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Jamie Gaskarth

Secrets and Spies

2020

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National Intelligence Accountability S. 99-122

„… 99FourNational Intelligence AccountabilityThe previous chapter explored how members of the national …” „… national intelligence machinery. As a former director put it, “I had to get the secretary of state to fight …” „… hands- on role in coordinating the national intelligence machinery and holding it to account along with …”

Index S. 179-backcover1

„… structures, for liaison agencies, 124–130formal reporting structures, for national intelligence, 99–113 …” „… Committee on National Security Strategy, 94Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), 7, 34, 133, 141; current …” „… Agency, 7National Cyber Security Centre, 117national intelligence accountability, in practice, 99–121 …”

Introduction S. 1-18

„… make up the U.K. national intelligence machin-ery include the Ministry of Defence (particularly its …” „… Defence Intelligence arm), the National Security Council and Secretariat, the Joint Intelligence …” „… ; ISC members; and other key individuals working in the national intelligence machinery.40 On balance …”

Notes S. 149-178

„… ’?” Intelligence and National Security, vol. 24, no. 1 (2009), 79. Loch Johnson has divided contributors to debates …” „… ,” Intelligence and National Security, vol. 23, no. 2 (2008), 199. In the United Kingdom, the general public are …” „… threats,” adding “national security threats” to acknowledge that intelligence ac-tivity is increasingly …”

Conclusion S. 137-148

„… affect warfare in the future.6 The national intelli-gence machinery clearly needs to replicate and …” „… examined by the oversight bodies, and so have not elicited re-flection from the national intelligence …” „… solutions that could be tried in order to bolster the tribunal’s salience within the na-tional intelligence …”

Liaision and International Intelligence Accountability S. 123-136

„… members of the U.K. intelligence community understand accountability working in practice in a national …” „… . Analyzing liaison is more difficult than national intel-ligence practices, due to the sensitivity of these …” „… “control principle” governing the use of intel-ligence. As a former national security advisor explains, the …”

Practitioner Views of Accountability S. 79-98

„… looking at U.K. intelligence accountability in practice in na-tional and international …” „… that the national intelligence machinery focuses on efficacy more than turf wars or internal empire …” „… and - receiving going on in the national intelligence ma-chinery than just the formal institutional …”

Scrutinizing the U.K. Intelligence Machinery S. 51-78

„… U.K. national intelligence machinery and the primary accountability challenges that have arisen in the …” „… skeptical of the intel-ligence and security agencies.The national intelligence machinery instituted a number …” „… other groups, in the National Secu-rity Secretariat or Defence Intelligence, to do the analysis of …”

Accountability and Intelligence S. 19-50

„… the intelligence services this is qualified by the de-mands of national security. In the United …” „… . national in-telligence machinery as historically cautious and wary of overreaching its power or undermining …” „… intel-ligence and security agencies before publication to ensure they do not risk national security or public …”

Preface S. i-x

„… Machinery 51Three Practitioner Views of Accountability 79Four National Intelligence Accountability 99Five …” „… J A M I E G A S K A R T HUK Intelligence Accountability after Iraq and SnowdenSECRETS …” „… AND SPIES SPIESSECRETSANDSPIESGASKARTHHow can democratic governments hold intelligence and security …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815737988

Michael A. Turner - Historical Dictionary of United States Intelligence

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Michael A. Turner

Historical Dictionary of United States Intelligence

2014

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Directors of National Intelligence S. 289-290

„… Directors of National IntelligenceName Service DatesJohn Negroponte 21 April 2005–13 February 2007 …”

Preface S. i-xxxviii

„… AgencyDMA Defense Mapping AgencyDNI Director of National IntelligenceDO Directorate of OperationsDOD …” „… xiiiChronology xxiIntroduction 1THE DICTIONARY 17Directors of National Intelligence 289Directors of Central …” „… intelli-gence became the nexus of national security policy.I have updated the dictionary to reflect the changes …”

THE DICTIONARY S. 17-288

„… appropriate dissemination.The board over the years evolved into the present-day National IntelligenceCouncil …” „… establishment of the Central IntelligenceAgency (CIA) in 1947.See also NATIONAL SECURITY ACT OF 1947.CHALET …” „… intelligence capability soon after theNational Security Act of 1947 established the air force as an …”

Bibliography S. 295-382

„… . “Searching for National Intelligence: U.S. Intelligenceand Policy before the Second World War.” Intelligence …” „… , Fixing the Facts:National Security and the Politics of Intelligence, and by Richard K. Betts,American …” „… Counterintelligence, In-telligence and National Security, American Intelligence Journal, Cryptolo-gia, and Studies in …”

Introduction S. 1-16

„… National IntelligenceProgram (NIP) budget, the successor to the NFIP, the nature of intelligencespending …” „… products to politicalleaders—consumers—who are supposed to use intelligence information tomake national …” „… . national security and foreign policy. This, at least, is thetheory behind intelligence, and there is a good …”

About the Author S. 383

„… intelligence and national security matters both at San Diego StateUniversity and the University of San Diego …” „… intelligence and national security, his interests includeAmerican foreign policy, Middle East, and Central and …” „… IntelligenceAgency, where he worked in various analytical and staff positions for over15 years. He was twice the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780810878907

Shay Hershkovitz - The Future of National Intelligence

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Shay Hershkovitz

The Future of National Intelligence

2022

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Chapter 4 Emerging Technologies and the National Intelligence Enterprise S. 39-56

„… they are now solid enough to change how we carry out national intelligence.This chapter focuses on the …” „… 39Chapter 4Emerging Technologies and the National Intelligence EnterpriseTo understand the urgency …” „… national security but probably will not fundamentally change how intelligence agencies work.1 I would …”

Index S. 153-166

„… to, xiiACIS. See assistant chief of staff for intelligenceactivity-based intelligence (ABI), 95, 96 …” „… National Intelligence Center, SpainCoats, Dan, xiii, 32, 57–58COBRA Commission, UK, 105cognitive challenge …” „… , U.S. (DCI), 11, 14director of national intelligence, U.S. (DNI), 14, 17disinformation, xix, 22–23, 109 …”

Notes S. 131-150

„… Intelligence-Policy Disconnects,” Intelligence and National Security 6, no. 1 (January 2008): 141–53.3. Sherman Kent …” „… . Ford, Estimative Intelligence: The Purposes and Problems of National Intelligence Estimating,” Journal …” „… . Gerald. Hughes, and Martin S. Alexander, Intelligence and Inter-national Security: New Perspectives and …”

Preface S. i-xx

„… The Future of National IntelligenceSECURITY AND PROFESSIONAL INTELLIGENCE EDUCATION SERIES …” „… Intelligence Communities, by Shay Hershkovitz. 2022. The Future of National IntelligenceHow Emerging …” „… security, intelligence analysis, and law enforcement, in support of national security.The Security and …”

Chapter 1 Intelligence and Technology in Historical Context S. 1-18

„… field: estimative intelligence—an intelligence knowledge conveyed to national-level decision makers that …” „… encouraged simplistic approaches to national intelligence—a kind of addiction to the world of infor-mation …” „… struc-tures and processes at the national level. But we can also describe the his-tory of intelligence as a …”

Chapter 9 Intelligence in the Time of COVID-19 S. 101-112

„… detection of an epidemic is the National Center for Medical Intelligence (NCMI), which reports to the U.S …” „… As early as 2000, a U.S. national intelligence assessment was published that examined the potential …” „… , the National Intelligence in the Time of COVID-19 103Intelligence Council (NIC) published a report …”

Chapter 5 Intelligence Professionals and Decision Makers S. 57-70

„… National Intelligence (DNI) Dan Coats; and on February 28, 2020, Trump announced his intention to appoint …” „… process at the national level. Trump repeatedly expressed skepticism about the facts that the intelligence …” „… connected to the decision maker.Already in the 1940s, in the early days of intelligence at the national …”

Chapter 3 The Challenge to Intelligence Organizations S. 27-38

„… nonacademic, have called for intelligence changes as part of a broad transformation of the national security …” „… definition, mission, and function of intelligence, as well as intelligence’s new role in national security.A …” „… of national intelligence Dan Coats argued in 2018 that the U.S. intelligence community needs to be …”

Chapter 2 New and Emerging Threats S. 19-26

„… structure and organiza-tion of intelligence communities as part of the national security enterprise, and how …” „… Biden’s request for a national intelligence assessment on climate change. The president’s request …” „… environmental issues pose to national security, the intelligence services of most Western countries still lack …”

Chapter 6 Opening the Closed Intelligence System S. 71-82

„… national security issues, including by making intelligence prod-ucts accessible. This issue is becoming …” „… community does with the information it collects and national intelligence assessments.28The Office of the …” „… National Intelligence Director’s work plan includes a series of principles for ensuring that the work of …”

Chapter 7 Intelligence and Civic Engagement S. 83-94

„… to the intelligence enterprise at the national level, new channels of mutual trust will be created …” „… 83Chapter 7Intelligence and Civic EngagementEmphasizing CollaborationOne of the devastating …” „… consequences of President Trump’s four years in office is that public confidence in the American intelligence …”

Chapter 8 TEMPINT S. 95-100

„… . director of national intelligence, stated in 2016 that the country’s intelligence agencies would likely use …” „… 95Chapter 8TEMPINTA New Intelligence ParadigmThe new age of intelligence requires the formulation …” „… of new concepts for the regulation of intelligence. The powerful but outdated concept of the …”

Chapter 10 The Five Cs of Intelligence Transformation S. 113-130

„… in decision making at the national level. The changes in the environments in which intelligence …” „… 113Chapter 10The Five Cs of Intelligence TransformationAn ancient proverb, mistakenly attributed to …” „… and disquiet. Like it or not, intelligence organiza-tions live in interesting times. Humanity is …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538160718

Ryan Shaffer - The Handbook of Asian Intelligence Cultures

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Ryan Shaffer (ed.)

The Handbook of Asian Intelligence Cultures

2022

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18 North Korea: An Agile and Adaptable National Intelligence System S. 241-254

„… times disadvantaged the national intelligence system. Despite its key position within the state …” „… National Intelligence System 243in the unprecedented institutional growth of the MPS: by the end of the …” „… National Intelligence System 245as a public- relations bureau for communicating with pro- Pyongyang …”

22 South Korea: The Outsize Influence of the National Intelligence Service S. 293-308

„… geo-graphic position and relies heavily on its national intelligence apparatus to ensure its security. South …” „… today. The major players are the National Intelligence Service (NIS) and military intelligence, which is …” „… agencies. 22South Korea: The Outsize Influence of the National Intelligence ServiceCharlie Lizza294 Chapter …”

Index S. 419-450

„… forcesNSI. See National Security IntelligenceNSP. See National Security PolicyNSS. See National Security …” „… Coordination of Support for National Stability (Bakorstanas), in Indonesia, 106Corps of Military Intelligence …” „… Director General Air IntelligenceDGFI. See Directorate General of Forces IntelligenceDGIB. See Director …”

17 Nepal: A Developing Intelligence Culture S. 227-240

„… . The National Intelligence Department (NID) is the dedicated and 17Nepal: A Developing Intelligence …” „… government offices). Topically, the state’s intelligence services are focused on national security, terrorism …” „… Intelligence Culture 229in this era for state affairs and national unification. He initiated a unification …”

23 Sri Lanka: The Evolution of an Offensive Intelligence Culture S. 309-322

„… intelligence, which was above all the directorates of national and military intelligence.Centralizing …” „… classified and were overseen by the head of national intelligence.The genesis of combat intelligence marks an …” „… national security agenda. This chapter analyzes the strategic culture of intelligence in Sri Lanka and its …”

7 India: Managing Challenges in an Evolving Security Environment S. 83-102

„… intelligence agency and reports to the National Security Advisor (NSA).4 The functioning of these three …” „… establishing the National Intelligence Grid, India: Managing Challenges in an Evolving Security Environment 85 …” „… chairmanship of strategic expert K. Subramanian to examine issues of national security and intelligence reforms …”

15 Mongolia: Democratization and Intelligence S. 199-212

„… Chinese colonial rule in 1911 under the Bogd Khaan theocracy. A national intelligence service was formed …” „… statement of national security policy. The General Intelligence Agency (GIA) was established in 1994 and its …” „… - Committee, requests intelligence and information, and audits the intelligence budget through the National …”

About the Contributors S. 451-458

„… death penalty in Vietnam, trans-national organized crime in Asia, intelligence- led policing, harm …” „… enforcement intelligence from Mac-quarie University, Australia. He is a graduate of the FBI National Academy …” „… appeared in journals, such as Intelligence and National Security and the Journal of Intelligence History …”

5 Cambodia: Intelligence Mission—Regime Security S. 55-68

„… is the General Directorate of Intelligence under the Ministry of National Defense.5 The second is the …” „… Intelligence Department under the Central Security Depart-ment of the National Police General Commissioner’s …” „… national interests. As a result, intelligence officers have become mere clients to the personalistic …”

10 Kazakhstan: A Circular Revolution in Intelligence Culture S. 129-142

„… intelligence service, Barlau, in 1992 to replace the Kazakh KGB. The National Security Committee (NSC) was also …” „… earlier Kazakh KGB.5 Consolidated and renamed as the Foreign Intelligence Service of the National Security …” „… intel-ligence services may well argue that Nazarbayev’s daughter would continue national stability as the third …”

9 Japan: The Rise, Fall, and Reinvention of the Intelligence Community S. 117-128

„… INTELLIGENCE SERIOUSLY AGAINAfter the Cold War, thoughtful Japanese national security strategists—both …” „… , finally, to restructure Japan’s national security apparatus—and with it, Japan’s intelligence community …” „… reengineer Japan’s foreign policy and intelligence system in 2013 by creat-ing a National Security Council …”

19 Pakistan: The Multidimensional Culture of the Inter-ServicesIntelligence S. 255-266

„… versatile intelligence service. ISI is fundamentally concerned with national security rather than law and …” „… . Then the chapter discusses the other major national intelligence agencies and illuminates their …” „… , a graduate of Sandhurst and head of the Pakistan National Guards, to raise an intelligence …”

Preface S. i-xxii

„… security, intelligence analysis, and law enforcement, in support of national security.The Scarecrow …” „… Classified and Unclassified Papers for National Security: A Scarecrow Professional Intelligence Educational …” „… the Threat to National Security, by Cynthia Grabo. 2010.13. Keeping U.S. Intelligence Effective: The …”

20 The Philippines: Knowing, Hurting, and Intelligence Culture S. 267-278

„… deployed for police work in Manila, the national capital.10 In 1949, the National Intelligence Coordinating …” „… national security, currently the National Security Council (NSC), uses the intelligence that is ideally …” „… : Intelligence Analysis and National Security (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011), 37–38; Loch K …”

11 Kyrgyzstan: Seeking Stability in a Complex Region S. 143-156

„… intelligence in its journey as a sovereign state. The State Committee for National Security (UKMK) is the top …” „… connections and interest, which likely is also true of the mentality in the national intelligence culture …” „… the true overseer of Kyrgyz intelligence.In the period following the People’s April Revolution in 2010 …”

27 Timor-Leste: An Intelligence Culture Developing and Overcoming Politicization S. 369-382

„… been trained by foreign countries, and the capacity building for the country’s national intelligence …” „… National Intelligence Service (Serviço Nacional de Inteligência, SNI).13 Both the military and the national …” „… produc-ing intelligence to safeguard national independence, national interests, and external security, as …”

6 China: The Fearful Intelligence Culture S. 69-82

„… , https://www .cia .gov/resources/csi/studies- in- intelligence/volume-56-no-3/edging - in - from- the- cold …” „… 69The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has placed priority on its intelligence and security operations …” „… intel-ligence (AI) have enabled previously unimaginable foreign espionage suc-cesses. Yet there are cracks in …”

25 Tajikistan: Post-Soviet Intelligence Culture in a Fractured State S. 339-354

„… Consequently, intelligence plays an important role in the country’s national security to protect Tajikistan’s …” „… ORGANIZATIONS WITH INTELLIGENCE FUNCTIONSTajikistan does not appear to publish an official national security …” „… .intelligencefusion .co .uk/insights/resources/intelligence- reports/analysing- the- islamic- state- attack- on …”

1 Afghanistan: The Graveyard of Intelligence Empires S. 1-14

„… intelligence was too decentral-ized to be effective at coordinating regional- and national- level intelligence …” „… difficult to suppress. Take one crucial function of intelligence—“speaking truth to power”—as a case in …” „… rely on intelligence agencies to shield them against coups, insurgen-cies, and conspiracies. Inevitably …”

24 Taiwan: An Intelligence Community in Constant Transformation S. 323-338

„… 2020, the government of Taiwan modified its National Intelligence Ser-vice Law (NISL), which is an …” „… services are conducted and overseen are guided by its culture of national intelligence. Cultures of …” „… national intelligence do not form in isolation, however, and their development is influenced by their …”

14 Maldives: Connections between Intelligence Culture and Oversight S. 185-198

„… policing functions; collecting national security intelligence and determining the countermeasures for …” „… identified intelligence as one of the six national apparatuses for protecting and advancing national …” „… assessment of military intelligence on grounds 194 Chapter 14of national security, the High Court also …”

2 Bangladesh: Intelligence Culture and Reform Priorities S. 15-30

„… interest. Consequently, intelli-gence issues are becoming a central theme in discussions of national …” „… culture of secrecy in matters of intelligence, law enforcement, and national security. Since independence …” „… cooperation. The Directorate General of Forces Intelligence (DGFI), the National Secu-rity Intelligence (NSI …”

13 Malaysia: Between Untenable Intelligence Tradition and Unrealized Reform S. 171-184

„… national bank’s (Bank Negara) Financial Intelligence Unit.The Special Branch is responsible for developing …” „… . Intelligence in Malaysia is coordinated by a National Intelligence Council (Jawatankuasa Perisikan Negara).12 …” „… This is chaired by the prime minister and supported by the National Intelligence Division.13 The …”

21 Singapore: Developing Intelligence Power from Third World to First S. 279-292

„… national security upon a powerful intelligence apparatus capable of projecting influ-ence through sharing …” „… intelligence input and government or police action, national security intelligence can easily be politicized in …” „… national secu-rity intelligence and the enforcement of law and order.ADAPTING TO INDEPENDENCESingapore …”

28 Turkmenistan: Analysis of an Enigmatic Intelligence Culture S. 383-394

„… out the chapter’s argument that the country’s national intel-ligence culture is an eclectic …” „… , KGB) remains the last, most prominent example. Consequently, the national intelligence culture in …” „… SPECIFIC TO TURKMENISTANTurkmen national intelligence culture is an unique case study as the factors that …”

8 Indonesia: Intelligence Culture in Turbulent Times S. 103-116

„… 1950s.2 The evolution of Indonesia’s national security and intelligence services continued apace during …” „… national laws and regulations.”31 Conversely, Indonesians tried to get intelligence from Australia. Hendro …” „… international consultancy to National and State Intelligence Departments and Law Enforcement Agencies.47The …”

3 Bhutan: An Intelligence Culture amid Regional Geopolitics S. 31-42

„… better to identify and locate national security intelligence as an “activity” rather than “service …” „… secu-rity mechanisms for intelligence gathering and analysis for the purpose of national security. Some of …” „… rather than having specific agencies responsible for intelligence to safeguard Bhutan’s national security …”

30 Vietnam: Intelligence-Led Policing Culture at the Borderland S. 407-418

„… counteract the threat of those illegal drug groups and share intelligence effectively.40National legislation …” „… intelligence of military and public security activities to protect national security and counter foreign spies …” „… differ from national security intelligence. In Vietnam, each agency could use intelligence measures …”

26 Thailand: From Cold War Intelligence to Cyber Surveillance S. 355-368

„… within Thailand’s interior (i.e., the National Intelligence Agency), police (i.e., the Border Patrol …” „… Directorate of Central Intelligence (currently known as the National Intelligence Agency), which were …” „… - standing “national secu-rity” threats, including the use of social media intelligence to identify and 364 …”

4 Brunei: A Royal Intelligence Culture S. 43-54

„… of intelligence to maintain power and ensure national security. The 2021 Defence White Paper—the …” „… ” for national security.35 Aside from law enforcement intel-ligence, the PMO and the Ministry of Defence …” „… have explicit intelligence components. In February 2007, the National Security Council (NSC) was …”

12 Laos: Intelligence Culture with Internal Threats and External Actors S. 157-170

„… the Lao National Police, 37. Laos: Intelligence Culture with Internal Threats and External Actors …” „… 157It is challenging to write about Lao intelligence because the services’ struc-ture is hidden …” „… , which is mirrored in the intelligence and security services. While the country’s population is small …”

29 Uzbekistan: Political Economy of the Intelligence Services S. 395-406

„… 395Uzbekistan’s intelligence service, the National Security Service (Sluhzba Natsionalnoy …” „… ) department, and organizationally structured into three separate departments—namely, foreign intelligence …” „… (referred to as the 2nd), counterintelligence, and signals intelligence (referred to as the 6th).1 The SNB …”

16 Myanmar: Security through Surveillance S. 213-226

„… family were foreign nationals. Perceptions of Myanmar’s intelligence apparatus have been heavily informed …” „… .26 The National Intelligence Bureau was abolished, and for the first time in four decades, there was …” „… Intelligence Apparatus,” Intelligence and National Security 13, no. 4 (1998): 45, 60–63. 13. Selth, “Burma’s …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538160008

Thomas Juneau - Strategic Analysis in Support of International Policy Making

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Thomas Juneau (ed.)

Strategic Analysis in Support of International Policy Making

2017

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5 The U.S. National Intelligence Council’s Global Trends S. 77-94

doi.org/10.5771/9781442257634

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