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Peter Kindler, Jan Lieder - European Corporate Law

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Peter Kindler (ed.), Jan Lieder (ed.)

European Corporate Law

2021

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Jan P. Brosius Article 71 Increase in capital not fully subscribed S. 345-346

„… State may still provide for a respective provision.15 Article 71 Increase in capital not fully …” „… 71 is not a minimum provision.7 Member States may not withdraw the competence to lay down the …” „… subparagraph of Article 70 (2) does not apply in the case of use of the resolution tools, powers and mechanisms …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 70 Shares issued for consideration other than in cash S. 341-345

„… or supply services may not form part of those assets. IV. Time Limit Article 71 (1) stipulates that …” „… sufficiently precise to fulfil the requirements of a direct application where Member States do not at least …” „… apply. 3. Member States may decide not to apply paragraph 2 in the event of an increase in subscribed …”

Article 64 Financial assistance by a company for acquisition of its shares by a third party Jan P. Brosius S. 305-317

„… subscription shall be made at a fair price. 6. Paragraphs 1 to 5 shall not apply to transactions concluded by …” „… associate company. However, these transactions may not have the effect of reducing the net assets below the …” „… amount specified in Article 56(1). 7. Paragraphs 1 to 5 shall not apply to transactions effected with a …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 45 Minimum capital S. 228-233

„… the amount of which shall be not less than EUR 25 000 . 2. Every five years the European Parliament …” „… contrary, although often deemed to be, a statutory minimum capital is not a necessary element of the …” „… adequate (financial) security, and on the other hand, it must not be too high to avoid that companies chose …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 7 Requirements for participation and voting in the general meeting S. 907-910

„… of any of his shares are not subject to any requirement that his shares be deposited with, or …” „… between the record date, as defined in paragraph 2, and the general meeting to which it applies are not …” „… subject to any restriction to which they are not subject at other times. 2. Member States shall provide …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 47 Issuing price of shares S. 235-239

„… Article 47 Issuing price of shares Shares may not be issued at a price lower than their nominal …” „… 1976. Its material content has not been amended since. Legal Scholars argue that the provision on the …” „… that shares may not be issued at a price below their nominal value or their accountable par …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 57 Recovery of distributions unlawfully made S. 277-280

„… , payments to shareholders on the grounds of issuer liability do not qualify as a capital distribution and …” „… , hence, do not fall within the scope of Article 56.21 Liability claims are restitutions, but not …” „… to them, or could not in view of the circumstances have been unaware of it. 20 See also Bayer/Schmidt …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 72 Increase in capital by consideration in cash S. 346-358

„… .6 IV. Minimum Provision Article 71 is not a minimum provision.7 Member States may not withdraw the …” „… ; Bungert, BB 2005, 2757. 44 OJ No C 88, 6.9.71, p. 5; see also Hofmeister, NZG 2000, 713, 716. 45 COM(2004 …” „… II. Historical Background Article 71 derives from the Second Directive3 (cf. Art. 32 of Directive …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 11 Breakthrough S. 1010-1014

„… company; this exception shall not apply where the company is specifically obliged to disclose such …” „… ). Ultimately these obligations are to be examined by an auditor, who does not need to check for …” „… transfer of securities provided for in the articles of association of the offeree company shall not apply …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 3 b Transmission of information S. 876-879

„… members have not yet transposed the revised SRD. The report is available online and includes references to …” „… . 3. However, Member States shall not require that the information referred to in point (a) of …” „… where this information can be found, cf. Article 3b(1)(b) SRD. The SRD does not contain any …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 l Employee participation S. 786-790

„… 7(1) of Directive 2001/86/EC, together with the Annex referred therein).9 It is important to note that …” „… cross-border division has its registered office shall not apply where the company being divided has, in the six …” „… recipient companies does not: (a) provide for at least the same level of employee participation as operated …”

Jan P. Brosius Foreword to Arts 44-85 S. 204-223

„… second proposal and the adoption of the Second Directive was not 3 Second Council Directive 77/91/EEC of …” „… was not to further harmonise, but to slim regulation.23 Accordingly, the “Company Law Slim Exercise …” „… recital, an independent expert’s report “is often not needed where an independent expert’s report …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 6 Right to put items on the agenda of the general meeting and to table draft resolutions S. 902-907

„… accordance with the BRRD by means of early intervention. In this respect, paragraph 1 does not apply. Shorter …” „… single record date under Article 7(3) SRD shall also not apply. Article 6 Right to put items on the …” „… general meeting which is not an annual general meeting with an agenda including at least all the items …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 m Pre-division certificate S. 790-796

„… representatives applicable prior to the cross-border division (point (b) of Article 7(1) of Directive 2001/86/EC …” „… , together with the Annex referred therein).9 It is important to note that the legal form of a recipient …” „… during which the employee participation established for the recipient company must not be changed in the …”

Hanno Merkt Accounting and Auditing Law of the European Union S. 809-835

„… auditing standards. The current regulatory framework is pretty elaborated and not quite easy to understand …” „… not less than four different European legislative acts: – First, Directive 2013/34/EU1 (EU Accounting …” „… proposal for the 7th Company Law Directive was not brought before the Council of the EU (Council) until 4 …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 56 General rules on distribution S. 271-277

„… not been amended since. II. No Modification of the Statutes or of the Instrument of Incorporation …” „… does not fall within the scope of the Directive. Section 3 Rules on distribution Article 56 General …” „… the subscribed capital plus those reserves which may not be distributed under the law or the statutes …”

Tobias de Raet Article 118 General provisions S. 576-594

„… not within the scope of the Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 a …” „… 220 of the EEC Treaty was, in a first step, to agree on a Convention on cross-border mergers and not …” „… This approach is evidenced not only in the wording, but also in the systematic position of Article 220 …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 50 Derogation from the requirement for an experts' report S. 251-258

„… Article 49 does not apply in the case of use of the resolution tools, powers and mechanisms provided for …” „… Article 49 are mandatory and leave no discretion to derogate. IX. Direct Application Article 49 is not …” „… Derogation from the requirement for an experts' report 1. Member States may decide not to apply Article 49(1 …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 9 c Transparency and approval of related party transactions S. 943-959

„… .75 As far as the legal nature of these guidelines is concerned, the Directive does not set out any …” „… specifications. In particular, it is not clear whether they are binding and to whom the guidelines are addressed …” „… ) is not an easy task. The existing communication of the Commission, however, does not seem to assume a …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 10 Information on companies as referred to in Article 1(1) S. 1008-1010

„… capital, including securities which are not admitted to trading on a regulated market in a Member State …” „… are not exercised directly by the employees; (f) any restrictions on voting rights, such as …” „… seriously prejudicial to the company; this exception shall not apply where the company is specifically …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 76 Derogation from safeguards for creditors in case of reduction in the subscribed capital S. 365-367

„… has other adequate safeguards, or where such safeguards are not necessary having regard to the assets …” „… States must ensure that Article 75 does not apply in the case of use of the resolution tools, powers and …” „… event” Article 71 provides for a minimum standard.15 Member States may provide for stricter rules as …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 2 Definitions S. 983-985

„… The scope of application of the Directive is not limited with regards to the offerors (Art 2 (1) (c …” „… ), (3)) Art 1 (2) and (3) stipulate that the Directive shall not apply – To takeover bids for securities …” „… companies to ensure that the stock exchange value of their units does not vary significantly from their net …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 p Registration S. 483-485

„… not be able to approve the cross-border operation without issuance of the pre-conversion certificate …” „… State. This is clearly expressed in Recital (45), which states that it should not be possible for the …” „… ’, GmbHR No. 2, 2020, 71. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 86 p Karsten Kühnle 483 11 3 …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 15 Transposition S. 974-976

„… under Article 3a(8), 3b(6), 3c(3) SRD.4 The provision of Article 14a(2) SRD does not serve much purpose …” „… not serve the aforementioned protective objectives of the SRD, the violation of its national …” „… transposition is not covered by Article 14 b SRD. In some jurisdictions, Article 14 b SRD does not require …”

Alexander Schall, David Günther, Michael Lamsa Article 13 b Recognition of identification means for the purposes of online procedures S. 111-114

„… the assurance levels of those electronic identification means do not comply with the conditions set …” „… restriction of applicants to Union citizens. Therefore, applicants from third countries do not need to be …” „… refuse electronic means which do not meet the requirements of Article 6 para. 1 of Regulation (EU) No …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 3 General principles S. 985-988

„… an offeree company must act in the interests of the company as a whole and must not deny the holders …” „… of securities the opportunity to decide on the merits of the bid; (d) false markets must not be …” „… must not be hindered in the conduct of its affairs for longer than is reasonable by a bid for its …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 75 Safeguards for creditors in case of reduction in the subscribed capital S. 362-365

„… right to obtain security for claims which have not fallen due by the date of that publication. Member …” „… States may not set aside such a right unless the creditor has adequate safeguards, or unless such …” „… safeguards are not necessary having regard to the assets of the company. Member States shall lay down the …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 9 b Information to be provided in and right to vote on the remuneration report S. 931-943

„… practice” within the meaning of paragraph 2 is therefore not subject to the disclosure requirement. However …” „… policy and only requires a shareholder vote as such, Member States do not have to provide for sanctions …” „… elements derogated from. 2. Member States shall ensure that companies do not include in the remuneration …”

Tobias de Raet Article 122 Common draft terms of cross-border mergers S. 605-618

„… , since cross-border and domestic mergers were adopted in the form of a Directive and not a Regulation.71 …” „… it clear that the European legislature did not intend to amend or in any other way substantially …” „… that Article 121(1) sentence 2 shall not apply insofar as Article 21 of Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 …”

Peter Kindler Introduction S. 1-65

„… philosophy which is not very demanding, at least in relation to the requirements for formation. The capital …” „… formed with one GBP. This is not only attractive to founders, but the legal policy approach as such has …” „… not missed making an impact on European institutions. This is most likely because it may be equated …”

Tobias de Raet Article 119 Definitions S. 594-598

„… or shares representing the capital of that other company and, if applicable, a cash payment not …” „… company and, if applicable, a cash payment not exceeding 10 % of the nominal value, or in the absence of a …” „… Definitions 594 Tobias de Raet 71 I. Limited Liability Companies …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 137 Draft terms of division S. 693-697

„… criterion upon which such allocation is based. 3. Where an asset is not allocated by the draft terms of …” „… division and where the interpretation of those terms does not make a decision on its allocation possible …” „… division. Where a liability is not allocated by the draft terms of division and where the interpretation of …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 o Scrutiny of the legality of the cross-border conversion by the destination Member State S. 479-483

„… personality but must not be used to circumvent the requirements for incorporation of the company in the …” „… directors, should be fully respected by the company but should not affect the continuity of the converted …” „… company’s legal personality (Recital 44). II. Development of the Provision Article 86 o has not been …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 4 Supervisory authority and applicable law S. 988-994

„… company must not be hindered in the conduct of its affairs for longer than is reasonable by a bid made on …” „… securities are not admitted to trading on a regulated market in the Member State in which the company has its …” „… 93/22/EEC, Directive 2001/34/EC, Directive 2003/6/EC and Directive 2003/71/EC of the European Parliament …”

Index S. 1029-1055

„… not provide for disclosure 31 10 – relating to the activities of the branch 38 1 – third country …” „… – taking note 86h 4 Articles of association – disclosure 30 30 ff. Asset manager – definition III 2 10 …” „… Intro 71 European Model Company Act pre 44-85 44, Intro 153 European Model for Structural Changes …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 2 Scope S. 68-73

„… other types of companies. 2. Member States may decide not to apply this Section to investment companies …” „… liability companies had not been common all over Europe, some Member States faced the difficult task to …” „… Directive are limited to the aforementioned types of companies. Note however, that other types of companies …”

Tobias de Raet Article 133 Employee participation S. 680-686

„… Unlike Article 113, the parallel provision for domestic mergers, it is not possible to waive …” „… cross-border merger has its registered office shall not apply where at least one of the merging companies has …” „… national law applicable to the company resulting from the cross-border merger does not: (a) provide for at …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 49 Experts’ report on consideration other than in cash S. 245-251

„… not at least provide for the requirements laid down in Article 48 (→ Intro Art 44 mn. 64). Section 2 …” „… Article 16. 4. Member States may decide not to apply this Article where 90 % of the nominal value, or …” „… in paragraph 3; (c) the companies furnishing such consideration have reserves which may not be …”

Peter Kindler Article 37 Compulsory documents and particulars to be disclosed S. 186-193

„… (334); differently OLG Oldenburg 28.05.2001 – 5 W 71/0, RIW 2001, p. 863; LG Cottbus 14.02.2005 – 11 T …” „… distribution of profits based on the nominal amount of the participation and not pro capite, safeguards as …” „… requirements shall take precedence with regard to transactions carried out with the branch. This rule does not …”

Tobias de Raet Article 124 Report of the administrative or management body for members and employees S. 625-634

„… accordance with Article 126 a. 4. The section of the report for members shall not be required where all the …” „… themselves, not less than six weeks before the date of the general meeting referred to in Article 126 …” „… . However, where the approval of the merger is not required by the general meeting of the acquiring company …”

Peter Kindler Article 30 Documents and particulars to be disclosed S. 163-171

„… Oldenburg 28.05.2001 – 5 W 71/0, RIW 2001, 863; LG Cottbus 14.02.2005 – 11 T 1/05, EWiR 2005, 733, annotated …” „… not referred to the company but to the Member State in which the branch has been opened (see wording …” „… disclose are exhaustive or not (see below, → mn. 36 et seq). In the latter case, national law is free to …”

Alexander Schall, David Günther Article 9 Acts of the organs of a company and its representation S. 97-106

„… 16, the provision would not really have been necessary (see sub III), so much the more since the …” „… organs of the company shall be binding upon it even if those acts are not within the objects of the …” „… . However, Member States may provide that the company shall not be bound where such acts are outside the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… legislation, which matches the sophistication of the existing texts. Finalizing this volume would not have …” „… would not have been possible at all. Furthermore, we would like to thank our assistants that were …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 70 341 Increase in capital not fully subscribed …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 9 a Right to vote on the remuneration policy S. 919-931

„… no remuneration policy has been approved and the general meeting does not approve the proposed policy …” „… remuneration policy exists and the general meeting does not approve the proposed new policy, the company shall …” „… requirements for the content of the report and policy, but not for the substance of the remuneration itself.10 …”

Tobias de Raet Article 87 General provisions S. 494-501

„… the cross-border conversion does not restrict the Member States’ powers, inter alia, in relation to …” „… ons.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/0291c60a-df7a-11e5-8fea-01aa75ed71a1); Behrens, Die grenzüberschreitende Verschmelzung nach der …” „… provisions of the Member States relating to the types of company listed in Annex I. 2. Member States need not …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 a Scope S. 731-744

„… Section 6 Application arrangements Article 160 Transitional provisions Member States need not apply …” „… securities or shares representing the capital of the recipient companies. 3. This Chapter shall not apply to …” „… . Action taken by such a company to ensure that the stock exchange value of its units does not vary …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 d Draft terms of cross-border conversions S. 404-413

„… an SE: Casper in Spindler/Stilz (4th edn, 2019), SE-VO Article 8, § 7-10. 7 Unless waived or not …” „… caveats that companies should not be obliged to disclose confidential information, the disclosure of which …” „… described in Recital (15), non-disclosure should not be used as an excuse to undermine the requirements …”

Karsten Kühnle Foreword to Arts 86a-86 t S. 390-398

„… States may decide not to apply points (g), (i), (j) and (k) of Article 4 to companies already in …” „… concerned foreign branch registration, the ECJ held that a Member State must not refuse registration of a …” „… for Europe – Analysis and Evidence (COM(2015) 550 final). Cross-border conversions were not mentioned …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 3 Compulsory information to be provided in the statutes or instruments of incorporation S. 73-79

„… ] in accordance with his/her participation”.22 Thus, ideally, a cooperative does not pursue profit …” „… are to contain such detailed name affix as well.28 Article 2 does not provide for an exception for …” „… 16 17 18 (e) in so far as they are not legally determined, the rules governing the number of, and the …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 5 Information prior to the general meeting S. 896-902

„… specified in paragraph 2 of this Article not later than on the 21st day before the day of the meeting …” „… issue the convocation of a general meeting which is not an annual general meeting in one of the manners …” „… specified in paragraph 2 of this Article not later than on the 14th day before the day of the meeting. This …”

Alexander Schall, David Günther, Michael Lamsa Article 16 Disclosure in the register S. 129-135

„… as required under national law for entry in the file. 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply to the …” „… sixteenth day following the disclosure, the documents and information shall not be relied on as against …” „… always rely on any documents and information in respect of which the disclosure formalities have not yet …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 146 Protection of the interests of creditors of companies involved in a division; joint and several liability of the recipient companies S. 711-714

„… Gesellschaftsrecht (6th edn, 2017), § 21, p. 714-715. 3 Article 146(2) Directive EU 2017/1132. 4 Article 146(3 …” „… division and have not yet fallen due at the time of such publication. 2. For the purpose of paragraph 1 …” „… protection necessary, and where those creditors do not already have such safeguards. Member States shall lay …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 6 Multiple-member companies S. 85-87

„… justified as in case authorisation is refused the contracts become ineffective or rather not effective at …” „… the required authorisation is granted. V. Direct application Article 5 is not sufficiently precise to …” „… legal minimum after incorporation of the company shall not lead to the automatic dissolution of the …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 153 Conditions for nullity of a division S. 721-723

„… and Article 6:162 of the Dutch Civil Code. Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code does not provide a special …” „… preventive supervision of their legality, or if they have not been drawn up and certified in due legal form …” „… ) nullification proceedings are not initiated more than six months after the date on which the division becomes …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 8 Participation in the general meeting by electronic means S. 910-914

„… complete abolition of the meeting in presence is not in accordance with the Directive.6 There is, however …” „… participation does not seem to be ruled out.7 Nevertheless, the SRD is opening European company law to the …” „… , voting) but not to every technically possible implementation of these forms of participation. Since the …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 139 Approval by the general meeting of each company involved in a division S. 700-702

„… . The resolution for a division may not differ from the draft terms of division. The majority required …” „… division. Form requirements The Directive does not foresee specific form requirements for the resolution …” „… possibility to amend all articles of association. The Dutch court shall not give its approval if it believes …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 147 Protection of holders of securities, other than shares, to which special rights are attached S. 714-715

„… ) of the German Transformation Act provides not only for a general joint and several liability of all …” „… participating companies (and not only the recipient companies) in respect of the liabilities of the company …” „… pursuant to Article 133(1) sentence 1 of the German Transformation Act was not limited by any amount. The …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 145 Protection of employees’ rights S. 710-711

„… Article 142(1) are not required if all shareholders and holders of other securities conferring voting …” „… transferred to the recipient companies.1 Further, such transfer does not constitute cause for termination on …” „… involved in a division whose claims antedate publication of the draft terms of division and have not yet …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 152 Civil liability of members of the administrative or management bodies of a company being divided S. 720-721

„… 152 does not make any concrete stipulations with regard to the ultimate content of liability, meaning …” „… Article 6:162 of the Dutch Civil Code. Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code does not provide a special clause …” „… supervision of their legality, or if they have not been drawn up and certified in due legal form, or if it is …”

Alexander Schall, David Günther Foreword to Arts 7-12 S. 87-92

„… second paragraph Member States are not precluded from permitting the company to be wound up by order of …” „… need to be able to set a grace period of at least 6 months,10 the Directive does not stipulate a fixed …” „… requirements of a direct application (cf. → Foreword Art 44 mn. 64). The same does not apply to Article 6 (2 …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 151 Consequences of a division S. 717-720

„… person acting in his own name but on its behalf. 3. The foregoing shall not affect the laws of Member …” „… which may not, save in exceptional circumstances, be fixed at more than six months from the date on …” „… not cover full divisions1) the company being divided ceasing to exist. The German legislator has …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 138 Publication of the draft terms of division S. 697-700

„… of the managements of the recipient companies and the legal entity being divided in case it does not …” „… . If not all assets and liabilities are transferred in the division, the company being divided remains …” „… decide on the draft terms of division and ending not earlier than the conclusion of that meeting, it …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 140 Derogation from the requirement of approval by the general meeting of a recipient company S. 702-703

„… Member State need not require approval of a division by a general meeting of a recipient company if the …” „… minimum percentage may not be fixed at more than 5 %. Member States may, however, provide for the …” „… I and Chapter III of Title II, need not be complied with where all the shareholders of the companies …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 148 Drawing up and certification of documents in due legal form S. 715-716

„… the recipient company to those they held the company being divided. As an exception, this does not …” „… provides for the right for holders of shares which do not share in the profits who voted against the …” „… a Member State do not provide for judicial or administrative preventive supervision of the legality …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 156 Application of rules on divisions by acquisition S. 725-727

„… shall not impose the requirements set out in Articles 141 and 142 and in points (c), (d) and (e) of …” „… . Since it is, by its nature, not possible to conclude a division and transfer agreement in the case of a …” „… division with an hive-off are generally the same. As explained above, the Dutch Civil Code does not …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 144 Simplified formalities S. 709-710

„… drawn up as at a date which shall not be earlier than the first day of the third month preceding the …” „… as provided for under Article 142(1) are not required if all shareholders and holders of other …” „… transferred to the recipient companies.1 Further, such transfer does not constitute cause for termination on …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 149 Date on which a division takes effect S. 716

„… determine the date on which a division takes effect. I. No Harmonized Effective Date The Directive does not …” „… Publication formalities 716 Klaus Bader and Andreas Börner 3 1 2 3 4 5 …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 150 Publication formalities S. 716-717

„… determine the date on which a division takes effect. I. No Harmonized Effective Date The Directive does not …” „… Publication formalities 716 Klaus Bader and Andreas Börner 3 1 2 3 4 5 2. Any recipient company may itself …” „… CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 151 Klaus Bader and Andreas Börner 717 1 2 3 4 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845279909

Dirk Leuffen - Cohabitation und Europapolitik

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Dirk Leuffen

Cohabitation und Europapolitik

Series: Regieren in Europa | Governance in Europe

Volume 14 2007

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Der G 7 Gipfel von Tokio: «not the same procedure as every year »! S. 86-93

„… 86 7. Empirie II: Europapolitik im Kontext der Cohabitation 7.1 Die erste Cohabitation: Mitterrand …” „… Saint-Dominique (vgl. Kerber 1995, 533; Balladur 1989, 71ff.).95 Schon hier behält sich der Staatspräsident also …” „… Gipfel von Tokio: « not the same procedure as every year »! Der Europäische Rat von Den Haag ist das …”

Konkurrenz, Handlungsressourcen und Entscheidungsprozesse S. 47-57

„… the internal structure of states determines not only the form and use of military force but external …” „… Weise, dass „the President’s influence over defence and EC policy in particular was not negligible“ (vgl …” „… ; Menon 2001, 91; Carcassonne 1997, 71). Dabei schränkt diese Einschätzung die „Macht“ des Präsidenten als …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… : Mitterrand – Chirac 86 7.1.1 Der G 7 Gipfel von Tokio: « not the same procedure as every year »! 89 7.1.2 …” „… government 82 7. Empirie II: Europapolitik im Kontext der Cohabitation 86 8 7.1 Die erste Cohabitation …” „… Cohabitation 100 7.1.4 Das zweite Forschungsrahmenprogramm 1987-88 123 7.1.5 Die Etablierung des …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 237-272

„… (Hrsg.) Political Parties and the European Union, London: Routledge, S. 71-85. Cole, Alistair (1990 …” „… l’opinion 1999, Paris: Seuil, S. 71-83. 243 Duhamel, Olivier (1993) ‘La Cohabitation pacifique’, in …” „… . Maus, Didier (1999) ‘Le Parlement et les cohabitations’, Pouvoirs 91 : 71-81. Maus, Didier (1988) Le …”

Hemmschuh oder nicht? Die Folgen des divided government S. 26-33

„… government, it is not merely the separated institutions of government that must overcome their built-in …” „… governments do not differ in the quantity of landmark laws enacted, divided party control does appear to …” „… Unterschiede auf Ebene der „policy outcomes“ zu erfassen: We reply that it is not only the quantity of …”

Das Erklärungsangebot der Veto-Spieler-Theorie S. 57-60

„… the president does not belong to the same majority (the president is not absorbed as a veto-player …” „… Agenda-Setzers zu verweisen (vgl. Romer und Rosenthal 1978; Kieweit und McCubbins 1988, 714; Peake 2001). Der …”

Zwei Veto-Spieler-Modelle S. 60-64

„… the president does not belong to the same majority (the president is not absorbed as a veto-player …” „… Agenda-Setzers zu verweisen (vgl. Romer und Rosenthal 1978; Kieweit und McCubbins 1988, 714; Peake 2001). Der …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845201511

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Peter Mankowski (ed.)

Commercial Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2018

Results in this title

Tim W. Dornis Article 71 CISG S. 319-326

„… not be negligent or intentional.20 Grounds for non-performance The first alternative in Article 71(1 …” „… failure to provide assurance of due performance (Article 71(3)) must be interpreted as a declaration not …” „… Article 71(2) notes that the right of stoppage is ineffective. Whether third parties are obliged to comply …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 72 CISG S. 327-331

„… is entitled to further suspend her own performance. Yet, Article 71 does not provide for an avoidance …” „… , CISG-online 217; Karl H. Neumayer & Catherine Ming, ‘Article 71’ note 7, in François Dessemontet (ed …” „… creditor may have to pay damages for a failure to give notice under Article 71(3) (see → para. 18 above …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Introduction S. 625-626

„… effort and/or time, Arts. 7.1.4(1) lit. a and 7.1.5). It is based on ‘spheres’ not on fault (→ Arts …” „… pending cure pursuant to Art. 7.1.4). It is also permissible to change remedies6 as long as this does not …” „… Comments to Art. 7.1.1 at pp. 227-228; Vogenauer/Schelhaas Introduction to Section 7.1 of the UNIDROIT …”

Klaus Ramming Article 7 Dangerous and polluting goods S. 1013-1015

„… general name. Article 7.1 does not require the shipper to present copies of the relevant provisions to the …” „… render them innocuous or, provided that such a measure is not disproportionate to the danger they …” „… required to carry out the transport (→ Art. 7.1, 7.2 and 7.3). In case the goods become a hazard, the …”

Peter Csoklich Article 6 S. 914-915

„… ensures its link with the electronic consignment note or any other electronic authentication method …” „… permitted by law of the country in which the electronic consignment note has been made out (Art. 3 e-CMR …” „… procedures and their implementation of the electronic consignment note (Art. 5 e-CMR). With respect to the …”

Peter Csoklich Article 11 S. 924-925

„… IV. Defences of the sender It is widely held that the sender is not liable for defective packing …” „… of the goods.10 Moreover, the sender is not liable if the defect of the packing was apparent or known …” „… to the carrier at the time when he took over the goods and did not make a reservation concerning such …”

Petra Butler Article 55 CISG S. 280-282

„… . will not be able to pay the purchase price (see generally Dornis’ discussion of Art. 71, para. 1 …” „… Article 55 CISG Where a contract has been validly concluded but does not expressly or implicitly …” „… implied contractual agreement between the parties. If this is not determinable but a valid contract …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.1 (Right to terminate the contract) S. 656-661

„… . 7.1.5 and in particular Art. 7.1.5(3) and (ii) the principle of good faith and fair dealing (Art. 1.7 …” „… non-monetary obligation (para. 1) or (b) who is not able to enforce a court decision for performance of a …” „… unless the other party did not foresee and could not reasonably have foreseen such result; (b) strict …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 31 S. 968-971

„… , such loss does not need to be pleaded.49 The person claiming such compensation will have to prove that …” „… convention does not set out the consequences of not facilitating or even hindering the investigation, it is …” „… tribunal before which the first action was brought is not enforceable in the country in which the fresh …”

Peter Csoklich Article 7 S. 916-917

„… , however, are valid also if not stated in the consignment note.6 In addition, under Art. 11 CMR the sender …” „… purpose of this clause is to safeguard that CMR is also applied in courts not located in CMR contracting …” „… states.7 Art. 6 (2) CMR lists up further statements to be included in the consignment note where …”

Sebastian Omlor Article 28 CISG S. 150-152

„… . 27 CISG.30 Not only practical needs with respect to legal clarity and provability, but also the …” „… legitimately (cf. → Art. 16(2)(b) CISG)32 expected the sending party not to revoke its communication.33 V …” „… “dispatch principle”, the sending party does not have to prove that and when the communication actually …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.4 (Cure by non-performing party) S. 632-634

„… together with Arts. 7.1.2, 5.1.3 and 1.7). 32 Vogenauer/Schelhaas Introduction to Section 7.1 of the …” „… . 5; and Art. 7.1.3 no. 3. 34 Vogenauer/Schelhaas Introduction to Section 7.1 of the UNIDROIT …” „… Vogenauer/Schelhaas Art. 7.1.3 no. 31 pointing in note 81 to different conceptions of retention rights (e.g. § 273 …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 74 CISG S. 339-348

„… Gotanda, 2006), note 7.1 et seq.; Peter Mankowski, ‘Article 74’ para. 41 et seq., in Karsten Schmidt (ed …” „… within the confines of Article 7(1). Accordingly, a party’s insurance may not necessarily be used as a …” „… of the breach. Such damages may not exceed the loss which the party in breach foresaw or ought to …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.21 (Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms) S. 523

„… . 71-72; Bonell An International Restatement, p. 156; Morán Bovio/ Viscasillas Art. 2.21, 1, p. 161. 4 …” „… of the other party by imposing terms “that the other party could not reasonably have expected”.1 To …” „… experience3] as the adhering party would not have expected it in the type of standard terms involved”.4 …”

Petra Butler Introduction to Articles 45–65 CISG S. 232-237

„… on anticipatory breach (Articles 71-73), interest (Article 78),7 exemption of liability (Articles …” „… , but not contractual duties. Consequently, a failure to give notice does not amount to a breach of …” „… .34 However, in systems where the law does not have to be pleaded, courts will ex offico take into …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.2.2 (Performance of non-monetary obligation) S. 647-651

„… . 7.1.1 et seq., ‘notably’ Arts. 7.1.2 (interference of the obligee) and 7.1.7 (force majeure);63 (ii …” „… pay money does not perform, the other party may require performance, unless (a) performance is …” „… ) performance is of an exclusively personal character; or (e) the party entitled to performance does not require …”

Klaus Ramming Article 8 Liability of the shipper S. 1016-1018

„… the carrier under that provision are made at the cost of the shipper. A corresponding clause is not …” „… included in Article 7.4. On the other hand, Article 7.5, as opposed to Article 8.1, does not expressly …” „… actual carrier is not entitled to claim under Article 7.5, which seems to be an inconsistent result …”

Petra Butler Article 60 CISG S. 289-291

„… refuse even if the breach is not fundamental under Article 7(1) (good faith).21 For example, if the …” „… gers the remedies set out in Articles 61 et seq. and Article 78. It is important to note that …” „… , contrary to German law, a demand note is not required.3 However, some exceptions to Article 59 exist to …”

Article 25 CISG S. 130-142

„… the CISG. An addressee who deliberately blocks or delays receipt of a declaration will not prevent it …” „… deprive him of what he is entitled to expect under the contract, unless the party in breach did not …” „… foresee and a reasonable person of the same kind in the same circumstances would not have foreseen such a …”

Peter Mankowski Article 88 CISG S. 400-403

„… contrast to Arts. 71 (3); 72 (2) to give notice is a strict and full prerequisite. The notice does not …” „… burdened with duty to preserve them. This must not be permanent feature. In particular there is a moral …” „… shall not accumulate horrendous amounts of expenses.2 13 Michael Junker, ‘Art. 87 CISG’, in: jurisPK BGB …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 73 CISG S. 332-338

„… contract if the requirements of Article 72(1) are fulfilled and if the debtor has not provided adequate …” „… and 27.32 This notably concerns the time limit for the declaration; if the creditor does not declare …” „… . Bennett, ‘Article 72’ note 2.3, in C. Massimo Bianca & Michael J. Bonell, Commentary on the International …”

Klaus Ramming Article 9 Termination of the contract of carriage by the carrier S. 1019-1020

„… the shipper fails to perform the obligations under Article 6.2 or Article 7.1 and 7.2. Therefore, the …” „… precautions to be taken by the carrier (→ Art. 7.1); as well as to provide the necessary authorization of the …” „… when the goods are delivered to the carrier by the shipper. If by then the carrier has not received the …”

Peter Mankowski Article 84 CISG S. 388-391

„… , such remedies kann only be based on the initial breach of contract (by the seller) and not on any …” „… deterioration for which the buyer himself is responsible.2 Since the contract is not avoided der Vertrag and …” „… goods.3 But this is only sensible and even possible where the goods are not a total loss. Remedies …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 24 CISG S. 116-129

„… not have a place of business or mailing address, to his habitual residence. I. Overview …” „… acceptance (Art. 22). Article 24 is not relevant for declarations that need only be ‘dispatched’,1 e.g …” „… burden of proving not only that the declaration reached the addressee,6 but also the time it reached them …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 8.1 (Conditions of set-off) S. 698-705

„… becomes important when the agreed sum is not deterrent but particularly reasonable in relation to the …” „… the amount is not grossly excessive, para. 2), while it is not barred from actually proving the full …” „… / McKendrick Art. 7.4.13 no. 13. 36 See Vogenauer/McKendrick Art. 7.4.13 no. 10 (and note 192 on English law …”

Petra Butler Article 56 CISG S. 283

„… V. Currency The question of which currency should be used for payment is not one directly …” „… is not determinable, the method of determining the applicable currency has been disputed. The …” „… generally not permitted to substitute the agreed currency.28 Of course, the parties are free to …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 14 CISG S. 58-69

„… Goods (Matthew Bender, 1984) 7-1, 7-13 (either party by agreement); Eörsi, Art. 14 para. 2.2.4.3 (third …” „… to describe the proposal will not themselves determine whether or not it amounts to an offer. Labels …” „… such as ‘letter of confirmation’ or ‘invoice’ will not preclude classification of a proposal as an …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.6 (Exemption clauses) S. 637-640

„… sentence 2. 34 Vogenauer/Schelhaas Art. 7.1.5 no. 22. 35 Vogenauer/Schelhaas Introduction to Section 7.1 of …” „… Section 7.1 of the UNIDROIT Principles no. 12. Section 1 Non-performance in General Art. 7.1.6 UNIDROIT …” „… as valid2 (otherwise, the restriction in Art. 7.1.6 could not make any sense). To a large part …”

CISG Marco Torsello Article 34 S. 186-189

„… performance to give immediately notice of the suspension to the other party (Article 71(3) CISG); failing such …” „… beyond the party’s control and that the party could not reasonably be expected to have taken into account …” „… Section in question also contains a provision in → Art. 80 CISG, according to which “a party may not rely …”

Marco Torsello Article 32 CISG S. 175-180

„… delivery relevant for the purpose of Article 7(1)(b) Brussels I bis Regulation (former Article 5(1)(b …” „… ) Brussels I Regulation), to the effect that not only the inclusion of an Ex Works clause, but also the …” „… if the goods are not clearly identified to the contract by mark- 83 Article 5(1)(b) of Brussels I …”

Marco Torsello Article 31 CISG S. 163-174

„… not bound to deliver the goods at any other particular place, his obligation to deliver consists: (a …” „… carrier for transmission to the buyer; (b) if, in cases not within the preceding subparagraph, the …” „… )) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 III. Delivery in sales not involving carriage …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 78 CISG S. 360-366

„… (see → Art. 71(1), 81(2)). In such cases, as is contended, a debtor will not ‘fail to pay’ in the sense …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 25 Bundesgerichtshof (Germany), 25.6.1997, CISG-online 277; Victor Knapp, ‘Article 77’ note 2.6 …” „… . Article 78 does not contain a provision on the rate of interest payable. In addition to interest, damages …”

Petra Butler Article 59 CISG S. 288

„… the inspection to effect the payment of the purchase price. Third, if the buyer did not know and could …” „… not have known when the goods or documents would be at his disposal, the time at which the buyer is …” „… notified becomes decisive.30 This notice is sent at the seller’s risk. Article 27 is not applicable as the …”

Stefan Kröll Article 12 Nomination S. 1447-1448

„… amendment without delay. Furthermore, that credit is not allowed to be inconsistent with the previous …” „… teletransmission. Article 11, however, does not contain a sanction or a regulation what should happen if the bank …” „… does not comply with those requirements and in particular the operative credit deviates from the …”

Raimond Emde Introduction S. 1247-1264

„… not be sufficiently elastic because of the plurality of peremptory norms.71 Partially taking these …” „… . 6.1422; Hommelhoff AcP 192 (1992), 71 (81); Kindler RIW 1990, 358; see also Bundestag publication 11/3077 …” „… may not fall below due to national regulations. It is the case law of the ECJ that the Member States …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.2.1 (Performance of monetary obligation) S. 646

„… under Art. 7.1.7.63 The risk allocation following from INCOTERMS64 and exemption clauses does not …” „… obligation) Where a party who is obliged to pay money does not do so, the other party may require payment. A …” „… termination of the contract;9 but not full damages replacing performance (Art. 7.4.1). (iii) During the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.4 (Adequate assurance of due performance) S. 665-666

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 A. Avoiding a ‘Dilemma’ for the Obligee With some ‘resemblance’ to Arts. 71-72 CISG1 and § 2-609 …” „… D. Alternative Options Even if the high standard of Art. 7.3.3 is not (or may not) be met, it may …” „… sentence 218 (distinctly from Art. 72(2) CISG, Arts.7.3.3 to 7.3.4 do not explicitly require such notice in …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Preamble (Purpose of the Principles) S. 477-483

„… mercatoria or the like. They may be applied when the parties have not chosen any law to govern their contract …” „… commercial contracts The UNIDROIT Principles provide general ‘rules’, not law. These rules are ‘general …” „… www.unidroit.org (under “instruments”, there under “Commercial Contracts”) or at www.unilex.info. 1 Official note …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.5 (Additional period for performance) S. 635-636

„… would not suffice). 7 Vogenauer/Schelhaas Art. 7.1.5 no. 3. 8 Official Comments, Art. 7.1.5, p. 235 …” „… forgotten door in the painting of a factory). 19 Vogenauer/Schelhaas Art. 7.1.5 no. 9, 19 (not as long as …” „… the original time frame under Art. 6.1.1 has not elapsed). 20 Vogenauer/Schelhaas Art. 7.1.5 no. 19 …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 2 Definitions S. 1311-1320

„… CISG prevails over the European Directive. Issues which are not governed in the CISG will still be …” „… of insolvency proceedings. However, according to the Austrian Supreme Court, this does not prevent a …” „… that activity is carried out by a single person; (4) ‘late payment’ means payment not made within the …”

Stefan Kröll Article 39 Assignment of Proceeds S. 1504-1531

„… of title UNIDROIT 9.1.2 2 – property law aspects of retention of title not covered UNIDROIT 7.1.3 5 …” „… of credit practice that the issuer will not reveal the name of the second beneficiary to the …” „… not explicitly stated, it is generally assumed that the transferring bank will then examine the …”

Peter Mankowski Article 4 CISG S. 28-30

„… Turn-key contracts Turn-key contracts, contrats clé en main, contrats produit the main do not per …” „… service elements are not preponderant.32 In practice, however, turn-key contracts tend to be extremely …” „… this Convention, it is not concerned with: (a) the validity of the contract or of any of its provisions …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 79 CISG S. 367-376

„… pre- and post-judgment interest; the latter are considered not to be superseded by the Convention.53 V …” „… not liable for a failure to perform any of his obligations if he proves that the failure was due to an …” „… impediment beyond his control and that he could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into …”

Article 36 S. 979

„… in good order.4 It is disputed whether a reservation on the consignment note (but not on the receipt …” „… ) leads to a loss of the prima facie evidence.5 → Art. 8 para. 3 CMR is not referred to in Art. 35 CMR and …” „… thus does not apply between successive carriers.6 Article 36 Except in the case of a counterclaim or a …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 19 CISG S. 93-101

„… not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without …” „… undue delay, objects orally to the discrepancy or dispatches a notice to that effect. If he does not so …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Terms that are not different …”

Peter Mankowski Article 86 CISG S. 395-397

„… Art. 71 (3) CISG by providing appropriate security.35 Article 86 CISG (1) If the buyer has received …” „… not apply if the seller or a person authorized to take charge of the goods on his behalf is present at …” „… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1. The seller is not present at the destination …”

Peter Mankowski Article 2 CISG S. 20-23

„… , notes 59-60; see also ICC Award 6653 (1993) CISG-online No. 71; Schiedsgericht der Handelskammer Hamburg …” „… kind of model solution.57 Article 2 CISG This Convention does not apply to sales: (a) of goods bought …” „… categories of contracts. There is not the single guideline according to which contracts are kept within or …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 37 S. 979-980

„… in good order.4 It is disputed whether a reservation on the consignment note (but not on the receipt …” „… ) leads to a loss of the prima facie evidence.5 → Art. 8 para. 3 CMR is not referred to in Art. 35 CMR and …” „… thus does not apply between successive carriers.6 Article 36 Except in the case of a counterclaim or a …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 28 S. 960

„… mirrors the contractual liability under the Convention. It follows that Art. 28 CMR does not apply to …” „… claims not covered by the Convention regardless of whether they are based in contract or are …” „… extra-contractual. For example, claims for pain and suffering, loss of life or limp are not covered by the CMR and …”

Peter Mankowski Article 81 CISG S. 381-383

„… obligations under it, subject to any damages which may be due. Avoidance does not affect any provision of the …” „… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 III. Provisions not affected, (1) 2nd sentence …” „… .1 They cover only avoidance based on → Art. 49; 64; 72; 73 CISG, but not 28 Ulrich Magnus, ‘Article …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.3 (Withholding performance) S. 630-631

„… perform its own duty does not constitute ‘non-performance’ under Art. 7.1.1.9 The other party must perform …” „… to “end the stalement” and may not rely on remedies under Chapter 7.10 B. Requirements …” „… Swiss law in note 43. See also Morán Bovio/Morán Bovio, Art. 7.1.3, no. 2.a., p. 328 in regard to …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.6 (Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles) S. 490-491

„… regime. For example, the UNIDROIT Principles do not contain a possibility to interrupt a …” „… background, such a possibility to interrupt a prescription period is not important, the author does not …” „… scope of these Principles but not expressly settled by them are as far as possible to be settled in …”

Sebastian Omlor Article 29 CISG S. 153-155

„… vate international law. The provision is not intended to assign a universal significance to the …” „… also apply to the claim for performance based on the CISG.21 Art. 28 CISG is not biased in favour of …” „… or arbitral tribunal is not compelled to deny specific performance by virtue of Art. 28 CISG.23 If …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 3 Transactions between undertakings S. 1321-1333

„… contractual and legal obligations; and (b) the creditor has not received the amount due on time, unless the …” „… debtor is not responsible for the delay. 2. Member States shall ensure that the applicable reference rate …” „… not fixed in the contract, that the creditor is entitled to interest for late payment upon the expiry …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 29 S. 961-962

„… shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of this chapter which exclude or limit his …” „… shall not be entitled to avail themselves, with regard to their personal liability, of the provisions of …” „… consequences of this are far reaching, they are not without bounds; for example, limits of liability outside of …”

Peter Mankowski Article 6 CISG S. 33-36

„… Art. 5 CISG, a specific exclusion from the CISG, forms only part of the game. It does not amount to an …” „… expressio unius and does not carry an argumentum e contrario. General impact of the CISG on claims in tort …” „… applicable by the domestic PIL of the forum6 or not.7 In favour of an excluding effect the unifying ambition …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 40 CISG S. 212-213

„… earlier stage.65 Article 40 CISG The seller is not entitled to rely on the provisions of articles 38 and …” „… 39 if the lack of conformity relates to facts of which he knew or could not have been unaware and …” „… which he did not disclose to the buyer. I. General Features In cases where the seller knew or could not …”

Klaus Ramming Article 2 Scope of application S. 1000-1002

„… amount as per Article 20. Containers etc. supplied by the carrier are not deemed to be goods under the …” „… , perhaps together with cargo provided by other shippers. Here, the container does not form part of the …” „… writing” as used in Articles 4.4 sentence 1, 6.2 sentence 1, 7.1, 23.3, 23.4, and 24.2. It is sufficient …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 15 CISG S. 70-73

„… Capacity, and the effect of death or insolvency after an offer is made are questions not governed by the …” „… 1106. 2 Mankowski, Art. 15 para. 5. 3 Applicable domestic agency laws, not the CISG, determine …” „… 2 even an irrevocable offer may be withdrawn,7 as it has not yet become effective as an offer. The …”

Petra Butler Article 52 CISG S. 274-278

„… through Article 50 or through Article 51(1) by focusing on the proportion of the goods which do not …” „… conform with the contract. Article 50 is not applicable in the event of the seller’s non-delivery of the …” „… goods.32 To achieve practical uniformity within the CISG it follows that Article 50 is also not …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 80 CISG S. 377-380

„… Article 80 CISG A party may not rely on a failure of the other party to perform, to the extent that such …” „… , ‘Article 79’ note 13, in François Dessemontet (ed), Convention de Vienne sur les Contrats de Vente …” „… (Switzerland), 10.3.2010, CISG-online 2176; Denis Tallon, ‘Article 79’ note 2.7.3, in C. Massimo Bianca …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.1 (Scope of the Chapter) S. 761-764

„… Limitation Periods in: Hartkamp et al (eds.), pp. 715, 716-717. 2 (1999) Study L – Misc. 21, para. 293 (El …” „… (eds.), p. 715, 727; Vogenauer/Wintgen Art. 10.9 no. 1 and note 152 at p. 1188. 5 Vogenauer/Wintgen …” „… (2002), p. 71-72 at Fn. 50 and 53 for examples in other civil law jurisdictions. 17 Vogenauer/Wintgen …”

Peter Csoklich Article 2 S. 906-909

„… are not unloaded from the vehicle, this Convention shall nevertheless apply to the whole of the …” „… goods which occurs during the carriage by the other means of transport was not caused by an act or …” „… determined not by this Convention but in the manner in which the liability of the carrier by the other means …”

Sebastian Omlor Article 27 CISG S. 146-149

„… entitled party. Time limits In general, the declaration is not subject to a time limit.32 Art. 26 CISG …” „… will not opt for the avoidance of their contract. Compared to Art. 49(2)(b), Art. 64(2)(b) and Art …” „… reasonable time. The dispatch,33 not the receiving34 of the declaration of avoidance marks the end of the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.1 (Non-performance defined) S. 627

„… Contract, Not on Fault The regime of remedies in Arts. 7.1.1 et seq. is not based on ‘fault’6 but rather on …” „… Vogenauer/Schelhaas Introduction to Section 7.1 of the UNIDROIT Principles no. 14. 1 Vogenauer/Schelhaas Art. 7.1.1 no …” „… time period for performance (Arts. 7.1.4, 7.1.5) which will usually be reflected in the pricing as the …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 18 CISG S. 81-92

„… ), and the period of irrevocability has not yet expired.14 A rejected offer cannot be accepted. In this …” „… not in itself amount to acceptance. (2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective at the moment the …” „… indication of assent reaches the offeror. An acceptance is not effective if the indication of assent does not …”

Klaus Ramming Article 6 Obligations of the shipper S. 1010-1012

„… are taken over by the carrier and their delivery and so as to ensure that they do not cause damage to …” „… shipper if dangerous and polluting goods are to be shipped, see Article 7.1. The shipper is liable …” „… weight of the goods, even in cases where an undeclared weight not included in the transport document …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.9 (Interest for failure to pay money) S. 689-692

„… explicitly does not admit any excuse for the non-payment (even force majeure, Art. 7.1.7) as a reason to …” „… impecuniosity of the aggrieved party)11 whereby “the standard required is not an exacting one”.12 For example …” „… offer of settlement18 or of alternative performance by the non-performing party;19 not to take …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 43 Jurisdiction under Article 13 S. 1404-1405

„… transaction should be understood not only as including an agreement providing for an international interest …” „… assignment agreements.1 Art 42 is liberal in so far as it does not provide for any substantive requirement …” „… chosen or not).4 Art 42 only provides one minimum formal requirement, namely that the agreement be in …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 8 Remedies of chargee S. 1374

„… future, upon the occurrence of a stated event whether or not the occurrence of the event is certain. The …” „… State where all parties are based and the object was located has declared that it would not apply the …” „… Convention to internal transactions.7 Registration is not a requirement for constituting an international …”

Article 1.7 (Good faith and fair dealing) S. 492-493

„… ), 9.1.2, 9.2.2, 9.3.2). If it is not possible to rely on Art. 1.6, the adjudicator needs to determine the …” „… may not exclude or limit this duty. A. Good Faith and Fair Dealing as a Mandatory Core of the …” „… spirit of ‘good faith and fair dealing’. Even if it is not enshrined around the globe in general and …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.2.5 (Revocation) S. 589

„… national laws in Germany (Staudinger/Klummp (2015) § 328 para. 71-72), United Kingdom s 2(1) UK Contracts …” „… international instruments and national laws.1 As long as the rights of the beneficiary have not been ‘vested’ or …” „… agreement (i.e. not unilaterally by the promisee as under the PECL4 and in some domestic jurisdictions …”

Marco Torsello Article 33 CISG S. 181-185

„… seller is not bound to take out insurance. Under these circumstances, the Convention imposes on the …” „… obligation arising from Art. 32(3) CISG is not an integral part of the seller’s delivery obligation …” „… , but it does not amount to a failure to complete the delivery obligation. As a consequence, in the …”

Petra Butler Article 47 CISG S. 243-248

„… not meet his or her obligation for remedial work the buyer can repair the defect him- or herself and …” „… the buyer has received notice from the seller that he will not perform within the period so fixed, the …” „… buyer may not, during that period, resort to any remedy for breach of contract. However, the buyer is …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 35 CISG S. 190-196

„… otherwise, the goods do not conform with the contract unless they: a. are fit for the purposes for which …” „… circumstances show that the buyer did not rely, or that it was unreasonable for him to rely, on the seller’s …” „… such manner, in a manner adequate to preserve and protect the goods. 3. The seller is not liable under …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.9 (Non-assignment clauses) S. 727-728

„… Vogenauer/Mazza Art. 9.1.9 no. 1 note 71. 5 See Vogenauer/Mazza Introduction to Chapter 9 of the UNIDROIT …” „… clause to be ineffective (para. 2 sentence 1), which means that (1) the right is not transferred to the …” „… the time of the assignment, did not know and did not ‘ought to have known’ of the non-assignment …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Introduction to the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (“PICC”) S. 462-476

„… plement Articles 71 and 72 of the CISG, in: Felemegas (ed.), An International Approach to the …” „… . 53-71 (cited as “Brödermann in: FS Elsing (2015)”); ibid, § 6 Internationales Privatrecht in: Piltz (ed …” „… a wonderful tool. The problem is that most people do not yet know them and do not take the time to …”

Marco Torsello Article 30 CISG S. 156-162

„… 27 such as preparatory measures for performance. Due to its purpose and linkage to → Art. 7(1) CISG …” „… property in the goods, is not dealt with in any subsequent provision. This is due to the fact that the …” „… mentioned above, in most cases the provisions of the CISG dealing with delivery obligations are not resorted …”

Klaus Ramming Introduction S. 990-992

„… 2008 No. 1/2 p 71; Jaegers, ‘CMNI: Zum Anwendungsbereich und zu Problemstellungen’, in: Kuhlen (ed …” „… higher. In cases of personal qualified fault, the carrier is not entitled to rely on any of the foresaid …” „… issues with the shipping documents. The shipper’s liability does not depend on fault and is unlimited …”

Christoph Oertel IV. INCOTERMS® 2010 S. 828-897

„… ® entered into force on 1 January 2011. Although a ten year revision cycle of the Incoterms® is not formally …” „… . They are not part of the specific Incoterms® rule (and therefore they are not reprinted in this …” „… for the trade in bulk or commodities which are not containerized over sea and inland waterway. The …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… a particular challenge. Not surprisingly, international commercial law has become the main field of …” „… passengers comes a close second if not an equal-ranked first. Beneath and besides this unification of law …” „… Anticipatory breach and instalment contracts Article 71 …”

Peter Mankowski Article 3 CISG S. 24-27

„… Mere parts of ships or aircrafts, e.g. engines or steel, aluminum or carbon plates, do not fall …” „… caters for electricity. Thus, it provides a welcome clarification that the Convention does not apply to …” „… electricity. Electricity is not measured by kilograms, tons, square meters, litres or cube meters, but by …”

Peter Mankowski Article 9 CISG S. 47-50

„… International Sales’, 39 Virginia Journal of International Law 707, 715-716 (1999); Dalhuisen, ‘Custom and Its …” „… normative validity. (1) does not contain any restrictions as to the issues covered. It applies to the …” „… everyone active in that trade would know them.7 Specific knowledge is not required.8 Longevity and regular …”

Petra Butler Article 50 CISG S. 262-268

„… fundamental breach, is not necessary. Further, it avoids the argument whether the performance date was so …” „… hundred percent if the goods no longer have value.39 Article 50 CISG If the goods do not conform with the …” „… contract and whether or not the price has already been paid, the buyer may reduce the price in the same …”

Raimond Emde Article 2 S. 1266-1271

„… 3. A commercial agent shall be understood within the meaning of this Directive as not including in …” „… . Article 2 1. This Directive shall not apply to: – commercial agents whose activities are unpaid …” „… provide that the Directive shall not apply to those persons whose activities as commercial agents are …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.2.3 (Availability of defences against joint and several obligees) S. 820-824

„… Performance in Circumstances Governed by Chapter 7 Art. 11.2.2 does not address the specific …” „… its relationship to that obligee or that it can assert against all the co-obligees, but may not assert …” „… (hereinafter ‘personal’ defences) and do not protect the obligor ”from other obligees claiming full performance …”

Petra Butler Article 48 CISG S. 249-256

„… out of the principle of good faith based on Article 7(1).25 If the seller does not meet the notice …” „… ) (b)).37 The obligor does not have to wait to the end of the remaining additional period before the …” „… contract arises that would justify immediate avoidance of the contract.38 If the seller does not perform …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.12 (Imputation of payments) S. 612-614

„… B. Limits The default rule in Art. 6.1.10 does not apply to the currency for damages (→ Art …” „… , in case of performance at its place of business (Art. 6.1.6(1)(b)) not necessarily of packaging until …” „… agreement, Art. 1.5); (b) costs of customs, tax, import and export licensing fees;6 but (c) not costs of …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 77 CISG S. 356-359

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 17 Victor Knapp, ‘Article 76’ note 2.7, in C. Massimo Bianca & Michael J. Bonell, Commentary on …” „… Ming, ‘Article 76’ note 2, in François Dessemontet (ed), Convention de Vienne sur les Contrats de Vente …” „… mitigate damages. The provision does not grant a claim to the breaching party but rather reduces the claim …”

Peter Mankowski Article 12 CISG S. 52-53

„… “Habitual residence” is ordinarily limited to physical, natural persons, and not extended to corporations or …” „… of sale need not be concluded in or evidenced by writing and is not subject to any other requirement …” „… second sentence clarifies that freedom of formal requirements might not be undermined by the backdoor of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.13 (Agreed payment for non-performance) S. 695-697

„… deposit[s]”.19 (c) The classification of a clause as covered or not covered by Art. 7.1.3 requires first an …” „… (whereby this includes not only a primary obligation to pay, but also a secondary obligation to pay damages …” „… a domestic law will usually not have an explicit rule. Article 7.4.13 (Agreed payment for …”

Stefan Kröll Article 2 Definitions S. 1422-1426

„… applicable”. What is meant by that limitation is not completely clear. It should not be interpreted to …” „… irrelevant since they refer to documents which are not used under standbys. According to the wording the UCP …” „… cover other undertakings or actions which are related to the credit but are – on a narrow reading – not …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.7 (Force majeure) S. 641-645

„… clause which ‘may not be invoked’ under Art. 7.1.6), whereby the new provision shall come as close as …” „… itself, Art. 7.1.6 does not ‘provide otherwise’ in the sense of Art. 1.5 against a ‘severability clause …” „… . 7.1.2). Usually (and up to a “limit of [economic] sacrifice”)13 that is not the case if the obligor owes …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 1 Subject matter and scope S. 1307-1310

„… , however, did not accomplish the purpose of combating late payment in a broad manner as, for instance …” „… , public authorities were not bound by it. The Recast Directive therefore attempts to tackle the issues and …” „… that guarantee that trans-border operations do not entail greater risks than domestic transactions.7 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.4 (Availability of defences and rights of set-off) S. 791-793

„… to it or that are common to all the co-obligors, but may not assert defences or rights of set-off …” „… performance);9 (iv) Art. 7.1.6 (an exemption clause protecting all obligors); (v) Art. 7.1.7 (force majeure …” „… , e.g. a national embargo).10 1. 1 Art. III.-4:112(1) DCFR; Vogenauer/Meier Art. 11.1.4 no. 1 note 42. 2 …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 38 CISG S. 200-204

„… long as the agreed upon delivery date has not yet been reached. However, the threshold for unreasonable …” „… examination period of Art. 38 and the notification period of Art. 39 do not have independent legal character …” „… seller). Since Arts 38 and 39 do not constitute legal duties but only incumbencies of the buyer, failure …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.15 (Negotiations in bad faith) S. 515-516

„… (Negotiations in bad faith) (1) A party is free to negotiate and is not liable for failure to reach an agreement …” „… negotiations when intending not to reach an agreement with the other party. A. Avoiding a Cultural Clash …” „… the right not to agree in para. 1 (Art. 1.1),5 but sanctioning breaking off negotiations in ‘bad faith …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.9 (Currency of payment) S. 609-610

„… charges (often worth discussing with the bank) so that the amount due does not arrive in full12 (a …” „… payment unless (a) that currency is not freely convertible; or (b) the parties have agreed that payment …” „… .; Vogenauer/ Atamer Art. 6.1.8 no. 2 (and no. 4 note 256 with references to Swiss jurisprudence holding that …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.2 (Full compensation) S. 676-678

„… remedies’),5 e.g. the right to withhold performance (→ Art. 7.1.3 no. 5); the right to cure (Art. 7.1.4(5 …” „… , no. 10). In a force majeure situation, the obligor becomes liable if it does not give the required …” „… . 7.4.1 no. 8. 10 Vogenauer/McKendrick Art. 7.4.1 no. 8 note 24. 11 For a description from a common law …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.2.7 (Defences and rights of set-off) S. 748-749

„… subcontracting (whereby Art. 9.2.6 would apply by analogy to the subcontractor). C. Limits The rule does not …” „… obligor may not exercise against the obligee any right of set-off available to the original obligor …” „… thereto),1 the transfer of an obligation pursuant to Arts. 9.2.1, 9.2.3 et seq. “does not cut off the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.8 (Suspension in case of force majeure, death or incapacity) S. 779-780

„… , the general limitation period is suspended so as not to expire before one year after the relevant …” „… . 10.2(1) for the benefit of the obligee, (ii) but not the maximum limitation period (Art. 10.2(2)).5 B …” „… prevented form filing judicial proceedings) and not the obligor.6 The definition is shorter, simpler …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.6 (Restitution with respect to contracts to be performed at one time) S. 669-671

„… length of the survival of an obligation).17 (iii) The UNIDROIT Principles do not govern proprietary …” „… governed by Arts. 7.3.6 and 7.3.7.19 In Case of an Unfounded Contract Termination If the termination is not …” „… under the contract. (2) If restitution in kind is not possible or appropriate, an allowance has to be …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.2.1 (Definitions) S. 813-817

„… termination rights, Arts. 7.3.1 and 7.1.3) if the obligor performs only to some (and not all) of the obligees …” „… reach’;4 not: legal reasons5); (iii) despite ‘all reasonable efforts’ (→ Art. 5.1.4(2);6 e.g. reminders …” „… UNIDROIT Principles offer quasi ‘a menu’ to choose from) and (ii) not to leave the characterisation of an …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.15 (Restitution) S. 554-556

„… , Preamble paras. 1-2) does not affect clauses which are distinct from the lex contractus and qualified …” „… ).3 Thereby, the retroactive effect does usually not affect dispute resolution, choice of law or …” „… contract, or the part of it avoided. (2) If restitution in kind is not possible or appropriate, an …”

Raimond Emde Article 7 S. 1277-1278

„… part by commission, Articles 7-12 shall not apply. Regardless, Articles 7-12 solely refer to …” „… not decisive how the parties refer to a performance-related remuneration component, because regardless …” „… 7 to 12 shall not apply if the commercial agent is not remunerated wholly or in part by commission …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.13 (Defences and rights of set-off) S. 734-737

„… not request a proof pursuant to para. 1, or (ii) if it requests a proof and assesses the proof wrongly …” „… wrong pretention of the pretending ‘assignee’ – a third party to the main agreement – is not …” „… ineffectiveness of the notice14 (Arts. 9.1.10(2) and 9.1.11 do not apply); the obligor will be discharged by …”

Lisa Spagnolo Introduction to Articles 14–24 CISG S. 55-57

„… strived to cover the then latest dishes of the day. Art. 13 CISG must not be read as establishing any kind …” „… not demand printability on paper. It does not even establish that a qualifiying message must offer the …” „… , namely that the sender has not been offered an opportunity to alter the content of a message once this …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.3 (Partial performance) S. 599-600

„… time performance is due, whether or not such offer is coupled with an assurance as to the balance of …” „… . 1.7)6 which is not given in case of minimal shortfalls,7 or (ii) at least claim additional expenses …” „… controls and not the divisibility of the subject’; and Vogenauer/Atamer Art. 6.1.3 no. 10. 3 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.5 (Earlier performance) S. 602-603

„… a party of an earlier performance does not affect the time for the performance of its own …” „… no. 2 and no. 3 note 112 (citing the New York case Coletti v Knox Hat Co, 169 NE 648 (NY 1930): ‘the …” „… . 6.1.4 no. 6 note 121. 17 Without such a clause the rule in Art. 6.1.4(2) applies, cf. Official Comments …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.2.5 (Agent acting without or exceeding its authority) S. 529

„… authority or exceeds its authority, its acts do not affect the legal relations between the principal and the …” „… that authority, the principal may not invoke against the third party the lack of authority of the agent …” „… .), a principal is not bound by the action of an unauthorised agent or an agent exceeding his authority …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.1 (Time of performance) S. 596-597

„… to obtain performance (Arts. 7.1.1–7.1.2), to withhold (Art. 7.1.3) or to claim damages (Art. 7.1.4 …” „… . 6.1.1; ‘are bound’ in Art. 6.1.4; ‘is to perform’, Art. 6.1.6) when deciding whether or not there is …” „… not take the necessary measures to accept performance.4 Cash payments5 and, under ordinary …”

Peter Mankowski Article 85 CISG S. 392-394

„… sufficient that one of the wo elements of → Art. 60 is not complied with.3 The most prominent case is the …” „… possession, for instance where the buyer does not pay disregarding his concurrent obligation e.g. under cash …” „… a fob contract –he fails to conclude a contract of carriage or does not nominate the vessel to the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.7 (Restitution with respect to long-term contracts) S. 672-673

„… , Art. 7.1.6 on exemption clauses, Art. 7.1.7 on force majeure (while Art. 7.1.2 is superseded by para …” „… as ‘restitutionary compensation’ – are not covered by Art. 7.3.6 and might not be admitted at all …” „… usually does not regulate that level of detail, the performance of the obligations under Art. 7.3.6 is …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.6 (Determination of quality of performance) S. 577-578

„… does not grant an excessive advantage to the obligor (→ Art. 7.1.6 no. 1), e.g. by excluding of …” „… liability is generally possible as long as it does not violate applicable mandatory law (Art. 1.4) and as it …” „… contract a party is bound to render a performance of a quality that is reasonable and not less than average …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.3 (Assignability of non-monetary rights) S. 719

„… assigned only if the assignment does not render the obligation significantly more burdensome. A. Purpose …” „… mere compensation under Art. 9.1.8 might not be sufficient.1 B. Requirements for an Effective …” „… . additional effort)3 is not significantly more burdensome, i.e. not “of such a weight that a reasonable person …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.3 (Modification of limitation periods by the parties) S. 768-770

„… limitation periods. (2) However they may not (a) shorten the general limitation period to less than one year …” „… the time pressure of international transactions, parties may not always concentrate on the issue of …” „… separately provided that the limitation period has not yet expired.9 It can be combined with a contract of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.2 (Interference by the other party) S. 628-629

„… allowing additional time is required, Arts. 7.1.5(3) and 7.3.1(3)).10 The force majeure concept (Art. 7.1.7 …” „… ) A party may not rely on the non-performance of the other party to the extent that such …” „… . 7.1.1 no. 8. 1 Cf. Vogenauer/Schelhaas Art. 7.1.2 no. 7 at p. 835 (‘shielding it from any remedies’). 2 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.3 (Anticipatory non-performance) S. 663-664

„… whether it can make a ‘reasonable use’ of the product (→ Art. 7.3.1 no. 4). Para. 2 does not apply (i) in …” „… ) non-performance of an ancillary obligation is not closely connected to the performance.22 Even in cases of …” „… , ICC, case no. 10422, Unilex, as noted by Vogenauer/Huber Art. 7.3.2 no. 6 note 105. 15 Official …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.2 (Limitation periods) S. 765-767

„… would not clarify the matter.”)16 (ii) Details. Knowledge of facts includes knowledge of the …” „… ). If the performance is not due, the obligee cannot exercise the right (or ‘remedy’)19 for which the …” „… be exercised’). (iii) Continuing Obligations. In case of continuing obligations to do or not to do …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.2.2 (Effects of joint and several claims) S. 818-819

„… option is not part of the ‘menu’ offered by the UNIDROIT Principles, the parties may need to think …” „… this option is also not offered as an option by the UNIDROIT Principles, the parties will have to …” „… and the references in note 47 to different national solutions. 64 Vogenauer/Meier Art. 11.2.1 no. 25 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.6 (Place of performance) S. 604-605

„… conditions and in Which circumstances?), it is not always determined in the contract (for every separate …” „… . 7.3.6 no. 27 (“an agreement on the place of performance does not usually cover restututionary claims …” „… . 6.1.6 no. 17 note 191 mentions Austrian, French (referring to ex-Art. 1247(3) French Civil Code, now Art …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.14 (Application for public permission) S. 615-616

„… . 6.1.12 (1) sentence 2 will not have any purpose in this context).4 This correlates with Art. 7:109 PECL …” „… series of contracts)1 brings along similar issues of imputation (because the quantity supplied does not …” „… Art. 6.1.13 at p. 204. 4 Vogenauer/Atamer Art. 6.1.13 no. 3. 5 Vogenauer/Atamer Art. 6.1.13 no. 1 note …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.2.1 (Contract to be observed) S. 620-621

„… . 7.1.7(1).9 If the obligor did not take all required measures with the due care (→ Art. 6.1.15(1); subject to …” „… is not ‘impossible’ in the sense of para. 2).8 Usually No Damages Damages are usually blocked by Art …” „… ‘permission’ as understood by the parties. This issue is not covered in the Principles. It appears appropriate …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.2.2 (Definition of hardship) S. 622-623

„… tribunals to stick to the rule of pacta sunt servanda and not to permit hardship17 where hardship as defined …” „… in Art. 6.2.2 could not be established. Article 6.2.2 (Definition of hardship) There is hardship …” „… conclusion of the contract; (b) the events could not reasonably have been taken into account by the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.1 (Definitions) S. 715-717

„… situations a consent of the obligor is not required (→ Art. 9.1.7(2)). The rights of the ‘obligor’ under the …” „… an assignment are not part of the scope of chapter 9.2 B. Beyond ‘Definitions’ Apart of the …” „… property from the scope of Art. 9.1.1). 6 Vogenauer/Mazza Art. 9.1.1 no. 5 and note 17 (referring to ‘legal …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.7 (Harm due in part to aggrieved party) S. 686-687

„… similar in case that the price is not fixed in the contract, because the determination of the price under …” „… . 7.4.2-7.4.13, Art. 7.4.7 (which does not have a direct corollary in the CISG)1 contributes to the specification …” „… re- 9 See Vogenauer/McKendrick Art. 7.4.6 no. 4 (arguing that physical proximity is not (necessarily …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.3.3 (Interference with conditions) S. 593-594

„… party may not rely on the nonfulfilment of the condition. 3 Official Comments, Art. 5.3.2 no. 1 and 2 …” „… party may not rely on the fulfilment of the condition. A. The Watch-Dog for the Condition As an …” „… about the fulfilment of a condition (para. 2), may not rely on the non-occurrence or fulfilment of the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 8.4 (Content of notice) S. 710-712

„… ) The notice must specify the obligations to which it relates. (2) If the notice does not specify the …” „… set-off “even if it could instead fully discharge one of its obligations”).11 If that is not the case, the …” „… does not specify the obligations that the first party wants to set off,12 i.e. “has not specified which …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.3 (Co-operation between the parties) S. 573-574

„… cure non-performance under Art. 7.1.411 and generally not to obstruct the other party’s efforts to …” „… ; Vogenauer/Vogenauer Art. 5.1.3 no. 4 note 18. In the “Andersen arbitration” (reported by Bonell, Arb Int’l 2001, p …” „… invoicing instead of simply refusing to pay;7 to store the contractor’s equipment when this does not cause …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.5 (Determination of kind of duty involved) S. 577

„… does not grant an excessive advantage to the obligor (→ Art. 7.1.6 no. 1), e.g. by excluding of …” „… liability is generally possible as long as it does not violate applicable mandatory law (Art. 1.4) and as it …” „… contract a party is bound to render a performance of a quality that is reasonable and not less than average …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.4 (Foreseeability of harm) S. 681-682

„… party “must not be saddled with compensation for harm which it could never have foreseen at the time of …” „… the conclusion of the contract and against the risk of which it could not have taken out insurance.”5 …” „… is ordinarily not included in the ‘foreseeability’-test, unless, however, the extent is such to …”

Petra Butler Article 63 CISG S. 295

„… does not have an obligation to try to sell the goods to a third party to mitigate the loss.12 However …” „… seller is entitled to demand that the buyer takes delivery of the goods. If the parties have not agreed …” „… buyer of his obligations. (2) Unless the seller has received notice from the buyer that he will not …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.4 (Order of performance) S. 601

„… damages (Art. 7.4.1).24 If performance of the remainder is impossible or may not be requested for other …” „… contract (Arts. 4.1, 4.3 et seq.), ancillary duties may be (but will often not be) part of the …” „… (with helpful further references). 6 Examples from Vogenauer/Atamer Art. 6.1.4 no. 8 note 122. 7 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.2 (Performance at one time or in instalments) S. 598

„… the wording is not clear (see the risk of a contra proferentem interpretation, Art. 4.6),22 lit c …” „… circumstances do not indicate otherwise. Partial Performance is Principally Non-performance Art. 6.1.2 provides …” „… . 6.1.1 no. 18 (with reference, in note 35, to a CISG-decision of the OLG Rostock 15 September 2003 (3 U …”

Stefan Kröll Article 1 Application of UCP S. 1420-1421

„… these transport documents do not only give a right of possession but represent ownership in the goods so …” „… “payment at sight” in the letter of credit context is, however, not always identical to that in the …” „… “issuing bank” with the term “issuer” were not successful.2 Parties may, however, decide to submit also …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.5 (Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction) S. 683-684

„… Vogenauer/ McKendrick Art. 7.4.5 no. 4 note 92. Section 4 Damages Art. 7.4.5 UNIDROIT Eckart J …” „… whereby the costs for an unsuccessful negotiation of a replacement transactions which does not lead to a …” „… contract are not recoverable under Art. 7.4.5 (but may be recoverable under Art. 7.4.8(2));13 if there is …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.5 (Exclusion or modification by the parties) S. 489

„… because (i) they do not have to research (or accept blindly) German law, and (ii), to the extent that they …” „… (Art. 1.1): the right to work (or not to work) freely with the UNIDROIT Principles,1 including …” „… adaptations, variations or deviations2 which do not require a particular form3 (Art. 1.2). They will often …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.13 (Imputation of non-monetary obligations) S. 615

„… . 6.1.12 (1) sentence 2 will not have any purpose in this context).4 This correlates with Art. 7:109 PECL …” „… series of contracts)1 brings along similar issues of imputation (because the quantity supplied does not …” „… Art. 6.1.13 at p. 204. 4 Vogenauer/Atamer Art. 6.1.13 no. 3. 5 Vogenauer/Atamer Art. 6.1.13 no. 1 note …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.16 (Damages) S. 557

„… 3.2.16 (Damages) Irrespective of whether or not the contract has been avoided, the party who knew or …” „… the same position in which it would have been if it had not concluded the contract. A. Compensation …” „… a claimant entitled to avoidance does not claim avoidance in time (Art. 3.2.12), the defendant which …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.10 (Interest on damages) S. 693

„… application of Art. 7.1.10 may not lead to overcompensation.8 According to the Official Comments, interest …” „… non-monetary obligations which correlates with the interest of businessmen “not... to leave their money idle”.1 …” „… required or granted for performance pursuant to Arts. 7.1.4 and 7.1.5 (→ in particular Art. 7.1.4 (5)). B …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.4 (Mandatory rules) S. 486-488

„… which may, however, not be exercised in an unreasonable fashion (see the example for price determination …” „… requirements on information which are simply impracticable if not impossible to always meet in cross-border …” „… of limitation of liability will not suffice to qualify such an agreement as ‘individually negotiated …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.4 (Duty to achieve a specific result. Duty of best efforts) S. 575-576

„… provide 22 Vogenauer/Vogenauer Art. 5.1.3 no. 10 and no. 2 note 10 with reference to an arbitral claim …” „… concerned’ (Art. 4.3(e)) will not require that a party acts against its own commercial interests.11 In …” „… . 5.1.4 no. 4 and note 56 citing convincingly the Official Comments, Art. 7.4.1 no. 1, p. 270. 9 Official …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.2 (Exclusions) S. 718

„… Article 9.1.2 (Exclusions) This Section does not apply to transfers made under the special rules …” „… Exchange and Promissory Notes (Geneva, 7 June 1930), U.N.T.S Vol. 143, p.257. 4 Convention Providing a …” „… UNIDROIT Chapter 9 Assignment of Rights and Contracts 718 Eckart J. Brödermann 1 2 3 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.8 (Inconsistent behaviour) S. 494

„… 5.3.4, 6.1.3(1), 6.1.5(1), 7.1.2, 7.1.3 and 7.4.8)16 or within details of certain principles (e.g …” „… . the condition “could not have been reasonably taken into account at contract conlusion” in Art …” „… criticism is not followed here because an unambiguous wording that there is no intention to create any …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.2 (Notice of termination) S. 662

„… not conform to the contract the aggrieved party will lose its right to terminate the contract unless …” „… (→ Arts. 7.3.1, 7.3.3,5 7.1.5 (3), 7.3.4 sentence 2, 7.1.7(4)) by requiring mere (unilateral) notice (Art …” „… domestic law, both cited by Vogenauer/Huber Art. 7.3.2 no. 2 note 101. 4 Vogenauer/Huber Art. 7.3.2 no. 4 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.3.6 (Defences and rights of set-off) S. 757-758

„… of the discharging declaration). To exercise option 4 (→ no. 1), the other party does not need to do …” „… assignment is not covered by para. 1 in connection with Art. 9.1.13(2), but by the general rules in chapter …” „… . non-performance of a contributory action or omission; → Art. 7.1.2), whereby the existence of defences needs to be …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.19 (Contracting under standard terms) S. 520-521

„… an exception to payment terms would not generally prohibit a party to later rely again on the …” „… to Arts. 2.1.19 no. 2, 4 (underlining that it is not enough if a third party [e.g. the user’s lawyer …” „… clause (Art. 7.1.6), on gross disparity (Arts. 3.2.7, 3.1.4) or generally on grounds for avoidance (Art …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.3 (Binding character of contract) S. 486

„… which may, however, not be exercised in an unreasonable fashion (see the example for price determination …” „… This principle provides the basis for the regime for violations in chapter 7 (Art. 7.1.1 et seq.). Art …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.10 (Notice) S. 496

„… parties is not required)7 (ii) is it regularly observed in international trade by parties in the …” „… express terms (e.g. → Art. 7.1.6), (iii) agreed usages (para. 1), (iv) agreed practices,11 (v) general …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.12 (Computation of time set by parties) S. 498

„… . 1.10(1)6 which may or may not be given in writing, as appropriate under the circumstances. B. Further …” „… ), ‘non-performance’ (Art. 7.1.1), ‘assignor’ and ‘assignee’ (Art. 9.1.1 and 9.3.1).7 Article 1.12 (Computation of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.3.4 (Duty to preserve rights) S. 595

„… Article 5.3.4 (Duty to preserve rights) Pending fulfilment of a condition, a party may not …” „… Vogenauer/Rowan Art. 5.3.3 no. 6. 3 Vogenauer/Rowan Art. 5.3.3 no. 7-11 (pointing at the difference of the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.3.5 (Restitution in case of fulfilment of a resolutive condition) S. 595

„… Article 5.3.4 (Duty to preserve rights) Pending fulfilment of a condition, a party may not …” „… Vogenauer/Rowan Art. 5.3.3 no. 6. 3 Vogenauer/Rowan Art. 5.3.3 no. 7-11 (pointing at the difference of the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.5 (Fraud) S. 543

„… chapter 7 and not chapter 3.6 However, in rare cases the mistaken party may be entitled to damages under …” „… one and all,2 even only theoretical)3 rights for non-performance (chapter 7, Art. 7.1.1. et seq.) as …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.15 (Procedure in applying for permission) S. 617

„… ); Vogenauer/Atamer Art. 6.1.15 no. 1 (and note 436) and no. 2. 9 Morán Bovio/Parra Art. 6.1.15 at p. 310 (para. 4 …” „… Vogenauer/Atamer Art. 6.1.14 no. 16. 2 Vogenauer/Atamer Art. 6.1.14 no. 15, Vogenauer/Pichonnaz Art. 7.1.7 no. 9. 3 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Introductory Remarks S. 674

„… damage,4 while English law requires that the damage be “not too remote” from the event.5 At the same time …” „… enforce other rights under the UNIDROIT Principles, in particular a claim for damages under Chapter 715 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.8 (Mitigation of harm) S. 688

„… Article 7.4.8 (Mitigation of harm) (1) The non-performing party is not liable for harm suffered by …” „… April 1998, ICC case no. 7110 (Second Partial Award), Unilex; Arbitral Award 2 June 2009, ICACRF case no …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.2.1 (Modes of transfer) S. 741-742

„… intention of the oblige (i.e. the original obligor’s contracting party) the original obligor does not need …” „… chapter 712 (including a right to damages or a right to terminate).13 C. Limits and Options The parties …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845276564

Thomas Dieterich, Martine Le Friant, Luca Nogler, Katsutoshi Kezuka, Heide Pfarr - Individuelle und kollektive Freiheit im Arbeitsrecht

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Thomas Dieterich (ed.), Martine Le Friant (ed.), Luca Nogler (ed.), Katsutoshi Kezuka (ed.), Heide Pfarr (ed.)

Individuelle und kollektive Freiheit im Arbeitsrecht

2010

Results in this title

Miguel Rodríguez-Piñero Bravo-Ferrer, Miguel Rodríguez-Piñero Royo The Rüffert Case: Posted Workers, Social Dumping and the European Court of Justice S. 87-105

„… envisaged; As we labour lawyers have come to realize painfully, Directive 96/71/CE is not a piece of …” „… , »Directive 96/71 did not harmonise the material content of those mandatory rules for minimum protection …” „… the general principles of Community law«.9 Directive 96/71/CE does not affect the legal status and …”

Silvana Sciarra Viking and Laval: Collective Labour Rights and Market Freedoms in the Enlarged EU S. 105-121

„… applicable to them under Article 3(1) of Directive 96/71 on the posting of workers. This Directive, not …” „… the purpose of minimum protection, as Directive 96/71 does not aim at harmonising ›the material …” „… , 1977) 63 & 71–2; and Lord Wedderburn’s comprehensive comparative analysis of the Scandinavian systems …”

Antonio Ojeda-Aviles Enforceability of European Collective Agreements and New Accession Countries S. 77-87

„… I. Downwards Convergence in European Social law and Accession Countries It is not a mere coincidence …” „… State to which the provider moves shall not be prevented from applying, in accordance with Community …” „… of minimal earnings5, arrive with the foreign firm normally connected with a host firm, when not …”

Fernando Valdés Dal-Ré Social Europe: as it stands and where it is going S. 121-130

„… not an end in itself but should result in an improvement of the quality of life as well as of the …” „… the so-called European social model has not been an easy task. On the contrary, the establishment …” „… likewise a weak and hotly debated political reality. Even though I do not intend, even superficially, to …”

Jesús Martínez Girón, Alberto Arufe Varela The Right of Access of the Nonemployee Union Organizers (das Zugangsrecht durch betriebsfremde Gewerkschaftsbeauftragte) to the Premises of the Enterprise. A Comparative Analysis of the German, Spanish and Federal North American Case Law S. 624-634

„… [Aus den Gründen]«, although not all of them succeeded. Indeed, the ground referring to the casual …” „… 9, paragraph 3, is not just reduced to the core [Kernbereich] of union action«)17, although as such …” „… and of the employer, on the other, do not allow generally to affirm or to deny the nonemployee union …”

Ulrike Wendeling-Schröder Das soziale Ideal des Europäischen Gerichtshofs S. 147-162

„… entschieden, dass die Dienstleistungsfreiheit wie auch die diese konkretisierende Entsenderichtlinie 96/71/EG …” „… regelt, als dies nach der Entsenderichtlinie 96/71/EG zulässig wäre. Um die Dienstleistungsfreiheit nicht …” „… ein Gesetz, hier das Umsetzungsgesetz zur Entsenderichtlinie 96/71/EG durch das Großherzogtum …”

Michel Coutu Les droits fondamentaux et la sphère du travail: Vers une citoyenneté post-industrielle? S. 204-227

„… universitaires de France, 2000, 71-85, p. 76. Les droits fondamentaux et la sphère du travail 221 nologie, avec …” „… relatives tant aux droit sociaux qu’aux nouveaux droits « culturels ». 1 Cf. infra, note 8. 2 Voir …” „… bargaining is not, and is never likely to become, the central institution of the labour market and that its …”

Luca Nogler, Udo Reifner Der menschliche Makel – Principles of European Contract Law zwischen Merkantil- und Dienstleistungsgesellschaft S. 60-77

„… in Private Law Discourse', European Law Journal 3 (1997) 407 ff. Der menschliche Makel 71 nahme …” „… Beendigung sowie die Behandlung menschlicher Not. a) Während im Kaufrecht der Gebrauchswert nur dadurch …” „… Teilzahlungskredit. c) Der Lakmustest privatrechtlichen Denkens ist der Umgang mit menschlicher Not.43 Die Ignoranz …”

Antoine Jeammaud, Martine Le Friant Gewerkschaftsfreiheit und Gewerkschaftspluralismus in Frankreich S. 578-595

„… mai 2001, Dr. soc. 2001. 821, note G. Borenfreund, D. 2002. 34, note F. Petit (cassation au visa de …” „… Internationalen Arbeitskonferenz im Rahmen des Versailler 22 Soc., 29 mai 2001, Dr soc. 2001, 821, note G …” „… Konförderation mit einer Organisation von »nationaler« Dimension stehen (Artikel 7.1). In diesem »regionalen …”

Detlef Hensche, Henner Wolter Die verhältnismäßige Freiheit – zum Übermaßverbot des Streiks S. 544-561

„… umgekehrt im Lichte der Verfassung auszulegen (Art. 1 Abs. 3 GG).71 Unter der Geltung des Art. 9 Abs. 3 GG …” „… BvR 718/89 u. a. – BVerfGE 92, 1. 69 Vgl. den verbreiteten sprachlichen Alarmismus, z.B. Mayer-Maly …” „… , Grundsatz der Verhältnismäßigkeit, 78 f.; Löwisch, ZfA 71, 319, 324 f.; Zöllner/Loritz, ArbR, 5. Aufl …”

Reinhard Bispinck Von der Erosion zur Restabilisierung? S. 479-490

„… 2007 Beschäftigte – West 76 73 70 71 70 70 68 67 65 63 – Ost 63 57 55 56 55 54 53 53 54 54 Betriebe …” „… Tarifverträge bei der Festsetzung von Mindeststandards (Bieback/ Dieterich u.a. 2008) sowie – last but not least …”

Katsutoshi Kezuka Corporate Governance and Industrial Relations: Reconstruction of Industrial Relations based on the Concept of »Stakeholder Democracy« S. 561-578

„… the changing environment is not sufficient to grapple with present day labor issues. 1. Standpoint …” „… activities are usually performed not by a corporation as a legally organized single unit but by a group of …” „… 2004 shows that the law encourages employees to conduct monitoring activities. Social monitoring is not …”

Michael Kittner Kommen die »Gelben« zurück? S. 595-605

„… – last but not least – die Korrumpierung von VW- Betriebsratsmitgliedern. 2. Aktuelle …” „… ). 37 SAP schloss mit diesen Arbeitnehmervertretern am 7.1.2003, ein »Vereinbarung über die …”

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Die Unternehmung

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DU Volume 71 (2017) Issue 3 ISSN Online: 2942-318X

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Will, Linderkamp, Graf von der Schulenburg Reputational Risk Management in the German Insurance Industry S. 239-257

„… | Reputational Risk Management Die Unternehmung, 71. Jg., 3/2017 247 insurance company does not monitor …” „… Unternehmung, 71. Jg., 3/2017 risks are not quantifiable, because of a lack of experience and delimitation …” „… reputational risk. Die Unternehmung, 71. Jg., 3/2017, DOI: 10.5771/0042-059X-2017-3-239 239 Introduction Munich …”

Ehrmann, Meiseberg Re-Replik S. 347-352

„… ?, in: Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 20, S. 683-719. Replik 352 Die Unternehmung, 71. Jg …” „… sich im Zeitablauf durchsetzen werden. Bei- Die Unternehmung, 71. Jg., 3/2017, DOI: 10.5771/0042-059X …” „… ebenfalls auf den „Markt für Managementwissen“, wenn sie feststellen, „that scholars are not particularly …”

Kieser Der Rigour-Relevance Gap – Bringt ihn der Markt zum Verschwinden? S. 338-346

„… wertvolle Anregungen. 338 Die Unternehmung, 71. Jg., 3/2017, DOI: 10.5771/0042-059X-2017-3-338 darauf …” „… - Kieser | Der Rigour-Relevance Gap – Bringt ihn der Markt zum Verschwinden? Die Unternehmung, 71. Jg …” „… at the heart of modern statistics. When events are interdependent, normality in distributions is not …”

Toll, Välilä Das Zustands-Grenzpreisvektormodell zur simulativen Bewertung einer Investition in ein Biomasseheizkraftwerk auf dem unvollkommenen Kapitalmarkt unter Unsicherheit S. 258-315

„… Anforderungen realer Entscheidungssituationen gerecht 258 Die Unternehmung, 71. Jg., 3/2017, DOI …” „… requirements of real decision situations, the analysis is not only carried out under the assumption of …” „… ZGPVM zur Bewertung einer Investition in ein Biomasseheizkraftwerk Die Unternehmung, 71. Jg., 3/2017 259 …”

doi.org/10.5771/0042-059X-2017-3

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