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John W. Dardess - More Than the Great Wall

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John W. Dardess

More Than the Great Wall

2019

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1 Laying the Foundations S. 1-46

„… ousted them.* * *Taken altogether, the Ming had some seven thousand miles of frontier todefend, including …” „… frontier everfarther west, the Ming infantry, cavalry, and artillery were placed in walledforts, usually …” „… one traveled west to east along that northern frontier, one encountered atleast three ecologically and …”

13 First Peace, Then Militancy S. 431-468

„… main camp,some fifteen to twenty miles north of the Yan-Sui frontier. The Ming re-ported killing 490 …” „… theNorthern Lu Tributaries.”22 Indeed, the middle and late Ming years featuredthe publication of many …” „… Ming frontier defenses, and the Lu were continuing to exploitXihai and transit Gansu territory.49In …”

3 A Zenith of Peace? S. 81-108

„… story of the evolution of the Ming defense system over the longterm. But where did the frontier end …” „… ; Ming defenses directly to the north wereconstantly being reconfigured and enhanced, taking advantage of …” „… where the Ming northern defense lineshould be placed. There was a tendency in the Xuande era to pull …”

2 Defensive Buildup, Offensive Thrust S. 47-80

„… his job to keep an eye on the entirety ofthe northern frontier. He constantly corresponded with the …” „… : Yongle, r. 1403–24 49In the early 1400s, Ming China’s main concern along the frontiers was toassimilate …” „… most troubled sector of the Ming frontier in Yongle’s time wasn’t Liao-dong, however. It was Gansu and …”

14 The Last Frontier S. 469-514

„… extended to include the north-eastern wing of Ming China’s frontier, the roughly five hundred miles …” „… get the limited frontier trading privileges the Ming had on offer,and they were as eager as the others …” „… violence, and in the face of that,the Ming finally collapsed.The Last Frontier: Liaodong, 1573–1627 475Ming …”

10 A Warrior Emperor S. 299-358

„… Zheng-de’s tour of the northern frontier? Did it enhance Ming security? Or was it auseless and expensive …” „… to 1510 were, generally speaking, years of lull on the north-ern frontiers, with occasional minor …” „… to the Tibe-tans, became yet another theater of war for Ming China, another frontier todefend against …”

9 The Stresses Intensify S. 251-298

„… just beyond the line of the emerging frontier wallsystem—as a free-fire zone, open to Ming patrols …” „… not a minority opinion. From theOrdos, the Lu had both the western and central Ming frontiers at their …” „… loyalists fled with their people. The Ming let them settle at Kuyuand Shazhou, near the frontier but not in …”

Preface S. 2-0

„… More Than the Great WallMore Than the Great WallThe Northern Frontier andMing National Security …” „… Ming not suc-ceeded in holding its northern frontier, the result could have been a verydifferent East …” „… all along the frontiers, annually to go on autumn defense. TheCollected Statutes of the Great Ming (Da …”

4 Troubles Mount S. 109-156

„… it was under Arughtai, who lived near our northern frontier, didn’t raid, andsent us tribute in a …” „… peaceful interlude then descendedupon the Ming frontier. The threat, however, though now remote, remained …” „… signs of activity allalong the northern frontier, from Liaodong out a thousand miles to Yan-Suiand …”

6 Recuperation S. 181-206

„… study Ming nationalsecurity along the northern frontier in a new dimension. Source material isavailable …” „… determinedlygearing up for it.33Meanwhile, Esen was parking his forces very near the Ming frontier,causing concern for …” „… , provoked from the Ming side, were one likelycause of frontier violence. Corruption, too, was a perennial …”

11 Fortress China S. 359-422

„… thanks to our poverty and corruption. No onestops them from crossing north over the frontier. He …” „… the northern frontiers: Gan-zhou in 1521, Datong in 1524 and again in 1533, and then Liaodong in 1535 …” „… the ground. Ming frontier securitycould hardly have been entrusted to better hands. It was the …”

7 A Surge in Violence S. 207-218

„… powerarrangement very much like Esen’s came together again along China’s north-ern frontier. Toghto Bukha’s young …” „… pounding of China’s frontier, probably driven in part by his peo-ple’s destitution, targeted the usual Ming …” „… the frontier—forthese things he’d been pardoned. No, it was something far more sinister thathad been …”

8 No Respite S. 219-250

„… apart.1So the Shaanxi frontier on the Ordos gradually turned into a major con-flict zone. Ming defenses …” „… Salt Pond would have been out in the Ordosdesert, some hundred miles north of Yulin). The Ming pounced …” „… ultimate source of troubles for theMing on its westernmost frontier. They pressured Hami. Though not a part …”

5 Emperor in Captivity S. 157-180

„… of the northern frontier.On September 7, the Oirats, with Zhengtong in tow, prevailed when …” „… systemic shock the Ming frontier system had ever suffered. Here was ahuge expeditionary army demolished and …” „… language,which the Ming side took to be an assent. So Yang went on: “You’re a bigcommander of the northern forces …”

Cast of Principal Characters S. 515-518

„… ofthe most active proponents of frontier wall building. His main focus was onNingxia and northern …” „… anadministrator with a long and distinguished career on the frontiers.Wang Qiong (1459–1532). A civil official and …” „… . In 1571, after a career of raiding, Altan-khanmade a long-lasting peace agreement with the Ming. He …”

Notes S. 519-554

„… , seeHenry Serruys, “Towers in the Northern Frontier Defenses of the Ming,” Ming Studies, no. 14(1982): 16 …” „… . See Kenneth M. Swope, “A Few Good Men: The Li Family and China’s NorthernFrontier in the Late Ming …” „… ; Elliot Sperling, “The Szechuan-Tibet Frontier in the Fif-teenth Century,” Ming Studies, no. 26 (Fall 1988 …”

12 Peace Dawns! S. 423-430

„… northern foe.18 Things looked promis-ing. Indeed, Ming China’s conferral of tributary offices and gifts to …” „… too much loot and had to abandon much of it.1And the Ming was still doing counterraids. In November …” „… from their encamp-ment east of the Yellow River, ended in a Ming harvest of 112 heads, 76horses, and a …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538135112

Andreas Liebe - Teilleistungszugang und Wettbewerb bei Briefdiensten

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Andreas Liebe

Teilleistungszugang und Wettbewerb bei Briefdiensten

Series: Wettbewerb und Regulierung von Märkten und Unternehmen

Volume 10 2009

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Literaturverzeichnis S. 213-228

„… the Price Control: A Final Report Prepared for Postcomm / FrontierEconomics. 150 Holborn, London EC1N …” „… Production Frontiers. In: Review of Economics and Statistics 55(1973), February, S. 28 – 45[Cohen u. a. 2003a …” „… andApplications Bd. 1. New York : North-Holland Publishing, 1978, Kapitel 1, S. 3 – 109[Milne 1997] MILNE, Claire …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845220185

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Yi Wang

Transforming Inner Mongolia

2021

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Introduction S. 1-22

„… path- breaking work on Ming and Qing frontiers that has established the borderlands as regions worthy …” „… Mongols and partly to the security concerns of protecting the northern frontier from potential nomadic …” „… to the northern frontiers and had no political control over the local population because of the …”

Preface

„… , Migration, and Colonization on the Qing FrontierYi WangROW M A N & L I T T L E F I E L DLanham • Boulder …” „… Mongolia : commerce, migration, and colonization on the Qing frontier / Yi Wang. Other titles: Commerce …” „… , migration, and colonization on the Qing frontier Description: Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, [2021 …”

1 A Changing Frontier Inner Mongolia in Context S. 23-60

„… increasing integration of this borderland under Chinese control.2 1A Changing FrontierInner Mongolia in …” „… North China: bordering Mongolia and Russia to the north and the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin …” „… peaceful northern borders, the southern borders of the IMAR adjoining the Chinese provinces are more …”

2 Merchants, Monetization, and Networking Chinese Commercial Expansion in the Steppe S. 61-100

„… Ming period, the Ming court maintained tribute relations with a number of frontier groups by allowing …” „… the inner and outer walls of the Ming defense system and bordered the Tümed plain in the north that …” „… more effective protection of the northern frontier than any defensive walls possibly could. Meanwhile …”

Bibliography S. 265-300

„… . Qingdai beibu bianjiang kalun yanjiu 清代北部邊疆卡倫研究 [A study of guard posts on Qing’s northern frontiers …” „… 清代北部邊疆民族經濟發展史 [A history of economic development of nationalities in northern frontiers during the Qing]. Harbin …” „… 王澤民. 2007. Shahukou yu zhongguo beibu bianjiang 殺虎口與中國北部邊疆 [Shahukou and China’s northern frontier …”

3 Beyond the Western Pass Sojourning and Settlement across Han-Mongol Borders S. 101-138

„… descendants of Ming soldiers relocated to the frontier from other parts of China and registered as hereditary …” „… trade in this fron-tier town north of the Yellow River. The itinerary is fairly precise, as the local …” „… testifies to the massive influx of Chinese migrants from north China into the Mongol territories. The …”

Index S. 319-334

„… ; significance of, 8border markets, 93n8; reopening, 64–65; role of, in Ming-Mongol relations, 64; shutting down …” „… global, 15; frontier commercialism distinguished from Western, 62; global framework of, 2, 5; sprouts of …” „… ; frontier belt of, 105; frontier consolidation and, 218; internal, 249; military, 5, 37, 107, 221, 262 …”

6 Moving People to Strengthen the Border Official Reclamation and State Building S. 217-256

„… northern frontiers.2 The previous chapters discussed how population pressures in China proper and market …” „… northern frontier. He went on to point out the imminent plight caused by the decline of the Mongols, whose …” „… FRONTIER”Two major challenges that the Qing faced at the turn of the twentieth century accounted for this …”

Conclusion S. 257-264

„… contested; and the frontier societies, cultures, and communities were transformed and incorporated into …” „… , and religion to fundamentally alter the frontier society. This book argues that a set of macro …” „… collection of peoples with distinct identities. The Qing managed their extensive fron-tiers in ways that …”

4 The Rise of Land Merchants Irrigation, Commercialization, and Local Autonomy in Hetao S. 139-170

„… in the northern frontier. The Mongol elites were allowed greater freedom to ease their economic …” „… small- scale household farming and low commercialization of north China and other frontier regions such …” „… products in the opposite direction. At the same time, population pressure in north China and an increasing …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538146088

Tim Oakes, Donald S. Sutton - Faiths on Display

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Tim Oakes (ed.), Donald S. Sutton (ed.)

Faiths on Display

2010

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2 Alchemy of the Ancestors S. 51-78

„… China in the early Ming to conquer the remnants of the Yuan dynasty and secure the southwestern frontier …” „… et al. 2006).Indeed, historical accounts of Ming and Qing frontier colonization chal-lenge the idea …” „… recent study of the Ming colonization of Guizhou, for instance, portrays a brutal and bloody frontier …”

Index S. 271-280

„… Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture (northern Sichuan province), 103–110, 117–118Akhu …” „… , 257n3, 258n6Ming Dynasty, 14, 28, 40, 43, 51, 60–72, 183, 187, 236–237, 240, 258n4Minnan (southern …” „… BuddhismMoran, Peter, 151n7mosques, 19, 104–110; Chengguan,115; financing of rebuilding, 123n2; Northern …”

4 Making Tourists and Remaking Locals S. 103-126

„… 1034Making Tourists and Remaking localsReligion, Ethnicity, and Patriotism on Display in Northern …” „… development for China’s most remote and poverty stricken regions. The far north of Sichuan offers a beautiful …” „… Prefecture of Aba (Aba Zangzu Qiangzu zizhizhou). Bön monasteries in the Upper Min valley north of Songpan …”

Introduction S. 1-26

„… religious activities. For intellectuals who journeyed to the northwest and other frontiers, travel was …” „… order. Indeed the imperial metaphor as a whole, long a staple of popular thinking, was corralled by Ming …” „… emperors as a parallel source of stable authority. The first Ming emperor understood the City God, in each …”

9 The Return Visits of Overseas Chinese to Ancestral Villages in Putian, Fujian S. 235-264

„… and Xianyou) declined precipitously during the Ming and Qing dynasties. They attribute this decline to …” „… the ban on overseas trade established in the early Ming, later restrictions on coastal and …” „… time. Vil-lages settled by Chinese in Vietnam in the Ming are still referred to as Ming villages. There …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781442205086

Tansen Sen - India, China, and the World

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Tansen Sen

India, China, and the World

2017

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5 The Geopolitical Disconnect S. 379-470

„… news-papers such as the Renmin Ribao (People’s Daily) and the Guang-ming Ribao regularly published news about …” „… our frontiers, and consolidating her position even inthe remote parts of Tibet.”Mullik’s assertion …” „… the Southeast Asian state. The aimsof the PRC’s military moves in Burma’s frontier regions …”

Bibliography S. 481-522

„… Ming China’s South Asian Frontier.” In Ming China:Courts and Contacts, 1400–1450, edited by Craig …” „… Luoyang).Compiled by Yang Xuanzhi 楊街之 (?–555). T. (51) 2092.Ming shi 明史 (History of the Ming [Dynasty]). Compiled by …” „… Zhang Tingyu 張廷玉 (1672–1755). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974.Ming shilu 明史祿 (Veritable Records of the …”

1 The Circulations of Knowledge S. 29-110

„… frontier regions and subsequently spreading tothe urban centers in the hinterland areas. In fact, these …” „… handindicate the Han court’s increasing familiarity with the polities onits northwest frontiers, extending to …” „… Ocean in the early fifteenth century similarlycontributed to the spread of knowledge about Ming China …”

3 The Imperial Connections S. 195-292

„… (“Ming NorthernEdition”) or the Yongle beizang 永樂北藏 (“Yongle NorthernTripiṭaka”) edition compiled between …” „… 195Chapter ThreeThe Imperial ConnectionsIn the Ming the sanbao eunuch Zheng Heused a naval force to …” „… chapters. In theearly fifteenth century, the Ming court in China, primarily throughthe expeditions of Zheng …”

Conclusion S. 471-480

„… com-mercial and transportation networks had extended to include mar-kets in North America and mines in South …” „… America.As noted in chapter 3, the early fifteenth century saw the inter-vention by the Ming state in the …” „… were vari-ous accounts of the Ming admiral intervening in local disputes andabducting native rulers was …”

2 The Routes, Networks, and Objects of Circulation S. 111-194

„… region ofwhat is today northern Vietnam. The route described by Jia Danthen passed through the …” „… ). By theChapter 2122Yuan and Ming periods, with these expanding connections, theMalabar coast ports …” „… BCE. Located north of this region, merchants fromSogdiana (Ch. Kangju 康居) most likely also had trading …”

Introduction S. 1-28

„… now northern Vietnam and active in the present-day Nanjingregion of China, epitomized the roles of …” „… (northernVietnam). The defection to Yuan China of a Muslim named Buali不阿里 (Abū ‘Alī?) who lived in the Ma’bar …” „… of Ming and Qing China and “British India” may beappropriate for some regions and periods, it should …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781442220928

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