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Olympic symbol protection and fight against ambush marketing S. 245-249

„… ?is?one?of?the?greatest?problems?that?the?Olympicshave?to?face,?as?part?of?the?bid?to?host?the?Olympic?Games,?the?UK?Governmentguaranteed? to?enact? legislation? to?enhance?protection?of …” „… ? the?Olympic?and?Paralympic?marks?and?to?introduce?legislation?against?ambush?marketing,?if?Londonwon.?The?IOC's?Host?City?Contract,?signed?after?London?did?win?the?right?to?hostto?Games,?also?required?such?legislation.Even?though?the?UK?has?never?signed?the?International?Treaty?of?Nairobi,?1981 …” „… ,?6.2.2006.519 Blakely A. M.,?London?Olympic?Games?and?Paralympic?Games?Act?2006 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The revival, the Olympic Truce Foundation, the UN contribution and the EU attitude S. 127-130

„… pics?during?the?World?Wars,?the?phenomenon?of?“boycotting”?the?Games?emerged.?USA?and?USSR?got?involved?in?an“Olympic?war”,?attaching?an?intense?political?element?in?the?Olympics.264As?a?world?mega?event?Olympics?have?had?a?close?relationship?with?politic …” „… ,?one?year?before?the?Sydney?Olympics?180?UN?member-states?voted?forthe?Olympic?truce?during?these?games …” „… during theOlympic Games and the Olympic Flame which crosses state borders convey amessage of optimism and …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Ideological background S. 124-127

„… ? theOlympic?Games.?Another?important?peace?Treaty?was?the?100-year?peace?treatyamong?Athens,?Argos,?Ilis?and?Mantinea?which?was?being?renewed?every?4 …” „… ?yearsin?the?Olympic?Games.253?The?most?important?contribution,?though,?of?the?Olympictruce?was?that?it?mad …” „… ?Olympic?Charter.However,?since?the?revival?of?the?Games?there?were?many?references?to?the?needfor?peace?and?the?connection?between?sport?and?peace.?During?the?procedures?ofthe?revival?of?the?Games,?in?January?1894,?Coubertin?sends?a?circular?to?variousass …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova General S. 258-259

„… MarketingGeneralOlympic?Games …” „… ?is?now?the?greatest?and?most?popular?show?on?earth.?Indeed,?notonly?do?the?Olympics?attract?the?attention?of?billion?of?people,?but?also?they?areprobably?the?most?profitable?celebration?of?the?world.Barron?Pier?de?Coubertin,?since?the?very?beginning?of?the?revival?of?the?Games,foreseeing?the?great?commercial?value?that?the?Olympics?could?represent?as?wellas?hoping?that?the?Olympics?could?also?acquire?some?ethical?values,?created?theOlympic?symbol.?The?Olympic?symbol?of?five?interlocking?rings?was?designed?byCoubertin?in?1913 …” „… ? theOlympic?Games?by?1912 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Advertising-Trading S. 240-244

„… ?venues.?In?particular,?the?Contract?requiresthat?no?advertising?is?placed?around?Olympic?venues?so?as?to?be?within?the?view?of483 London?Olympic?Games?and?Para-Olympic?Games?Act?1006?Explanatory?notes.484 S. 14.2.485 S …” „… ?venues?can?be?allowedunder?certain?circumstances.?Regulations?will?allow?the?Secretary?of?State?to?authorize?a??responsible?body??such?as?the?ODA?or?London?Organizing?Committeeof?the?Olympic?Games?(?LOCOG?),?to?undertake?advertising?(subject?to?any?conditions?contained?in?the?regulations),?and?that?responsible?body?will,?in?turn,?be?ableto?grant?subsequent?authorizations?to?other?advertisers.495It?is?also?provided?that?the?regulations …” „… ? that?unauthorizedadvertising?-?as?specified?in?regulations?-?does?not?occur?on?their?land.?It?allows?forthese?regulations?to?supersede?any?previous?permission?for?the?use?of?that?land,?for490 S. 19.491 S. 19.2.b.492 S. 19.5.493 S. 19.6.494 London?Olympic?Games?and?Para-Olympic?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sale of Tickets S. 244-245

„… ?which?dealswith?ticket?touting?primarily?in?relation?to?tickets?for?football?matches.?It?creates?acriminal?offence?of?touting?tickets?for?the?2012?Olympic?Games.511According?to?the?Act?“Ol …” „… LOCOG?is?required?to?establish?a?system?for?granting?written?authorizations?toofficial?ticket?sellers.?It?will?be?allowed?to?charge?for?such?authorizations?and?will510 S. 29.511 London?Olympic?Games?and?Para-Olympic?Games?Act?1006?Explanatory?notes.512 S. 31.2 …” „… ?is?one?of?the?greatest?problems?that?the?Olympicshave?to?face,?as?part?of?the?bid?to?host?the?Olympic?Games,?the?UK?Governmentguaranteed? to?enact? legislation? to?enhance?protection?of …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova General Competence S. 235-236

„… main?law,?the?London?Olympic?Games?and?Para-Olympic?Games?Act?2006 …” „… ,?whichcovers?all?the?major?issues?of?the?Olympic?Games.?It?sets?up?the?Olympic?DeliveryAuthority?to?deliver?public?sector?obligations?for?the?Games,?principally?the?necessary?venues?and?infrastructure.?It?also?governs?certain?pivotal?matters?for?theOlympics,? such? as? security …” „… ?SummerOlympic?and?Paralympic?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Obligatory submission-standard clauses-human rights S. 101-102

„… ? the?publicinterest?that?the?Olympic?Games?represent,?as?long?as?they?are?proportionate.181 …” „… nism,?leaving?the?other?parties?no?choice?but?to?accept?this?rule.?The?situationthough?is?even?more?intense?in?the?case?of?the?Olympic?Games.?According?to?article74?of?the?Olympic …” „… ?Charter,?any?dispute?arising?on?the?occasion?of,?or?in?connectionwith,?the?Olympic?Games?shall?be?submitted?exclusively?to?the?Court?of?Arbitrationfor?Sport.?In?Athens,?CAS's?jurisdiction?sprang?from?a?variety?of?sources.?BeyondArticle?74?of?the?Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sustainable development according to the Olympic Charter and the Host City Contract S. 114-117

„… ?Movement?has?formed?a?philosophical,?moral?andpolitical?belief?about?the?environment?and?sustainable?development,?which?mightbe?more?advanced?compared?to?the?positions?adopted?by?national?policies?and?national?legal?orders?for?the?environment.?In?view?of?the?Host?City?Contract?for?theOlympic?Games?of?2004 …” „… ?Charter,?tolerance?is?established?as?an?important?virtue?of?the?Olympic?Organization?and?the?country?that?hosts?it.The Games of a city, a contact, an …” „… ideologyThe?Olympic?Games?are?games?which?are?entrusted?by?the?IOC?to?a?city,?the?socalled?host-city?(article?33 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The consequences of the effect of the rules of the Olympic Charter for the Host City Contract and its relation with the legislation of the host country S. 216-217

„… lympic?Charter?or?other?rules?related?to?the?Olympic?Games,should?be?viewed?as?pertaining?to?sport?as?a?whole,?which?is?safeguarded?by?theprovision?of?article?16.9?of?the?Constitution?and?in?the?interest?of?which,?the?Statehas?the?obligation?to?provide?fo …” „… ?Movement,?it?bindsits?members?through?the?principle?of?autonomy?and?freedom?of?the?will.?In?so?faras?it?binds?states,?through?the?contractual?engagement?of?the?Host?Cities,?it?is?governed?by?the?respective?Constitutions.?This?relation?connects?two?systems?of?a?different?nature?and?creates?a?dialectic?relation?in?the?framework?of?the?staging?of?theOlympic?Games …” „… ?Charter?and?treating?an?issue?that?bearson?State?action,?public?interest,?or?violating?Community?and?constitutional?rules,will?not?be?deemed?binding.?Given?that?the?Olympic?Charter?incorporates?regulations?that?affect?the?Constitution?and?the?Community?law,?its?interpretation?will?bedealt?with?in?the?following?chapter.The Olympic games of 2004 under …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The freedom to contract and the relation between the associative nature of sport and the Olympic organization S. 61-63

„… d?tothe?more?general?issue?of?the?implementation?of?the?Olympic?Movement?rules?inthe?different?countries?that?host?the?Olympic?Games …” „… ? theOlympic?Games?or?rather?the?‘law’?of?the?Olympic?Movement.All?these?principles?have?been?expressed?in?the?Olympic?Charter,?the?statutorytext?of?the?Olympic?Movement.?Whether?a?manifest?or?a?philosophical?essay,?theOlympic …” „… ?Charter?manages?billions,?of?major?political?power?and?influence?and?imposes?its?rules?from?Atlanta?to?Barcelona?and?from?Sydney?to?Athens.However,? the? economic? dimension? of? the?Olympic?Games?made? the …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Delivery Authority S. 235

„… main?law,?the?London?Olympic?Games?and?Para-Olympic?Games?Act?2006 …” „… ,?whichcovers?all?the?major?issues?of?the?Olympic?Games.?It?sets?up?the?Olympic?DeliveryAuthority?to?deliver?public?sector?obligations?for?the?Games,?principally?the?necessary?venues?and?infrastructure.?It?also?governs?certain?pivotal?matters?for?theOlympics,? such? as? security …” „… ?SummerOlympic?and?Paralympic?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Olympics and Broadcasting S. 282-283

„… ?Winter?Olympic?Games …” „… .He?was?not?right,?though.IOC?went?from?amateur?run?sport?organization?to?multibillion?dollar?international?corporation?after?embracing?commercialization.So,?it?was?forced?to?reconsider?its?operating?structure?and?adopt?sound?businesspractices.At?our?age,?the?Olympic?Movement?receives?the?majority?of?its?revenue?fromthe?exploitation?of?the?broadcast?rights?to?the?Olympic?Games..?From?Los?Angeles1984?until?Beijing?2008?broadcast?agreements?worth?more?than?US$?10 …” „… ?Winter?and?Summer?OlympicGames?respectively.620 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The dialectic relation between the Olympic Charter and the legal order of the Host City – The legal nature of the Olympic Charter S. 213-216

„… ?Charter?has?binding?effect,?which?is?independent?fromthe?national?legal?orders?or?the?international?law.?Still,?the?consequences?thereofhave?strong?political?bearing?on?the?cities?that?undertake?the?Olympic?organizationdue?to?the?significance?the?Olympic?Games …” „… ?of?the?Greek?Constitution)?or?in?the?framework?of?Community?law?andthe?principle?of?primacy.It?should?therefore?be?accepted?that?after?the?Olympic?Games …” „… ?said?Contract,?the?same?obligationwas?assumed?by?the?Organizing?Committee?of?the?Olympic?Games,?as?soon?as?thiswas?created?and?made?party?to?the?said?Contract,?as?prescribed?by?it.The?contractual?element?that?is?prevalent?in?sports?rules?and?hence?in?the?rulesof?the?Olympic?Games?has?been?already?stressed?by?the?case?law439 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova CAS and ECHR S. 100-101

„… al?hearing,?the?right?to?rebut?the?opponent’s?case.?In?reality?many?of?these?rightsare?not?applied?by?CAS?and?especially?by?the?ad?hoc?section.?Some?minor?restric-175 Arbitration?Rules?for?the?Olympic?Games,?article?10?and?15,?Schreuer …” „… C.,?The?ICSID?convention:?A?commentary,?Cambridge?University?Press,?Cambridge?2001,?p.893.176 Arbitration?Rules?for?the?Olympic?Games,?ar.15.177 …” „… Arbitration?Rules?for?the?Olympic?Games,?ar.?19.178 Schultz …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The competitive relation between the Olympic movement rules and the national/state ones and the institutional balancing of each Olympic organization S. 102-103

„… ll?to?be?tested:?but?the?advice?received?byCAS?was?that?the?Greek?judiciary?would?respect?it?for?reasons?of?pragmatism?aswell?as?of?principle,?i.e.?that?their?courts?were?closed?for?the?vacation?over?the?periodof?the?Games.188The competitive relation between the Olympic movement rules and the national/state ones and the …” „… ?of?power,?a?sporting?event?or?a?social?claim.?In?any?case,?the?achievementof?consent?constitutes?the?crucial?point?for?their?force?and?their?effectiveness.This?consent?faces?problems?of?course?in?case?the?regulatory?systems?of?the?statesthat?organize?the?Games?have?respect?or?appreciation?of?the?Olympic?movementrules,?as?has?happened?recently?in?China,?where?the?Olympic …” „… ?as?well?as?the?severe?restrictions?on?the?personal?data?cause?serious?scepticism/problems.?It?should?not?beforgotten?that?the?Olympic?Games?trigger?the?existence?of?cameras?in?the?hostingcities,?which?has?consequences?on?the?people’s?personal?life.The?Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Special Issues-Olympics, IP Protection and Broadcasting Rights S. 258

„… MarketingGeneralOlympic?Games …” „… ?is?now?the?greatest?and?most?popular?show?on?earth.?Indeed,?notonly?do?the?Olympics?attract?the?attention?of?billion?of?people,?but?also?they?areprobably?the?most?profitable?celebration?of?the?world.Barron?Pier?de?Coubertin,?since?the?very?beginning?of?the?revival?of?the?Games,foreseeing?the?great?commercial?value?that?the?Olympics?could?represent?as?wellas?hoping?that?the?Olympics?could?also?acquire?some?ethical?values,?created?theOlympic?symbol.?The?Olympic?symbol?of?five?interlocking?rings?was?designed?byCoubertin?in?1913 …” „… ? theOlympic?Games?by?1912 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Protection of the Olympic Insignia-Ambush Marketing S. 258

„… MarketingGeneralOlympic?Games …” „… ?is?now?the?greatest?and?most?popular?show?on?earth.?Indeed,?notonly?do?the?Olympics?attract?the?attention?of?billion?of?people,?but?also?they?areprobably?the?most?profitable?celebration?of?the?world.Barron?Pier?de?Coubertin,?since?the?very?beginning?of?the?revival?of?the?Games,foreseeing?the?great?commercial?value?that?the?Olympics?could?represent?as?wellas?hoping?that?the?Olympics?could?also?acquire?some?ethical?values,?created?theOlympic?symbol.?The?Olympic?symbol?of?five?interlocking?rings?was?designed?byCoubertin?in?1913 …” „… ? theOlympic?Games?by?1912 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Games of a city, a contact, an ideology S. 117-119

„… ?Charter,?tolerance?is?established?as?an?important?virtue?of?the?Olympic?Organization?and?the?country?that?hosts?it.The Games of a city, a contact, an …” „… ideologyThe?Olympic?Games?are?games?which?are?entrusted?by?the?IOC?to?a?city,?the?socalled?host-city?(article?33 …” „… A.,?The?legal?nature?of?the?IOC?and?the?Ifs?and?their?relation?to?the?internationaland?national?legal?order,?in?Klamaris N./Malatos A./Bredimas A.,?Olympic?Games?andLaw,?op?cit,?p.73 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Regional Development Agencies S. 250-251

„… When?undertaking?actions?to?deliver?the?Olympic?Games,?the?GLA?must?consider?how?best?to?maximise?the?benefits?to?be?derived?from?the?preparations?for?theLondon?Olympics?once?the?Games?are?over.539 …” „… at?when?giving?financial?support?to?others?for?activityconnected?with?the?London?Olympics,?the?GLA?may?do?so?on?specific?terms?orconditions,?in?particular?as?regards?the?payment?of?interest.?Moreover,?the?GLA?isgiven?the?power?to?accept?contributions?towards?expenditure?in?connection?withthe?Olympic?Games.541 …” „… AgenciesThe?regional?development?agencies?are?also?supposed?to?contribute?to?the?organization?of?the?Olympic?Games.?However,?the?Act?mentions?quite?clearly?that?theywill?only?take?action?after?the?request?of?the?ODA.543Also,?according?to?the?Act?the?purch …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Addendum S. 165-167

„… A./Malatos A.(eds):?Olympic?Games?and?Law,?Ant.N.Sakkoulas?Publcations,?Athens-Komotini,?2003,?Baroutas …” „… K.,?The?nationality?of?the?athlete?of?the?Olympic?Games,?in:?LexSportiva? Vol.4(2005),? Ant.N.Sakkoulas? Publications,? Athens-Komotini,?Moustaira …” „… E.,Nationality?and?Olympic?Games,?in?Klamaris N./Bredimas A./Malatos A …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Ad hoc section (ADH) S. 99-100

„… (ADH)If?speed?is?necessary?for?disputes?resolution?is?sport?in?general,?it?seems?to?be?morethan?indispensable?when?disputes?emerge?during?world?events,?such?as?the?OlympicGames.?In?1995?the?IOC,?ICAS?and?CAS?decided?that?during?the?Atlanta?Olympicsan?ad?h …” „… oc?section?of?CAS?should?be?there?in?order?to?face?immediate?potent?disputes.So,?in?Olympic?Games?and?World?Cups?there? is?an?ad?hoc?section?of?the?CAS,competent?to?deal?with?disputes?arising?during?the?Games.170 …” „… .warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/eslj.170 D Dedes P./Zaglis?A.,ibid,?p.17.171 Arbitration?Rules?for?the?Olympic?Games,?ar.1 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Greater London Olympic Authority S. 249-250

„… ?”?ora?toy?shop?advertising?a?“?Massive?Summer?Sale--Games,?Toys,?Gadgets”?,?as?thereis?no?actual?association.535Greater London Olympic …” „… ?Olympic?Games …” „… When?undertaking?actions?to?deliver?the?Olympic?Games,?the?GLA?must?consider?how?best?to?maximise?the?benefits?to?be?derived?from?the?preparations?for?theLondon?Olympics?once?the?Games?are?over.539 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic truce in effect S. 130-131

„… ?government?and?other?governments?the?US?refrained?from?bombing?Iraqduring?the?Games.?During?this?period?the?general?Secretary?of?the?UN,?Kofi?Anan274 Trova E./Skouris P.,?The?first?Olympic?Games …” „… ?during?the?Sydney?Olympics,?the?North?and?South?Korea?marchedtogether?in?the?opening?ceremony.?Olympic?Games?were?the?motive?for?this?step.One?month?later,?there?were?some?families’?exchanges?from?both?sides.276Even?though?all?the?previous?facts?can?be?co …” „… ?thehost?city?contract?includes?a?guarantee?committing?each?organizing?state’s?government?for?the?respect?of?the?contract,?there?should?be?a?requirement?that?each?statein?order?to?participate?in?the?Games?should?provide?a?written?guarantee?of?its?government?that?it?will?not?violate?the?truce.276 Lamprinidis S.,?The?Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The legislative regulation of sport in the Greek legal order S. 207-209

„… ?highlighted?the?absence?of?the?European?character?of?the?Games?or?of?the?institutional?dimension?ofthe?EU?only?insofar?as?it?was?consistent?with?the?institutions?of?the?Olympic …” „… ? rights?and?obligations,?as?well?as?the?issues?pertaining?to?their?organization?and?operation?are?prescribed?by?their?statutes.?Naturally,?the?law?lays?down?a?minimum?frame?of?rulesthat?govern?sports?associations,?as?well?as? the? terms?of?its?acknowledgement?assuch.This?law?was?voted?after?the?Olympic?Games?of?2004 …” „… ?organization?unaffected.?Since?the?latter?is?basedon?analogous?admissions,?it? is?evident?that?the?existing?framework?prepared?theincorporation?of?the?Olympic?organization?in?the?Greek?legal?order.?It?should?benoted,?however,? that? the?Greek? legal? order,? even?before? the? entrustment? of? theOlympic?Games?of?2004 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Procedure of declaration-heralds S. 121-122

„… truceIt?is?a?fallacy?that?Olympic?Games?as?well?as?the?Olympic?Truce?were?establishedin?776 …” „… es?the?starting?point?was?the?day?that?the?heralds?began?their?journey.The?heralds?started?their?journey?on?the?first?full-moon?after?the?so-called?“therinoiliostasio”,?which?is?considered?to?be?the?beginning?of?the?summer”?and?the?OlympicGames?were?held? in? the? second?full-moon?after? that? point.?The …” „… om?doing?so.?This?is?indicative?of?the?pivotal?importanceof?the?truce?in?the?antiquity.?Even?the?outlaws?respected?it.?Finally,?it?should?be?alsostated?that?during?this?period?people?who?had?been?exiled?were?allowed?to?returnto? their?homeland? or?even?go? to?Olympic? to?watch? the?Games.?Therefore,? it …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Final Remarks S. 283-284

„… on?free-to-air?television,?events?that?are?of?major?importance?for?society?in?generalsuch?as?the?Olympic?Games …” „… In?an?era?where?the?broadcasting?of?sport?is?being?driven?further?and?further?bypay-per-view?television,?the?question?has?to?be?asked?as?to?how?long?the?OlympicGames?can?withstand? the?pressure?on?one? of? its?fundamental? principles? that …” „… RemarksSo,?in?this?last?chapter,?we?can?conceive?that?the?new?forms?of?technology?and?mediahave? really? affected? the?way? that?Olympic?Games?work.?The? protection? of …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Olympic Charter and tolerance S. 117

„… ?Charter,?tolerance?is?established?as?an?important?virtue?of?the?Olympic?Organization?and?the?country?that?hosts?it.The Games of a city, a contact, an …” „… ideologyThe?Olympic?Games?are?games?which?are?entrusted?by?the?IOC?to?a?city,?the?socalled?host-city?(article?33 …” „… A.,?The?legal?nature?of?the?IOC?and?the?Ifs?and?their?relation?to?the?internationaland?national?legal?order,?in?Klamaris N./Malatos A./Bredimas A.,?Olympic?Games?andLaw,?op?cit,?p.73 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Siemens scandal S. 47-48

„… ?Olympic?Games,?An?overviewin:?Blackshaw I./Siekmann R./Soek J.?(eds),?The?Court?of?Arbitration?for?sport?1984-?2004,T.M.?C?Asser?Press …” „… scandalThe?biggest?intrigue?of?the?Games?was?the?behaviour?of?Sydney?medal-winningGreek?sprinters?Kostas?Kederis?and?Katerina?Thanou.?Having?failed?to?attend?amandatory?drugs?test,?they?claimed?that?they?were?'involved'?in?a?motorcycle?accident.?They?withdrew?from?the?Games?in?order?to?avoid?a?forced?expulsion.However,?by?November?2004 …” „… scandalMuch?of?the?politics?surrounding?the?Athens?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova A state regulatory framework for sport S. 63-64

„… ? theOlympic?Games?or?rather?the?‘law’?of?the?Olympic?Movement.All?these?principles?have?been?expressed?in?the?Olympic?Charter,?the?statutorytext?of?the?Olympic?Movement.?Whether?a?manifest?or?a?philosophical?essay,?theOlympic …” „… ?Charter?manages?billions,?of?major?political?power?and?influence?and?imposes?its?rules?from?Atlanta?to?Barcelona?and?from?Sydney?to?Athens.However,? the? economic? dimension? of? the?Olympic?Games?made? the …” „… ?converged?with?the?rule?of?law?at?a?pivotalpoint,?which?was?the?economic?dimension?of?the?Olympic?Games,?and?showed?thepoints?where?each?one?prevails.A state regulatory framework for …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The importance of the truce S. 123-124

„… truceDuring?the?Olympic?Games?and?the?inhibition?of?the?armed?conflicts?the?leaders?ofthe?cities-states?in?conflict,?had?the?chance?to?have?a?peaceful?and?fertile?conversation?which?often?led?to?a?settlement.?Many?peace?treaties,?such?as?the?30-year249 Pausanias,?Iliaka,?V?24,?9.250 Pausanias,?Iliaka?V2,2.251 …” „… ? theOlympic?Games.?Another?important?peace?Treaty?was?the?100-year?peace?treatyamong?Athens,?Argos,?Ilis?and?Mantinea?which?was?being?renewed?every?4 …” „… ?yearsin?the?Olympic?Games.253?The?most?important?contribution,?though,?of?the?Olympictruce?was?that?it?mad …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Content of the truce S. 122-123

„… tarting?point?was?the?day?that?the?heralds?began?their?journey.The?heralds?started?their?journey?on?the?first?full-moon?after?the?so-called?“therinoiliostasio”,?which?is?considered?to?be?the?beginning?of?the?summer”?and?the?OlympicGames?were?held? in? the? second?full-moon?after? that? point.?The …” „… om?doing?so.?This?is?indicative?of?the?pivotal?importanceof?the?truce?in?the?antiquity.?Even?the?outlaws?respected?it.?Finally,?it?should?be?alsostated?that?during?this?period?people?who?had?been?exiled?were?allowed?to?returnto? their?homeland? or?even?go? to?Olympic? to?watch? the?Games.?Therefore,? it …” „… ,?lenience,?forgiveness?and?sympathy.?However,?it?should?be?pointed?outthat?the?scope?of?the?truce?did?not?include?external?countries.248?Greek?cities-states245 Swaddling J.,?The?Ancient?Olympic?Games,?the?British?Museum?Press,?3 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Potential avenues of a more effective revival S. 131-133

„… e?opening?ceremony.?Olympic?Games?were?the?motive?for?this?step.One?month?later,?there?were?some?families’?exchanges?from?both?sides.276 …” „… ?thehost?city?contract?includes?a?guarantee?committing?each?organizing?state’s?government?for?the?respect?of?the?contract,?there?should?be?a?requirement?that?each?statein?order?to?participate?in?the?Games?should?provide?a?written?guarantee?of?its?government?that?it?will?not?violate?the?truce.276 Lamprinidis S.,?The?Olympic …” „… ?Truce?(in?Greek),?in?Klamaris N./Mredimas A./Malatos A.(eds):?Olympic?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Compulsory purchase and consistency with the ECHR S. 255-256

„… ? to?comply?with?theobligations?deriving?from?the?host?city?contract..The?main?measures?of?the?Act?involve?the?establishment?of?the?Olympic?DeliveryAuthority,?its?powers,?duties?and?functions,?the?delivery?of?transport?needs?for?theGames,?including?the?necessary?preparations?in?the?lead?up?to?2012,?controls?ofmarketing? in? connection?with …” „… ? the?Olympic?Games,? including? the? protection? ofOlympic? intellectual? property,? restrictions? on? commercial …” „… ? theGames,?the?prohibition?of?street?trading?and?outdoor?advertising?in?the?vicinity?ofOlympic?venues?and?of?ticket?touting?in?connection?with?Olympic?events,?the?powerof? the?Mayor? of?London? to? prepare? for? and? stage? the?Olympic?Games? and …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The end of amateur sport and the role of the IOC S. 58-59

„… ?allowed?the?participation?of?allathletes?in?the?Olympic?Games,?irrespective?of?whether?they?were?amateurs?or?professionals.?On?the?other?hand,?it?established?a?system?that?allowed?the?Games …” „… The?English?term?Host?City?has?been?adopted?by?the?Olympic?Charter?and?signifies?the?citywhere? the?Olympic?Games?will? take? place,?by?virtue? of?a?contract?with? the …” „… tonomy?of?the?sports?movement?to?a?pivotal?issue.?This?issue?becomes?even?moreacute?in?view?of?a?forthcoming?Olympic?organization?by?a?Member?State?of?theEuropean?Union.?Such?is?the?case?of?Greece,?where?the?Olympic?Games?of?2004will?be?held?in?Athens.The interest of modern states in sportIn?the?20 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The integration of the ethical rules of sport in national laws S. 74-77

„… ?concerning?the?Committee?of?the?Olympic?Games?analogous?conceptswere?placed?within?the?purpose?of?the?Committee?of?the?Olympic?Games.?In?addition,?according?to?article?4 …” „… ?of?the?said?law,?beside?the?Committee?of?the?OlympicGames,?a?Special?Committee?was?established,?the?Sporting?Ethics?Committee94.The?goal?thereof?was,?among?other?things,?the?supervision?for?th …” „… ?A?),?which?approved?the?regulations?of?procurements?and?of?designs-services?of?the?Organizing?Committee?of?the?Olympic?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Host City Contract of Athens and the Olympic Charter S. 209-211

„… The Host City Contract of Athens and the Olympic CharterThe?Olympic?organization?of?2004 …” „… ,?which?bearsall?the?aforementioned?attributes.The?Host?City?Contract?of?Athens?specified?in?article?60?which?version?of?theOlympic?Charter?was?binding?the?parties.?That?version?was?the?one?of?the …” „… ?by?making?the?IOC?conversant?with?the?conditions?of?environment?protection?and?to?respect?the?fair?play?and?the?rules?of?the?Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The rule of law and the fair play S. 77-79

„… ?A?),?which?approved?the?regulations?of?procurements?and?of?designs-services?of?the?Organizing?Committee?of?the?Olympic?Games …” „… ?Olympic?Games?and?the?general?framework?of?the?Olympic?organization.?S.?also,?Le?Monde?Diplomatique-?Kyriakatiki?Eleftherotypia,?28/29?October?2000,Decoust M.,?Behind?the?Olympics,?the?Avorignons’?lost?dream.103 …” „… playEqually?vague?as?well?as?important,?the?principle?of?fair?play?has?been?introducedto?the?Greek?vocabulary?in?view?of?the?Olympic?organization?of?2004 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Non-judicial protection against ambush marketing S. 280-282

„… ?Winter?Olympic?Games …” „… .He?was?not?right,?though.IOC?went?from?amateur?run?sport?organization?to?multibillion?dollar?international?corporation?after?embracing?commercialization.So,?it?was?forced?to?reconsider?its?operating?structure?and?adopt?sound?businesspractices.At?our?age,?the?Olympic?Movement?receives?the?majority?of?its?revenue?fromthe?exploitation?of?the?broadcast?rights?to?the?Olympic?Games..?From?Los?Angeles1984?until?Beijing?2008?broadcast?agreements?worth?more?than?US$?10 …” „… ?Winter?and?Summer?OlympicGames?respectively.620 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport as a means of expression of the freedom of association S. 57-58

„… ?allowed?the?participation?of?allathletes?in?the?Olympic?Games,?irrespective?of?whether?they?were?amateurs?or?professionals.?On?the?other?hand,?it?established?a?system?that?allowed?the?Games …” „… The?English?term?Host?City?has?been?adopted?by?the?Olympic?Charter?and?signifies?the?citywhere? the?Olympic?Games?will? take? place,?by?virtue? of?a?contract?with? the …” „… al?pluralism?in?sports?law,?changing?up?to?a?great?extent?basic?acceptances/positions?of?the?theory:?the?EC?law?claimed?and?gained?its?prevalenceThe legislative framework of sport and its relation to the Olympic organizationSport as a means of …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Charter and the Greek legislation S. 212-213

„… legislationReferences?to?the?Olympic?Charter?have?been?included?in?enactments?of?the?Greeklegislature?after?the?undertaking?of?the?Olympic?Games.?Law?2598/1998?‘Organization?of?the?Olympic?Games?–?Athens?2004 …” „… ?‘Ratification?of?the?Nairobi?Treaty?on?the?protectionof?the?Olympic?Symbol’?(Government?Gazette?A??47 …” „… ).As?one?interprets?this?position,?it?should?be?considered?that?the?Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Movement Rules: Autonomy and Pluralism. S. 55-57

„… ? surroundsmodern?sport,?especially?because?of?the?Olympic?Games.?EC?law?acquires?for?thisreason?a?special?interest?too.The?Olympic?Movement,?since? the?moment …” „… ? that?was?founded,?outfitted?withinstitutional?autonomy?and?its?own?regulatory?framework.?Being?fully?aware?of?the“rules?of?playing?the?game”?through?the?rules?of?each?sport,?which?allowed?to?theOlympic …” „… Chapter?3The Olympic Movement Rules: Autonomy and …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Olympic Charter and Human Rights S. 112-113

„… was?forced?to?a?dialogue?with?the?USA?and?EU,?which?as?powerful?actors?of?theinternational?scene?and?market?should?on?no?account?boycott?the?Games.Olympic …” „… ? theOlympic?Games.?It?has?to?be?noted?that?it?is?a?very?concise?and?at?the?same?timeclear?text.In? respect? of? the? organizational? part,? the? content? of? the?Olympic? Charter …” „… RightsThe?above?arguments?do?not?negate?the?general?questioning?about?the?protectionof?human?rights?as?a?Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The influence of the rules of the Olympic Movement on the legislation of the host country S. 211-212

„… legislationReferences?to?the?Olympic?Charter?have?been?included?in?enactments?of?the?Greeklegislature?after?the?undertaking?of?the?Olympic?Games.?Law?2598/1998?‘Organization?of?the?Olympic?Games?–?Athens?2004 …” „… ctly?binding,?which?bared?on?the?organization?ofthe?Olympiad?from?a?financial?and?operational?point?of?view?and?on?the?other?handthe?‘philosophical’?regulations,?which?consisted?in?the?fulfilment?of?the?vision?ofthe?Olympic …” „… ?Movement?and?which?acted?as?a?precept?to?the?contracting?parties.This?position?complied?with?the?general?attitude?of?sports?law?and?of?the?Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Composition and formation- arbitration agreement- competencydecisions S. 97-99

„… (ADH)If?speed?is?necessary?for?disputes?resolution?is?sport?in?general,?it?seems?to?be?morethan?indispensable?when?disputes?emerge?during?world?events,?such?as?the?OlympicGames.?In?1995?the?IOC,?ICAS?and?CAS?decided?that?during?the?Atlanta?Olympicsan?ad?h …” „… oc?section?of?CAS?should?be?there?in?order?to?face?immediate?potent?disputes.So,?in?Olympic?Games?and?World?Cups?there? is?an?ad?hoc?section?of?the?CAS,competent?to?deal?with?disputes?arising?during?the?Games.170 …” „… .warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/eslj.170 D Dedes P./Zaglis?A.,ibid,?p.17.171 Arbitration?Rules?for?the?Olympic?Games,?ar.1 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Truce in the modern era S. 124

„… ? theOlympic?Games.?Another?important?peace?Treaty?was?the?100-year?peace?treatyamong?Athens,?Argos,?Ilis?and?Mantinea?which?was?being?renewed?every?4 …” „… ?yearsin?the?Olympic?Games.253?The?most?important?contribution,?though,?of?the?Olympictruce?was?that?it?mad …” „… ?Olympic?Charter.However,?since?the?revival?of?the?Games?there?were?many?references?to?the?needfor?peace?and?the?connection?between?sport?and?peace.?During?the?procedures?ofthe?revival?of?the?Games,?in?January?1894,?Coubertin?sends?a?circular?to?variousass …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The International Federations (IFs) S. 87

„… ,?they?have?the?exclusive?authority?to?select?and?designate?the?city?whichmay?apply?to?organize?Olympic?Games?in?their?respective?countries.118?Also,?theNOC?is?one?of?the?parties?that?enter?into?the?host?city?contract119 …” „… (IFs)Aiming?at?embracing?the?whole?athletic?phenomenon,?the?Olympic …” „… ?Charter?recognizes?the?international?sporting?federations?placing?in?this?way?the?members?of?theinternational?sporting?movements?among?its?action.?In?this?way?it?renders?itself?theabsolute/supreme?rule(r).The?competence,?the?role?and?the?recognition?of?the?Ifs?is?regulated?by?the?articles26-27?of?the?Olympic?Charter.?It?also?made?clear?that,?because?if?the?requirementof? their …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Athens: the first European Host City in the European Territory S. 205

„… ?by?the?Greek?capital.?The?other?candidate?cities?which?were?claiming?theGames?were?Atlanta,?Belgrade,?Manchester,?Melbourne?and?Toronto.?The? finalvoting?of?the?members?of?the?International?Olympic?Committee,?took?place?at?the96 …” „… Six?years?later,?the?Greek?State?considered?that?the?conditions?for?a?new?effortof?claiming?the?Olympic?Games …” „… ProcessThe?first?attempt?of?Athens?to?organize?the?Games?were?held?in?the?late?80 s,?tryingto?undertake?the?organization?of?the?Golden?Olympiad?in?1996 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Nairobi Treaty S. 262-263

„… ? theOlympic?insignia?is?the?emergence?of?the?ambush?marketing?phenomenon?in?themid?80 s.?This?phenomenon?threatens?the?entire?institution?of?the?Olympic?Games564 IOC?Circular,?March …” „… nown?as?“?parasite”?or?“?guerrilla”?marketing,?was?seen?in?theOlympic?Games …” „… TreatySo,?it?seemed?the?IOC?was?ready?for?the?big?step;?to?secure?the?Olympic?insigniain?the?best?possible?way,?by?an?international?treaty.?A?world?diplomatic?conferenceon?the?world?industrial?property?was?held?in?1980?in?Geneva.564?The?IOC?tried?tofind?a …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The ancient truce S. 121

„… truceIt?is?a?fallacy?that?Olympic?Games?as?well?as?the?Olympic?Truce?were?establishedin?776 …” „… BC.?In?reality?at?that?year?the?Olympics?were?re-established.?The?combinationof?constant?armed?conflicts?among?the?city-states?and?an?epidemic?had?culminatedin?the?inhibition?of?the?holding?of?the?Games?for?many?years.239 …” „… ? entireGreece.?According?to?the?oracle,?the?old?games?should?be?revived?and?escorted?bytruce.240 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The foundation of the truce S. 121

„… truceIt?is?a?fallacy?that?Olympic?Games?as?well?as?the?Olympic?Truce?were?establishedin?776 …” „… BC.?In?reality?at?that?year?the?Olympics?were?re-established.?The?combinationof?constant?armed?conflicts?among?the?city-states?and?an?epidemic?had?culminatedin?the?inhibition?of?the?holding?of?the?Games?for?many?years.239 …” „… ? entireGreece.?According?to?the?oracle,?the?old?games?should?be?revived?and?escorted?bytruce.240 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The tickets selling matter and the competition rules S. 196-198

„… e?OlympicGames,?and?subsequently?by?the?Agency?to?meet?the?needs?of?civil,?and?possiblymilitary,?aviation.Nor?does?it?seem?possible?to?invoke?another?exception?in?connection?with?reasonsof?extreme?urgency?brought?about?by?events?unforeseeable?by?the?contracting?authorities.? The? need? to? have? operational?weather? stations? for? the? 2004 …” „… ?OlympicGames?cannot?be?regarded?as?an?unforeseeable?event.?Finally,?the?need?would?notappear?to?be?so?urgent?that?the?deadlines?required?under?the?open?and?restrictedprocedures?could?not?be?respected.The tickets selling matter and the competition …” „… ?Barcelona?Olympic?Games,?the?OC?signed?ticket?distribution?agreements?with?a?single?agent?per?country,?which?was?obliged?to?resell424 PLMJ?-?A.M.?Pereira,?Sáragga?Leal,?Oliveira?Martins, Júdice e …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport: a defined Community term with international references S. 167-168

„… About?this?questioning?see?Skouris P./Trova E.,?From?the?First?Olympic?Games?of?Athensto?the?First?Olympic?Games …” „… G.,?Intervention?in?the?Olympic?Games?Congress?(in?Greek),?Public?Law?Matters,?Applications?of?Public?Law,?Special?Edition,?Ant.N.Sakkoulas,?2003.385 Gonzalez J.S.,?Sport?as?an?element?for?European?Integration,?in?ISLR/Pandektis,?Vol …” „… ? theOlympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Extent and application S. 251

„… London?Olympic?Games?and?Para-Olympic?Games?Act?1006?Explanatory?notes.251 …” „… It?will?be,?also,?permitted?to?compulsorily?purchase?Crown?land?or?any?interestin?Crown?land.These?provisions?shall?apply?regardless?of?whether?the?purchase?is?made?underthe?specific?Olympic …” „… ? toadvertising?and?trading?restrictions?as?they?are?to?be?applied?to?venues?in?Waleswhich?will?stage?Games?events.?Section?31 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Movement S. 80-82

„… Chapter?4The rules of the Olympic Movement and the state …” „… rulesA?basic?desire?of?the?creators?of?the?Olympic …” „… ?Movement?was?its?institutional?autonomy.?At?that?time?the?states?had?no?interest?in?the?amateur?sport?and?remainedobservers?of?the?phenomenon?which?was?developed?at?a?club?level.The?regulatory?framework?of?the?OlympicsThe?organizational?structure?of?the?sporting?movement?constituted?a?very?powerful?original?for?the?Olympic?Movement?which?maintained?its?basic?principles?andintroduced?its?own?rules?regarding?sporting?matters.The?Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The European approach to sport S. 175-177

„… sport.So,?what?could?the?contemporary?European?perception?on?sport?be??This?questionis?quite?important?since?the?Olympic?Games?of?Athens?in?2004?and?the?ones?ofLondon?in?2012 …” „… e?EC?law?in?sport,?the?first?two?Olympic?Games?of?Europe.?How?isthe?legal?framework?of?the?Olympic …” „… ,?though,?for?a?more?essential?objective.?They?would?allow?the?gradual?exploration?of?the?European?dimension?ofsport,?as?formulated?by?the?EC?Treaty.The?Olympic?Games?as?an?event?addressed?to?a?huge?number?of?European?citizens?inevitably?concerns?a?huge?number?of?European?voters?as?well.?A?European177 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Greece-supply of automatic weather stations S. 196

„… e?OlympicGames,?and?subsequently?by?the?Agency?to?meet?the?needs?of?civil,?and?possiblymilitary,?aviation.Nor?does?it?seem?possible?to?invoke?another?exception?in?connection?with?reasonsof?extreme?urgency?brought?about?by?events?unforeseeable?by?the?contracting?authorities.? The? need? to? have? operational?weather? stations? for? the? 2004 …” „… ?OlympicGames?cannot?be?regarded?as?an?unforeseeable?event.?Finally,?the?need?would?notappear?to?be?so?urgent?that?the?deadlines?required?under?the?open?and?restrictedprocedures?could?not?be?respected.The tickets selling matter and the competition …” „… ?Barcelona?Olympic?Games,?the?OC?signed?ticket?distribution?agreements?with?a?single?agent?per?country,?which?was?obliged?to?resell424 PLMJ?-?A.M.?Pereira,?Sáragga?Leal,?Oliveira?Martins, Júdice e …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Ambush Marketing S. 263

„… nown?as?“?parasite”?or?“?guerrilla”?marketing,?was?seen?in?theOlympic?Games …” „… ? the?Olympic? insignia?could?be?a?powerful?way? to?combat …” „… ? lastdecade?all?the?organizing?states?have?introduced?legislation?for?the?protection?of?theOlympic?symbols?and?against?ambush?marketing.?Before,?proceeding?of?the?analysis?of?this?legislation?it?would?be?good?to?briefly?analyze?the?new?Olympic?realityof?ambush?marketing.Ambush …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Dispute Resolution-Establishment of a separate court S. 95

„… spute?resolution?framework?that?they?deserve.?The?Olympic?movement?has?proceeded?to?a?similar?choice.The?resolution?of?disputes?which?arise? in?relation?to? the?Olympic?Games …” „… ide?and?concernsboth?the?organization?of?the?Games?and?the?IOC?relations?with?the?hosting?city.Indeed,?its?competence?comprises?matters?of?economic?and?political?nature.Thus,? the?Olympic?movement?keeps? its?autonomy? in? the? field?of? the?disputeresolution?as?well …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Court of Arbitration for Sports (C. A. S.) S. 95

„… spute?resolution?framework?that?they?deserve.?The?Olympic?movement?has?proceeded?to?a?similar?choice.The?resolution?of?disputes?which?arise? in?relation?to? the?Olympic?Games …” „… ide?and?concernsboth?the?organization?of?the?Games?and?the?IOC?relations?with?the?hosting?city.Indeed,?its?competence?comprises?matters?of?economic?and?political?nature.Thus,? the?Olympic?movement?keeps? its?autonomy? in? the? field?of? the?disputeresolution?as?well …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Violation of the truce-sanctions S. 123

„… truceDuring?the?Olympic?Games?and?the?inhibition?of?the?armed?conflicts?the?leaders?ofthe?cities-states?in?conflict,?had?the?chance?to?have?a?peaceful?and?fertile?conversation?which?often?led?to?a?settlement.?Many?peace?treaties,?such?as?the?30-year249 Pausanias,?Iliaka,?V?24,?9.250 Pausanias,?Iliaka?V2,2.251 …” „… truce-sanctionsGenerally?the?Olympic?Truce?was?respected?by?all?the?city-states?and?within?the1200 …” „… ?and?subsequently?followed?by?strict?sanctions.?The?violatorswere?not?allowed?to?participate?in?the?Games250?and?were?also?fined.?The?fine?wascalled?“the?holy?money”?and?was?mainly?used …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova History S. 95-96

„… spute?resolution?framework?that?they?deserve.?The?Olympic?movement?has?proceeded?to?a?similar?choice.The?resolution?of?disputes?which?arise? in?relation?to? the?Olympic?Games …” „… ide?and?concernsboth?the?organization?of?the?Games?and?the?IOC?relations?with?the?hosting?city.Indeed,?its?competence?comprises?matters?of?economic?and?political?nature.Thus,? the?Olympic?movement?keeps? its?autonomy? in? the? field?of? the?disputeresolution?as?well …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Volunteering S. 253-255

„… ?all?newbuses?on?the?streets?will?have?lower?emission?hybrid?engines.?VolunteeringA?very?encouraging?element?of?the?Olympic?Games …” „… ?Commonwealth?Games?in?Manchester.?However,?the?selfless?character?of?thevolunteers’?offer?creates?some?problems?as?regards?their?employment?status.In? the? UK,? organisations? using? volunteers? are? keen? for? employment? law …” „… ECHRDuring?the?preparation?of?the?Olympic?village?and?other?Olympic?sites?and?evenprior?to?confirmation?that?London?would?host?the?London?2012 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport and Education S. 198-199

„… ,?the?European?Commission?ordered?that?ticket?sales?through?the?Internetfor?the?Athens?Olympic?Games?should?include?other?means?of?payment?than?onlyVisa?Cards.?As?to?Euro?2004?of?football,?which?took?place?in?Portugal,?there?wereno?reported?cases?o …” „… principle?of?fair?play.?The?European?Commission?has,?along?with?the?InternationalOlympic?Committee,?supported?a?pilot?project?on?“sport,?schools?and?Olympic?values? in? Europe”? and? has? proclaimed? 2004? as? the? ?European? year? of? Educationthrough? Sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Community interest in sport and the formation of a European participial democracy S. 168-169

„… G.,?Intervention?in?the?Olympic?Games?Congress?(in?Greek),?Public?Law?Matters,?Applications?of?Public?Law,?Special?Edition,?Ant.N.Sakkoulas,?2003.385 Gonzalez J.S.,?Sport?as?an?element?for?European?Integration,?in?ISLR/Pandektis,?Vol …” „… ll?thisprocedure?was?mainly?developed?by?a?dialogue?mainly?with?the?Olympic?movementand?with?the?historical?events?too,?of?course.The?first?time?that?the?Community?presented?its?position?about?sport?was?by?theReport?that?was?submitted?in?the?Congress?of?Helsinki?in?1999?and?in?the?aforementioned?declaration?of?the?European?Council?of?Nice?in?2000 …” „… ?social?and?educational?roleof?sport?as?well?as?to?various?regional?policies?relevant?to?sport.?Sport?now?concernsindirectly?many?community?policies,?such?as?health?(doping),?youth,?education?etc.The?recent?Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Conclusion S. 133

„… inantly?develops?an?unreasonable?and?belligerent?attitude?and?attacks?other?countries?without?reason.?Of?course?the?“unreasonable?character”?of?the?attitude?will?bevery?difficult?to?prove.?However,?in?case?we?want?the?Olympic …” „… ? theviolence?at?least?during?the?period?of?the?games …” „… B.,?The?Truth?about?the?Olympic?Truce,?Rights,?rensposibilities?and?theimpossibility?of?being?global?and?apolitical,?in?Culture@the?Olympics,?2002:vol.?4,?issue4,?pp.9-12,?www.culturaolympic.org.uk.280 Ibid.133 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Greek sprinters scandal S. 47

„… ?Olympic?Games,?An?overviewin:?Blackshaw I./Siekmann R./Soek J.?(eds),?The?Court?of?Arbitration?for?sport?1984-?2004,T.M.?C?Asser?Press …” „… scandalThe?biggest?intrigue?of?the?Games?was?the?behaviour?of?Sydney?medal-winningGreek?sprinters?Kostas?Kederis?and?Katerina?Thanou.?Having?failed?to?attend?amandatory?drugs?test,?they?claimed?that?they?were?'involved'?in?a?motorcycle?accident.?They?withdrew?from?the?Games?in?order?to?avoid?a?forced?expulsion.However,?by?November?2004 …” „… scandalMuch?of?the?politics?surrounding?the?Athens?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Vodafone scandal S. 47

„… ?Olympic?Games,?An?overviewin:?Blackshaw I./Siekmann R./Soek J.?(eds),?The?Court?of?Arbitration?for?sport?1984-?2004,T.M.?C?Asser?Press …” „… scandalThe?biggest?intrigue?of?the?Games?was?the?behaviour?of?Sydney?medal-winningGreek?sprinters?Kostas?Kederis?and?Katerina?Thanou.?Having?failed?to?attend?amandatory?drugs?test,?they?claimed?that?they?were?'involved'?in?a?motorcycle?accident.?They?withdrew?from?the?Games?in?order?to?avoid?a?forced?expulsion.However,?by?November?2004 …” „… scandalMuch?of?the?politics?surrounding?the?Athens?Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova General S. 134-135

„… ?to?eat?supposedly?energy?boosting?substancesprior?to?activity,?while?they?are?said?to?eat?lamb?testicles?(?a?kind?of?contemporarytestosterone)?to?enhance?their?capacity.?Inca?Slaves?were,?also,?considered?to?workbetter?after?chewing?coca?leaves.?In?modern?sport?history?doping?was?first?mentioned?in?the?Olympic?Games?of?Sent?Louis?in?1904 …” „… ?the?International?Olympic?Committee?banned?anabolics283 http://www.dopingjouren.se/page.asp?page=history.284 Tsounakos …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova War and Sport S. 29

„… .?The?athlete’s?victory?was?equalized?to?a?citystate’s?victory.?For?this?reason,?the?conflicts?among?cities-states?ceased?during?theperiod?of?the?Games?(Olympic …” „… SportThe?athlete?in?the?Olympics?represented?the?city-state?of?his?origins,?which?honoredhim?as?a?winner?after?the?Games …” „… ?Truce)?and?was?replaced?by?the?noble?competitionof?their?athletes,.?This?symbolism?was?indicative?of?the?necessity?of?transferring?thecompetition?of?the?cities-states?to?the?field?of?political?contest.?Besides,?for?the?samereason?the?treaties?signed?by?the?cities-states?were?kept?in?the?holy?temple?of?Altis.In?this?was?the?educational?character?of?the?Games?for?the?pan-0hellenic?city?acquired?character.From the Roman Empire to …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova From the Roman Empire to Theodosius S. 29

„… .?The?athlete’s?victory?was?equalized?to?a?citystate’s?victory.?For?this?reason,?the?conflicts?among?cities-states?ceased?during?theperiod?of?the?Games?(Olympic …” „… SportThe?athlete?in?the?Olympics?represented?the?city-state?of?his?origins,?which?honoredhim?as?a?winner?after?the?Games …” „… ?Truce)?and?was?replaced?by?the?noble?competitionof?their?athletes,.?This?symbolism?was?indicative?of?the?necessity?of?transferring?thecompetition?of?the?cities-states?to?the?field?of?political?contest.?Besides,?for?the?samereason?the?treaties?signed?by?the?cities-states?were?kept?in?the?holy?temple?of?Altis.In?this?was?the?educational?character?of?the?Games?for?the?pan-0hellenic?city?acquired?character.From the Roman Empire to …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The International respond S. 135-137

„… tivity,?while?they?are?said?to?eat?lamb?testicles?(?a?kind?of?contemporarytestosterone)?to?enhance?their?capacity.?Inca?Slaves?were,?also,?considered?to?workbetter?after?chewing?coca?leaves.?In?modern?sport?history?doping?was?first?mentioned?in?the?Olympic?Games?of?Sent?Louis?in?1904 …” „… ?the?International?Olympic?Committee?banned?anabolics283 http://www.dopingjouren.se/page.asp?page=history.284 Tsounakos …” „… .?WADA?is?structured?on?the?basisof?equal?representation?of?the?Olympic?Movement?and?Public?Authorities.?In2001WADA's? Foundation? Board? voted? to?move? its? headquarters? from? Lausanne …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport during the Medieval Age S. 29-30

„… .?The?athlete’s?victory?was?equalized?to?a?citystate’s?victory.?For?this?reason,?the?conflicts?among?cities-states?ceased?during?theperiod?of?the?Games?(Olympic …” „… SportThe?athlete?in?the?Olympics?represented?the?city-state?of?his?origins,?which?honoredhim?as?a?winner?after?the?Games …” „… ?Truce)?and?was?replaced?by?the?noble?competitionof?their?athletes,.?This?symbolism?was?indicative?of?the?necessity?of?transferring?thecompetition?of?the?cities-states?to?the?field?of?political?contest.?Besides,?for?the?samereason?the?treaties?signed?by?the?cities-states?were?kept?in?the?holy?temple?of?Altis.In?this?was?the?educational?character?of?the?Games?for?the?pan-0hellenic?city?acquired?character.From the Roman Empire to …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport and EU law S. 168

„… G.,?Intervention?in?the?Olympic?Games?Congress?(in?Greek),?Public?Law?Matters,?Applications?of?Public?Law,?Special?Edition,?Ant.N.Sakkoulas,?2003.385 Gonzalez J.S.,?Sport?as?an?element?for?European?Integration,?in?ISLR/Pandektis,?Vol …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Doping and European Union S. 137-141

„… The?activity?of?the?European?Union?regarding?doping?in?general?and?OlympicGames?of?Athens?in?specific?is?clear?after?all?that?has?been?mentioned?above.?However,?even?though?at?the?two?last?Olympiads?the?incidents?of?doping?were?increasedand?some?of …” „… ?isno?longer?the?same?as?in?the?pat?and?no?longer?constitutes?a?sole?act?at?the?day?ofthe?game …” „… ? action.?Theseprinciples?are?concentrated?on?the?right?of?security?and?health,?on?the?principle?ofintegrity?and?transparency?in?organizing?sporting?games?and?on?the?attention?required?when?dealing?with?vulnerable?groups,?such?as?children.The?European?Group?of?Deontology?proceeded? to? presenting? certain …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Doping and European Convention of Human Rights S. 141-143

„… The?activity?of?the?European?Union?regarding?doping?in?general?and?OlympicGames …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The international constitutional framework of sports S. 64-65

„… between?national?and?international?rules?of?law.?Each?legal?order/jurisdiction?decides?about?the?power/validity?of?its?rules?based?on?its?constitutional?provisions.The?Olympic …” „… ? phenomenon,which?enters?into?contracts?with?states,?international?organizations?etc.?Its?autonomy?is?desirable?but?feasible?only?in?so?far?as?it?does?not?intrude?itself?into?the?statejurisdictions.?However,?the?Olympic …” „… ? havelooked?for?their?contribution?to?the?sporting?affairs.?Rules?of?relative?content?to?theone?of?the?Olympic?Charter?were?adopted?by?the?Council?of?Europe?under?an?intenseeffort?to?be?placed?among?a?unified?European?system.A?European?Charter?for?Sport?has?been?already?adopted?at?a?level?of?committeeof?Ministers?on?the?24th?of?September?1992 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The positions of the Council of Europe about Sport and their contribution to the forming of a European perception about sports S. 65-66

„… ? havelooked?for?their?contribution?to?the?sporting?affairs.?Rules?of?relative?content?to?theone?of?the?Olympic?Charter?were?adopted?by?the?Council?of?Europe?under?an?intenseeffort?to?be?placed?among?a?unified?European?system.A?European?Charter?for?Sport?has?been?already?adopted?at?a?level?of?committeeof?Ministers?on?the?24th?of?September?1992 …” „… .?The?Chapter?has?many?similarities?withthe?Olympic?Chapter.?On?the?same?day?the?Ministers?Committee?adopted?the?Codeof?Sport?Ethics-Fair?Play?for?sports.The?Council?of?Europe?on?the?24th?September?1992 …” „… ,?gamesmanship,?doping,?violence,?corruption,?and?commercialization.?In?this?sense,?fair?play?is?mainly?a?positive?and?deontological?concept?and?not?just?a?principle?or?rule.?The?governments,?the?sporting?organizationsand?the?natural?persons?are?competent?t …”

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David K. Wiggins, Kevin B. Witherspoon, Mark Dyreson - Black Mercuries

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David K. Wiggins, Kevin B. Witherspoon, Mark Dyreson

Black Mercuries

2023

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NOTES S. 249-262

„… , p. 3. “Colored man” from “Olympic Games to Begin Today,” Louisville Courier-Journal, August 29, 1904 …” „… , Official Report of the 1904 Olympic Games (New York: Spalding, 1905), 78. 7. Henderson, The Negro in Sports …” „… , 69. 8. Lucas, Official Report of the 1904 Olympic Games, 78. 9. “Olympic Games Begin To-Day at St …”

7 BLACK MERCURIES IN THE IMMEDIATE POST–COLD WAR PERIOD S. 165-192

„… commercialization of the Games—was the addition of profes-sional athletes into Olympic competition. For the United …” „… and only Olympic Games.At the same time, an indication of the rapidly expanding commercializa-tion of …” „… Olympic Games.As a result of Jones’ disqualification from the five events in which she me-daled, only one …”

PREFACE

„… Modern Olympic GamesDavid K. Wiggins Kevin B. Witherspoon Mark DyresonR O W M A N & L I T T L E F I E …” „… un-folded in the global cauldron of visibility that are the Olympic games?In a year of interviewing and …” „… , 2014 Sochi, 2018 Pyeongchang, and 2022 Beijing Olympic games.Finally, we were reminded while completing …”

9 BLACK MERCURIES SHINE IN RIO AND TOKYO S. 221-248

„… from the ROT medaled in the games.Olympic observers anticipated that the United States, China, and …” „… Olympic athletes if the Tokyo Games had been held as originally scheduled in the summer of 2020 when …” „… athletes commonly known as the Refugee Olympic Team (ROT). In the years immediately prior to the games in …”

8 BLACK MERCURIES DURING THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION S. 193-220

„… tournament in what would be her last Olympic Games.ONE WORLD, ONE DREAM, MORE ThAN ONE SPORTThe official …” „… made history. In spite of these changes, these three Olympic Games clearly substantiated 1 9 4 C h A P …” „… capture a swimming medal in the Olympic Games when she participated in the preliminaries of the 4×100 …”

1 PIONEERING BLACK MERCURIES S. 1-26

„… onto American Olympic teams in the early history of the revived games.PIONEERING BLACKNESS: ThE BILLY …” „… Olympic event, let alone to win four gold medals at the 1936 Berlin games.Morris, Poage, Taylor, and Drew …” „… well with the American Olympic squad for the 1900 Paris games. Once again, the American entry at the …”

5 BLACK MERCURIES IN THE AGE OF PROTEST S. 111-136

„… declared, “I advocate that every Negro athlete eligible to participate in the Olympic Games in Japan next …” „… originally awarded the Olympic Games of 1940 to Tokyo; however, those games were never held due to the onset …” „… the air and heads bowed while on the victory stand during the 1968 Olympic games in Mexico City. Smith …”

3 BLACK MERCURIES IN THE TURBULENT 1930s S. 55-82

„… . “Lily-whiteism, a thing more pronounced than anything else around here on the eve of the Olympic games …” „… first ‘slaves’ to this country must have had these Olympic Games in mind, for these ‘senegambians’ have …” „… the Olympic power rankings. “As the dim light fades on what is called the greatest Olympics games in …”

6 BLACK MERCURIES IN THE AGE OF BOYCOTTS S. 137-164

„… 1976 MONTREAL OLYMPICSOn May 12, 1970, the International Olympic Committee awarded the Games of the XXI …” „… Johnson carrying the Olympic flame at the open-ing ceremonies of the 1984 games in Los Angeles. Silver …” „… Olympic Games.”6The games went on without the Soviets, and they became a hyper- patriotic celebration for …”

A BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY ON SOURCES S. 263-274

„… . Henderson also produced one of the earliest histories of Black Olympians, “The Negro in the Olympic Games …” „… , Black Olympian Medalists (Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, 1991), and Bill Mallon, “Olympic Games …” „… Olympic Games (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1999); Mark Dyreson, Crafting Patriotism for Global …”

2 BLACK MERCURIES IN THE JAZZ AGE S. 27-54

„… the millions who perished in the conflagration, and paving the way for the return of the Olympic Games …” „… began badly for the American competitors in the Olympic games. In his first running broad jump Sol …” „… Defender’s rival, the Chi-cago Bee. As the Paris games approached, Butler had given up his Olympic dreams for …”

4 BLACK MERCURIES AND THE DAWNING OF THE COLD WAR S. 83-110

„… a U.S. Olympic basketball team. 9 0 C h A P T E R 4After a four-game exhibition tour through …” „… seven-year-old boy who would go on to Olympic greatness of his own. Mal-vin “Mal” Whitfield sneaked into the …” „… -meters, clocking exactly the same time at both games. In the ensuing decades, his work with other …”

INDEX S. 275-302

„… ; early life and high school athletic career, 30–31; at Inter-Allied Games (1919), 30, 32; post-Olympic …” „… Paralympic Games (TOCOG), 235; track and field in, 237–40; and U.S. Olympic trials, 240; volleyball in, 244 …” „… trials (1932), 59–60; at U.S. Olympic trials (1936), 71–72picnic games, 3Pierce, Jack, 167Pietrzykowski …”

ABOUT THE AUTHORS S. 303-304

„… African American Experience in Sport (2003), and More Than a Game: A History of the African American …” „… , including Making the American: Sport, Culture, and the Olympic Experience (1998) and Crafting Patriotism for …”

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Peter Matthews - Historical Dictionary of Track and Field

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Historical Dictionary of Track and Field

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Appendix B. Olympic Games: Winners S. 227-254

„… 227Appendix BOlympic Games: WinnersTimes are shown, as appropriate, as hours:minutes:seconds …” „… 2/21/12 1:15 PMOLYMPIC GAMES: WINNERS • 2291960 Otis Davis (USA) 45.071964 Michael Larrabee (USA …” „… 1:15 PMOLYMPIC GAMES: WINNERS • 2311976 Lasse Viren (FIN) 13:24.761980 Miruts Yifter (ETH) 13.20.911984 …”

Introduction S. 1-224

„… sport of track and field athletics in the modern age, the Olympic Games, is the revival of events held …” „… multievent contest was held in 708 BC, at the Olympic Games, when a young Spartan named 12-022_Matthews.indb …” „… permission to hold them from the emperor or local ruler. In 80 BC, the Olympic Games were transferred from …”

Preface

„… DICTIONARY 21AppendixesA Presidents of the IAAF 225B Olympic Games: Winners 227C World Championships: Venues …” „… full career, Matthews has also gotten to know the sports from inside, covering seven Olympic Games …” „… for the military are held in Ireland.393 The ancient Olympic Games are abolished by decree of the …”

Bibliography S. 301-318

„… , U.K.: SportsBooks, 2011.VII. OLYMPIC GAMESButler, Mark. Athletics Statistics Book: Games of the XXIX …” „… and Roman Athletics 307V. Marathon 307VI. National Histories 308VII. Olympic Games 309VIII …” „… produced excellent Finnish-language books covering the Olympic Games, and Martti Jukola, an inter-national …”

About the Author S. 319-320

„… for track and field athletics at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, and worked at his seventh Olympics …”

Appendix C. World Championships: Venues and Winners S. 255-272

„… 255Appendix CWorld Championships: Venues and WinnersAthletics events at the Olympic Games have had …” „… World Championship status, but the first championships for athletics alone were staged in the Olympic …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780810879850

Gary Armstrong, James Rosbrook-Thompson, Iain Lindsay - Power Plays

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Gary Armstrong, James Rosbrook-Thompson, Iain Lindsay

Power Plays

Series: Academia Sport

Volume 57 2021

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Chapter Two: Hard & Soft Power in the Olympic Games S. 13-20

„… Hard & Soft Power in the Olympic Games ‘Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is …” „… history of the Olympic Games, from mythological origins to Cold War geopolitical schisms. This history …” „… celebrated by instituting the Olympic Games. Other versions of this myth portray the Ancient Olympics as a …”

Chapter Thirteen: The Power to Play Clean: Sportswashing S. 105-114

„… strategies – the Olympic Games provide perhaps the best example of the futility of the assumption that sport …” „… , deeply filled with allegory and symbolism. Preuss (2004) cites the use of the Olympic Games as a vehicle …” „… , a vibrator and a Violin from the hosts during an official Olympic visit (Jennings and Sambrook, 2000 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Setting the SceneChapter One: 9 Hard & Soft Power in the Olympic GamesChapter Two: 13 Hard & Soft Power in …”

Chapter Three: Hard & Soft Power in the Workers’ Sport Movement S. 21-28

„… place in Prague in 1921. The organisers of the event did not oppose the Olympic Games, but certainly …” „… official Workers Olympic Games. The organisation, now renamed the Socialist Workers Sports International …” „… 1924 Modern Olympic Games on account of their nations’ involvement in World War One, the Workers …”

Chapter Twelve: Soft Power & Sporting Mega Events: Brazil & Sochi 2014 S. 97-104

„… . (Quoted in Harris 2013) Sporting mega events can bring other problems. The history of the Olympic Games …” „… New Zealand Olympic hopeful Blake Skjellerup pointed out, this does not mean that the Games couldn’t …” „… nation were less than happy about hosting the game’s most prestigious competition. Fundamentally this was …”

Chapter Four: Hard & Soft: Power, Gender & Sexuality in Sport S. 29-38

„… Olympic Games can be utilised for any ideology or value system and consequently diplomacy can take many …” „… 1912 de Coubertin defined the Olympic Games as: The solemn and periodic exaltation of male athleticism …” „… Olympics can be traced to the Ancient Games and his belief in the ancient Athenian supposition that mind …”

Chapter Seven: Hard & Soft Power in Cuban Sport S. 55-62

„… denied their chance to compete at the next two Olympic Games. For athletes who had demonstrated their …” „… of the 1984 Olympic Games again demonstrated Castro’s use of sport both as an act of solidarity as …” „… an Olympic boycott would also have on Cuba. Just as the Moscow games had been devalued in 1980 due to …”

Chapter Six: Soft Power & the Struggle against Apartheid Sport S. 47-54

„… segregationist South African Olympic Games Association (SAOGA) was accepted as a full member of the International …” „… South African Olympic Games Association (SAOGA) still enjoyed full membership of the IOC and showed no …” „… Olympic Committee, while in cricket the all-white national team of South Africa was received by Australia …”

Chapter One: Setting the Scene S. 9-12

„… . Chapter Two examines the history of soft and hard power projection in the Olympic Games from the Ancient …” „… USA and a number of its allies refuse to enter the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games, with the USSR and its …” „… Games, to the Nazi Olympics of 1936, to the Munich disaster of 1972 in which 11 members of the Israeli …”

Chapter Nine: Sport, Soft Power & the United Nations S. 71-78

„… Lillehammer Olympic Games founded ‘Olympic Aid’ (ahead of its hosting of the 1994 Olympic Winter Games …” „… Olympic Aid in raising $13 million through donations prior to and during the Atlanta Olympic Games. UNICEF …” „… Olympic athletes became ‘Ambassadors’ who would assist in fundraising schemes which took place before and …”

Chapter Fourteen: Lessons to be learned about Power & Sport S. 115-117

„… the Olympic Games and World Cup Finals entails the expression of soft power but in many cases also …” „… potential of the Olympic Games to project German soft power around the world; a global audience might have …” „… and Russia seem to be foundering on the same rocks. An event such as the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games …”

Chapter Five: Hard & Soft Power in Cold War Sport S. 39-46

„… Committee of the 2012 London Olympic Games – who won a gold medal in the 1500 metres. Athletes like Coe …” „… Union in boycotting the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, the LA Organising Committee lamented the loss to …” „… delegation withdrew from the Games, being joined by teams from Japan, West Germany, China, the Philippines …”

Chapter Ten: Soft Power & Sporting Celebrity S. 79-88

„… , September 10 Press Association (2012) 'London 2012: David Beckham to be given two roles at Olympic Games …” „… . Ethiopian long-distance runner and two-time Olympic Gold medallist Hailie Gebresalassie has spoken of his …” „… Beckham’s role in London’s 2012 Olympic bid, for example (Press Association 2012). However, professional …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783896659040

Deanna Binder, Roland Naul, Ludmila Fialova - Olympic Education – history, theory, practice

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Deanna Binder (ed.), Roland Naul (ed.), Ludmila Fialova (ed.)

Olympic Education – history, theory, practice

2021

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Èric Monnin Olympic Education and Host City of the Olympic Games: The example of Paris 2024 S. 121-131

„… Section Four: Olympic Education Before and After Olympic Games 121 Éric Monnin 8 Olympic …” „… Education and Host City of the Olympic Games: The example of Paris 2024 Introduction The International …” „… of cities to compete for the organization of the Olympic Games, the Olympic Movement remedied the …”

Taro Obayashi Olympic Education in Japan. Before and After the Tokyo Olympic Games of 1964 and 2020 S. 107-120

„… Olympic Education in Japan. Before and After the Tokyo Olympic Games of 1964 and 2020 108 Taro …” „… Obayashi 7 Olympic Education in Japan. Before and After the Tokyo Olympic Games of 1964 and 2020 …” „… Introduction In 2020, the Olympic and Paralympic Games will be held in Tokyo, the capital of 1 settled by The …”

Deanna Binder Olympic Values Education - From the 1980s to the Present S. 38-58

„… establish the International Olympic Committee and the modern Olympic cycle, the Olympic Games were not to …” „… information on ancient and modern Olympic Games, sports, issues, etc. - With an experience-centered …” „… the cities, and countries hosting Olympic Games. The groundwork for establishing a National Olympic …”

Mayamba Sitali Olympic Values Education as the Foundation for Community Sport S. 145-161

„… activity. Olympic values education like traditional games is about behavioral change; it also incorporates …” „… spearheading Olympic education through traditional games. These sports NGOs existed and propagated Olympism …” „… , focused on traditional games and on Olympic values education. Africa requires special attention in its …”

Nuria Puig The IOC Olympic Studies Centre and the Olympic Studies Academic Community S. 59-67

„… from bid cities - Games-time publications by International Sports Federations and National Olympic …” „… of the IOC and the modern Olympic Games said shortly before his death: wanted to perfect. I think …” „… . Our collections cover all of the key themes related to the Olympic Games and the Olympic Movement …”

Roland Naul The Evolution of Olympic Education: Sources and steps of development until the 1980s S. 18-37

„… education, development of sport organization and the process of the Olympic Games movement. Of course, the …” „… inauguration of the Olympic Games movement by Pierre de Coubertin, with the well-known Sorbonne Congress in …” „… historical chapter, we will focus on the Olympic Games movement of modern time initiated by Baron Pierre de …”

Clemencia Anaya Maya Olympic Values for Social Change S. 132-144

„… hosting the 2010 South American Games, the city fathers decided to make a bid for the 2018 Youth Olympic …” „… little child, I have been fascinated by the Olympic Games, and learned that the Olympic spirit was an …” „… the Olympic Games, or any association between the concept of Olympism and educational initiatives for …”

Anne Chevalley The Olympic Museum and Olympic Education: Same Theory, Different Practices S. 68-79

„… transmit the Olympic values beyond the celebration of the Games and competitions. It now hosts nearly …” „… Academies (NOAs), the Olympic Studies Centres (OSCs), the Organizing Committees for Olympic Games (OCOGs …” „… ), the Youth Olympic Games (YOG), and the Olympic Museum Network (OMN). All, according to the Olympic …”

Deanna Binder, Roland Naul, Ludmila Fialova Introduction S. 11-17

„… credibility of the Olympic Games and its teachers and youth sport coaches really depends on their …” „… state-sponsored doping of Olympic athletes by Russia before, during and after the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games …” „… better - Brazil experiences and trends - Canada educational programs as legacies of Olympic Games …”

Antonín Rychtecký Teaching Olympic Education and Education through Sport in the Czech Republic S. 91-106

„… extraordinary contribution to Olympic education which focused on the ancient Olympic Games, was edited in 1869 …” „… . Their members at that time were the athletes participating in the Olympic Games. Our outstanding …” „… sportsmen, winners of Olympic medals and Heroes of the modern Olympic Games played a significant role in …”

Zdeněk Škoda The Czech National Olympic Academy: Our Program and Activities (2012-2017) S. 80-90

„… . It gives young sportspeople a sense of the atmosphere of the real Olympic Games. The participants …” „… part in the games. During the last four years, the Czech Olympic Committee has significantly stepped …” „… 3 athletics, Olympic decathlon gold medallist at the XXV Olympic Games in Barcelona 1992. 4 …”

List of authors S. 162-164

„… Anaya Maya Manager, Special Projects Medellín Bid Committee for the 2018 Youth Olympic Games Based on …” „… former Director of the International Institute of Olympic Education, Univ. of Alberta and Adjunct …” „… Professor at Royal Roads Univ., Victoria, Canada. For many years, she was an IOC consultant for the Olympic …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783840314094

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