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Hee-Eun Kim - The Role of the Patent System in Stimulating Innovation and Technology Transfer for Climate Change

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Hee-Eun Kim

The Role of the Patent System in Stimulating Innovation and Technology Transfer for Climate Change

Series: Munich Intellectual Property Law Center - MIPLC Studies

Volume 13 2011

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Kyoto Protocol (1997) S. 26-27

„… inventories of technology, knowledge, knowhow and practices.73 Kyoto Protocol (1997) The Kyoto Protocol to the …” „… greenhouse gases.75 The Kyoto Protocol provides for flexible market-based mechanisms including emission …” „… [hereinafter UNCCD]. 73 Id. at art. 18. 74 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, adopted Dec. 10, 1997, 37. I.L.M. 22 …”

UN Convention to Combat Desertification (1996) S. 26

„… inventories of technology, knowledge, knowhow and practices.73 Kyoto Protocol (1997) The Kyoto Protocol to the …” „… greenhouse gases.75 The Kyoto Protocol provides for flexible market-based mechanisms including emission …” „… [hereinafter UNCCD]. 73 Id. at art. 18. 74 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, adopted Dec. 10, 1997, 37. I.L.M. 22 …”

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1994) S. 22-26

„… progress. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol established binding targets and obligations for reducing greenhouse …” „… , knowhow and practices.73 Kyoto Protocol (1997) The Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC,74 adopted in December …” „… ]. 73 Id. at art. 18. 74 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, adopted Dec. 10, 1997, 37. I.L.M. 22 (entered …”

TRIPS Article 27(2) and Ordre Public S. 33-36

„… target the EU agreed to respect in the context of the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol). If the …” „… EXPERIENCE IN CARBON FINANCE: INSIGHTS FROM WORKING WITH THE KYOTO MECHANISMS (2010), available at …”

List of Works Cited S. 79-90

„… , Dec. 1-11, 1997, Decision 2/CP.3 Methodological issues related to the Kyoto Protocol, UNFCCC Doc …” „… Doc. FCCC/CP/2009/11/Add.1 (Mar. 30 2010) Conference of the Parties on its 3rd Session, Kyoto, Japan …” „… : Insights from Working with the Kyoto Mechanisms (2010) WTO: World Trade Organization General Council …”

Convention on Biological Diversity (1993) S. 21-22

„… met regularly in Conferences of the Parties (COP) to assess progress. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol …”

Eco-Patent Commons S. 57-58

„… medicines; (ii) countries have specific legal obligations under the Kyoto Protocol depending on economic …”

Abstract S. 8-12

„… Desertification (1996)5. 26 Kyoto Protocol (1997)6. 26 Compatibility with TRIPS FlexibilitiesB. 27 Technology …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845234472

Peter Schniering - U.S. Climate Policy and Technology

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Peter Schniering

U.S. Climate Policy and Technology

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Politik

Volume 149 2008

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The Kyoto Protocol: Concept and Criticism S. 48-56

„… most notably its alternative approach to the Kyoto Protocol—it is necessary to consider the Protocol’s …” „… Hoffert et al. have argued that regulative approaches—like the Kyoto Protocol—would be insufficient to …” „… due to a hesitant Russian stance and refusal to ratify until mid-2004, the Kyoto Protocol became …”

An Alternative Instrument to the Kyoto Protocol: The U.S. Global Climate Change Initiative S. 64-72

„… Protocol. The critical difference to the Kyoto Protocol—and the ambivalent character of statements like …” „… analyze the main counter concept to the Kyoto Protocol (the administration’s Climate Change Initiative …” „… commitments under the Kyoto Protocol, though, is a completely different matter. After a new government came …”

The Administration’s 2001 Withdrawal: Circumstances and Reactions S. 57-64

„… 57 II. The Bush Administration’s Counter Strategy to the Kyoto Protocol: Voluntarism and Technology …” „… begun to develop an alternative concept to the Kyoto Protocol which was released about a year after the …” „… administration’s strategy: Under what circumstances has the U.S. withdrawn from the Kyoto Protocol? How does the …”

U.S. Activities in an International Framework S. 44-48

„… climate change—and most notably its alternative approach to the Kyoto Protocol—it is necessary to consider …” „… (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. The administration’s climate strategy is closely linked to these …” „… 1997 Kyoto Protocol since concept and mechanisms of the treaty are critical to the administration’s …”

Suggestions for U.S. (and European) Climate Policy: Immediate Policy Steps and Future Agreements S. 197-202

„… . There is particular support for U.S. participation in the Kyoto Protocol and for mandatory instead of …” „… controversial Kyoto Protocol covers only a minority of worldwide GHG emissions. If U.S. climate policy is …” „… Convention and the Kyoto Protocol were ‘fought out’ between the EU and the United States. Daniel Bodansky …”

Works Cited S. 221-234

„… the Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change, available at …” „… . Grubb, Michael et al., Keeping Kyoto - A Study of Approaches to Maintaining the Kyoto Protocol on …” „… Kyoto Protocol with and without the US, CICERO Policy Note 2001/1, Oslo 2001. Heideking, Jürgen …”

The Relevance of U.S. Strategy S. 37-44

„… When President George W. Bush announced the United States’ withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 …” „… be avoided.69 Through its withdrawal, the U.S. left supporters of the Kyoto Protocol (such as the …” „… process of the Framework Convention and the Kyoto Protocol. The following passages will show that United …”

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Administration’s Strategy S. 173-181

„… that nations participating in the Kyoto Protocol are required to achieve.”547 Broad Rejection of the …” „… expert rejection of this instrument as a viable alternative to the Kyoto Protocol, this chapter will not …” „… emphasized that they were only partially responsible for the abrupt withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol and …”

Introduction S. 13-22

„… alternative to the Kyoto Protocol—the U.S. Climate Change Initiative—into question and dismissed the …” „… between 2001 and 2006. The administration’s retreat from the Kyoto Protocol and its refusal to promote …” „… is a better approach [than the Kyoto Protocol]; there is a better way to do it. We do not have to …”

Beyond the Federal Administration: Climate Policy in Congress, at the State Level, and ‘Grass Roots’ Activities S. 189-197

„… climate-related bills since the withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol and Dian Gruenreich, a Commissioner with the …” „… set for the United States under the Kyoto Protocol (a seven percent reduction vis-à-vis 1990 levels …” „… on the Bush administration to ratify the Kyoto Protocol even if this could result in job losses for …”

The Burden of Insufficient Credibility S. 164-173

„… withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol – the first chapter pointed out that this international treaty can be …” „… elsewhere—have come across a detailed comparison of the reduction commitments imposed by the Kyoto Protocol and …” „… abrupt withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 was the starting point and accompanied by a breach of …”

The Scientific Basis of Climate Change: Current Knowledge and Key Uncertainties S. 23-32

„… Kyoto Protocol, an international climate agreement, which had been adopted at a conference of the United …” „… (like the emissions reductions under the Kyoto Protocol), what can be considered ‘scientific consensus …” „… Sense? Time to Rethink the Kyoto Protocol,” in: Foreign Affairs, Volume 81, Number 3, May/June 2002, pp …”

Additional Climate Policy Measures S. 72-75

„… credible alternative to the Kyoto Protocol as a basis for establishing an effective and acceptable regime …” „… the end of this time period. Contrary to the Kyoto Protocol’s obligations, which are incorporated into …” „… Protocol—and in particular the government’s refusal to adopt absolute emissions targets—U.S. representatives …”

The Long-Term Character of the Challenge and the Risk of Premature Action S. 75-77

„… the United States’ retreat from the Kyoto Protocol—and in particular the government’s refusal to adopt …” „… Kyoto Protocol, he warned that the United States had to act “[...] in a serious and responsible way …” „… (and in particular of binding agreements like the Kyoto Protocol). This is reflected most strongly in …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… of U.S. Strategy 37 3. U.S. Activities in an International Framework 44 4. The Kyoto Protocol …” „… : Concept and Criticism 48 II. The Bush Administration’s Counter Strategy to the Kyoto Protocol …” „… Instrument to the Kyoto Protocol: The U.S. Global Climate Change Initiative 65 b) Additional Climate …”

‘Behaviorist’ Approaches in Climate Policy and U.S. Repudiations S. 154-161

„… though the administration’s delegates finally agreed to the Kyoto Protocol—and received both domestic and …” „… , the latter in a Senate vote even before the Protocol was negotiated in Kyoto). There were in fact …” „… flew to Kyoto, Japan in order to negotiate a concretizing protocol to the Framework Convention, the …”

Second Creation Narratives in the Administration’s Rhetoric S. 137-143

„… visited European allies early in 2005, he touched upon the transatlantic conflict over the Kyoto Protocol …” „… predictions on the effect of the Kyoto Protocol’s flexible mechanisms, the debate on market mechanisms and …” „… , market-based solution also comprises the time after the Kyoto Protocol’s and the Climate Change Initiative’s …”

Accronyms and Abbreviations S. 11-12

„… Framework Convention on Climate Change Kyoto Protocol Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework …”

‘American Opportunities’ S. 202-206

„… the 2001 withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol had 652 Heating up at last?, in: The Economist. 653 IEA …” „… ) ‘American Opportunities’ The idea that you have to be bound by a Kyoto-like structure to address the issue …” „… Protocol (regulating fluorocarbon emissions), or the Geneva Convention on transboundary air pollution. In …”

Technology as the Solution S. 77-80

„… (and in particular of binding agreements like the Kyoto Protocol). This is reflected most strongly in …” „… Kyoto Protocol to economic suicide, stressing the alternative of technology development: “We believe …”

Interpretive Authority over Climate and Energy Issues S. 123-128

„… . His rejection of the Kyoto Protocol has also exemplified this belief in having taken the ‘better path …” „… ’: “The United States will not interfere with the plans of any nation that chooses to ratify the Kyoto …” „… protocol. But I will intend [...] to show the world that there is a better approach, that we can build our …”

Outlook S. 207-220

„… approach was criticized massively for the withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol and the lack of more …” „… state: In terms of its environmental effectiveness, the Kyoto Protocol is a weak treaty. It seems …” „… under the Protocol. Moreover, negotiations on a continuation of the international process (possibly with …”

The Importance of Economic Growth S. 80-82

„… eventually sign the Kyoto Protocol in 2012, Watson stressed that one deciding criterion was such a future …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845205984

Ozan Turhan - The Law and Policy of Rail Freight Transport in the European Union, Switzerland and Turkey

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Ozan Turhan

The Law and Policy of Rail Freight Transport in the European Union, Switzerland and Turkey

2012

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Turkey, the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol S. 225-231

„… Part 3: The Kyoto investment mechanisms 227 Chapter 1: Turkey and the Kyoto Protocol "The danger …” „… making use of the mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate …” „… reductions (CERs). The question that arose during the research is whether the existing Kyoto Protocol …”

Kyoto flexible investment mechanisms and Turkey S. 231-250

„… 231 II. Kyoto flexible investment mechanisms and Turkey The Kyoto Protocol, as mentioned before …” „… ) ‘Bubbling’ in the Kyoto Protocol Article 4 of the Kyoto Protocol enables a group of countries that are …” „… 4.4 of the Kyoto Protocol. The formulation of Article 4 of the Kyoto Protocol gives reason to think …”

Table of contents S. 13-16

„… whose money? 223 Part 3: The Kyoto investment mechanisms 225 Chapter 1: Turkey and the Kyoto Protocol …” „… 227 I. Turkey, the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol 227 1. The UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol 228 2 …” „… . Turkey and the Kyoto Protocol 229 II. Kyoto flexible investment mechanisms and Turkey 231 1. ‘Bubbling …”

Abstract S. 7-10

„… makes it extremely hard for the EU to fulfill its commitments under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce the …” „… , Europe and Asia, and it would help Turkey to fulfill its future obligations under the Kyoto Protocol …” „… it has acceded to the Kyoto Protocol in 2009, could benefit from the investment mechanisms of the …”

Summary S. 250-262

„… relied upon by the authors of the Kyoto Protocol without further doubt. Therefore, it can be considered …” „… an anomaly that the Kyoto Protocol does not provide for an investment mechanism that encourages …” „… from abroad with the help of the flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol. For this purpose, the aims …”

Intermodal competition: road infrastructure pricing S. 215-224

„… road, a far larger source of investment funds is needed. The flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol …” „… Member States that cannot fulfill their reduction obligations under the Kyoto Protocol. In the next …” „… chapter the flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol will therefore be examined in order to see whether …”

Appraisal S. 66-71

„… sector may play in the fulfilment of the obligations of the EU under the Kyoto Protocol, and, conversely …” „… , how the Kyoto Protocol mechanisms may provide the tools needed to foster the revitalization and …”

Turkey as a cross-roads S. 168-213

„… the CO2 poses to Turkey in the fulfillment of its possible future commitments under the Kyoto Protocol …” „… 2009. Even though Turkey will have a special status under the Kyoto Protocol and will thus not be under …” „… .681 In Part 3 a more detailed analysis of Turkey under the Kyoto Protocol will follow. Another …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845240831

Michael Meimeth, John D. Robertson - Sustainable Development - An Integrative Paradigm?

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Michael Meimeth (ed.), John D. Robertson (ed.)

Sustainable Development - An Integrative Paradigm?

Series: Denkart Europa | Mindset Europe

Volume 15 2011

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Nicole de Paula Domingos ‘Who is the chief?’ – The ‘green’ transatlantic rift through the example of the Kyoto and Cartagena Protocol S. 143-170

„… economic cost4, the presidency of George W. Bush categorically refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. Also …” „… Kyoto Protocol The fourth report of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change), conceived in …” „… , despite the US rejection of the Kyoto Protocol, was an historic event. Under the formal rules, this …”

Arnaud Leconte Towards Socially Sustainable Development: The European emission trading scheme – an American idea implemented in Europe S. 103-120

„… idea implemented in Europe Arnaud Leconte1 In February 2005 the Kyoto Protocol came into force as an …” „… public attention. 2. The Kyoto Protocol: the U.S. and EU Divergence Alarmed by the evidence of global …” „… European Union called for a 15% cut. In the end, the Kyoto Protocol came into force in February 2005 as …”

Miranda A. Schreurs Environmental NGOs and Climate Change Politics in the United States: Influencing Change from the Bottom Up S. 23-44

„… world that did not ratify the Biodiversity Convention, the Kyoto Protocol, or the Stockholm Convention …” „… objective to campaign against the Kyoto Protocol. Greenwatch was established by Capital Research Services …” „… gas emissions. Anti-Kyoto Protocol and anti-climate change campaigns funded by Exxon Mobil, the …”

Hyeran Jo Policies and Stakeholders in Transatlantic Cooperation for Sustainability S. 61-78

„… that the EU and its member states ratified the protocol in May 2002 while the US withdrew from Kyoto …” „… Issue Level 1: Transatlantic Cooperation on the Global Level (e.g. Kyoto Protocol) Level 2 …” „… multilateral forums such as the 1992 Ro Earth Summit and the development of Agenda 21. After the Kyoto efforts …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… example of the Kyoto and Cartagena Protocol 143 John D. Robertson, Florian Ruhnke …”

Severin Fischer Sustainable Development and Climate Policy: The European Union’s new framework as a role model? S. 45-60

„… in order to achieve their target marks defined by the Kyoto Protocol. Even though this issue will be …” „… , there is a major lack of credibility. Neither the Kyoto targets have been fulfilled by European states …” „… vague basis of the Kyoto-agreement under international law or the indicative nature of former European …”

Hartmut Marhold, Michael Meimeth Introduction S. 7-10

„… scale. According to the Kyoto Protocol, CO2 emissions should be cut by 5% by the year 2012. Today …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845230610

Lutz Morgenstern - Der REDD-Mechanismus und die Verantwortlichkeit von Entwicklungsländern im internationalen Klimaschutz

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Lutz Morgenstern

Der REDD-Mechanismus und die Verantwortlichkeit von Entwicklungsländern im internationalen Klimaschutz

Series: Forum Umweltrecht

Volume 62 2012

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Das Kyoto-Protokoll von 1997 S. 36-46

„… Kyoto Protocol,S. 315 ff.; Oberthür/Ott, Das Kyoto-Protokoll, S. 1 ff.; Grubb, The Kyoto Protocol, S. 1 …” „… ff.;Yamin/Depledge, The International Climate Change Regime S. 24 ff.; Yamin, The KyotoProtocol, S. 113 ff.; Depledge …” „… , Tracing the Origins of the Kyoto Protocol, S. 1 ff.; Kloepfer,Umweltrecht, § 17, Rn 62 ff …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 261-279

„… ; Streck, Charlotte; Legal Aspects of Implementing the Kyoto ProtocolMechanisms: Making Kyoto Work, Oxford …” „… Aspects of Implementing the Kyoto ProtocolMechanisms: Making Kyoto Work, Oxford 2005, S. 35-53.Werksman …” „… theKyoto Protocol, RECIEL 15 (2006), S. 193-201.Bausch, Camilla; Mehling, Michael; Klimagipfel in Montreal …”

Die Klimarahmenkonvention von 1992 S. 32-36

„… zumSchutz des Klimas, S. 957 (963); Breidenich/Magraw/Rowley/Rubin, The Kyoto Protocol,S. 315 (318 …” „… Kyoto Protocol,S. 315 ff.; Oberthür/Ott, Das Kyoto-Protokoll, S. 1 ff.; Grubb, The Kyoto Protocol, S. 1 …” „… ff.;Yamin/Depledge, The International Climate Change Regime S. 24 ff.; Yamin, The KyotoProtocol, S. 113 ff.; Depledge …”

Die Verhandlungen über das Post-2012-Klimaregime S. 46-57

„… , theKyoto Protocol and the Bali Action Plan. (…) With the above understanding, India may belisted in the …” „… Protocol”(AWG-KP) eingerichtet, die sich insbesondere mit den Reduzierungsverpflichtungen der Annex-I-Staaten nach …” „… Vertragsstaatenkonferenz von Kyoto zunächstdennoch dazu, das Kyoto-Protokoll zu unterzeichnen. In der Folgezeit …”

Ressourcentransfers S. 90-109

„… ; Oberthür/Ott, Das Kyoto-Protokoll, S. 237; Yamin, TheInternational Rules on the Kyoto Protocol, S. 1 (30 …” „… Klimaschutz, S. 45; Mumma/Hodas, Designing a Global Post-Kyoto Climate Change Protocol, S. 619 (620); van …” „… . Außerdem wird auf denClean-Development-Mechanism des Kyoto-Protokolls eingegangen, das einzigemarktbasierte …”

Schlussbetrachtung und Ausblick S. 256-260

„… , Michel; Emissions Trading under the Kyoto Protocol: How far fromthe ideal?, in: Yamin (Hrsg.), Climate …” „… 2015 “a protocol,another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention …” „… ausgeschlossen, dass rechtzeitig vor dem Auslaufender ersten Verpflichtungsperiode des Kyoto-Protokolls im Jahr …”

Ökonomische Instrumente S. 64-72

„… ; Wijner, Emissions Trading under theKyoto Protocol, S. 403 (404); Baron/Colombier, Emissions Trading under …” „… the Kyoto Protocol, S. 153.265 Zu dieser Möglichkeit Stewart, Instrument Choice, S. 147 (151 …” „… , dass die Reduzierungsziele [des Kyoto-Protokolls] nun rechtlich verbindlichsind“.236 Ibid., S. 357 …”

Argumente gegen eine statische Interpretation des Prinzips S. 239-245

„… , das Prinzip habe sich im Copenhagen Accord „verydifferently from the Kyoto Protocol“1049 manifestiert …” „… die ursprünglich in der Klimarahmenkonvention und im Kyoto-Protokoll vereinbarte Aufgabenteilung …” „… whether the articulation of the principle of common but differentiatedresponsibility found in the Kyoto …”

Das Verhältnis zwischen den Ressourcentransfers der Industriestaaten und den Umweltschutzmaßnahmen der Entwicklungsländer S. 109-128

„… , S. 161. Vgl. auch Grubb, The Kyoto Protocol, S. 234.518 Pohlmann, Kyoto-Protokoll, S. 111 f …” „… ZwischenergebnisMit dem CDM führten die Vertragsparteien des Kyoto-Protokolls ein neues …” „… , The MultilateralFund of the Montreal Protocol, S. 181 (205 ff.; 221).500 Multilateral Fund Secretariat …”

Bewusste Ausklammerung der Entwaldungsvermeidung im CDM S. 133-136

„… and the Kyoto Protocol, S. 189 ff.; Fry, Twists and Turns in the Jungle,S. 159 ff.; ders., More Twists …” „… als die Klimarahmenkonvention und später das Kyoto-Protokoll ausgehandelt wurden, war den Staaten …” „… der Entwaldungsvermeidung im CDMDie Verhandlungen zum Kyoto-Protokoll konzentrierten sich gemäß dem …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 17-18

„… the Kyoto ProtocolAWG-LCA Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action underthe ConventionBd …” „… European Environmental Planning LawKP Kyoto-Protokolllit. litera (Buchstabe)17Max Planck UNYB Max Planck …”

Unterstützung der Initiative durch die EU S. 140-141

„… Meeting of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, Vol. 12 No. 354,18.12.2007, S. 7.610 Vgl. Eisbrenner et al …” „… . Bislang hatten die USA ihre Ablehnung des Kyoto-Protokolls und der darin vereinbarten …”

Die Aufnahme einer Klausel zu REDD in den Bali Action Plan S. 138-140

„… Meeting of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, Vol. 12 No. 354,18.12.2007, S. 7.610 Vgl. Eisbrenner et al …” „… Verpflichtungsperiodedes Kyoto-Protokolls allein aus faktischen Gründen nahezu ausgeschlossen wurde,da kaum noch Zeit …”

Vorschläge im Laufe des Verhandlungsprozesses S. 148-156

„… under theKyoto Protocol.” Ähnlich Brasilien in UN Doc. FCCC/SBSTA/2007/MISC.2, S. 21. DiesePosition wird …” „… measuresunder a post-Kyoto agreement.” Ähnlich Potvin/Bovarnick, Reducing Emissions, S. 264(265).658 Vgl …” „… entsprechenden Teil ihrer im Kyoto-Protokoll oder einem Nachfolgeabkommen …”

Konzeptionelle Einordnung S. 173-181

„… in der Klimarahmenkonvention, dem Kyoto-Protokoll oder einer sonstigenVereinbarung zur Reduzierung …” „… und Entwicklungspolitik, Rn. 3.791 Patlis, The Multilateral Fund of the Montreal Protocol, S. 181 …” „… , The Multilateral Fund of the Montreal Protocol, S. 181 (206); ebenfalls hierzu Kellersmann, Die …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845241616

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