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Heinz Gärtner - International Security and Peace

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Heinz Gärtner

International Security and Peace

Series: NomosTextbook

Volume 2024

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Literature S. 255-295

„… , Instability, Security Index: A Russian Journal on International Security, 17/2 (2011), 15−25.Anderson …” „… Security: Europe and Beyond (Routledge Advances in International Relations and Global Politics) (London …” „… (Palgrave: Houndmills, 2001).Betts, Richard K., Is Strategy an Illusion? International Security, Vol. 25, No …”

Basic concepts S. 13-82

„… authorization by an >international organization (primarily by the United Nations Security Council) granted. If a …” „… participation in international security policy in general and in international peace operations in particular …” „… terms of international law nor neutrality defined in terms of security policy means an impartial …”

Concepts A–Z S. 83-254

„… , international). A more detailed definition is therefore necessary (→ Security)Further reading:Deutsch, Karl W …” „… >collective security(→ Security; >Systems, international). They stipulate that the member states of such a …” „… competition increases in bipolar systems (>Systems, international) and that an arms race (→ Security; >Arms …”

Introduction S. 9-12

„… concepts of international security and peace and to summarize the scientific-political debate on the …” „… international security and peace have changed little, although further arguments and empirical results have been …” „… in definitions of concepts of international relations, international security and peace. It is not a …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… International Security and PeaceHeinz GärtnerDefinitions from A–ZNomosTextbookNomosTextbook The …” „… the respective subject.International Security and PeaceHeinz GärtnerDefinitions from A–ZThe Deutsche …” „… “Internationale Sicherheit und Frieden. Defi-nitionen von A – Z”, Nomos 2023, ISBN 978-3-7560-0077-7. Parts of the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748919322

Aikaterini Titi - The Right to Regulate in International Investment Law

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Aikaterini Titi

The Right to Regulate in International Investment Law

Series: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Volume 10 2014

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International peace and security S. 90-94

„… circumscribe the potential latitude of the defence422.International peace and securityOne of the more different …” „… security concerns relates to international peaceand security – or, in some clauses, international peace or …” „… context424, ‘international peace and security’ remains a relatively unambiguous term425. However, the …”

General observations on essential security interests S. 78-82

„… (2009), Security-Related Terms in International Investment Law and in National Security Strategies …” „… explore the more idiosyncraticnotions of essential interests, international peace and security and …” „… peace and security’ (the term ‘national security’ is clearly to bedistinguished from ‘international …”

Necessity S. 237-257

„… created the illusion that customary international law deals with national security.However, despite some …” „… the question of whether customary international law provides a national security defence form the …” „… Security Defenses in International Investment Law, in Sauvant, K. P. (ed.), YB on Int’l Inv L & Pol …”

Essential security interests S. 206-211

„… non-disclosure of information for the protection ofnational security, exceptions for international peace and …” „… international peace and security. Theseexceptions are almost exclusively present in BITs where one party is …” „… existence of a1137 See Chapter V, International peace and security.1138 This is the case of the US Model BIT …”

Essential interests S. 88-90

„… that severely circumscribe the potential latitude of the defence422.International peace and securityOne …” „… of the more different security concerns relates to international peaceand security – or, in some …” „… clauses, international peace or security423. Understood to widen the scope of the exception, in that it …”

The right to regulate and the fair and equitable treatment, the minimum standard of treatment and full protection and security S. 143-148

„… fullprotection and security standard is not tied to the minimum standard undergeneral international law.763 …” „… minimumstandard of treatment and full protection and securityThe most important standard in investment arbitration …” „… treatment and full protection and security.Whereas exceptions to the contingent standards are amongst the …”

General S. 195-201

„… ), Adjudging the Exceptional at International Investment Law: Security, Public Order and Financial Crisis, ICLQ …” „… considers necessary’ to fulfill its obligations relating to international peace or security, or to protect …” „… its essential securityinterests1061.Some investment treaties, while enshrining security interests in …”

General regulatory clauses and the public interest (‘General exceptions’ modelled after Article XX GATT or the right to regulate by subject: the public interest) S. 173-188

„… performance requirements, and to specific regulatoryinterests, notably essential state security.iii.958 See …” „… treatment, minimum standard of treatment and fullprotection and securityThe relevance of introducing an …” „… and equitable treatment, the minimumstandard of treatment and full protection and security.C. The …”

The protection of essential security interests in the absence of an express treaty-based right to regulate S. 290-293

„… customary international lawprovide a national security defence?1580 UNCTAD (2009a), op cit., p. 119.1581 …” „… The protection of essential security interests in the absence of an expresstreaty-based right to …” „… following will enquire into the significance of the absence ofessential security exceptions in a treaty …”

Essential security interests and access to strategic industries S. 84-88

„… , between National Security andInternational Law, Eur Bus L Rev 21 (2); Bassan, F. (2011), The Law of …” „… securitymay qualify as essential security interests, it is unclear whether in practicethey will suffice to …” „… to both376; at least one award, in interpreting an essential security interestsexception which …”

Bibliography S. 305-330

„… . (2010), Adjudging the Exceptional at International Investment Law: Security,Public Order and Financial …” „… Handbook ofInternational Investment Law, NY: OUPBjorklund, A. K. (2009), Economic Security Defenses in …” „… Treatment in InternationalInvestment Law, MJIL 33Cordero Moss, G. (2008), Full Protection and Security, in …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… Essential security interests and access to strategicindustries3.84Essential interests4. 88International …” „… Studies in International Investment Lawedited byProfessor Dr. Marc Bungenberg, LL.M., Universität …” „… 09:19Aikaterini TitiThe Right to Regulate in International Investment LawNomosBUT_Titi_1062-1.indd 3 …”

Introduction S. 19-31

„… Protection of National Security in IIAs, UNCTAD Series onInternational Investment Policies for Development …” „… securityexceptions; but so it also does in the field of general international law, grappling with intractable …” „… Pakistan in 1959, investment promotion and protection havebeen a priority of international investment law …”

Regulation in the public interest S. 99-103

„… of the public order or the maintenance of international peaceand security491. Staying clear of …” „… international peace and security. Two further regulatory interests were examined:public order (ordre public …” „… known as international public policy (ordre public international)481, interpreted as ‘an …”

The nexus requirement S. 190-195

„… . Kurtz, J. (2010), Adjudging the Exceptional at International Investment Law: Security, Public Order and …” „… subsequent provision (Article 6.12), which contains that treaty’s Security Exceptions, uses further …” „… disclosure of which [a Party] considers contrary to its essential security interests’, ‘action which …”

Conclusion S. 298-304

„… funds and otherpublic investors –, international peace and security, and more generally thepublic …” „… Government’s ability to achieve its legitimate policy objectives, including its international human rights …” „… obligations.That is because under threat of binding international arbitration, a foreign investor may be able to …”

General observations S. 76-78

„… ‘international peace and security’336, considerations of essentialstate security constitute probably the most …” „… protectionunder general international law311 and ventures some definitional elucidations. Exploring the meaning of …” „… statemeasure falls within the purview of an exception and therefore whether international liability may be …”

Concluding remarks S. 288-290

„… protection and security.1566 See above, The fair and equitable treatment.1567 Saluka Partial Award, op cit …” „… citing the ‘high measure of deference’ affordedstates by international law1571 found in favour of the …” „… ‘legitimate right […] to regulate’concluded that the respondent’s conduct fell below the international minimum …”

Public order (ordre public) S. 94-99

„… forcemajeure defence under customary international law449.Public order (ordre public)If national security has …” „… Circumstances of extreme emergencyThe final security exception to be surveyed is circumstances of …” „… security interests exception447. Circumstances of extreme emergency are likely to be a subset of essential …”

General remarks S. 169-173

„… the maintenance of international peace and security. VII. The right to regulate in IIAs1705. This …” „… losses clauses, a rare creature within international investment law, do not constitute an excuse or …” „… general exceptions’ approach in international investment law. Its ArticleC.1.896 E.g. Article 6(3) French …”

Clarifications and interpretative statements S. 42-45

„… of itsown essential security interests’, goes on to clarify by means of examples whichmeasures it may …” „… .), International Investment Law and Arbitration: Leading Cases fromthe ICSID, NAFTA, Bilateral Treaties and …” „… Customary International Law, London:Cameron May, p. 341-342.123 European Parliament (2011b), Report on the …”

Circumstances of extreme emergency S. 94

Some developments at the bilateral level S. 58-61

„… protection and securityare tied to the customary international law minimum standard of treatmentof aliens211 …” „… between them and how the right to regulate couldevolve or be interpreted within international investment …” „… the right to regulate is neither novelnor does it stand alone in international investment law …”

The right to regulate and the contingent standards of treatment: most-favoured-nation treatment and national treatment S. 126-143

„… fair and equitable treatment, the minimumstandard of treatment and full protection and securityThe most …” „… equitable treatment, the minimum standard oftreatment and full protection and security, free transfers of …” „… (2004b), Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment in International Investment Law. Working Papers on International …”

General S. 235-237

„… whether customary international law provides a national security defence form the epicentre of the two …” „… further reflections.1276 See below, Does customary international law provide a national security …” „… The right to regulate beyond IIAs in general international lawGeneral international law affords …”

Concluding remarks S. 233-234

„… state’sessential security interests, exceptions for international peace and securityand circumstances of extreme …” „… . Commencing with plausibly the most seminal interest,essential security, it discussed the formulation of …” „… essential security interestsclauses, provisions on the non-disclosure of information relating to a …”

WTO law, EU law and the European Convention on Human Rights S. 56-58

„… international investment law, the concept of regulatory freedom iswell-anchored in the realm of at least three …” „… other international legal systems.These will be briefly considered in turn.WTO law’s embedded liberalism …” „… . Regulatory exceptions in investment law are sometimes modelled on GATT provisions, with security exceptions …”

Are explicit treaty exceptions necessary to reserve policy space? S. 293-294

„… to be in its public interest1595, including, naturally, its essential security interests. Nonetheless …” „… itsconventional obligations without incurring international responsibility. Although the absence of such an …” „… essential security interest at stake partakes of a genuinelyoverriding nature1597, it would be quixotic to …”

The fair and equitable treatment S. 276-281

„… international law. As just mentioned, this has created an expectation in somequarters that tribunals will take …” „… , theminimum standard of treatment and full protection and security.1507 Chapter VII, The right to regulate and …” „… ‘high measure of deference that international law generally extends to the right of domestic authorities …”

Concluding remarks S. 204-205

„… national security to be at stakeare susceptible of objective evaluation or ‘whether any tribunal acting …” „… for or measures directed to the protectionof host state essential security interests and comparable …” „… constructions indicate that all actions taken with the purpose of protecting the country’s essential security …”

Developments at the collective level: the right to regulate and European investment agreements S. 62-66

„… Bungenberg,M., Griebel, J. and Hindelang, S. (eds) (2011), EYIEL 2011, Special Issue: International Investment …” „… Communication ‘Towards a comprehensive European international investment policy’ (Brussels, 7.7.2010,COM …” „… regulate, inter alia, in theareas of protection of national security, the environment, public health …”

The right to regulate and the free transfer of capital S. 155-164

„… to ensure ‘compliance with laws and regulations’ ‘concerningfinancial security or any other …” „… therein that are approved by theInternational Monetary Fund in the exercise of its jurisdiction or …” „… determined to beconsistent with this Article by the International Monetary Fund or the Parties Groupcannot be …”

Deference afforded at tribunal discretion S. 40-42

„… taken in apparent derogation of international obligations, thereby granting a state its policy space …” „… in general international law. Atribunal may opt for a more or less state-friendly interpretation of …” „… regulate in IIAs, for situations that transcend general international law defences114, to ensure that …”

Essential security interests, economic crises and economic security S. 82-84

„… Essential security interests, economic crises and economic securityThe relationship between …” „… securitymay qualify as essential security interests, it is unclear whether in practicethey will suffice to …” „… essential security interests and economic crisesmerits analysis, as one of the salient issues that have …”

Policy space as a remedy to a systemic imbalance S. 72-75

„… protection of a state’s essential security interests299, as in the case ofregulation on grounds of other …” „… , see Chapter IV, Essential Security Interests.300 E.g. UNCTAD (2009a), op cit., p. 3, 25. See also …” „… . E. (2005), The Teleology of International InvestmentLaw: The Role of Purpose in the Interpretation …”

The pre-modern-investment-world regime S. 53-56

„… taken for reasons of public security and order, public health or morality shall not be deemed as …” „… applies to arrangementsdifferent to the ones that make up today’s international investment …” „… regulate terminology is fundamentallyowed to international investment law, the concept of regulatory …”

Concluding remarks S. 103

„… clarifications. Essential state security is probably the mostimportant regulatory interest, and the discussion …” „… security, it is uncertain whether in practice it will prove an adequate state defence in such circumstances …” „… , essential interests, circumstances of extreme emergency and the two-pronged option for international peace …”

Expropriation S. 281-288

„… equitable treatment, the minimum standard of treatment and full protectionand security.1532 For an in-depth …” „… . 177-178; Newcombe,A. (2005), The Boundaries of Regulatory Expropriation in International Law,ICSID Rev 20 …” „… that ‘as a matter ofgeneral international law, a non-discriminatory regulation for a public purpose …”

The standard of review in the absence of a self-judging clause S. 202-204

„… faith test on this ground would be where a state invokes a threat to itsessential security interests in …” „… as the public order, essential security interests and public morality, would require wider boundaries …” „… its national security to be at stakeare susceptible of objective evaluation or ‘whether any tribunal …”

Concluding remarks S. 273-274

„… Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions1501 …” „… understanding that it contravenes international public policy (ordre publicinternational)1502. It is for the …” „… customary international law defences under theILC Articles, with a particular focus on the necessity defence …”

Cultural exception, exception for cultural policy and the investment law context S. 224-233

„… security interests, exceptions for international peace and securityand circumstances of extreme emergency …” „… incorporation of the exception in various international fora, including in the MAI, has eclipsed a collective …” „… ), Communication ‘Towards an international instrument on cultural diversity’, COM(2003) 520 final, Brussels …”

Concluding remarks S. 296-297

„… the protection of its essential security interests, including…’1612 Yet in any event, since under the …” „… customary international law defences and has asked the questionof whether there exists an implicit right to …” „… interest, essential security, in the absence ofan express IIA-rooted right to regulate and noted that …”

Index S. 375-376

„… security interests 78 etseq., 206-211, 290-293. See alsoArgentine crisis disputes and Necessity.EU …” „… protection and security 44, 59,126, 143 et seq., 179, 184-185,192375General exceptions modelled afterArticle …” „… XX GATT 169 et seq.In like circumstances 139-143,184, 188, 276, 293-295, 300International peace and …”

The clausula rebus sic stantibus and bribery S. 272-273

„… cases and observed the absence of a national security defence telle quelle in customary international …” „… stantibus and briberyGeneral international law may accord states some further defences …” „… : OUP; Titi, C. (2014b), International Investment Law and Good Governance, in Bungenberg, M., Griebel …”

The standard of review of self-judging clauses S. 201-202

„… essential security interests exception. However, evenself-judging clauses do not completely oust arbitral …” „… review subsists by virtueof general international law: the obligation emanates from the pacta …” „… , such as in the event of a state claiming anessential security interests situation to protect against an …”

Taxation S. 211-216

„… state1144. And although it is unclear that essential security interests exceptions will become …” „… , General observations on essential security interests.1145 See Wälde, T. W. and Kolo, A. (2008), Coverage …” „… ), The OxfordHandbook of International Investment Law, NY: OUP, p. 305 et seq. and especially p. 324-341 …”

Force majeure and distress S. 257-258

„… . and Billa, B (2008), Treaties and National Security,NYU J Int’l L & Pol 40, p. 443.1399 Article 23(1 …” „… Articles. Wrongfulness of an act of a state not inconformity with an international obligation of that state …” „… Olleson, S. (eds), The Lawof International Responsibility, NY: OUP.1400 Article 23(2) ILC Articles on …”

General observations S. 275-276

„… Arbitral jurisprudence on the right to regulate (beyond IIAsand general international law) and the …” „… under general international lawhas been examined, the present chapter will turn its attention to …” „… international law-based. In particular, the analysis will attempt toaddress the question of whether there exists …”

Doing away with investor-state dispute settlement S. 45-48

„… strategy also pursued by Australia in the ne-141 Schill, S. W. (2010), Private Enforcement of International …” „… Law International, p. 31. Cf. Impregilo S.p.A. v.Argentina, ICSID Case No. ARB/07/17, Award, 21 June …” „… 147, while others preclude recourse to ISDS for specified policy-areas,typically national security148 …”

The right to regulate and provisions on compensation for losses S. 166-169

„… conflicts and their effects on treaties, see International Law Commission(2011), Effects of Armed Conflicts …” „… International Law Commission, 63rd session, A/66/10, NY: UN; International Law Commission (2010),Effects of …” „… Armed Conflicts on Treaties, in Report of the International Law Commission, 62nd session, A/65/10, NY …”

ILC defences and the right to regulate. Some further reflections S. 265-270

„… reflectionsTo date, the unsatisfactory manner of application of the defences providedin customary international …” „… Articles maybe questioned. Declaratory of international law, the ILC Articles its mirrored5.1452 CMS Award …” „… international law as reflected in the ILC Articles265image crystallised at the time of ‘codification’, while the …”

Arbitration as a perceived threat to state regulatory freedom S. 67-72

„… right to regulate is called toplay in the international edifice of investment protection, the present …” „… other international agreements with fully fledged investment chapters264,the scope of investment …” „… protections and has been placed in a unique position from which to formulate international investment law265 …”

Is an explicit treaty-based right to regulate harmful to regulatory freedom? S. 294-296

„… treatment and full protection and security.1600 See especially Chapter II, Deference afforded at tribunal …” „… protection of its essential security interests, including…’1612 Yet in any event, since under the status quo …” „… international law defences and has asked the questionof whether there exists an implicit right to regulate. It …”

Limiting the scope of investment protection S. 35-40

„… notgrant MFN treatment, protection against expropriation or full protection and security.See also Article …” „… Vo ?lkerrecht eine vergleichende Untersuchung zum internationalen Investitionsrecht sowie zum …” „… Arbitration, JIDS 3 (1); Kulick, A. (2012),Global Public Interest in International Investment Law, NY: CUP, p …”

General remarks S. 125-126

„… oftreatment and full protection and security, free transfers of capital, performance requirements and clauses …” „… (2004b), Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment in International Investment Law. Working Papers on International …”

Legal nature and effects of upholding a defence under the ILC Articles S. 258-265

„… . eds. The Law of International Responsibility, NY: OUP, p. 484-486; Salmon, J. J. A. (1987), p. 116 et …” „… regulate beyond IIAs in general international law258Legal nature and operation of the defenceThe ILC …” „… Articles deal not with the international obligation of the state butwith the legal consequences attached to …”

The right to regulate and expropriation S. 148-155

„… right to regulate and expropriation in generalIt is a rule of customary international law that states …” „… are allowed to expropriate the assets of foreign investors without incurring international …” „… international, RGD 33; Brownlie, I.(2008), Principles of Public International Law, 7th edn, NY: OUP, p. 532.769 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845251783

Andreas Fischer-Lescano, Hans-Peter Gasser, Thilo Marauhn, Natalino Ronzitti - Frieden in Freiheit - Peace in liberty - Paix en liberté

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Andreas Fischer-Lescano (ed.), Hans-Peter Gasser (ed.), Thilo Marauhn (ed.), Natalino Ronzitti (ed.)

Frieden in Freiheit - Peace in liberty - Paix en liberté

2008

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Natalino Ronzitti The Proliferation Security Initiative and International Law S. 281-296

„… The Proliferation Security Initiative and International Law Natalino Ronzitti …” „… Proliferation Security Initiative: Security vs. Freedom of Navigation?” in International Law Studies, vol. 81 …” „… extent that it is allowed by international law, including the UN Security Council resolution …”

Sabine von Schorlemer “Women in Progress?” The Relevance of Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) S. 1155-1170

„… , Peace and Security, in: International Feminist Journal of Politics, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2004, pp. 130-140 …” „… promotion of international peace and security”. 22 Marcia E. Greenberg; Elaine Zuckerman, The Gender …” „… , International Relations, and the Development of Feminist Security Theory, in: Journal of Women in Culture and …”

Hanspeter Neuhold The International Community and „Rogue States“ S. 227-248

„… such diverse areas as international security and environmental law. It is on an issue in the former …” „… maintenance of international peace and security,6 the authors of the Charter established a system of …” „… international peace and security in the area.” (emphasis added). After the deadline of 15 January 1991 had …”

Gerhard Hafner The ECHR torn between the United Nations and the States: The Behrami and Saramati Case S. 115-134

„… . Scheitert die international Gemeinschaft? (2006), Hanspeter Neuhold, The United Nations a Security …” „… 107 199933, by which they agreed on FRY withdrawal and the presence of an international security …” „… . Accordingly, three international documents were at stake in the discussion of the legal questions: Security …”

Mary Ellen O’Connell Defending the Law against Preemptive Force S. 249-260

„… maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by members in the exercise of this right of …” „… action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security. 16 Louis …” „… norms of international conduct.”30 The U.S representative to the UN Security Council, Ambassador …”

Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, Danio Campanelli The United Nations Compensation Commission: Time for an Assessment? S. 13-30

„… predominance of liberal values, which, at the international level, permitted the Security Council to fully …” „… the UN Security Council was organized against a State which manifestly breached international peace …” „… Wall, this event coincided with downing of a new era in international relations, free of the bipolarism …”

Ruth Lapidoth The legal effect of Security Council Resolution 1701 (2006) on cessation of hostilities in Lebanon S. 199-204

„… a threat to international peace and security". This statement is taken from article 39 located in …” „… international peace and security (article 24 of the UN Charter). The powers and functions of the Council in this …” „… maintenance of international peace and security. Chapter VII deals with more serious situations – threats to …”

Jost Delbrück Protecting National Security against Terrorism in Open Societies – A Political, Constitutional and Ethical Dilemma S. 53-62

„… national security is a constitutional one. As mentioned before, constitutions and international and …” „… Protecting National Security against Terrorism in Open Societies - a Political, Constitutional and …” „… International Association of Constitutional Law at Athens, inter aliis, addressed the topic of „threats to …”

Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg Manoeuvring in Rough Waters: The UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict and the Law of Naval Warfare S. 439-456

„… Warfare Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg Michael Bothe has been among the first international …” „… seemed to believe that that part of international humanitarian law had become obsolete. Especially his …” „… traditional principles and the progressive development of international law. The present author has profited …”

Yoram Dinstein Comments on the UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict S. 387-402

„… occupying power only if it constitutes a threat to security or impedes compliance with international law …” „… an additional layer of customary international law of armed conflict (which in the nature of things …” „… international law) are theoretically possible, and they are offered in a plethora of books and articles printed …”

Rainer Hofmann International Protection of Human Rights and International Territorial Administration: A Legal Black Hole S. 135-154

„… seemingly widely accepted means to secure international peace and security and developed into what has …” „… International Territorial Administration in Kosovo The international civil and security presence in Kosovo is …” „… relevant International Organisations to establish an international security presence in Kosovo; in Annex 2 …”

Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann In Search for Justice: International Trade Law and Human Rights S. 659-666

„… In Search for Justice: International Trade Law and Human Rights Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann …” „… international law. Since our cooperation as research fellows in the Heidelberg Max Planck Institute for …” „… International and Comparative Public Law during the 1970s, Michael and I have continued cooperating in the …”

Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 7-12

„… Natalino Ronzitti The Proliferation Security Initiative and International Law 269 Jean Salmon Les …” „… 19 Patrick Daillier L’insécurité collective internationale, un concept juridique? 33 Jost Delbrück …” „… Protecting National Security against Terrorism in Open Societies – A Political, Constitutional and Ethical …”

Elzbieta Mikos-Skuza The International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission: An Awakening Beauty? S. 493-504

„… The International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission: An Awakening Beauty?∗ Elzbieta …” „… the International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission – the body constituted in 1991 pursuant to …” „… visibility and perception by promoting it both in his publications and in presentations during international …”

Bernd Martenczuk The External Representation of the European Union: From Fragmentation to a Single European Voice? S. 953-968

„… European Communities in public international law.1 Since then, the European Union has appeared as a new …” „… actor on the stage of international relations. However, it is characteristic of the everevolving …” „… continuously complicated the status of the European Union in international relations is the question of its …”

Dieter Kugelmann Das Verständnis von Sicherheit im Völkerrecht S. 187-198

„… , Collective Security, in: R. Bernhardt (ed.), Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Vol. 1 (1992), S. 646 …” „… .), Terrorism as a Challenge for National and International Law: Security versus Liberty?, 2004. 13 P. Aston …” „… and East Timor: Concept, Legality and Limitations of Security-Mandates Trusteeship, in: Tomuschat …”

Anthony Carty The Irish Government’s Neutrality, the Nuremberg Trials and After S. 375-386

„… international law. The Security Council veto, particularly the negative vote of Russia, shows “that the world …” „… day, marked Private and Personal: By the terms of the International Charter under which the War …” „… international law. However, Lord Justice Lawrence did not really oppose the view of “Crimes of Peace” as …”

Theodor Schweisfurth The United Nation's Peacebuilding Commission's First Year S. 309-344

„… postconflict peacebulding and reconciliation with a view to achieving sustainable peace" the Security Council …” „… international community are well organized to assist countries attempting to build peace, the report said …” „… . "When peacekeepers leave a country, it falls off the radar screen of the Security Council." The Panel …”

Volker Epping Ius post bellum – Völkerrechtliche Grauzone und Flickenteppich S. 77-92

„… and Application of United Nations Security Council Resolutions, in: European Journal of International …” „… Zeugnis darüber ab, dass er einer der wenigen nicht nur national, sondern auch international anerkannten …” „… : Fact-finding as a Means of Ensuring Respect for International Humanitarian Law, in: W. Heintschel von Heinegg …”

Daniel-Erasmus Khan At the Edge of an „Inadvertent War“ – The 2007 British-Iranian Incident in the Shatt-al-Arab Annotated S. 155-168

„… resolving their differences “in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not …” „… ” (King Archidamos of Sparta1) I. In 1991, Professor Emeritus of International Relations at Stanford …” „… deeply rooted in historical resentments, precarious security in a region rich of strategic natural …”

Thilo Marauhn The Silent Thread: Explosive Remnants of War S. 205-216

„… post-conflict deaths and injuries have long failed to attract the international community’s attention. This is …” „… stopped. Even more important, the parties to a conflict – whether international or non-international – do …” „… long-term environmental effects. Pertinent treaty law and customary international law, unfortunately …”

Dieter Fleck Law Enforcement and the Conduct of Hostilities: Two Supplementing or Mutually Excluding Legal Paradigms? S. 403-420

„… Paradigms? Dieter Fleck∗ I. Introduction 1. The influence of international humanitarian law …” „… on military operations other than war International humanitarian law is significant today even …” „… beyond its genuine field of application, i. e. the conduct of hostilities in international and …”

Alain Pellet Le recours à la force, le droit et la légitimité – Notes sur les problèmes posés par le principe de l’interdiction du recours à la force armée en cas de carence du Conseil de sécurité S. 261-280

„… as Guarantor of International Peace and Security », ibid., pp. 31-33 ; Giorgio Gaja, « Use of Force …” „… d’une 1 Michael Bothe, « Sécurité collective et équilibre de l’ordre international : de la …” „… internationales remonte à la Convention II de La Haye de 1907 (Drago-Porter) aux termes de laquelle « [l]es …”

Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov The End of Contractual Disarmament? S. 345-350

„… security-building measures, including the moratorium on nuclear tests and advance notifications of ballistic …” „… ) Martens, Russian Diplomat and Professor of International Law1, whose intellectual and managerial …” „… international forum could ever and at one bout bring about eternal peace and disarmament. In a public lecture …”

Bibliographie Michael Bothe S. 1265-1290

„… ), 333-516. • Security in International Law since 1990, in : H.G. Brauch u.a. (Hrsg.) Globalisation and …” „… internationales No. 5, Genf 1967, S. 135-242. • Streitkräfte internationaler Organisationen. Zugleich ein …” „… Umweltrechts im internationalen Vergleich. Berlin 1978. (Umweltbundesamt Berichte 7/78) (m. L. Gündling). 132 S …”

Andreas Zimmermann Durchsetzung des Völkerrechts zwischen Fragmentierung, Multilateralisierung und Individualisierung S. 1089-1100

„… : Amnéus (Hrsg.), Peace and Security: current challenges in international law (2004); Vera Gowlland-Debbas …” „… , The Functions of the United Nations Security Council in the International Legal System, in: Byers …” „… international law and almost all of their obligations almost all of the time”2. Fraglich ist aber, selbst die …”

Friedhelm Krüger-Sprengel Das rechtliche Fundament Nicht-Letaler Waffen (NLW) S. 477-492

„… 2005: Non-Lethal Options Enhancing Security and Stability und • Symposium 2007: Non-Lethal Weapons …” „… für NLW günstige Faktoren sind: • Das internationale sicherheitspolitische Umfeld. Die …” „… internationale Lage schafft eine andauernde Notwendigkeit für begrenzte militärische Einsätze zur Sicherung von …”

David P. Forsythe The United States and International Humanitarian Law S. 421-428

„… constitutional authority to violate international and domestic law if necessary for national security. It is …” „… The United States and International Humanitarian Law David P. Forsythe States profess …” „… , as a matter of principle, their commitment to various forms of international law. It is a fact that …”

Autoren der Festschrift S. 1291-1298

„… Autoren der Festschrift Abi-Saab, Georges; Honorary Professor of International Law, Graduate …” „… Institute of International Studies, Geneva, Member of the Appellate Body, WTO; (821-838) Bernhardt …” „… ; (847-863) Boisson de Chazournes, Laurence; Professor and Head of the Department of Public International …”

Georges Abi-Saab Whatever happened to Article 19? S. 831-850

„… maintenance of international peace and security, such as that prohibiting aggression; (b) a serious breach …” „… International Studies. I had just started to teach there, and together with the young teachers and advanced …” „… . These, as I can read them in his writings and his conduct as an international lawyer, are, inter alia …”

MICHAEL KLOEPFER Umweltschutz als transnationale Aufgabe S. 649-658

„… auf die internationale Kooperation der Staaten, die sich in rechtlicher Hinsicht im Umweltvölkerrecht …” „… erfassen, reicht der Begriff des Internationalen (Zwischenstaatlichen) also nicht aus. Demgegenüber bietet …” „… . 1 Wolf, Normsetzung in internationalen Institutionen unter Mitwirkung privater Akteure …”

Stefan Oeter Das militärische Vorgehen gegenüber bewaffneten Widerstandskämpfern in besetzten Gebieten und internen Konflikten – „Direct participation in hostilities“ und der Schutz der Zivilbevölkerung S. 515-534

„… .), Terrorism as a Challenge for National and International Law: Security versus Liberty?, 2004, S. 925, 947 …” „… Encyclopedia of Public International Law aus dem jahr 1982 hatte die damit verbundene Problematik noch mit …” „… .), Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Vol. III, 1997, S. 763 ff. 2 Vgl. hierzu jüngst David Zechmeister …”

Lothar Brock Von der „humanitären Intervention“ zur „Responsibility to Protect“ – Kriegserfahrung und Völkerrechtsentwicklung seit dem Ende des Ost-West-Konflikts S. 31-44

„… Handlungsfähigkeit auf internationaler Ebene, in: Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 6:2, 1999, 397-418. 2 …” „… W.Michael Reisman: Sovereignty and human rights in contemporary internationale law, in: Gregory H. Fox/Brad …” „… R. Roth (Hg.): Democratic Governance and International Law, Cambridge, U.K. 2000,239-258. 3 Renee …”

Yves Sandoz Mondialisation, société civile et action humanitaire S. 563-578

„… de chaque Etat. Le droit international était essentiellement un droit de coexistence, mettant …” „… exemple Delbrück, Jost, « Structural Changes in the International System and its Legal Order …” „… : International Law in the Era of Globalization », Revue suisse de droit international et de droit européen, No.l …”

Sabine Schlemmer-Schulte Sovereign Debt: The Argentine Bonds Case S. 985-1030

„… initiatives include the Millennium Development Goals, the Monterrey Consensus, the International Financial …” „… policy-makers ranging from the G-7 to the so-called “unholy trinity,” composed of the two major international …” „… financial institutions (IFIs), i.e. the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB or Bank …”

Heike Spieker The Conduct of Hostilities and the Protection of the Environment S. 753-780

„… binding force of these provisions, both in state practice as in academia, the international community’s …” „… such is not accepted in an international armed conflict even in cases where the conflict parties are …” „… not bound by Additional Protocol I and/or the ENMOD Convention. The International Court of Justice …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845209593

Gerd F. Kaldrack, Hans-Gert Pöttering - Eine einsatzfähige Armee für Europa

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Gerd F. Kaldrack (ed.), Hans-Gert Pöttering (ed.)

Eine einsatzfähige Armee für Europa

Series: Forum Innere Führung

Volume 34 2011

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Arnaud Danjean Towards a Real EU Comprehensive Strategy to International Security S. 353-358

„… Towards a Real EU Comprehensive Strategy to International Security Arnaud Danjean The “need for …” „… expecting Europe to take responsibility and use its considerable potential to spread stability and security …” „… address efficiently and comprehensively these security issues alone. It is therefore necessary and …”

Graham Watson European and Security Forces from Great Britain’s Perspective S. 106-117

„… pressing international security challenges is driving a qualitative shift in our foreign policy. There is a …” „… Nations Charter and international law.’ I would argue that an EU foreign and security policy should pursue …” „… European and Security Forces from Great Britain's Perspective Graham Watson "The hardest thing is …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 557-561

„… EnergieagenturISAF International Security Assistance ForceSAFE Synchronized Armed Forces EuropeJAR Joint Aviation …” „… HelicopterGMES Global Monitoring for Environment and SecurityGS GeneralsekretärGSVP Gemeinsame Sicherheits- und …” „… SurveillanceAMTLT Air Maneuver Tactical Leadership TrainingANSF Afghan National Security ForcesASEM …”

Radosław Sikorski Challenges, Risks and Threats to EU Member States – Precautions and Defence by the EU S. 23-36

„… kept ticking. The institutions tasked with managing international security, foremost among them the …” „… opportunity to leap forward It is a truism that over the last two decades the security environment has changed …” „… United Nations, operated only when it suited both blocs. Back then, the notion of security was reducible …”

Norbert Darabos 50 Jahre Auslandseinsätze – Erfahrungen Österreichs für eine glaubwürdige Umsetzung der GSVP S. 426-434

„… bewegte sich der Kalte Krieg gerade auf seinen Höhepunkt zu, und Österreichs Engagement in internationalen …” „… angelegt, den internationalen Frieden aufrechtzuerhalten sowie zur Entspannungspolitik zwischen Ost und …” „… internationalen Beteiligung an Auslandseinsätzen entsandte Österreich mehr als 90.000 Soldaten, die in über 80 …”

EuroDefense Deutschland e.V. und die Empfehlung für eine europäische Kommandostruktur S. 549-557

„… erfolgt die internationale Zusammenarbeit. EuroDefense vermittelt national und international Standpunkte …” „… organisiert und beteiligt sich an Kolloquien und Konferenzen und entwickelt in international besetzten …” „… Konvent beigetragen. Anlässlich der XVI. International EuroDefense Conference am 6. November 2010 in Wien …”

Gerd F. Kaldrack Sicherheitspolitische Auswirkungen des Klimawandels S. 173-187

„… Siehe EU, S113/08 vom 14.3.2008: „Climate Change and International Security“, S. 1: “The impact of …” „… climate change on international security is not a problem of the future but already of today…” und S. 4 …” „… internationale Verteilungskonflikte auslösen sowie schwer beherrschbare Probleme des Staatenzerfalls …”

Hilmar Linnenkamp Situationsanalyse ausgewählter EU-Mitgliedsstaaten: Deutschland, Frankreich, Vereinigtes Königreich, Polen, Spanien, Italien, Griechenland S. 435-454

„… . Konzeptionelle Dokumente wie die European Security Strategy (ESS 2003) und der ergänzende „Implementation Report …” „… analysiert.2 1 Die besten Übersichten zu diesem Thema finden sich in Jolyon Howorth: Security and Defence …” „… Policy in the European Union, London 2007; EUISS: European Security and Defence Policy. The first ten …”

Roderich Kiesewetter Die Stärkung der GSVP – Aufbau einer Europa-Armee als Antwort auf neuartige Bedrohungen und als Konsequenz der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise in den einzelnen EU-Mitgliedsländern S. 344-353

„… Towards a Real EU Comprehensive Strategy to International Security Arnaud Danjean The “need for Europe …” „… : Missions for the EU Military Forces, in: N. Gnesotto, EU Security and Defence Policy – The First Five Years …” „… internationale Entwicklungen bei Klimafragen, der Energieversorgung, von Terrorismus, Migration und Verknappung …”

Carlo Masala Europa zwischen USA und Russland – ist eine europäische Armee die richtige Antwort? S. 135-144

„… China and U.S. Policy toward East Asia, in: International Security 31 (2006) 1, S. 81-126. 8 Vgl. Sarah …” „… die Entwicklung der Struktur des internationalen Systems im 21. Jahrhundert anzustellen. Denn nur …” „… , ist jene, wonach die völlige Multipolarität der Internationalen Beziehungen die beste Option für …”

Stefan Fröhlich Vernetzte Sicherheit in Europa nach Lissabon S. 358-367

„… asymmetrischer Sicherheitsrisiken wie der internationale Terrorismus, die Verbreitung von …” „… Europäische Sicherheitsstrategie (ESS) vom Dezember 2003 mehr Kohärenz beim internationalen Konflikt- und …” „… Engagement, Modern Defence. Strategic Concept for the Defence and Security of the Members of the North …”

Autorenverzeichnis S. 561-570

„… . Albani, Martin, geb. 1980, studierte Internationale Beziehungenan der FU Berlin, Sciences Po Paris und …” „… ). Danjean, Arnaud, geb. 1971, studierte Internationale Beziehun-gen an der Science Po in Paris und wurde …” „… internationaleStabsverwendungen, z.B. im NATO-Hauptquartier SHAPE,beim Korps und 2008 als Chef des Stabes im Hauptquartier derISAF …”

Bernhard Gertz EUROMILs Rolle im Prozess der Entwicklung des „Europas der Verteidigung“ S. 488-497

„… wird einerseits von deren Straffung und Verringerung, andererseits durch internationale Aufgabenteilung …” „… Unterausschusses „Security and Defence" sowie dem (inzwischen ehemaligen) Präsidenten des Par- Bernhard Gertz 489 …” „… 2009 wurde das vorn Unterausschuss Security and Defence übernommene Konzept vom Auswärtigen Ausschuss …”

Karl von Wogau Die Europäische Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik seit den Beschlüssen der Staats- und Regierungschefs im Jahr 1999 in Köln S. 36-46

„… (ed.), The Path to European Defence; Javier Solana: 10 years of European Security and Defence Policy …” „… unseres Beitrages irgendwo zwischen 10 bis 20 Prozent lag. Dazu kommt die internationale Finanzkrise, die …” „… Erdbeobachtungsprojekt GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security), welches, wie schon sein Name sagt, auch …”

Martin Albani, Franziska Brantner Eine Europäische Armee – Vision oder zwingende Notwendigkeit? S. 92-106

„… pressing international security challenges is driving a qualitative shift in our foreign policy. There is a …” „… Brantner 105 European and Security Forces from Great Britain's Perspective Graham Watson "The hardest thing …” „… and practical investment in the building of a European Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP); new …”

Roland Kather Erfahrungen aus den Einsätzen der EU und der NATO – Folgerungen für zukünftige Operationen und Entwicklungen der Streitkräfte der EU-Mitgliedsstaaten S. 385-398

„… Drittstaaten und in internationalen Organisationen. Der Europäische Auswärtige Dienst (EAD), der zum 1 …” „… international anerkannten Übergangsregierung (TFG) und militanten Fraktionen im Frühjahr 2009; es waren 120.000 …” „… sich zur lukrativen Alternative zur Fischerei. Internationale Fangflotten, die in den somalischen …”

Hans-Gert Pöttering, Gerd F. Kaldrack Vorwort der Herausgeber S. 7-16

„… Real EU Comprehensive Strategy to International Security 353 Stefan Fröhlich Vernetzte Sicherheit in …” „… Notwendigkeit? 92 11 Graham Watson European and Security Forces from Great Britain's Perspective 106 Herfried …”

Joachim Spatz Ein Umdenken in der Gemeinsamen Außen-, Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik der EU ist nötig – Vertrauensbildung als notwendige Voraussetzung zur Streitkräfteintegration auf europäischer Ebene S. 330-344

„… Europäische Union zunehmend bestrebt, eigenständige Kapazitäten zur internationalen Krisenbewältigung …” „… verantwortungsvolle Gestaltung der Globalisierung ist eine der zentralen Aufgaben der internationalen Politik.“3 Die …” „… grundlegend veränderten Struktur und zu Gewichtsverlagerungen im internationalen System zu führen …”

Reinhard Wolski Ständige Strukturierte Zusammenarbeit: Die Vision eines europäischen Ausbildungsverbundes, dargestellt an einem Europäischen Hubschrauberausbildungs- und Kompetenzzentrum S. 258-271

„… die internationale Öffnung machten die Erweiterung der Ausbildung auf die beiden niedersächsischen …” „… internationalen Hörsaal oder in Anteilen des Simulatortrainings findet sich eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Nutzer …” „… von ausländischen Streitkräften, nationalen staatlichen Organisationen oder internationalen zivilen …”

Hans-Lothar Domröse Europäische Verteidigung: Einsätze, Aufgaben und mögliche Struktur S. 367-376

„… : EU-Mitgliedstaaten können internationale Krisen überwachen und gemeinsame Lösungsstrategien erarbeiten. Zusätzlich …” „… Sicherheitsstrategie (European Security Strategy – ESS) zeichnet ein klares Bild der zukünftigen Bedrohungen …” „… internationalen Gefüge zu übernehmen. Seit 2003 stellt sich die Europäische Union konkret …”

Sven Bernhard Gareis Europäische Streitkräfte: Eine neue Militärkultur anstelle nationalstaatlicher Traditionen und Führungsphilosophien S. 454-465

„… militärischer Aufgaben im Rahmen des internationalen Krisen- und Konfliktmanagements (Petersberg-Aufgaben)2 …” „… Beiträge zur internationalen Friedenssicherung gingen von der NATO aus. Erst als im Zuge der Kosovo-Krise …” „… , Jolyon (2007): Security and Defence Policy in the European Union. Houndmills and New York, S. 100 f. 2 …”

Walter Schweizer, Hans-Bernhard Weißerth Erfordernisse einer sicherheits- und verteidigungspolitischen Aus- und Weiterbildung auf europäischer Ebene S. 497-514

„… internationalen Terrorismus deutlich gemacht, dass Fragen der Sicherheit heute in einem viel weiteren Spektrum zu …” „… Somalias, Internationaler Terrorismus, Proliferation von Massenvernichtungswaffen, Cyber- Angriffe und …” „… nationalstaatliches Handeln geltenden Prinzipien sind grundsätzlich auch für das Handeln internationaler …”

Martin Rink Kontingentsarmeen: Deutsche Streitkräfte im nationalen und europäischen Rahmen – von der Frühen Neuzeit zur EVG S. 412-426

„… Reassessment. In: The International History Review 18 (1996) 4, S. 757 -791, hier S. 787, 791 f.; Jan Lucassen …” „… Guerilleros kämpfte eine internationale Mischung von Deserteuren aus ganz Europa. Der am 8. Juni 1815 …” „… zu den europäischen Revolutionen von 1848/49 trug die liberale Bewegung internationale Züge …”

Klaus Olshausen Aufbau und Ausbau politischer und militärischer Organisationsstrukturen für Planung und Führung einer Europa-Armee S. 376-385

„… breiteren Einsatzes der EU und/oder Internationalen Gemeinschaft mit zahlreichen nicht-militärischen …” „… Netzwerk organisierte European Security and Defence College, die von Jahr zu Jahr an anderen nationalen …” „… die EU im politischen Dialog mit Drittstaaten und in internationalen Organisationen. Der Europäische …”

Markus Lang, Christian Schmidt Anmerkungen zu Europas sicherheitspolitischer Gestaltungskraft S. 314-330

„… Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union stärker geworden, gerade in Anbetracht der internationalen Finanz- und …” „… Regierungschefs der EU als zentrales Ziel, Operationen im internationalen Krisenmanagement durchzuführen sowie die …” „… gekennzeichnet: Internationaler Terrorismus, Proliferation von Massenvernichtungswaffen, Umgang mit regionalen …”

Peter Struck Perspektiven einer zukünftigen Gemeinsamen Europäischen Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik S. 82-92

„… internationalen Militäreinsätzen im Rahmen des Völkerrechts und unter dem Dach der Vereinten Nationen gefährden …” „… der EU weiterhin dazu neigen, ihre internationalen Interessen vor allem national zu definieren …” „… , solange die Debatte über die Rolle der EU im internationalen Konzert nicht mit der nötigen Ernsthaftigkeit …”

Stefan Zoller Konsolidierung des europäischen Sicherheits- und Verteidigungsmarktes und globale Herausforderungen S. 239-250

„… absieht. Mit der zunehmenden Notwendigkeit vermehrten Exports nahm eine internationale Ausrichtung in …” „… , ist der Sicherheitsmarkt national weit weniger reguliert, bei Exporten und internationaler Kooperation …” „… . Aber auch das Thema "Cyber Security" unterstreicht das Erfordernis engerer Zusammenarbeit. Die Logik …”

Christiane Ahumada Contreras, Elmar Brok Kontrolle einer Europaarmee in Zusammenarbeit zwischen Europäischem Parlament und nationalen Parlamenten S. 282-300

„… /, zuletzt abgerufen am 11.6.2010. 30 SIPRI Yearbook 2010, Armaments, Disarmament and International Security …” „… wird. Parlamentarische Kontrolle vor einem Militäreinsatz Verlangt eine internationale Situation ein …” „… Bundestag im internationalen Vergleich, in: Osnabrückner Jahrbuch 16/2009, S. 169-177. 24 Vgl. ausführlich …”

Gerd F. Kaldrack, Hans-Gert Pöttering Lissabon realisieren, Europa stärken! S. 515-535

„… Konsequenz gehen wollen und immer noch im Glauben verharren, dass militärische Macht in der internationalen …” „… Signalwirkung für die internationale Staatenwelt. Sie würde unterstreichen, dass die EU willens ist, die …” „… security and defense.” Wenn diese Feststellung zutreffend ist, ist es zwingend notwendig, die europäischen …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845232713

Christopher Reynolds - Understanding the Emergence of the European Security and Defence Policy

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Christopher Reynolds

Understanding the Emergence of the European Security and Defence Policy

2010

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The ESDP as International Security Cooperation S. 67-74

„… therefore obvious. 3.3 The ESDP as International Security Cooperation Cooperation can be defined as a …” „… international security cooperation serving to bring the actions of EU member states into harmony through …” „… security community" The EU itself has been a strong supporter of other international institutions, perhaps …”

References and Bibliography S. 251-270

„… Security: The End of Architecture and the New NATO," International Affairs, Vol. 72 (4), pp.751-769 …” „… ), "Overlapping Institutions in the Realm of International Security: The Case of NATO and ESDP," Perspective on …” „… d'Etat? The Case of the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy," European Journal of International …”

The Puzzle of St Malo S. 15-19

„… capabilities through the creation of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) within the Union's single …” „… institutional framework. A security and defence component had long been conspicuous by its absence from the …” „… strengths, for example as the largest single market and largest donor of international humanitarian aid in …”

The End of Civilian Power Europe? S. 47-50

„… the ESDP would essentially be hierarchically inferior to NATO in international law and would only …” „… United States in the field of security and defence. This was also an inherently institutional debate …” „… , the first full-length academic volume specifically devoted to the subject of EU-NATO security …”

The "Normal" Approach to the Study of International Institutions S. 203-208

„… now represent fora for international security cooperation and the undertaking of multilateral crisis …” „… engaged in a "mutual shaping process" (Ojanen 2004, 19) whereby the security and defence actions and …” „… have in common the attempt to capture a dynamic relationship between different international …”

Theoretical Considerations: The ESDP as Integration or Cooperation? S. 55-59

„… the ESDP better approached and understood as an example of international security cooperation, which …” „… security and defence policy in Europe. As we will see in more detail in subsequent chapters, proposals for …” „… security structures, but equally those incorporating an integrationist logic (Keukeleire and MacNaughtan …”

The European Security Strategy S. 52-54

„… uploading" are apparent in the ESDP, not least British attempts to project domestic security sector reform …” „… entirely different purpose in mind than those seeking to structure security and defence cooperation at the …” „… international level. This is one reason why we can expect institutional isomorphism to be more likely to occur …”

Challenges to European Integration Theory S. 19-22

„… 1998, a leading scholar in the field posed the question of whether a European security and defence …” „… challenge to mainstream theories of European integration, as well as those of International Relations (IR …” „… European integration project would never extend to security and defence. Neofunctionalists, despite their …”

Increasing Overlap S. 211-213

„… engaged in Afghanistan, through its participation and leadership of the International Security and …” „… doing, it challenges more traditional approaches to understanding international institutions and …” „… and defence aspects of west European security, while across town at the Rondpoint Schuman, the …”

Europeanisation: Impacts "up" and "down" S. 50-52

„… can legitimate – and even constrain – their foreign and security policy actions. There is, therefore …” „… Union's power in international politics. Such approaches did not examine how these developments might …” „… unique form of international actor which cuts across the intersections of the sub-national, national …”

Lessons to be Learned S. 135-136

„… institutionalization of a security and defence policy in the European Union, which is to say the existence since 1970 …” „… include security and even defence issues on the other. These tendencies continued to maintain momentum …” „… security policy-making. The point therefore is that if we see foreign policy cooperation at one end of a …”

What is the ESDP? S. 39-43

„… principal academic debates which have surrounded the European Security and Defence Policy since its …” „… the EU as a "civilian power" in international politics. Where interest has been expressed in actual …” „… beyond solely the ESDP, but rather to the EU and perhaps international politics more generally. Thirdly …”

List of Figures and Abbreviations S. 11-12

„… Security and Defence Policy, 1940-1970 113 Figure 2. EU and NATO Security Classifications 179 …” „… CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CJTF Common Joint Task Force CSCE Conference on Security …” „… Security and Defence Identity ESDP European Security and Defence Policy ESS European Security Strategy …”

The End of the Cold War: Geopolitical Change and Institutional Competition S. 136-138

„… Cold War, it required major changes in the international environment, in particular the end of the Cold …” „… security and defence autonomy. The subsequent change in NATO's role and position led to a reappraisal of …” „… the EU appeared well placed to assume a more central position in European security. This was because …”

Other Elements of Isomorphism S. 178-181

„… The NATO International Military Staff (IMS) As with the EUMS, NATO's international military staff is …” „… composed of around 400 seconded national officials working in an international capacity rather than for …” „… and copied elements from NATO extends to procedures, for example in the form of the security …”

Understanding the ESDP’s emergence S. 241-243

„… with the military (and civilian) tools of an operational security and defence policy. By historical …” „… that the emergence and institutional form of this EU-level security and defence policy represents an …” „… of European integration and International Relations, an Historical Institutionalist approach was …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Christopher ReynoldsUnderstanding the Emergence of the European Security and Defence PolicyAn …” „… : Impacts "up" and "down" 50 2.4 The European Security Strategy 52 2.5 On the Ground 54 8 3. How We Got Here …” „… ESDP as Integration or Cooperation? 56 3.2 ESDP as Integration 59 3.3 The ESDP as International …”

Taking Time Seriously S. 246-249

„… hand. Rather they should be aware that, in the field of security and defence perhaps more than in most …” „… Council Presidency on a state’s foreign, security and defence policy? What factors are at work here, and …” „… within the ESDP but also more broadly in international politics. 248 In the case of the ESDP, of course …”

Prevailing Themes S. 32-35

„… 32 collective security organisation, it became steadily more difficult to distinguish where foreign …” „… policy ended and security policy began. With the advent of the ESDP, however, a new and important chapter …” „… increasingly – did their functional competences. With the EU remaining a predominantly economic actor, security …”

Broader Changes S. 154-156

„… terms its security and defence policy, there was less resistance and political and institutional …” „… argued, Europe's security architecture was "an unsatisfactory mess" (Grant 1998). A similar point was …” „… , pro-European defence announcements were taking place. But let us not forget either the international context …”

The Political and Security Committee (PSC/COPS) S. 164-167

„… : • keeping track of the international situation in areas falling within the Common Foreign and Security …” „… created European Security and Defence Policy were outlined in detail in an annex attached to the …” „… Nice: the Political and Security Committee, for example, had been meeting in interim form since March …”

Challenges to IR Theory S. 22-23

„… drawn from international relations the same point holds true. Whereas again there have been attempts to …” „… form, realist approaches argue that international politics is anarchic and that in the absence of a …” „… (Waltz 1979, Mearsheimer 1990, Kaplan 1996). Again, the idea of an EU foreign – never mind security and …”

The First Debates S. 43-47

„… NATO as the pre-eminent security organisation in Europe. The underlying argument, therefore, was that …” „… it was better not to jeopardise the transatlantic security framework and instead let NATO get on with …” „… international partners – as well as addressing the question of institutional reform. They do not, however …”

Committee Structure and "Hierarchy of Concepts" S. 194-200

„… as economic sanctions or trade privileges, with those of an operational security and defence policy …” „… distinguish between the International Staff, which is headed by the NATO Secretary-General, and the …” „… International Military Staff, which is headed by SACEUR. Rather in the EU, military staff had to be placed …”

Overlapping Scale S. 213-214

„… , through its participation and leadership of the International Security and Assistance Force (ISAF), and in …” „… 's remit was essentially to maintain peace and security in the "North Atlantic area north of the Tropic of …” „… Atlantic security wherever they might surface. Since 2003, NATO has thus become engaged in Afghanistan …”

Conclusions S. 239-240

„… between the EU and NATO as being "one of the foundations for our security in the 21st century." And yet …” „… in order to capture this relationship. Theories of international politics have generally failed to …” „… keep up with this fact; too often, international institutions are considered as somehow existing in …”

Conclusions S. 74-76

„… the European security community" The EU itself has been a strong supporter of other international …” „… 74 rity umbrella of the United States, as well as the security community and persistence of values …” „… how the creation of a security community within Europe and the pacifying of inter-state relations as a …”

Reconciling Institutional Overlap S. 210-211

„… issue-specific international institutions are themselves part of multilateral frameworks that involve more states …” „… . But it is much harder to achieve in international politics where it is rarely clear who has the final …” „… other. In so doing, it challenges more traditional approaches to understanding international …”

Understanding Institutional Design S. 169-170

„… requirements of executing a security and defence policy through an intergovernmental international organisation …” „… "European Security and Defence Identity" through NATO. Although other institutions and committees have …” „… purely functional response to the need to fulfil member states' policy ambitions in the field of security …”

Why not the Western European Union (WEU)? S. 170-172

„… because there was a sort of generic design inherent to the functional requirements of executing a security …” „… and defence policy through an intergovernmental international organisation. The extent to which this …” „… that the WEU: "supports the Union in framing the defence aspects of the Common Foreign and Security …”

The Policy Shift S. 156-158

„… international press, Blair stated that a lesson of Kosovo was that Europe needed "to understand its obligations …” „… and to ensure that it is able to speak coherently on foreign and security policy. We should be …” „… Blair who initiated discussion on security and defence matters at the Portschäch meeting. As such, de …”

The European Defence Community (1950-54) S. 117-120

„… Council of Europe also in 1949, this was expressly unrelated to the questions of security and defence …” „… integration," and it could be argued that it was in NATO that a common European foreign and security policy …” „… Community (1950-54) While the 1940s proved to be a decade of intense albeit light security …”

Overlapping Competence S. 215-218

„… terms of its wider shift from being a collective defence to a collective security organisation …” „… security (interview #21, 08.02.07). While conceived largely as a military organisation, NATO is now, for …” „… move into "new aspects" of security, thereby seeking to demonstrate its added value compared to purely …”

Institutional Design S. 23-24

„… " (Keohane 1984). Far from denying the existence and importance of international institutions, they argue by …” „… is that, as Jolyon Howorth (2005, 180) asserts, "[t]he notion of the European Union as a security and …” „… this? For EU-level cooperation in the sovereignty-sensitive realm of internal security (Freedom …”

Committee of Contributors S. 168-169

„… international capacity. Of these 250 personnel, most are military officials although a small number are …” „… at Maastricht and then as a result of later attempts to create a "European Security and Defence …” „… member states' policy ambitions in the field of security and defence policy with their design dictated …”

The Early Years and Contemporary Parallels S. 111-117

„… for foreign and later security policy cooperation at the EU-level; the second being external events …” „… rationalisation of the continent's security architecture and the improved operationality that could be achieved as …” „… foreign and security policy coordination with the arrival in office of a new British government at a time …”

Institutional and Functional Expansion S. 128-134

„… that occurred in relation to European foreign and security policy, with the very loose and informal …” „… structures that came to be the norm under the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the 1990s. In the second …” „… foreign and security policy consultation which later, of course, gave way to security and defence policy …”

Institutional Design S. 243-245

„… design, even in a field of high politics such as security and defence, does not take place in a vacuum …” „… characteristics of the EU, both as an institutional structure in its own right and as an international actor. The …” „… security in the 21st century" (NATO 2007). But while both institutions were initially established …”

Explaining the Blair Policy Change: 1997-1998 S. 150-154

„… to create a European security and defence identity within the framework of the Alliance." Britain …” „… not why Britain supported the idea of a European rather than transatlantic security and defence policy …” „… 's pro-European instincts, on the issue of security and defence there was in fact little indication of anything …”

The Problems with Berlin Plus S. 229-234

„… one of the foundations for our security in the 21st century," he went on to ask why the two …” „… over security agreements, the exchange of information or the format of meetings." Until Cyprus …” „… hence, as already noted, had concluded security agreements with the Alliance. Although PfP had not been …”

Finding a Term S. 208-209

„… governance. Given the density of international agreements and regimes within this policy field this is …” „… 2006), emissions trading (Green 2008) and now also security and defence (Hofmann 2007, 2009). As the …” „… capture a dynamic relationship between different international institutions rather than simply …”

Berlin Plus S. 223-229

„… over Iraq, getting 26 sovereign states to agree on the use of military force in international politics …” „… management operations as part of the socalled "European Security and Defence Identity" (ESDI). Under such …” „… reality that the creation of the ESDP constituted was the fact that in establishing a security and defence …”

The NATO International Military Staff (IMS) S. 178

ESDP as Integration S. 59-67

„… security and defence policy be understood as regulation? In their differentiation between sectoral and …” „… would not extend to the field of security and defence policy (Ojanen 2006). Thus from both perspectives …” „… , by implication, eventually extend to security and defence. As Rosamond (2000, 60) puts it, the idea …”

The Role of Isomorphism S. 249

„… relatively underexplored in the field of European security. However, the research presented has shown that …” „… in international politics take the form that they do. 3. In the Final Analysis In sum, therefore …” „… institutions generally and for European security in particular. As Pierson (2004, 171) states, "thinking about …”

In the Final Analysis S. 249-250

The NATO Military Committee S. 177-178

„… those of NATO's military committee." 4.3 The NATO International Military Staff (IMS) As with the EUMS …” „… , NATO's international military staff is composed of around 400 seconded national officials working in an …” „… international capacity rather than for their home country. Also endowed with extensive competences, the IMS …”

The Relationship with NATO S. 245-246

„… security in the 21st century" (NATO 2007). But while both institutions were initially established …” „… 2009, 46). Again, therefore, we can see that in international politics it is difficult to understand …” „… operate with a free hand. Rather they should be aware that, in the field of security and defence perhaps …”

Understanding Institutions: Three New Institutionalisms S. 85-102

„… 85 "normative institutionalism," "empirical institutionalism" and "international institutionalism …” „… institutions in the population's environment" (Baum and Oliver 1996, 1380). In international politics, the term …” „… of institutional arrangements in the international system, with most countries concurrently …”

Committee Chairmanships S. 187-190

„… legitimate institutional model of intergovernmental security governance which established mimetic, normative …” „… the institutional features of the North Atlantic Council and the Political and Security Committee, the …” „… official from the International Secretariat, something which is argued to ensure both a neutral voice and …”

Committee Seniority S. 190-192

„… PSC has a broader competence than any other international body that I know. Even the [UN] Security …” „… missions to themes of foreign and security policy more generally and, frequently, discussions with the …”

Informal Document Exchange S. 238-239

„… foundations for our security in the 21st century." And yet despite this importance, achieving a truly …” „… conception of institutional interaction in order to capture this relationship. Theories of international …” „… politics have generally failed to keep up with this fact; too often, international institutions are …”

Relationship with Coreper S. 192-194

„… and conduct of ESDP missions to themes of foreign and security policy more generally and, frequently …” „… Secretariat put it: "The PSC has a broader competence than any other international body that I know. Even the …” „… [UN] Security Council has a narrower mandate or competence. The PSC has more than any kind of ministry …”

Normative Isomorphism S. 182-184

„… EU wanted to be taken seriously as a security and defence actor and had ambitions to this effect …” „… seconded national staff from positions within the International Staff and International Military Staff at …”

List of Interviews S. 271-272

„… , Brussels. Interview #6, 26 July 2005 Senior official, Directorate for policy on international organisations …” „… Security and Defence Policy, German Foreign Ministry. Personal interview with author, Berlin. Interview …”

Institutions and the EU S. 77-80

„… and more complex than an international organisation or regime, yet weaker than a nation state). But …” „… recognisable patterns of international cooperation, such as neo-realism. On the contrary, if we agree with Hix …” „… the EU (and by implication EU foreign and security policy) has come from, but equally about where it …”

Division of Labour S. 221-223

„… European security and has often distrusted the continental European powers. And this post-Suez British …” „… the use of military force in international politics can be a highly problematic endeavour. It is for …”

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