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Eleni Trova, Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris - The Olympic Games of the European Union

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Eleni Trova, Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris

The Olympic Games of the European Union

2011

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Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The National Olympic Committees (NOCs) S. 87-88

„… ,? theOlympic?Charter?succeeds?in?spreading?its?rules?with?essential?effectiveness?andthe?leading?role?of?the?IOC?without?being?limited?though?to?the?Ifs.The National Olympic Committees …” „… (NOCs)At?a?national?level,?National?Committees,?members?of?the?Olympic?Movement?arecreated?with?the?objective?of?the?promotion?of?the?Olympic?Movement?in?the?countries?that?they?belong?according?to?the?Olympic?Charter.?They?constitute?the?IOCrepresentatives?in?their?country.117?Among?their?competences,?according?to?the?articles?28-29 …” „… ,?Silance?L.,?The?Legal?Statues?of?the?International?Olympic?Committee?and?the?National?Olympic?Committees,?In?OARe,?pp.119-139.118 Olympic?Charter,?article?29?paragraph?4.119 Bye-law?to?rule?34.120 Article?37.87 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Law 2598/1998 ‘Organization of the Olympic Games – Athens 2004’ S. 218-222

„… ? the?National?Committee?are?purely?ofadvisory?character?(monitor?the?general?planning?of?the?Olympic?organization,?being?informed?of?its?progress?and?formulate?recommendations?and?remarks?on?theprogress?reports?submitted?by?the?Organizing?Committee …” „… the?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee,444 …” „… .?It?has?been?enacteda?few?months?after?the?city?of?Athens?had?been?entrusted?with?the?Olympic?Gamesand?the?Host?City?Contract?had?been?executed?by?the?International?Olympic?Committee,?the?Municipality?of?Athens?and?the?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee.448444 As?provided?in?article?37 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Host City Contract and the Olympic Charter S. 90-95

„… ,?which?defines?its?responsibilities.?Intothat?same?contract?enters?also?the?National?Olympic?Committee.?Consistent?withthe?protection?of?the?freedom?of?the?will,?the?IOC?chooses?to?contract?with?the?cities131 Among? others,? s.?Gaudin J.P.,? Gouverner? par? contrat,? Presses? de? Sciences? Po,? 1999 …” „… ? of?organization,?exploitation,television?broadcasting,?reproduction?by?any?means?whatsoever?etc.Through?the?Host?City?Contract,?the?IOC?cedes?to?the?Organizing?Committeethat?will?be?created?and?to?the?National?Olympic?Committee?the?following:?a?percentage? of? the? television? and? radio? broadcasting? rights? related? to? the …” „… ?family?and?spectators,?even?the?price?control?of?hotels?and?accommodationservices.?Another?unit?of?regulations?concerns?the?organization?and?the?program?ofthe?Games,?as?well?as?the?cultural?programs,?the?ceremonies?etc.The?Contract?requires?the?securing?of?a?series?of?legal?requirements,?such?as?thelegal?protection?of?the?Olympic?symbols?and?indicia?by?state?intervention?(namely,through?enactment).?The?National?Olympic?Committee …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The International Olympic Committee (IOC) S. 85-87

„… ,? theOlympic?Charter?succeeds?in?spreading?its?rules?with?essential?effectiveness?andthe?leading?role?of?the?IOC?without?being?limited?though?to?the?Ifs.The National Olympic Committees …” „… (NOCs)At?a?national?level,?National?Committees,?members?of?the?Olympic?Movement?arecreated?with?the?objective?of?the?promotion?of?the?Olympic?Movement?in?the?countries?that?they?belong?according?to?the?Olympic?Charter.?They?constitute?the?IOCrepresentatives?in?their?country.117?Among?their?competences,?according?to?the?articles?28-29 …” „… ,?Silance?L.,?The?Legal?Statues?of?the?International?Olympic?Committee?and?the?National?Olympic?Committees,?In?OARe,?pp.119-139.118 Olympic?Charter,?article?29?paragraph?4.119 Bye-law?to?rule?34.120 Article?37.87 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Host City Contract and Olympic Games-the penetration of the Olympic Movement Rules in the national legal orders S. 88-90

„… ,?which?defines?its?responsibilities.?Intothat?same?contract?enters?also?the?National?Olympic?Committee.?Consistent?withthe?protection?of?the?freedom?of?the?will,?the?IOC?chooses?to?contract?with?the?cities131 Among? others,? s.?Gaudin J.P.,? Gouverner? par? contrat,? Presses? de? Sciences? Po,? 1999 …” „… ?autonomy?of?the?NOCs?is?of?pivotal?importance.In?the?vast?majority?of?the?states?the?NOCs?constitute?a?legal?person?of?privatelaw.?In?the?framework?of?the?Greek?law,?the?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee?recognizes? the? Hellenic? Olympic? Committee? as? a? legal? person? of? public? law? called“Olympic? Games …” „… ? showtolerance?and?respect?to?the?special?character?of?the?Games?and?have?not?challengedthis?contract.?According?to?the?contract,?the?Organizing?Committee?of?the?OlympicGames?(OCOG),124?the?NOC?and?the?host?city?are?jointly?and?severally?liable?forall?comm …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The commercialization of the Games and the early violations. S. 259-262

„… ? all?NationalOlympic?Committees?and?International?Sports?Federations?explaining?the?necessityof?strictly?abiding?by?an?IOC?decision?to?protect?the?symbol?against?commercialexploitation.560559 Landry,?1996.560 Reported?in?IOC?General?Session?Minutes,?Rome?1923 …” „… Protection?of?the?Olympic?Words?and?Rings:?Notice?for?the?National?Olympic?Committees”?,IOC?Bulletin?No.16?(July?15,?1949),?p.20, Michalos,?op?cit.260 …” „… ,?the?IOC?issued?a?circular?askingnational?Olympic?committees?(“?NOCs”?)?to?apply?for?legislative?protection?for?theOlympic?words?and?rings?in?their?countries.562?It?urged?NOCs?to:“?react?energetically?in?all?cases?where?the …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The integration of the ethical rules of sport in national laws S. 74-77

„… ?their?governments?with?reference?to?the?same?issue,?or?at?least?urging?theneed?for?joint?action.?If?and?when?these?texts?become?rules?of?national?law?by?meansof?accession?to?international?treaties,?it?will?be?interesting?to?examine?their?relationwith?the?rules?of?the?Olympic?Movement,?especially?if?it?is?the?case?of?states?thatentered? into? a?Host …” „… ?concerning?the?Committee?of?the?Olympic?Games?analogous?conceptswere?placed?within?the?purpose?of?the?Committee?of?the?Olympic?Games.?In?addition,?according?to?article?4 …” „… ?of?the?said?law,?beside?the?Committee?of?the?OlympicGames,?a?Special?Committee?was?established,?the?Sporting?Ethics?Committee94.The?goal?thereof?was,?among?other?things,?the?supervision?for?th …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova General Remarks S. 230-232

„… ? InterministerialCommittee?and?the?National?Olympic?Committee?were?organizations?that?aimed?atthis?direction.?The?elevation?of?the?Olympic?organization?to?a?major?national …” „… ?Charter?were?gradually?adopted,?specific?engagements?of?the?HostCity?Contract?were?fulfilled?and?the?Greek?legal?order?was?familiarized?with?thenew?undertaking,?which?it?is?called?upon?to?carry?through.More?specifically:a. The?Organizing?Committee?was?created,?pursuant?to?the?Host?City?Contractand?the?Olympic …” „… ? security?provoked?many?negative?comments?andarticles?from?many?countries?were?critical?towards?the?Greek?ability?to?guaranteethe?security?of?the?Games.?So,?initially?the?Government?proceeded?to?the?creationof?a?Coordinating?Committee …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Security in the Barcelona Games S. 40-42

„… ?Stadium?on?Montjuic,for?example,?was?named?after?executed?Catalan?national?hero?Lluis?Companys?iJover.?In?any?event?the?Games?passed?off?without?incident.40The?makeup?of?the?Barcelona?Organizing?Committee?(COOB’92 …” „… ? Spain’sOlympic?Committee,?Barcelona? City?Council,?Generalitat? of? Catalonia? and …” „… ? resourcesunder?the?authority?of?the?Commission?for?Olympic?Security?and?integrated?theefforts?of?the?National?Police,?the?Guardia?Civil,?the?Mossos?d’?Esquadra?(CatalanPolice),?the?Barcelona?City?Police,?other?local?police?forces,?the?Army,?the?Navyand?the?Air?Force.The?administrative? instrument?was? the?Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The International Federations (IFs) S. 87

„… ,? theOlympic?Charter?succeeds?in?spreading?its?rules?with?essential?effectiveness?andthe?leading?role?of?the?IOC?without?being?limited?though?to?the?Ifs.The National Olympic Committees …” „… (NOCs)At?a?national?level,?National?Committees,?members?of?the?Olympic?Movement?arecreated?with?the?objective?of?the?promotion?of?the?Olympic?Movement?in?the?countries?that?they?belong?according?to?the?Olympic?Charter.?They?constitute?the?IOCrepresentatives?in?their?country.117?Among?their?competences,?according?to?the?articles?28-29 …” „… ,?Silance?L.,?The?Legal?Statues?of?the?International?Olympic?Committee?and?the?National?Olympic?Committees,?In?OARe,?pp.119-139.118 Olympic?Charter,?article?29?paragraph?4.119 Bye-law?to?rule?34.120 Article?37.87 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Charter S. 83-85

„… th?century,?the?host?city?contract?provides?principles?that?not?only?the?members?of?the?Olympic?movement?have?to?acceptand?adhere?to?but?also?the?national?states.?At?this?point?the?freedom?of?contracts?and112 Mestre …” „… so,?the?national?governments?are?committed?to?abide?by?the?Olympic?Charter,?ifa?city?within?its?territory?undertakes?to?host?the?Olympics?(article?34?par.3 …” „… eir?regime?in?the?framework?of?the?volition?of?the?Olympic?Movement.?The?Olympic?Games?undertake?according?to?the?Olympic?Charter?a?role?ofsocial?reformer?through?the?freedom?of?contracts.The International Olympic Committee …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic games of 2004 under Greek legislation S. 217-218

„… A.,?Sports?Legislation?(In?Greek),Ant.?Sakkoulas,?Athens-Komotini,?2000.217the?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee,444 …” „… .?It?has?been?enacteda?few?months?after?the?city?of?Athens?had?been?entrusted?with?the?Olympic?Gamesand?the?Host?City?Contract?had?been?executed?by?the?International?Olympic?Committee,?the?Municipality?of?Athens?and?the?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee.448444 As?provided?in?article?37 …” „… ?of?the?said?law,?the?Committee?of?the?Olympic?Games?(public?lawlegal?person)?has?been?renamed?to?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee?(HOC)?and?a?presidentialdecree?has? been?published? (no.?130/2000,?Government?Gazette? 113?A?)?with?a? view? toregulating?issues?as …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Ideological background S. 124-127

„… ?In?the?sameyear,?the?International?Olympic?Committee …” „… ?is?established?aiming?at?placing?sportat?the?service?of?the?harmonious?development?of?humankind?with?a?view?to?encouraging?the?establishment?of?a?peaceful?society?concerned?with?the?preservationof?human?dignity.?With?the?formation?of?the?International?Olympic?Committee?theglobal?society?acquired?another?institution?that?hoped?to?play?an?important?role?inthe?international?relations,?through?sport.257 …” „… Quoted?from?Müller, N.,?.?Pierre?de?Coubertin.?Olympism.?Selected?Writings.?Lausanne:International?Olympic?Committee …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The connection of the rules of the Olympic Movement with the Host City and hence with the legal order of the country that hosts the Olympic Games S. 90

„… ,?which?defines?its?responsibilities.?Intothat?same?contract?enters?also?the?National?Olympic?Committee.?Consistent?withthe?protection?of?the?freedom?of?the?will,?the?IOC?chooses?to?contract?with?the?cities131 Among? others,? s.?Gaudin J.P.,? Gouverner? par? contrat,? Presses? de? Sciences? Po,? 1999 …” „… ce?dialogue?with?the?states,?although?it?had?never?had?direct?contractualrelation?with?them.?In?view?of?each?Olympic?organization,?the?Olympic?Movementcontracts?through?the?IOC?with?the?Host?City?and?the?National?Olympic …” „… ?Committeeof?the?country,?where?the?Host?City?is?found,?as?well?as?with?a?special?and?independent?legal?person,?the?Organizing?Committee?of?the?Olympic?Games.?This?contract?is?the?Host?City?Contract,?which?constitutes?the?principal?frame?of?the?Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport as a means of expression of the freedom of association S. 57-58

„… ? in?Europe?is?based?traditionally?on?the?organization?structure?ofregional?associations.?At?national?level?these?associations?form?federations.?Eachsport?is?organized?as?part?of?thematic?and?national?federations,?which?are?joined?atEuropean? level? and? constitute? the? so-called? ‘sports?movement’56.?The?OlympicMovement57 …” „… nalysis?will?be?to?determine?the?boundaries?of?therules?of?the?Olympic?Movement?as?opposed?to?the?national?and?Community?law?ofa?European?state.?Such?is?the?case?of?Greece,?where?Athens,?the?Host?City60The end of amateur sport and the role of the …” „… ural?character,?which?was?the?case?when?sport?was?principally?amateur.?Sports?activity?has?assumed?enormous?financial?dimensions?and?constitutes?asource?of?wealth?increase?at?international?level.In?the?beginning?of?the?1980 s,?the?International?Olympic?Committee61 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The dialectic relation between the Olympic Charter and the legal order of the Host City – The legal nature of the Olympic Charter S. 213-216

„… ?Charter?should?be?soughtin?the?provisions?that?it?embodies?and?by?which?are?voluntarily?bound,?by?virtue?ofContracts,?the?Host?Cities?and?the?National?Olympic?Committees.According?to?the?Olympic?Charter,?the?Government?of?the?country?where?theHost?City?is?situated,?guarantees?the?respect?of?the?Olympic?Charter?(article?37.3of?the?Olympic?Charter)438.?This …” „… ?Charter?has?binding?effect,?which?is?independent?fromthe?national?legal?orders?or?the?international?law.?Still,?the?consequences?thereofhave?strong?political?bearing?on?the?cities?that?undertake?the?Olympic?organizationdue?to?the?significance?the?Olympic …” „… and?the?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee?were?obliged?jointly?and?severally?to?complywith?the?terms?of?the?Olympic?Charter?and?with?those?of?the?Host?City?Contract.?Itshould?be?noted?that,?according?to?article?13?of?the …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Bibliography S. 285-299

„… L.,?The?Legal?Statues?of?the?International?Olympic?Committee?and?the?National?OlympicCommittees,?In?OARe,?pp.119-139.Silance …” „… :?International?Symposium,?Lausanne,?14th,?15th?and?16th?November?2002.?Lausanne:?International?Olympic?Committee,?2003.Morange …” „… , N.,?Pierre?de?Coubertin.?Olympism.?Selected?Writings.?Lausanne:?International?OlympicCommittee,?2000.v. Münch …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The revival, the Olympic Truce Foundation, the UN contribution and the EU attitude S. 127-130

„… in?Olympia.?It?was?jointly?organized?bythe?Greek?Government,?the?International?Olympic?Truce?Centre,?the?InternationalOlympic?Academy?and?the?Greek?National?Olympic?Committee.?Also,?a?New?IOCForum?on?Sport?for?Peace?and?Development?is?to?be?held?in?May?2009 …” „… ? OlympicCommittee?in?cooperation?with?the?Greek?government. The?International?Olympic264 Nafziger …” „… ?Truce? inpreparation?for?the?Olympic?Games?in?Beijing.?A?little?bit?later,?the?president?of?theInternational?Olympic?Committee,?Jacques?Rogge,?on?occasion?of?the?Lighting?ofthe?Olympic?Flame?in?Olympia,?on?the?24th?March?2008?referred?to?the?truce,272expressing …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The legal status of the Olympic organization and the legislative framework of sport S. 60-61

„… esented?by?its?Mayor,?Mr?Dimitris?Avramopoulos,the?National?Olympic?Committee?and?the?International?Olympic?Committee.?This?is?a?contractof?accession;?a?contract?that?has?been?signed?without?any?possibility?of?negotiation.?Becausethis?is?the?Olympic …” „… ?througha?series?of?interventions,?which?began?by?the?signature?of?the?Host?City?Contactbetween?the?city?of?Athens,?the?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee …” „… ?and?the?IOC,?by?thecreation?of?the?Athens?Olympic?Organizing?Committee …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The end of amateur sport and the role of the IOC S. 58-59

„… ural?character,?which?was?the?case?when?sport?was?principally?amateur.?Sports?activity?has?assumed?enormous?financial?dimensions?and?constitutes?asource?of?wealth?increase?at?international?level.In?the?beginning?of?the?1980 s,?the?International?Olympic?Committee61 …” „… nctioned?by?the?European?Union?and?the?nationalConstitutions.?A?considerable?law-producing?activity?of?the?states?raised?the?au-59 The?concept?of?Olympism?is?defined?in?the?Olympic?Chapter?and?will?be?examined?below.60 …” „… ? InternationalOlympic?Committee?(IOC).61 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… The?International?Olympic?Committee?(IOC) 85The?International?Federations?(IFs) 87The?National?Olympic?Committees?(NOCs) 87 …” „… The?Host?City?Contract?and?Olympic?Games-the?penetration?of?theOlympic?Movement?Rules?in?the?national?legal?orders 88 …” „… The?competitive?relation?between?the?Olympic?movement?rules?andthe?national/state?ones?and?the?institutional?balancing?of?each?Olympicorganization 1027Chapter?5 104Human?Rights?and?Olympic?Games 104 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The freedom to contract and the relation between the associative nature of sport and the Olympic organization S. 61-63

„… esented?by?its?Mayor,?Mr?Dimitris?Avramopoulos,the?National?Olympic?Committee?and?the?International?Olympic?Committee.?This?is?a?contractof?accession;?a?contract?that?has?been?signed?without?any?possibility?of?negotiation.?Becausethis?is?the?Olympic …” „… Movement?are?binding?for?the?contracting?parties.?The?examination?of?the?rules?ofthe?Olympic?Movement?will?bring?out?the?points?of?friction?with?the?national?rules,which?will?serve?the?vision?of?Olympism.Through?the?contractual?relation?proposed?by?the?Olympic …” „… ?to?a?large?extent?the?nature?and?essence?of?sports?rules?and?of?therules?of?the?Olympic?Movement.For?the?needs?of?the?present?study,?the?examination?of?the?above?issues?is?limitedto?the?Olympic?organization?of?2004?by?the?city?of?Athens?and?does?not?expan …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Fair play in the Code of Sports Ethics of the Council of Europe S. 73-74

„… ?theEuropean?Sports?Charter,?which?is?quite?similar?to?the?Olympic?Charter.?On?thesame?day,?Ministers’?Committee …” „… ?their?governments?with?reference?to?the?same?issue,?or?at?least?urging?theneed?for?joint?action.?If?and?when?these?texts?become?rules?of?national?law?by?meansof?accession?to?international?treaties,?it?will?be?interesting?to?examine?their?relationwith?the?rules?of?the?Olympic?Movement,?especially?if?it?is?the?case?of?states?thatentered? into? a?Host …” „… ? the?Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The interest of modern states in sport S. 59-60

„… ly?to?private?action.The?Olympic?Movement,?endowed?with?a?strongly?international?character,?butalso?with?the?possibility?to?have?an?effect?upon?national …” „… ?througha?series?of?interventions,?which?began?by?the?signature?of?the?Host?City?Contactbetween?the?city?of?Athens,?the?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee …” „… ?and?the?IOC,?by?thecreation?of?the?Athens?Olympic?Organizing?Committee …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The limits to the autonomy of the Olympic organization S. 183-185

„… ?the?EuropeanSports?Charter,?which?bears?many?resemblances?to?the?Olympic?Charter.?On?thesame?day?the?Committee …” „… imits?to?the?autonomy?of?the?Olympic?Movement?are?set?by?the?Treaty?onEuropean?Union?in?the?framework?of?a?European?Olympic?organization,?accordingto?the?European?Court?of?Justice?and?the?national?Constitutions.?The?autonomy?ofthe?mission? of? the?Olympic?Movement? cannot? infringe? upon? the …” „… The?Committee?of?Ministers?has?adopted?on?24?September?1992 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Special legislation introduced by the hosting states S. 272-280

„… ?A?).?Under?the?same?protection?have?come?the?name?and?the?businessname?of?the?Organizing?Committee?for?the?Olympic?Games?–?Athens?2004?and?ofits?affiliated?companies,?as?well?as?the?terms?‘Athens?2004’,?‘Olympic …” „… ?insignia?and?to?prevent?any?kind?of?ambush?marketing?strategy.?Quite?early?after?its?selection,?Beijing?Government?passed?local?regulationsprotection?Olympic?intellectual?property?rights.?Later?the?State?Council?issued?theRegulations?on?Protection?of?the?Olympic?Symbol?which?granted?a?wide?protectionof?the?Olympic?intellectual?property?rights?to?the?national?level.?It?should?be?notedthat?the?Regulations?include?a?provision608 …” „… ? interlocutoryinjunction?against?a?possible?ambush?marketer?during?the?designated?protected?period.?Also?the?law?granted?protection?for?the?olympic?insignia,?deviding?the?protected?words?in?twocategories.?It?granted?permanent?protection?for?the?followingwords: Citius?Altius?Fortius,?Canadian?Olympic?Committee,?Comité?ParalympiqueCanadien,? Olympiad …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova List of Key Abbreviations S. 13-14

„… List?of?Key?AbbreviationsANOC Association?of?National?Olympic?Committees …” „… Non?Governmental?OrganizationsNOCs National?Olympic?CommitteesOECD Organization?for?Economic?Co-operation?and?DevelopmentTAS …” „… European?Commission?against?Racism?and?IntoleranceEOC European?Olympic?CommitteesFAI Football?Association?of?Ireland?(Dublin)FFA …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Games S. 85

„… so,?the?national?governments?are?committed?to?abide?by?the?Olympic?Charter,?ifa?city?within?its?territory?undertakes?to?host?the?Olympics?(article?34?par.3 …” „… eir?regime?in?the?framework?of?the?volition?of?the?Olympic?Movement.?The?Olympic?Games?undertake?according?to?the?Olympic?Charter?a?role?ofsocial?reformer?through?the?freedom?of?contracts.The International Olympic Committee …” „… (IOC)The?International?Olympic?Committee?was?founded?in?Paris?with?having?a?legalpersonality,?on?the?23rd?June?1894?and?its?headquarters?was?transferred?in?Lausannein?1921.114 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Olympism S. 82-83

„… Olympic?spirit,?which?required?mutual?understanding?with?a?spirit?of?friendship,solidarity?and?fair?play.The?philosophy?of?the?Olympic …” „… ? andideological?movements?had?reached?their?peak,?the?Olympic?Movement?successfully?combined?element?of?aristocratic?thinking?with?democratic?principles,?as?hasbeen?mentioned?above.?During?this?process?the?derivation?and?the?origins?do?notmatter?at?all?and?a?constant?possibility?of?rejuvenation?is?noticed.In? this?way,? the? absolute? combination? of …” „… ? isattached?on?the?human?body?and?the?progress?of?the?individuals?though?their?effort.Consequently,?the?Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The protection of the human rights as a major objective of the Olympic Games S. 106-108

„… ?the?bodies?and?the?omnipotence?of?the?democratic?regime?and?the?of?the?ideology?which?stands?by?it.?At?the?same?time,?nongovernmental?organizations,?such?as?the?Olympic?Watch?(Committee?for?the?2008Olympic? Games? in? a? Free? and? Democratic? Country)202? and? the? InternationalAmnesty203 …” „… PlanThanks?to?the?leadership?of?the?Party?Central?Committee?and?the?State?Council?and?with?thestrong?support?of?all?the?Chinese?people?and?our?foreign?friends,?on?July?13,?2001,?Beijingwas?awarded?the?right?to?host?the?2008?Olympic …” „… ? theprevention?of?their?violation.The?Olympic?Games?of?2008 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Bidding process and governmental support S. 233-234

„… ,?the?International?Olympic?Committee?(IOC),?after?a?technical?evaluation,?reduced?thenumber?of?cities?to?five.?London,?Madrid,?Moscow,?New?York,?and?Paris?were?nowthe?candidates?cities.By?19?November?2004 …” „… ?all?five?candidate?cities?had?submitted?their?candidatefile?to?the?International?Olympic?Committee.?The?IOC?inspection?team?visited?thefive?candidate?cities?during?February?and?March?2005.?The?Paris?bid?suffered …” „… ?political?finances.Nevertheless,?when?the?International?Olympic?Committee …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The legislative regulation of sport in the Greek legal order S. 207-209

„… ?to?Athens,?hosted?many?provisions?inspired?by?the?rulesof?the?Olympic?Movement?since?the?beginning?of?the?century,?as?will?be?revealedfurther?down.?Such?an?example?is?the?creation?of?the?Sporting?Ethics?Committee?inimitation?of?the?IOC?Ethics?Commission.Therefore,?it?could?be?said?that?the?Olympic?organization?of?2004 …” „… ?Charter?as?a?whole.This?may?be?a?point?of?innovation,?especially?to?the?extent?that?the?protection?of?theenvironment?is?the?most?recent?pillar?of?the?Olympic?Movement.The?contracting?parties?were?the?IOC?on?the?one?hand?and?on?the?other?hand?apublic?law?legal?person,?the?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee …” „… ?highlighted?the?absence?of?the?European?character?of?the?Games?or?of?the?institutional?dimension?ofthe?EU?only?insofar?as?it?was?consistent?with?the?institutions?of?the?Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The London Olympic Games and Para-Olympic games Act 2006 S. 234-235

„… ?President?Jacques?Chirac's?statements?before?the?vote?that??We?can'ttrust?people?[the?British]?who?have?such?bad?food.?After?Finland,?it's?the?countrywith?the?worst?food.??Two?current?members?of?the?International?Olympic?Committee …” „… ?SummerOlympic?and?Paralympic?Games?in?London.?Along?with?the?London?OrganisingCommittee …” „… ? absolutegovernmental?support.?London’s?bid?enjoyed?the?backing?of?national,?regional?andlocal?government?throughout?UK?as?well?as?overwhelming?cross-party?support.Indeed,?since?the?very?beginning,?the?Prime?Minister?at? that? time?Tony?Blairencouraged? the? British? citizens? to? stand? by? the? effort? by? saying …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Bid Process S. 205-207

„… he?Greek?capital.?The?other?candidate?cities?which?were?claiming?theGames?were?Atlanta,?Belgrade,?Manchester,?Melbourne?and?Toronto.?The? finalvoting?of?the?members?of?the?International?Olympic?Committee,?took?place?at?the96 …” „… th?session?of?the?International?Olympic?Committee?in?Tokyo,?on?September?18th,1990.?At?the?final?round?Atlanta?got?51?votes?against?the?35?of?Athens.?The?dreamof?realiza …” „… ? International?Olympic?Committee?weremarked?by?great?arrogance”.426 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The relation between the EC law and the Olympic movement rules S. 163-165

„… ?With?the?host?city,?the?NOC?of?the?respective?country?and?a?special?andautonomous? legal? person,? the?Organization? Committee? of? the?Olympic?Games(OCOG).?This? is? the? host …” „… ? Olympicmovement?rules?are?succeeding?(or?trying?to?succeed?in)?in?penetrating?to?the?national?legislation?of?the?respective?state.?The?Olympic?Movement?mainly?pursuesthe?application?of?the?Olympic?Charter?in?the?hosting?city?without?caring?about?thenational?legislation.?The?prevalence?of?the?EC?law?puts?some?limits?to?the?autonomyof …” „… EC?of?certain?regulations?adopted?by?the?International?Olympic?Committee …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Constitutional Treaty Draft S. 171-173

„… ?expressed:?“This?historical?advance?is?reason?for?satisfaction?for?the?Olympic?and?Sports?movement,?and?it?reflects?the?success?of?numerousattempts?of?the?International?Olympic?Committee,?the?National?Olympic?Committees,?theEuropean?Olympic?Committees …” „… This?treaty?has?been?the?major?accomplishment?of?the?sports?entities,?so?much?so,?that?it?hasinfluenced?big?exponents?to?congratulate?the?authorities.?.-??JAQUES?ROGGE,?President?ofthe?International?Olympic?Committee …” „… ,? such?as?doping.?These?problems?could?be?dealt?with?more?effectively?bycommon?policies?of?the?EU?rather?than?national …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The human body, the international society and the fair play of history S. 18-25

„… During?a?period?that?the?catalogue?of?the?human?rights?was?not?obviously?taking?a?precedencein?the?national?Constitutions?and?even?though?France?was?hesitating?to?introduce?declarationswithin?its?constitution,?the?Olympic …” „… ,? InternationalOlympic?Committee,?Lausanne?2003.16 De Coubertin P.,? Une?Olympie?Moderne? ,? in? P.? de? Coubertin,? J.-A? Samaranch …” „… .The?Olympic?Chapter?was?followed?by?the?Council?of?Europe?by?the?introduction?of?a?Treatyabout?the?fair?play.?The?European?Chapter?on?Sport?has?already?been?adopted?at?the?level?ofministers?committee?on?14/9/1992 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The international constitutional framework of sports S. 64-65

„… between?national?and?international?rules?of?law.?Each?legal?order/jurisdiction?decides?about?the?power/validity?of?its?rules?based?on?its?constitutional?provisions.The?Olympic …” „… .?The?Chapter?has?many?similarities?withthe?Olympic?Chapter.?On?the?same?day?the?Ministers?Committee?adopted?the?Codeof?Sport?Ethics-Fair?Play?for?sports.The?Council?of?Europe?on?the?24th?September?1992 …” „… ?Movement,?having?a?powerful?international?character,?but?also?apotentiality? of? affecting? the? national? unions,? constitutes? a? global …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Cassandras which were denied S. 48-49

„… ?the?president?of?the?U.S.?national?Olympic?Committee,?Peter?pouberoth?announced,?leaving?Athens?and?its?Olympics:?“The?Greeksproved?that?the?Cassandras?were?mistaken.”“Despite?the?criticism”,?according?to?Pouberoth,?who?was?also?the?president?ofThe?Los?Angeles?1984 …” „… ?Gasmes?are?a?gift”.Martin?Freizer?from?his?side,?dean?of?the?U.S.?Olympic?Team,?after?thanking?theOrganizing?Committee?for?its?exceptional?work?pointed?out:?“?We?came?to?Athensabout?1 …” „… Olympics,?when?Siemens?won?significant?contracts?in?providing?Olympic?infrastructure?equipment.45 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova General S. 258-259

„… ? all?NationalOlympic?Committees?and?International?Sports?Federations?explaining?the?necessityof?strictly?abiding?by?an?IOC?decision?to?protect?the?symbol?against?commercialexploitation.560559 Landry,?1996.560 Reported?in?IOC?General?Session?Minutes,?Rome?1923 …” „… Olympic?congress?in?Paris.?Coubertin?explained?that?the?five?rings?represented?“?thefive?parts?of?the?world?won?over?to?Olympism”?and?that?at?least?one?of?the?fivecolours?was?found?in?the?national? flag?of?each?nation?that?had?taken?part? in …” „… Chapter?12Special Issues-Olympics, IP Protection and Broadcasting RightsProtection of the Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The positions of the Council of Europe about Sport and their contribution to the forming of a European perception about sports S. 65-66

„… .?The?Chapter?has?many?similarities?withthe?Olympic?Chapter.?On?the?same?day?the?Ministers?Committee?adopted?the?Codeof?Sport?Ethics-Fair?Play?for?sports.The?Council?of?Europe?on?the?24th?September?1992 …” „… ? havelooked?for?their?contribution?to?the?sporting?affairs.?Rules?of?relative?content?to?theone?of?the?Olympic?Charter?were?adopted?by?the?Council?of?Europe?under?an?intenseeffort?to?be?placed?among?a?unified?European?system.A?European?Charter?for?Sport?has?been?already?adopted?at?a?level?of?committeeof?Ministers?on?the?24th?of?September?1992 …” „… o?secure?the?compliance?to?it.?The?Councilof?Europe?establishes?certain?moral?obligations?especially?for?the?governments.Simultaneously,?the?Council?of?Europe?established?a?European?charter?for?sportson?the?24.9.1992,?that?was?adopted?at?a?committee …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Siemens scandal S. 47-48

„… ?the?president?of?the?U.S.?national?Olympic?Committee,?Peter?pouberoth?announced,?leaving?Athens?and?its?Olympics:?“The?Greeksproved?that?the?Cassandras?were?mistaken.”“Despite?the?criticism”,?according?to?Pouberoth,?who?was?also?the?president?ofThe?Los?Angeles?1984 …” „… ?Gasmes?are?a?gift”.Martin?Freizer?from?his?side,?dean?of?the?U.S.?Olympic?Team,?after?thanking?theOrganizing?Committee?for?its?exceptional?work?pointed?out:?“?We?came?to?Athensabout?1 …” „… ?Olympic?Games,?An?overviewin:?Blackshaw I./Siekmann R./Soek J.?(eds),?The?Court?of?Arbitration?for?sport?1984-?2004,T.M.?C?Asser?Press …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sustainable development according to the Olympic Charter and the Host City Contract S. 114-117

„… ?Movement?has?formed?a?philosophical,?moral?andpolitical?belief?about?the?environment?and?sustainable?development,?which?mightbe?more?advanced?compared?to?the?positions?adopted?by?national?policies?and?national?legal?orders?for?the?environment.?In?view?of?the?Host?City?Contract?for?theOlympic?Games?of?2004 …” „… ?Movement,?the?aforementioned?provisions?are?addressed?to?all?the?citizens?of?the?world.Also,?as?long?as,?via?the?host?city?contract?the?organizing?state?is?bound?to?followthe?Olympic?Charter,?questioning?arises?about?up?to?which?extent?the?national?legalorder?is?bound?to?follow?these?provisions.233Therefore,?according?to?the?Olympic …” „… ).?Also,?the?national?governments?of?the?country?of?thehosting?city?must?guarantee?that?the?state?and?its?public?authorities?will?comply?withthe?Olympic?Charter?(article?34,?par.3).234 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Violence and Sport in International Treaties-The Council of Europe position S. 66-69

„… variety?of?provisions?on?this?matter?that?is?regulated?by?the?national …” „… reates?a?Wider?Treaty?about?sport.?Mr?Terry?Davis,?General?Secretary?of?the?Councilof?Europe,?chaired?in?the?first?session?of?the?EPAS?statuary?committee?in?Strasbourgon?18?June?2007.The?whole?Council?of?Europe?activity?can?lead?to?the?conclusion?that?the …” „… re?is?asystematic?effort?to?lift?the?autonomy?of?sporting?rules?and?the?state?rules?and?alsoan?effort?to?achieve?a?unified?regulation?at?a?European?level.The?most?attractive?subject-matter?of?modern?sport?is?claimed?by?both?the?privateauthorities?and?the?state?action.?The?Olympic?Movement?can?do?nothing?but?facethis?reality?of?the?20 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The rationalization of the sports phenomenon in the framework of the Council of Europe S. 182-183

„… ny?resemblances?to?the?Olympic?Charter.?On?thesame?day?the?Committee?of?Ministers?adopted?the?Code?of?Sports?Ethics?–?FairPlay,?including?definitions?of?ethical?principles?as?well?as?a?definition?of?pair?play.The?Council?of?Europe?takes?active?part?in?the?protection?and?development?ofsport?and?recently,?during?the?9 …” „… ? ‘laws?and?practices’?of?sportsassociations?of?any?kind,?including?the?IOC?and?the?Olympic?Charter.?This?undertaking?is?for?the?time?being?theoretical.?However,?in?the?event?that?it?takes?effect,it? is?possible? that?an?all-inclusive?revision?of?the?rules …” „… ? that?govern?the?OlympicMovement?will?be?required.The rationalization of the sports phenomenon in the framework of the Council …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Games of Barcelona S. 39-40

„… ?169?national?committees?and?9356?athletes?(?2704?women?and?6652 …” „… ticipated?as?one?nation?again.?In?addition?to?these?new?nations?on?the?Olympic?scenean?older?one?returned?to?the?Olympic?games?as?apartheid?was?abolished?in?SouthAfrica.?The?South?Africans?participated?again?for?the?first?time?since?1960.Approximately? 9,300?athletes? participated,? representing? 169?countries.? orespecifically …” „… re?allowed?to?take?part?as?Independent?Olympic?Participants.Athletes?from?most?of?the?new?countries?of?the?former?Soviet?Union?competedas?the??Unified?Team??and?for?the?first?time?since?1964,?Germany?competed?as?aunified?country.?South?Africa?also?rejoine …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Security S. 237-238

„… ?iswhy?security?planning?is?already?well?under?way.?For?example,?a?specially-createdOlympic?Command?Unit?of?the?Metropolitan?Police?Service?will?work?to?co-ordinate?security?planning?at?a?local,?national?and?international?level.?Also,?close?liaison472 S. 5.4.473 S. 5.5,?London?Olympic?Games?and?Para-Olympic?Games?Act?1006?Explanatory?notes.474 S …” „… anising?Committee?and?the?Olympic?Delivery?Authority?are?working?closely?with?Government?and?a?host?of?policing,?safety?andsecurity?agencies?to?achieve?a?safe?and?secure?Games.?London?and?the?rest?of?theUK?regularly?host?and?police?major?events?safely?and?securely.?In?all?likelihoodthat?NATO? assistance?will? be? asked? for? once?more.?However? it …” „… pplicant?for?planning?permission,?the?ODA'sdevelopment?control?powers?will?be?exercised?by?a?separate?committee.?Moreover,in?order?to?avoid?any?conflict?of?interests,?anyone?who?is?involved?in?the?exerciseof?the?ODA's?functions?in?relation?to?land?may?not?participate?in?deliberations?ordecisions? of? the? ODA? acting? as? a? local? planning? authority …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The first Olympic Games S. 36-39

„… ?169?national?committees?and?9356?athletes?(?2704?women?and?6652 …” „… Chapter?2From the Olympic Games of the Antiquity until the Modern Olympic GamesThe Modern Olympic …” „… GamesFrom the First Modern Olympic Games of Athens to the Olympic games of …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sponsorship S. 264-266

„… .570 IOC,?Olympic?Marketing?Fact?File.?International?Olympic?Committee.?Lausanne,?Switzerland,?2008.571 …” „… Olympics?are?the?event?that?is?probably?affected?the?most?by?this?phenomenondue?to?its?great?promotion?and?the?great?importance?that?the?Olympic …” „… nalyze?the?way?thatOlympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The competitive relationship among the Olympic Movement rules and the state rules and the institutional balancing of each Olympic Organization S. 110-112

„… ,?Lieu?Ginkmin,?vice-president?of?the?Olympic?Games?cliam?committee …” „… ,?the?Olympics?asserted?unchallengeable?influence.?This?influence?was?inevitable?because?of?the?host?city?contract.The competitive relationship among the Olympic Movement rules and the staterules and the institutional …” „… balancing of each Olympic OrganizationWhen? the? IOC216? in? 2001? charged? Beijing? with? the? organization …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The effect of the Bosman judgment in the Olympic movement rules S. 159-163

„… ?With?the?host?city,?the?NOC?of?the?respective?country?and?a?special?andautonomous? legal? person,? the?Organization? Committee? of? the?Olympic?Games(OCOG).?This? is? the? host …” „… ? Olympicmovement?rules?are?succeeding?(or?trying?to?succeed?in)?in?penetrating?to?the?national?legislation?of?the?respective?state.?The?Olympic?Movement?mainly?pursuesthe?application?of?the?Olympic?Charter?in?the?hosting?city?without?caring?about?thenational?legislation.?The?prevalence?of?the?EC?law?puts?some?limits?to?the?autonomyof …” „… ?of?the?EC?Treaty;?nor?can?the?principle?of?subsidiarity?lead?to?the?limitationof?the?rights?provided?by?the?Treaty?via?the?regulatory?autonomy?of?the?sportingfederations?to?introduce?rules.357The effect of the Bosman judgment in the Olympic movement …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Human Rights and Olympic Games S. 104-106

„… ?tried?to?test?the?power?of?the?bodies?and?the?omnipotence?of?the?democratic?regime?and?the?of?the?ideology?which?stands?by?it.?At?the?same?time,?nongovernmental?organizations,?such?as?the?Olympic?Watch?(Committee?for?the?2008Olympic? Games? in? a …” „… Chapter?5Human Rights and Olympic GamesIn?1940 …” „… ,?the?cancellation?of?the?Olympic?Games,?which?were?to?take?place?in?Japan,because? of? the?2nd?World?War,?clarified? the? relation?between …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Responses to Ambush Marketing S. 270-272

„… rketing,?when?clearly?the?ambushers?use?protected?trademarks?or?symbols,?such?as?the?Olympic …” „… ?insignia,?thereis?already?a?sufficient?protection.?The?Nairobi?Treaty?as?well?as? the?national?IPlegislation?can?be?invoked.?However,?unfortunately,?ambushers?can?do?much?betterthan? that,? so,? these?existing? remedies?are?usually? rendered …” „… ?whenthe?case?National?Hockey?League?v?Pepsi?Kola?Canada?Ltd596?bothered?the?Canadian?Courts.?In?1990 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The tickets selling matter and the competition rules S. 196-198

„… ?equipment?in?the?field?of?defence,since?the?supplies?in?question?are?not?primarily?destined?for?military?use.These?weather?stations?should?permit?the?modernisation?of?the?system?used?bythe?National …” „… ?Meteorological?Agency?and?will?principally?be?used?for?the?OlympicGames,?and?subsequently?by?the?Agency?to?meet?the?needs?of?civil,?and?possiblymilitary,?aviation.Nor?does?it?seem?possible?to?invoke?another?exception?in?connection?with?reasonsof?extreme?urgency?brought?about?by?events?unforeseeable?by?the?contracting?authorities.? The? need? to? have? operational?weather? stations? for? the? 2004 …” „… ?OlympicGames?cannot?be?regarded?as?an?unforeseeable?event.?Finally,?the?need?would?notappear?to?be?so?urgent?that?the?deadlines?required?under?the?open?and?restrictedprocedures?could?not?be?respected.The tickets selling matter and the competition …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Competition-Public Contracts and Olympics Games S. 195-196

„… ?Olympics,?which?were?the?first?Olympic …” „… ?equipment?in?the?field?of?defence,since?the?supplies?in?question?are?not?primarily?destined?for?military?use.These?weather?stations?should?permit?the?modernisation?of?the?system?used?bythe?National …” „… ?Meteorological?Agency?and?will?principally?be?used?for?the?OlympicGames,?and?subsequently?by?the?Agency?to?meet?the?needs?of?civil,?and?possiblymilitary,?aviation.Nor?does?it?seem?possible?to?invoke?another?exception?in?connection?with?reasonsof?extreme?urgency?brought?about?by?events?unforeseeable?by?the?contracting?authorities.? The? need? to? have? operational?weather? stations? for? the? 2004 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Planning S. 236-237

„… ?iswhy?security?planning?is?already?well?under?way.?For?example,?a?specially-createdOlympic?Command?Unit?of?the?Metropolitan?Police?Service?will?work?to?co-ordinate?security?planning?at?a?local,?national?and?international?level.?Also,?close?liaison472 S. 5.4.473 S. 5.5,?London?Olympic?Games?and?Para-Olympic?Games?Act?1006?Explanatory?notes.474 S …” „… ly?clear,?therefore,?thatthe?sustainable?development?is?one?of?the?fundamentla?requirements?of?the?IOC?inthe?organizing?of?the?Olympic?Games.469 …” „… pplicant?for?planning?permission,?the?ODA'sdevelopment?control?powers?will?be?exercised?by?a?separate?committee.?Moreover,in?order?to?avoid?any?conflict?of?interests,?anyone?who?is?involved?in?the?exerciseof?the?ODA's?functions?in?relation?to?land?may?not?participate?in?deliberations?ordecisions? of? the? ODA? acting? as? a? local? planning? authority …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Greece-supply of automatic weather stations S. 196

„… ?equipment?in?the?field?of?defence,since?the?supplies?in?question?are?not?primarily?destined?for?military?use.These?weather?stations?should?permit?the?modernisation?of?the?system?used?bythe?National …” „… ?Meteorological?Agency?and?will?principally?be?used?for?the?OlympicGames,?and?subsequently?by?the?Agency?to?meet?the?needs?of?civil,?and?possiblymilitary,?aviation.Nor?does?it?seem?possible?to?invoke?another?exception?in?connection?with?reasonsof?extreme?urgency?brought?about?by?events?unforeseeable?by?the?contracting?authorities.? The? need? to? have? operational?weather? stations? for? the? 2004 …” „… ?OlympicGames?cannot?be?regarded?as?an?unforeseeable?event.?Finally,?the?need?would?notappear?to?be?so?urgent?that?the?deadlines?required?under?the?open?and?restrictedprocedures?could?not?be?respected.The tickets selling matter and the competition …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport and equal opportunities S. 199-200

„… principle?of?fair?play.?The?European?Commission?has,?along?with?the?InternationalOlympic?Committee,?supported?a?pilot?project?on?“sport,?schools?and?Olympic …” „… ? to?evadecertain?flaws?in?our?society?and,?like?all?other?continents,?is?affected?by?a?numberof?disturbing?developments?which?the?decision-makers?in?European?sport,?be?theypublic?or?private,?state?or?federal,?national …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The evolution of the community provisions on sport S. 169-170

„… logue?mainly?with?the?Olympic?movementand?with?the?historical?events?too,?of?course.The?first?time?that?the?Community?presented?its?position?about?sport?was?by?theReport?that?was?submitted?in?the?Congress?of?Helsinki?in?1999?and?in?the?aforementioned?declaration?of?the?European?Council?of?Nice?in?2000 …” „… s?to?various?regional?policies?relevant?to?sport.?Sport?now?concernsindirectly?many?community?policies,?such?as?health?(doping),?youth,?education?etc.The?recent?Olympic?organization?of?Athens?showed?many?aspects?of?the?relationbetween?sport?and?EC?law.?The?impeding?organization?of?London?will?undoubtedlyshow?even?more,? since? the …” „… s,?theCommission?also?organizes?an?annual?European?Sports?Forum,?bringing?togetherthe?sporting?federations?and?representatives?of?the?national …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova General S. 134-135

„… ?the?International?Olympic?Committee?banned?anabolics283 http://www.dopingjouren.se/page.asp?page=history.284 Tsounakos …” „… doping.?So,?a?draconian?legislation?has?been?taken?into?action?in?order?to?abolishdoping?methods?at?a?national …” „… ?to?eat?supposedly?energy?boosting?substancesprior?to?activity,?while?they?are?said?to?eat?lamb?testicles?(?a?kind?of?contemporarytestosterone)?to?enhance?their?capacity.?Inca?Slaves?were,?also,?considered?to?workbetter?after?chewing?coca?leaves.?In?modern?sport?history?doping?was?first?mentioned?in?the?Olympic?Games?of?Sent?Louis?in?1904 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The International respond S. 135-137

„… ?the?International?Olympic?Committee?banned?anabolics283 http://www.dopingjouren.se/page.asp?page=history.284 Tsounakos …” „… doping.?So,?a?draconian?legislation?has?been?taken?into?action?in?order?to?abolishdoping?methods?at?a?national …” „… .?WADA?is?structured?on?the?basisof?equal?representation?of?the?Olympic?Movement?and?Public?Authorities.?In2001WADA's? Foundation? Board? voted? to?move? its? headquarters? from? Lausanne …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Violence and misbehaviour at sport events S. 66

„… variety?of?provisions?on?this?matter?that?is?regulated?by?the?national …” „… reates?a?Wider?Treaty?about?sport.?Mr?Terry?Davis,?General?Secretary?of?the?Councilof?Europe,?chaired?in?the?first?session?of?the?EPAS?statuary?committee?in?Strasbourgon?18?June?2007.The?whole?Council?of?Europe?activity?can?lead?to?the?conclusion?that?the …” „… re?is?asystematic?effort?to?lift?the?autonomy?of?sporting?rules?and?the?state?rules?and?alsoan?effort?to?achieve?a?unified?regulation?at?a?European?level.The?most?attractive?subject-matter?of?modern?sport?is?claimed?by?both?the?privateauthorities?and?the?state?action.?The?Olympic?Movement?can?do?nothing?but?facethis?reality?of?the?20 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Freedom of the athlete’s establishment S. 191-193

„… ?EC?ofcertain?regulations?adopted?by?the?International?Olympic?Committee …” „… icial?competence?or?legal?basis?on?sport,these?two?sectors?of?policy?are?closely?linked.?Both?sport?and?mass?media?have?asocial?and?cultural?role?and?contribute?a?source?of?entertainment?and?communicationat?both?a?national?and?international?level.Furthermore,?both?sport?and?the?mass?media?have?a?great …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport and Competition Policy S. 187-191

„… ?EC?ofcertain?regulations?adopted?by?the?International?Olympic?Committee …” „… ,?the?Commission?adopted?a?Decision?concerningarrangements?relating?to?the?ticket?distribution?for?the?1998?Football?World?Cupmade?by?the?officially?appointed?local?organizing?committee …” „… ?FIFA?adopted?the?Player’sAgent?Regulations,?which?made?the?exercise?of?the?occupation?of?the?agent?subjectto?the?possession?of?a?license?issued?by?the?competent?national?association.?There407 Van den Bogaert S./Vermeersch …”

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Sina Schüssler - NGOs als Akteure der internationalen Sanktionspolitik zur Menschenrechtsförderung

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Sina Schüssler

NGOs als Akteure der internationalen Sanktionspolitik zur Menschenrechtsförderung

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Politik

Volume 184 2012

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Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 11-14

„… : South African Indian CongressSANROC: South African Non-Racial Olympic CommitteeSHRF: Shan Human Rights …” „… MenschenrechtsorganisationIOC: International Olympic CommitteeISIS: Institute of Security and International StudiesIWF …” „… 11AbkürzungsverzeichnisAAB: Antiapartheid-BewegungACOA: American Committee on AfricaAdvoOrg …”

Regelungsmacht und Einfluss S. 180-191

„… wie das International Olympic Committee (IOC) Südafrika aus.8.4.3.1 Private internationale und …” „… Olympic Committee (SANROC) hervorging. Nachdem sich mit Beginnder 1960er Jahre erheblich der Druck auf …” „… politics« (International Olympic Committee 1949: 5). Die staatliche Antiapartheidkoalition drohte unter …”

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Voluntaris

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Voluntaris Volume 1 (2013) Issue 2 ISSN Online: 2700-1350

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George Karlis The Olympic Volunteer and Olympic Education: Suggestions for Administrators of Olympic Games S. 116-126

„… auspices of the National Olympic Committee of the host nation. The training practices of volunteers that …” „… have traditional been employed by the National Olympic Committees tend to consist of three general …” „… similar capacity. Whereas, those who work as National Olympic Committee Assistants of Chef du Missions …”

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STADION

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STADION Volume 39 (2013) Issue 1 ISSN Online: 2942-3430

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Cyril Polycarpe Regional Games as an Extension of the Olympic Idea: The Example of the Central American Games (1926) S. 57-74

„… , ratings, the jury's power, the definition and extent of the National Olympic Committees and the …” „… cooperation in the region. This committee recommended the creation of National Olympic Committees in the …” „… its own National Olympic Committee in 1923, and Cuba, after numerous beginnings, created its National …”

Jean Williams Breaking into Olympic Circles: Women and Parallel Versions of the Olympic Games 1900-1936 S. 7-28

„… Desborough (1855–1945).32 The Greek Olympic Committee tried to 'reclaim' the Games and become permanent …” „… of their national associations from then onwards. Desborough was president of the Olympic Games …” „… International Olympic Committee's refusal of Milliat's request that these events be included in the 1920 Games …”

Evelyn Mertin “Participation is not Enough”. The Soviet Union in the Olympic Movement S. 149-162

„… Olympic Idea. The creation of an USSR National Olympic Committee (NOC) and its acceptance by the …” „… committees of international sport federations and the Olympic Movement were also considered desirable from a …” „… International Olympic Committee (IOC) changed the appearance of the Olympic Movement and the Olympic Games. As …”

Richard Haynes The Maturation of Olympic Television: The BBC, Eurovision and Rome 1960 S. 163-182

„… Brundage, the President of the International Olympic Committee revealed to its members that their costs …” „… . RICCOMI, “The Witnesses of the Early Days of Olympic Television”, in: INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE …” „… 163 THE MATURATION OF OLYMPIC TELEVISION: THE BBC, EUROVISION AND ROME 1960 BY RICHARD HAYNES …”

Introduction S. 1-6

„… 1 INTRODUCTION The recent Winter Olympic Games in Sochi have once again confirmed the economic …” „… Euros, these were the most expensive Olympic Games in history; the previous Winter Games in Vancouver …” „… popular enthusiasm for the Games, nor affect their success. As for the new International Olympic …”

Summaries – Résumés – Kurzfassungen S. 295-312

„… . This paper shows the refusal of many National Olympic Committees to participate, but also the …” „… International Olympic Committee (IOC) founded in 1894. This article first looks at how women gradually entered …” „… Organising Committee for the 1916 Olympic Games was highly motivated to arrange a glittering celebration that …”

Agnes Meisinger Das innenpolitische Vorspiel zu Olympia. Warum Österreich 1980 in Moskau dabei war S. 227-250

„… the European National Olympic Committees (ANOCE). 29 N. ADAM, Bundes-Sportorganisation. Sechs …” „… einem Schreiben vom 20. Januar 1980 forderte Carter den Präsidenten des United States Olympic Committee …” „… Olympic Committee to take similar action. I believe that such action is necessary to support the position …”

Martin Polley The 1908 Olympics and the Entente Cordiale S. 29-42

„… element was to come into this setting when, in 1906, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) took the …” „… the International Olympic Committee. London 1908; B. MALLON AND I. BUCHANAN, The 1908 Olympic Games …” „… 1871 Census, Durham. RG 10/5035. The National Archives, London. 29 MALLON/BUCHANAN, The 1908 Olympic …”

André Gounot Les Xe Jeux de l'Amérique centrale et des Caraïbes en 1966 : Porto Rico comme lieu singulier de la guerre froide S. 207-226

„… ), in: Avery Brundage Collection (ABC), box 143, “National Olympic Committees”, dossier “Puerto Rico …” „… National Olympic Committee, to The Honorable Ambassador, November 17, 1965 », in: ABC, box 199. 53 …” „… Olympic Movements in Latin America », in: R. NAUL (dir.), Contemporary Studies in the National Olympic …”

Daphné Bolz Die Olympischen Spiele 1948 in London im Spiegel der deutschen Presse S. 125-148

„… and Picture Analysis of British National Newspaper Coverage of the Olympic Games since 1948“, in …” „… bring a dozen (or two) picked sports writers and leaders over here for the Olympic Games“.31 „Ever …” „… Sondergästen des offiziellen Organs World Sport der British Olympic Association (BOA).38 Journalisten aus der …”

Volker Kluge 100 Jahre Jesse Owens und Luz Long – Siegt die Legende gegen die Wahrheit? S. 75-104

„… American Olympic Committee, Avery Brundage, den Schlusstag der Olympischen Spiele für eine Pressekonferenz …” „… Stück weiter. Als der nur 1,70 m große Eddie Tolan 1927 die National Interscholastic Championships über …” „… Europarekorden (7,69 und 7,73 m) unangefochten die nationale Nummer eins. Dafür erhielt Long in jenem Jahr …”

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Stefanie Pietsch, Gudrun Doll-Tepper, Gerald Fritz, Manfred Lämmer - Bildungspotenziale der Olympischen Idee

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Stefanie Pietsch (ed.), Gudrun Doll-Tepper (ed.), Gerald Fritz (ed.), Manfred Lämmer (ed.)

Bildungspotenziale der Olympischen Idee

2021

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Holger Preuß Die Olympische Bewegung und das Geld S. 243-268

„… . IOC (2013). Olympic Agenda 2020: 20+20 Recommendations. Lausanne: International Olympic Committee. IOC …” „… (2016). Marketing Report Rio 2016. Lausanne: International Olympic Committee. IOC (2017). Host City …” „… Contract – Principles Games of the XXXIII Olympiad in 2024. Lausanne: International Olympic Committee. IOC …”

Jürgen Mittag Die Autonomie des Sports im Widerstreit: Sportpolitische Herausforderungen der Olympischen Bewegung und der Olympischen Spiele im 21. Jahrhundert S. 213-242

„… vollständig frei sein müssen (International Olympic Committee 1955, Art. 24). Im Original: “National Olympic …” „… Nationalen Olympischen Komitee zum Korea Sport & Olympic Committee (KSOC) fusionierte. Nach diesem …” „… ). Political autonomy and control of national Olympic committees. In D. Chatziefstathiou, B. García & B. Séguin …”

Holger Kühner Vom Komitee zum Konzern – Das IOC und seine multimedialen Spiele S. 269-292

„… for the Presidency of the International Olympic Committee. Tauberbischofsheim. Bach, T. (2020 …” „… ., & Martyn, S. (2002). Selling the five rings. The International Olympic Committee and the rise of Olympic …” „… Rudolf Rother GmbH. Downing, T. (1996). A historical perspective. In International Olympic Committee …”

Petra Tzschoppe „Mit weiblichem Applaus als Belohnung…“Geschlecht und Teilhabe im olympischen Sport S. 165-190

„… , insbesondere in den Führungsgremien nationaler und internationaler Sportorganisationen, im Hinblick auf die …” „… Olympische Bewegung, um die Nationalen Olympischen Komitees (NOCs) ebenso wie die Internatio- „Mit weiblichem …” „… Geschlechtergleichstellung und Diversität von Olympic Solidarity leistet hier wichtige Beiträge, die insbesondere von NOCs in …”

Gudrun Doll-Tepper, Heike Tiemann Deaflympics – Paralympics – Special Olympics:Die Olympische Bewegung wird vielfältiger S. 141-164

„… https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-signs-mouwith-international-committee-of-sports-for-the-deaf IPC (2010). 1960: Athletes Catapult onto the Sports Scene. The Paralympian, 3, 6–9. IPC (2012 …” „… International des Sports Silencieux (International Committee of Silent Sports), bekannt als CISS. Rubens-Alcais …” „… auch die Änderung des Namens der Organisation von CISS zu International Committee of Sports for the …”

Annegret Korff Mehrwert für die Gesellschaft –Sportgroßveranstaltungen aus gesellschaftspolitischer Perspektive S. 307-318

„… Olympische Sportbund (DOSB) haben die Nationale Strategie Sportgroßveranstaltungen (SGV) entwickelt, um die …” „… Erarbeitung der Nationalen Strategie Sportgroßveranstaltungen als wesentliche Notwendigkeiten identifiziert …” „… . Das schafft immer wieder kollektive Erlebnisse, auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene, von denen es …”

Volker Kluge Ein stabiles Olympisches Programm unter ständigem Modernisierungsdruck S. 111-140

„… : Brundage, A. (1952). Circular letter. Olympic Studies Centre (OSC). Czechoslovak Organising Committee (Hrsg …” „… unterteilt in zehn internationale und zwei nationale Sektionen sowie eine Wissenschafts- und …” „… internationalen und nationalen Wettbewerben, die von den Amerikanern teilweise als „olympisch“ oder als …”

Martin Schnitzer, Thomas Schwarzbauer Was bleibt nach zehn Jahren Olympische Jugendspiele? S. 293-306

„… des Olympic Study Center, der nationalen Olympischen Akademien oder Initiativen wie dem Youth Olympic …” „… ). The evolution of Twitter communication by Youth Olympic Games organising committees. International …” „… ). Characteristics of the Japanese national team of the first Youth Olympic Games. Journal of Sports Medicine …”

Marcel Reinold, Justus Kalthoff Fair Play – ethische Grundlagen und pädagogische Potenziale S. 191-212

„… Fairplay (S. 55–68). Sankt Augustin: Academia. International Olympic Committee [IOC] (Hrsg.). (2017 …” „… Olympischen Erziehungsthemen im Olympic Values Education Programme des IOC (2017, S. 31) berücksichtigt wird …” „… Soll Zuständen, d.h. da nach, wie Menschen handeln sollen. International Committee for the Deaf Der …”

Roland Naul Historische und pädagogische Grundlagen der Olympischen Erziehung S. 63-82

„… International Session for Directors of National Olympic Academies, Members and Staff of National Olympic …” „… das IOC alle Nationalen Olympischen Komitees aufforderte, so noch nicht geschehen, eigene Nationale …” „… Olympic pedagogy which I recently said was based at once on the cult of effort combined on the cult of …”

Ansgar Molzberger Mehr als ein Sportereignis: Die modernen Olympischen Spiele – von Athen 1896 bis München 1972 S. 83-110

„… International Olympique beziehungsweise International Olympic Committee (IOC) nannte (Kluge, 1997). Athen 1896 …” „… sogenannte „Olympische Spiele“ veranstaltet worden. Diese waren jedoch vor allem regionaler oder nationaler …” „… Hintergrund wird der 23. Juni heute international als „Olympic Day“ gefeiert. Die Premiere sollte 1896 in …”

Manfred Lämmer Die antiken Olympischen Spiele S. 31-62

„… Olympischen Spiele entzündet (2009/International Olympic Committee (IOC)/Juilliart, Richard) Die Teilnahme der …” „… OLYMPIC BASICS – Geschichtliche, bildungstheoretische und sozialwissenschaftliche Grundlagen Die …” „… Olympischen Kongresses 1981 in Baden-Baden in einer Abstimmung unter den Nationalen Olympischen Komitees …”

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