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Ryan Shaffer - The Handbook of African Intelligence Cultures

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Ryan Shaffer (ed.)

The Handbook of African Intelligence Cultures

2023

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Réjeanne Lacroix 28 Libya S. 365-378

„… 36528LibyaFrom Authoritarianism to Fragmentation and Possible New BeginningsRéjeanne LacroixThe …” „… monarchy—the United Kingdom of Libya—ruled by King Idris I. The monarch developed relationships with Western …” „… al-Gaddafi regime over the entirety of Libyan activities and the current period, in which a fragmented Libya …”

Florina Cristiana Matei, Jumana Kawar 51 Tunisia S. 677-690

„… , “The escalation and spillover of Libya’s conflict has posed mounting security challenges for Tunisia …” „… protracted civil war in Libya as well as the rise of the Islamic State. Moh’d Alyamani, a Royal Jordanian Air …” „… , and Libya.”20 Libya particularly posed a serious national security threat to Tunisia’s fragile …”

Ketil Fred Hansen 10 Chad S. 121-134

„… Abdallah was accused of planning a coup Chad 123with the help of Libya’s leader, Muammar Gaddafi. He was …” „… , 1975–1982A year later, fearing both internal rebels and Libya’s forces, President Mal-loum signed a new …” „… , including both civil wars and proxy wars (Libya, Sudan). Chad has always been and still is heavily …”

Index S. 747-792

„… Center (AIC), Libya, 367Anti-Money Laundering and Combating of Financing of Terrorism Act (2012), Sierra …” „… , 646, 651Government of National Accord (GNA), Libya and, 366, 369–71, 374–75Government Program and the …” „… Service UnitGuelleh, Ismaïl Omar (IOG), 173, 175–76, 181Guide’s Intelligence Bureau (GIB), Libya, 368 …”

Hogr Tarkhani 15 Egypt S. 185-198

„… December 2020, Kamel had visited Libya and met Kalifa Haftar, the general ‎commander of the Libyan …” „… Egypt’s GID, arrived Egypt 193in Tripoli, Libya, to expand cooperative ties between the two countries. In …” „… Arrives in Libya for Strengthening Cooperation Relations.” EgyptToday, 17 June 2021 …”

Réjeanne Lacroix 1 Algeria S. 1-14

„… , sharing borders with Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, and Tunisia. Mali and the Western Sahara region touch …” „… intelligence sharing that has significantly increased due to regional conflicts, principally in Libya.37 …” „… UK Support to Algeria, Libya,” France24, January 30, 2013, https://www.france24.com/en/20130130 …”

Mirco Göpfert 37 Niger S. 487-498

„… neighboring Mali, Libya, and Nigeria, United States (US) drones and French surveillance aircraft have become …” „… arriving from Libya, and about that suspicious-looking bearded man who had just moved into the …”

David Suarez 53 Western Sahara S. 703-716

„… Libya (during Muammar al-Gaddafi’s rule), North Korea and Algeria, on top of the armoured vehicles taken …” „… Algeria and Libya, the ELPS managed to hold and at times take control of certain towns in the Western …” „… complement of old and weathered Libyan, captured Moroccan, and former Soviet military hardware (some donated …”

David Andrew Omona 41 São Tomé and Príncipe S. 541-554

„… , Taiwan, Brazil, South Africa, Libya, Morocco, and a number of others—for development.Poverty remained …”

Charlie Lizza Mali S. 405-418

„… Precipitated in part by the return of Tauregs from Libya following the end of the al-Gaddafi regime, the MNLA …”

Adam Charboneau 47 South Sudan S. 627-640

„… friendly relations between Uganda and the anti-Western regime in Libya—the Anya-Nya would have to lick …”

Preface

„… Liberia: Security Sector Reform after War in a Weak State 353Morten Bøås28 Libya: From Authoritarianism to …”

Ryan Shaffer 44 Sierra Leone S. 585-600

„… its time.”30 Beginning with the training of the RUF in Libya during the 1980s, Taylor’s force seized …”

Ashton Robinson 43 Seychelles S. 569-584

„… alliances. René conducted a misjudged courting of regimes, like Libya and Cuba, that only created a series …”

Ryan Shaffer 25 Kenya S. 319-334

„… demanded Israel release Palestinian militants. 322 Chapter 25After a stop in Libya, the airplane ultimately …”

Ryan Shaffer 19 Ethiopia S. 239-254

„… Djibouti and worked with intelligence ser-vices from Djibouti, Sudan, Libya, Turkey, and the United States …”

David Vogel 9 Central African Republic S. 107-120

„… Généraux, the French intel-ligence service, learned about Bokassa’s deepening relationship with Libyan …”

Ryan Shaffer 32 Mauritania S. 419-430

„… between the French and Libyan embassies” in August 2009.26INTELLIGENCE CULTUREMauritania’s intelligence …”

Joseph Fitsanakis 48 Sudan S. 641-654

„… by Libyan-backed Ansarists, and Nimeiry purged much of the NSO, amalgamating it with the PSO’s …”

Blanca Camps-Febrer 34 Morocco S. 445-460

„… ex-porters of jihadists to the Syrian and Libyan crises, the regime presented itself as an intelligence asset …” „… , Marroquí y Libia” [The challenge of security in the Sahel: The Algerian, Moroccan and Libyan perspectives …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538159989

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Martin Senn

Wolves in the Woods

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Politik

Volume 166 2009

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Revolutionary Libya S. 104-118

„… Libyan leader seems to have largely diminished the impact of his revolutionary ideology on Libya’s …” „… article on U.S.-Libyan relations illustrate this official argument: Libya’s critics make a mistake in …” „… dismantlement of Libya’s WMD arsenal as the ultimate sign of Libyan reassurance. In the end, the process of …”

Libya’s Quest for WMD S. 118-120

„… , which had established the dismantlement of Libya’s WMD arsenal as the ultimate sign of Libyan …” „… ). Finally, the BW program was the least developed part of Libya’s WMD programs.558 Likewise, the Libyan …” „… and possession of WMD was no longer in line with the regime’s security interests.”555 Libya’s (earlier …”

Libya’s Experience of Colonialism S. 97-100

„… . Libya 3.3.1. Libya’s Experience of Colonialism In the almost four decades of its existence …” „… Libya’s behavior have been frequently characterized by a rather narrow focus on the personality of the …” „… experience of the three “Libyan” provinces, the formation of Libya as a nation in the wake of the East-West …”

The (In)dependent Monarchy and the Seeds of Confrontation S. 100-104

„… become a major supporter of the Libyan regime. As a consequence, of Libya’s dependence on foreign support …” „… . In the end, Libya’s independence was enabled by a change of the U.S. position, which had earlier …” „… the proposals regarding Libya’s future see Ibid., 37-53. 450 See Ibid., 53. 451 See Vandewalle, A …”

Content Analysis Variables and Results S. 203-209

„… 4 12 8 8 1 6 Iran 2 Iraq Libya 1 1 North Korea …” „… 25 46 43 67 19 12 371 Iran 1 1 3 1 4 1 13 Iraq 4 5 1 1 1 12 Libya 1 1 4 2 …” „… 7 3 1 Libya 4 4 1 Nicaragua 4 1 Nigeria …”

Works Cited S. 187-202

„… Qaddafi and Libya’s Strategic Culture." In Know Thy Enemy: Profiles of Adversary Leaders and Their …” „… . http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/ Libya/Missile/index.html (accessed May 14, 2008). 195 Lindsey, James M. "Apathy, Interest, and …” „… 187 6. Works Cited Abadi, Jacob. "Pragmatism and Rhetoric in Libya's Policy Towards Israel." The …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Nuclear Program 92 3.3. Libya 97 3.3.1. Libya’s Experience of Colonialism 97 3.3.2. The (In)dependent …” „… 3.3.3.3. Factors Triggering Libya’s Change of Course 110 3.3.3.4. Libya’s Rapprochement with the USA 114 …” „… 3.3.4. Libya’s Quest for WMD 118 3.4. Iraq 120 3.4.1. The Hobbesian Reality of the Iraqi State 120 …”

Rogue States – Hobbesian Actors Facing Existential Threats S. 179-181

„… since. Like Khomeini, Libya’s revolutionary leader al-Qadhafi despised the regional and global order. In …” „… , became a central motive of Libya’s foreign policy. Against this background, al-Qadhafi undertook …” „… expression of his ideological 180 convictions as well as an instrument to support Libya’s self-proclaimed …”

Selecting the Cases - The Core Group of Rogue States S. 31-33

„… . The latter author, for instance, states that “Iraq, Iran, North Korea, and Libya have achieved the …” „… , Iraq, Libya, and North Korea. 99 The categories and variables are summarized in table 6, Appendix …” „… group” as consisting of Iran, Iraq, Libya, and North Korea. See Litwak, Regime Change, 184. Country …”

The Rogue State as a Hobbesian Actor S. 142-148

„… United States and the core group of rogue states (North Korea, Iran, Libya, and Iraq), or more precisely …” „… maintenance of the actors’ Hobbesian identities. This Hobbesian identity of North Korea, Iran, Libya and Iraq …” „… Iran, Iraq, Libya, and North Korea as Hobbesian revisionists (as the result of past behavior) has …”

A Refinement of Wendt’s Theory S. 177-179

„… since. Like Khomeini, Libya’s revolutionary leader al-Qadhafi despised the regional and global order. In …” „… , became a central motive of Libya’s foreign policy. Against this background, al-Qadhafi undertook …” „… states. The label core group was coined by Robert Litwak who identifies Iran, Iraq, Libya and North Korea …”

Iran’s External Behavior S. 90-97

„… , potentially revisionist actors. 3.3. Libya 3.3.1. Libya’s Experience of Colonialism In the almost four decades …” „… and Iraq, explanations of Libya’s behavior have been frequently characterized by a rather narrow focus …” „… of its existence, revolutionary Libya under the leadership of Mu’ammar al-Qadhafi has undergone a …”

The Assumption of Irrationality and Risk-Proneness S. 150-169

„… estimated the costs of continuing his confrontational policies and Libya’s WMD programs had reached an …” „… Libya’s status as an international pariah as well as to declare and dismantle Libya’s WMD and BM programs …” „… had no diplomatic relations with North Korea, Iran, Iraq, and Libya for several decades.733 Moreover …”

The USA – Dancing with the Wolves S. 181-184

„… Iran and 182 Libya as archetype rogue states. It was, however, Iraq’s annexation of Kuwait that led to …” „… had no diplomatic relations with Iran, Iraq, Libya, and North Korea and contacts between …”

The Instrumental Character of the Rogue State Concept S. 137-142

„… this book that the United States and the core group of rogue states (North Korea, Iran, Libya, and Iraq …” „… North Korea, Iran, Libya and Iraq comprises two interlinked dimensions. The first dimension is how the …” „… Libyan leaderships have even rejected the entire international system as an unjust, imperial order. The …”

Abbreviations S. 11-12

„… Libya Sanctions Act IR International Relations IRI Islamic Republic of Iran KCNA Korean Central News …”

Iran after Khomeini – Revolutionary Icons, Pragmatism, and Fear S. 77-87

„… terrorist attacks on the Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia367, Congress eventually passed the Iran-Libya …” „… international companies doing hydrocarbon investments in Iran and Libya beyond a volume of USD 40 million.368 …”

The Hobbesian Reality of the Iraqi State S. 120-123

„… state. As it was the case with Libya, this simplification distracts awareness from systemic factors …”

The Rogue State Concept in U.S. Foreign Policy S. 17-25

„… explain the world around them. What Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea and the others share is not a uniform …”

Corpus for Content Analysis S. 210-226

„… http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1986/10886c.htm R. Reagan January 10, 1986 Interview With European Journalists on Libya …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845215839

Adel Abdel Ghafar - The European Union and North Africa

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Adel Abdel Ghafar (ed.)

The European Union and North Africa

2019

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Libya-EU Relations: Prospects and Challenges S. 121-148

„… Tripolitania, the establishment of a functional Libyan Search and Rescue Area, and negotia-tions with Libya’s …” „… Libyan financial institutions and the GNA should be prompted to completely revise Libya’s rentier state …” „… Mezran and Arturo Varvelli, “Libyan Crisis: International Actors at Play,” in Foreign Actors in Libya’s …”

Conclusion S. 179-186

„… settlement. Currently, Libya’s educational system is suffering from the ongoing military conflict …” „… . Libya’s Ministry of Education did a nationwide assessment in 2012 and found that approximately 2,000 …” „… negotiations unfold, the EU and the international community should focus on rebuilding Libya’s educa-tional …”

Index S. 191-0

„… response to, 1–2, 6–9, 179–80; Islam and, 134–35; Libya and, 8, 122–23; migration and, 8; Morocco and, 7 …” „… , 30, 169, 180; Islam and, 92; Libya and, 123–24; Morocco and, 67–68; regional stability and, 184 …” „… Libya, 141; in Tunisia, 91, 95, 97El-Keib, Abdurrahim, 124Emergency Trust Fund for Africa, 35EMP. See …”

Introduction: EU-North Africa Relations in an Age of Turbulence S. 1-16

„… , Hosni Mubarak in Egypt, and Muammar Qaddafi in Libya, the EU reassessed its approach and began …” „… .indd 1 3/7/19 9:26 AM2 adel abdel ghafar • anna jacobsfour countries— Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, and …” „… reforms. The ongoing civil war in Libya has created a multitude of security challenges, including …”

Tunisia and the EU: Too Close, Too Far S. 87-120

„… other is with Italy. Moreover, because of Libya’s pariah status during the era of Muammar Qaddafi, as …” „… hundred” German soldiers stationed in Tunisia’s southern region “to train Libya’s armed forces.”75 German …” „… German soldiers to train Libya’s army forces], La Presse de Tunisie, March 15, 2017.76. German foreign …”

EU-Egypt Relations: The Delicate Balance of Economic, Security, and Political Interests S. 149-178

„… through the government’s relationship with Field Marshal Haftar and other proxies in Libya’s eastern …” „… countries such as Libya, Syria, and Yemen. At the same time, Egypt faces a host of socioeconomic, political …” „… neighboring Libya. With the exception of differences regarding the Muslim Brotherhood and other Is-lamist …”

Algeria: The EU's Real Partner or a "Tough Suburb of a Prosperous EU Metropolis"? S. 17-52

„… Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt— the EU set up the Youth- Employment Support Program with an allocation of €23.5 …” „… ), created in 1989 by the five Maghreb countries of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Mauritania …” „… Mediterranean for a better life in Europe. Libya was the central country of departure, with almost 90 percent of …”

Preface

„… Mediterranean. Chapters focus on events in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia, and offer ideas on how …” „… cherif5 Libya- EU Relations 121Prospects and Challengesarturo varvelli6 EU-Egypt Relations 149The …” „… , Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, and Tunisia.Abdel Ghafar_EU and North …”

Contributors S. 187-190

„… Tunis Global Center. He was previously the Al- Maidan Libya Project manager at the Institute for War and …” „… Brussels. His research interests include Italian- Libyan relations, Libyan domestic and foreign politics …”

EU-Morocco Relations: Finding a New Balance S. 53-86

„… substantial economic and security risks. Libya’s ongoing conflict poses enormous security and migration …” „… the 2013 coup in Egypt, the 2014 emer-gence of an Islamic State group affiliate in Libya, and …” „… in Libya has compounded. The EU and its North African partners have struggled in the face of rising …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815736967

Daniel Brombacher, Günther Maihold, Melanie Müller, Judith Vorrath - Geopolitics of the Illicit

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Daniel Brombacher (ed.), Günther Maihold (ed.), Melanie Müller (ed.), Judith Vorrath (ed.)

Geopolitics of the Illicit

Series: Weltwirtschaft und internationale Zusammenarbeit

Volume 25 2022

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Lorenzo Bagnoli The smuggling of fuel from Libya to Europe S. 309-334

„… /libyas-war-economy-predation-profiteering-and-state-weakness (accessed 12 October 2021).Eaton, Tim (2019): “Libya. Rich in oil, leaking fuel”. At …” „… split into two main factions: the UN-backed government in Western Libya and the rival Libyan National …” „… communities – ethnic, tribal and city-based – all compete for primacy in Libya’s dynamic illicit marketplace …”

Judith Vorrath Peculiarity and persistence of a transregional flow: the evolution of human trafficking for sexual exploitation from Nigeria to Europe S. 133-162

„… victim while the alternative route by land/sea through Libya, for example, only requires an investment …” „… after a steep decline the overall number of arrivals by sea in Italy from Libya went up again from 2020 …” „… , usually up to Libya. The same term can be used for men picking up women in migration centres, where they …”

Mark Shaw, Alex Goodwin Re-evaluating organised crime and illicit markets: a path towards a new response S. 29-52

„… intercepted/rescued and returned to Libya (IOM Libya 2021).Re-evaluating organised crime and illicit markets: a path …” „… /GITOC-Global-Organized-Crime-Index-2021.pdf (accessed 3 May 2022).IOM Libya, International Organization for Migration Libya (2021 …” „… ): “IOM Maritime Update”. Twitter, 13 September 2021. At: https://twitter.com/iom_libya …”

Daniel Brombacher, Günther Maihold, Melanie Müller, Judith Vorrath Introduction: illicit flows, criminal markets and geopolitics S. 13-28

„… fourth part, Lorenzo Bagnoli follows the path of crude oil that is smuggled from Libya to the EU …” „… groups. The chess game about the stabilisation of Libya between international actors such as Turkey …” „… Judith Vorrath24the problem of illegal smuggling in Libya. In many cases, smuggling is the only way to …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… illegal timber trade 275Inga Carry and Günther MaiholdThe smuggling of fuel from Libya to Europe 309 …” „… , unreported and unregulatedLMIC low- and middle-income countriesLNA Libyan National ArmyMAS Mobile …” „… authoritiesNOC Libyan National Oil CorporationNPS new psychoactive substancesNTR North Texas RefineryOC organised …”

Jan Schubert Illicit trade in cultural property: looted in the Global South, sold in Europe S. 217-236

„… years: the political erosion following the “Arab Spring” in North African states like Egypt and Libya in …” „… African migrants and illegal narcotic drugs: through Libya (Abungu 2016: 38). Neither French military …”

Peter Fabricius Out of Africa. Following the money: uncovering illicit financial flows from Africa to Europe S. 165-190

„… , Ghana and Libya (Hunter 2019: 14). Most of this went to Dubai, which Hunter and other researchers have …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940

Seyma Ekiz - The Role of the EU and Member States in the Arab Spring

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Seyma Ekiz

The Role of the EU and Member States in the Arab Spring

Series: Studies on the European Union

Volume 13 2018

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8. Assessment of Interests and Actions of Member States in Libya S. 190-217

„… possible no fly zone in Libya. The letter also condemned the Libyan authorities’ attacks on civilians.374 …” „… $15bn of Libyan assets were unfrozen. The NTC, as the new face of Libya, together with the …” „… Guardian http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/11/libya-nofly-zone-plan-rejected, (accessed 10 …”

7. Assessment of Interests and Actions of the EU in Libya S. 143-189

„… / libya-gaddafi-speech-reaction-live-updates, (accessed 10 May 2013). 324 Libya´nin BM Insan Haklari Konseyi´ne Üyeliginin Askiya Alinmasi, (1 …” „… connection between the European and Libyan market would contribute positively to Libya’s transition.353The EU …” „… term interests in Libya as having a share in the oil market and having a say in Libya’s reconstruction …”

11. Synthesis of Findings in the Case of Libya: EU Strategy between Norms and Interests S. 232-245

„… security of borders, taking a strategic position next to the UN as Libya’s future partner and the concept …” „… terms of economic development was to offer €10 million package financed from the ENPI to support Libya’s …” „… ) is considered as the best company for Libya’s hydrocarbon processing industry.473 Interviewed …”

9. Critical Discourse Analysis of the Articulation of the Political Identities of Member States and Libya S. 218-219

„… post-Gaddafi Libya was constructed as part of the European Self and an `equal partner´ of Europe. Libyans …” „… Libya The Construction of the Self `Europe` As elucidated above the UK and France were the two member …” „… states advocating and supporting military intervention in Libya. Although they didn’t get the support …”

Bibliography S. 255-288

„… / libya-a-very-long-war-over-competing-energy-interests/, (accessed 23 April 2014) Santini R. H., V. A. (June 2011). The Libyan Crisis Seen from European …” „… :// www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-pledges-support-for-political-and-economic-reform-in-the-middle-east, (accessed 16 December 2014) (26 May 2011) France´s Sarkozy offers Libya´s Gaddafi `Options` Talk …” „… :// issuu.com/pwhaarts/docs/from_resilience_to_revolt, accessed (24 December 2015) Akgül, Ö. (2011). Libya’da İç Savaşa Dış Müdahale: Avrupa Birliği …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-22

„… and Actions of the EU in Libya7. 143 EU Strategy in Libya7.1 143 Physical Security7.2 144 Libyan …” „… Meetings7.4.1 165 Istanbul Meeting: Discussion of Libya’s Future Economy 7.4.2 167 Table of Contents 11 …” „… 215 Germany’s Assistance in Libya’s Reconstruction8.4.4 216 Critical Discourse Analysis of the …”

12. Concluding Remarks: Analysis of EU Policies, Lessons, Advices and Future Research S. 246-254

„… _Libya_reconstruction.pdf, (accessed 29 December 2016). 12.3 EU Conditionality in Mobility and Economic Integration 251 …” „… post-revolutionary process was state building. Both in Tunisia and Libya the process of building a state is not an …” „… especially in Libya is more than a technical exercise.481 It involves serious political conflicts born out of …”

3. Research Design S. 53-60

„… foreign policy behavior of the EU towards Tunisia and Libya over time (2010-2013) is observed to see how …” „… which is explanatory in nature.5 Tunisia and Libya with a set of distant characteristics, which are …” „… understanding of the causal patterns by examining the chosen cases, Tunisia and Libya, in detail rather than …”

1. Introduction S. 23-35

„… EU-Libya relations after the Libyan war is called ` From Protecting to Rebuilding: The EU’s Role in Libya …” „… research analyzes some of the determinants of EU’s promotion of values and interests in Tunisia and Libya …” „… Libya during the Arab Spring process. It seeks to understand if EU’s foreign policy behavior in the …”

2. Line of Theoretical Reasoning, Concepts and Hypotheses S. 36-52

„… member states’ perception and assessment of interests towards Tunisia and Libya. Gideon Rose reviews the …” „… in Tunisia and Libya in this case. It is easier to figure out the policy implications of the EU as a …” „… EU’s foreign policy actions in Tunisia and Libya. Assessment of interests mean how EU leaders perceive …”

4. Assessment of Interests and Actions of the EU in Tunisia S. 61-111

„… Crisis16 Migration Movements during the Libyan Crisis Total Inflows from Libya: 345,238 (Country …” „… Libya Refugees. VOA News, http://www.voanews.com/content/europe-accused-of-ignoring-libyarefugees …” „… Syria, Libya and the conflict in Eritra. Additional 33.3 million people were displaced within the region …”

5. Assessment of Interest and Actions of Member States in Tunisia S. 112-140

„… with top priority in three areas as indicated in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in Libya149 …” „… `poisonous extremism`.151 5. 5.1 148 Int. No:6. 149 World Location: Tunisia and Libya. Foreign and …” „… Spring countries especially in Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and Syria became almost unmanageable for the EU and …”

10. Synthesis of Findings in the Case of Tunisia: Discourses Matching Actions? S. 220-231

„… host Libyans in Shousha refugee camp because of the war in Libya the EU resettled only 700 refugees …” „… being a transit country of migration.460 Non-Tunisians, especially sub-Saharan Africans and Libyans …” „… exposed to the Libyan civil war are the two sources of migrants who used Tunisian shores as departure …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845291321

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