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Despoina Glarou - The Impact of Naturalistic and Legal Positivist Doctrines on the Implementation of International Human Rights Treaty Law

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Despoina Glarou

The Impact of Naturalistic and Legal Positivist Doctrines on the Implementation of International Human Rights Treaty Law

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Recht

Volume 899 2017

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International Agreements S. 373-376

„… International Agreements 3. Slavery Convention, 25 September 1926, League of Nations, Treaty Series …” „… against women and girls (14-16 January, 2013). International Agreements 375 …” „… Assembly, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, United Nations …”

E. Reservations to Human Rights Treaties: Natural Law Theory and Legal Positivism as Underlying Barriers to Human Rights Implementation S. 206-347

„… legal systems and traditional bilateral international agreements, than to multilateral treaties, where …” „… agreements, and founding instruments of international organizations respectively. Due to the nature and …” „… treaties reveal the dual character of public international law: they are legal, but at the same time deeply …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… Concluding ThoughtsF. 348 Literature 353 International Agreements 373 Sources 377 Judicial Procedures 377 …” „… Law of the Sea International Military Tribunal to the Far East North American Free Trade Agreement …” „… Doctrines on the Implementation of International Human Rights Treaty Law The Case of Reservations to …”

D. Human Rights in a Legal Theoretical Systematic Approach: Natural Law Theory and Legal Positivism S. 157-205

„… agreement regarding the content of “positive international law” defining it as “the part of law – within the …” „… at the national and the international level, is a conflict around the origins and justification of …” „… connection and its meaning for notions of authority and coercion.554 In the field of international human …”

C. The principle of respect for fundamental human rights and its implementation S. 91-156

„… international agreement. It is not and does not purport to be a statement of law or of legal obligation.”417 …” „… Public International Law Introduction The general principles of international law have developed over …” „… Clause.303 From the Martens Clause to their treatment under modern public international law, scholars and …”

F. Concluding Thoughts S. 348-352

„… . Consequently, either by tacit agreement or accidental omission, international human rights law has legally …” „… international law, as well as the reasons behind this ineffectiveness. Approximately sixty years after its …” „… introduction as a new branch of public international law, international human rights law has to confront …”

B. Fundamental aspects of the modern human rights concept S. 24-90

„… concept 35 ‘filling’ gaps in the legal system by reference to international agreements on human rights …” „… study of the historical background of public international law reveals particular aspects that serve to …” „… the existing international legal regime, may prove to be valuable for overcoming the current barriers …”

Literature S. 353-372

„… , June, 25(2), pp. 323-362. Simmons, B. A., 1998. Compliance with International Agreements. The Annual …” „… Literature Ago, R., 1957. Positive Law and International Law. The American Journal of International …” „… Civilised Nation. Journal of the History of International Law, Volume 8, p. 213–244. Alston, P., 1984 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845278421

Marc Bungenberg, August Reinisch - CETA Investment Law

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Marc Bungenberg (ed.), August Reinisch (ed.)

CETA Investment Law

2022

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Stephan Hobe, Julian Scheu Article 8.24 Proceedings under another international agreement S. 553-565

„… settlementproceedings initiated under other international agreements.The provision requires the Tribunal to harmoniously …” „… Related ISDS Proceedings under Other International AgreementsIn addition to investment treaties, investors …” „… Article 8.24Proceedings under another international agreementWhere a claim is brought pursuant to …”

Herman Verbist Article 8.20 Mediation S. 485-519

„… Resulting from Mediation 2018 18b) UNCITRAL Convention on International Settlement AgreementsResulting from …” „… Group, International Investment Agreement Nego-tiators Handbook: APEC/UNCTAD Modules, APEC Secretariat …” „… Group II Instrumentson Enforcement of International Commercial Settlement Agreements Resulting from …”

Marc Bungenberg, August Reinisch An Overview of the CETA – Investment Chapter (Chapter 8) S. 1-42

„… adopt theagreements. Because the European Parliament has to ratify international agreements,it stressed …” „… Economic Partnership Agreement (2011), 107;Roland Kläger, ‘Fair and Equitable Treatment’ in International …” „… European Union: Towards a New Generationof International Investment Agreements’ (2015) 26(3) EJIL, 639 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXIV

„… 543Proceedings under another international agreement ..............................Article 8.24 553 …” „… the Government of Canada in manyof Canada's free trade and international investment agreement …” „… – Dominican Republic – Central AmericaFree Trade AgreementCan. YBIL Canadian Yearbook of International LawCap …”

Katia Fach Gómez Article 8.30 Ethics S. 654-703

„… InvestmentLaw and the European Union: Towards a New Generation of International Investment Agreements’(2015 …” „… , Switzerland 2019), 185; Sun Yingzhe, ’Trends inRule-Making for International Investment Agreement from the …” „… arbitrators who are now Tribunal Members. That is,international Agreements such as CETA incorporate a new …”

August Reinisch Article 8.7 Most-favoured-nation treatment S. 216-230

„… international tax agreements.The leaked version of February 2012 had not changed in any meaningful waycompared …” „… obligations in other international investment treatiesand other trade agreements do not in themselves …” „… , Series on International InvestmentAgreements II, UNCTAD/DIAE/IA/2010/1 XIII (2010).A. Introduction and …”

Patrick Dumberry Article 8.10 Treatment of investors and of covered investments S. 256-276

„… international agreement does not establish a breach of this Article.7. For greater certainty, the fact that a …” „… Treatment’ (2012) UNCTAD Series on Issues inInternational Investment Agreements II, UNCTAD/DIAE/IA/2011/5 …” „… and Equitable Treatment’ (2012) UNCTAD Series on Issues in International Invest-ment Agreements II, 8 …”

Marc Bungenberg, Angshuman Hazarika, Afolabi Adekemi Article 8.2 Scope S. 114-146

„… In-vestor-State Dispute Settlement in International Investment Agreements’ (2013) 21(1) Asia Pac. L. Rev.,3 …” „… InternationalInvestment Protection Agreements (Springer, Switzerland 2019); Andrew Steinberg and Charles KotubyJr …” „… European Union: towards a new generation of international investment agreements’, (2015)26(3) EJIL, 639 …”

Panos Koutrakos Article 8.8 Senior management and boards of directors S. 231-235

„… International Investment Agreement for East Asia: Issues, Recent Developmentsand Refinements’ in Ing, Richardson …” „… Losari, ‘An International Investment Agreement for East Asia: Issues, Recent Developments andRefinements …” „… Regulation – Chinese Invest-ment and Approaches to International Investment Agreements’ in Morosini and …”

Céline Lévesque Article 8.16 Denial of benefits S. 395-416

„… Model International Investment Agreements(Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013), 53; Loukas Mistelis …” „… ), Commentaries on Selected Model International Investment Agreements (Oxford Uni-versity Press, Oxford, 2013 …” „… Lévesque(eds) Improving International Investment Agreements (Routledge, London, 2013), 230; Meg Kinnear,Andrea …”

Christina Binder Article 8.5 Performance requirements S. 175-193

„… ,https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/5693/download.10 EU proposal of July 2015, https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2015/july/tradoc …” „… https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/5714/download; EU-Armenia …” „… – https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/5669/download; EU-SADC …”

Marc Bungenberg, Afolabi Adekemi Article 8.18 CETA (Scope) S. 434-484

„… Agreement (CETA) (Springer Nature, Switzerland 2019), 71;Andrés Delgado Casteleiro, The international …” „… Investor-State Dispute Settlementin International Investment Agreements.’ (2013) 21(1), Asia Pac. L. Rev., 3 …” „… (United Nations, New York and Geneva 2000); UNCTAD, International InvestmentAgreements: Key Issues, Volume …”

Stefanie Schacherer Article 8.9 Investment and regulatory measures S. 236-255

„… Lobel,‘Aligning International Investment Agreements with the Sustainable Development Goals’, (2019) 581 In the …” „… International InvestmentAgreements’, in Marc Bungenberg, Jörn Griebel, Stephan Hobe and August Reinisch (eds …” „… respect to precaution that they haveundertaken in international agreements’. The precautionary principle …”

Frank Hoffmeister, Mattijs Kempynck Article 8.28 Appellate Tribunal S. 610-632

„… referred to Articles 8.20 (mediation), 8.24 (proceedings underother international agreements), 8.26 …” „… international agreements to which the European Union is party (OJ L 257/121).92 Commission Staff Working …” „… ) 57(1) ICLQ, 169; Hillion Christophe and Panos Koutrakos, Mixed AgreementsRevisited: The EU and its …”

Marc Bungenberg, Angshuman Hazarika Article 8.1 Definitions S. 43-113

„… international agreements on this issue.461.2.3.44 WTO AB, European Communities – Regime for the Importation …” „… Clauses for the Exclusion of Public Services from Trade and Investment Agreements,available at …” „… Exercise of Governmental Authority underother AgreementsThe CJEU has considered the meaning of Article 55 …”

Marc Bungenberg, August Reinisch Article 8.29 Establishment of a multilateral investment tribunal and appellate mechanism S. 633-653

„… Defense inProceedings under International Investment Agreements: A Scoping Study, (CCSI, November 2019 …” „… provided that: ‘Upon the entry into force between the Parties of an inter-national agreement providing for …” „… agreement, untilsuch time as a Multilateral Investment Court is in place’.46At the international level, on …”

Armand de Mestral, Lukas Vanhonnaeker Article 8.4 Market access S. 159-174

„… . CommentaryInternational investment agreements follow similar objectives as trade agreementsand the WTO regime. As such …” „… international investment agreements with respect to marketaccess.Market access Art. 8.4Armand de Mestral and …” „… means through theconclusion of international agreements.15An example of the importance of market access …”

N. Jansen Calamita Article 8.36 Transparency of proceedings S. 787-807

„… and UNCTADSymposium on ‘Making the Most of International Investment Agreements: A Common Agenda …” „… Issues inInternational Investment Agreements II (2012).A. Introduction and Overview …” „… , UNCTAD Series on Issues in International Investment Agreements II(2012) 36; Blackaby and Richard, ‘Amicus …”

Jens Benninghofen Article 8.21 Determination of the respondent for disputes with the European Union or its Member States S. 520-533

„… established by international agreements to which the European Union isparty (‘Regulation No. 912/2014 …” „… linked to investor-to-state disputesettlement tribunals established by international agreements to which …” „… signed CETA as a so-called ‘mixed’agreement,3 each EU-Party acting as a distinct subject of international …”

Colin M. Brown Article 8.27 Constitution of the Tribunal S. 600-609

„… the resolution of disputes arisingunder international investment or international trade agreements.5 …” „… interpretation of the text of the agreement ac-cording to the canons of public international law. This harks back …” „… of this Agreement,appoint fifteen Members of the Tribunal. Five of the Members of the Tribunalshall …”

Markus Burgstaller Article 8.23 Submission of a claim to the Tribunal S. 543-552

„… , ʿISDS in European International Agreements: Alternative Justice or Alternative to Justice?ʾ(2016) 13 TDM …” „… European International Agreements: Alternative Justiceor Alternative to Justice?ʾ (2016) 13 TDM, 1 (15 …” „… Convention are permissible as a matter of international law. The rulesconcerning agreements to modify …”

Ursula Kriebaum Article 8.12 Expropriation S. 297-336

„… Agreements’ (1977) 10 NYU JILP, 1; Robert Jennings and Arthur Watts,Oppenheim’s International Law, vol. 1 …” „… , ‘Intellectual PropertyRights in International Investment Agreements: An Overview’, OECD Working Papers on …” „… Agreement.6. For greater certainty, the revocation, limitation or creation of intellectual prop-erty rights …”

Irmgard Marboe Article 8.40 Indemnification or other compensation S. 856-875

„… Systems’ in Bungenberg et al. (eds), EU and Investment Agreements:Open Questions and Remaining Challenges …” „… ofInvestment Disputes EU-Mexico Global Agreement; The USMCA 2018 contains asimilar provision in Article 14.D …” „… Christian Tietje(eds), EU and Investment Agreements: Open Questions and Remaining Challenges (Nomos …”

N. Jansen Calamita Article 8.37 Information sharing S. 808-812

„… investor-to-state dispute settlementtribunals established by international agreements to which the European Union is …” „… https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/2820/download.5 Council of the EU, Recommendation from the Commission to the Council on the …” „… Agreement does not prevent a respondent from disclosing to officials of,as applicable, the European Union …”

DECISION No 1/2021 OF THE COMMITTEE ON SERVICES AND INVESTMENT S. 965-969

„… Trade Agree-ment (CETA) between Canada, of the one part, and the European Union and itsMember States, of …” „… the other part (‘the Agreement’),Whereas Article 8.44.2 of the Agreement provides that the Committee …” „… ofChapter Eight (Investment) of the Agreement, which may replace or supplement therules in application,HAS …”

Erman Özgür Article 8.3 Relation to other chapters S. 147-158

„… Services’ in Griller et al. (eds), Mega-Regional Trade Agreements:CETA, TTIP, and TiSA (2017), 193 (195).14 …” „… , ‘Financial Services Underthe North American Free Trade Agreement: An Overview’ (1994) The Int’l Lawyer, 291 …” „… Agreement (2017); Patrick Leblond, ‘CETA and Financial Services: What to Expect?’ (2016) 91CIGI Papers, 1 …”

Lukas Stifter Article 8.44 Committee on Services and Investment S. 945-954

„… https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/ceta-aecg/committees-comites.aspx?lang=eng.Committee on Services and Investment Art. 8.44Lukas Stifter 949131415161718contrast, the CETA Joint …” „… Committee on Services and Investment is created by an international agree-ment and exhibits certain …” „… https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/ceta-aecg/code-conduct-conduite.aspx?lang=eng.Committee on Services and Investment Art. 8.44Lukas Stifter 953363738394041safeguards pertaining to …”

Lori Di Pierdomenico Article 8.42 Role of the Parties S. 917-922

„… , establishes the responsibility of the Parties to the Agreement toavoid bringing an international claim in …” „… of the Parties to the Agreement1. No Party shall bring an international claim, in respect of a …” „… Article 8.42Role of the Parties1. A Party shall not bring an international claim, in respect of a …”

Julian Scheu Article 8.31 Applicable law and interpretation S. 704-737

„… GoverningInternational Arbitration Agreements’ (2014) 26 Sing. Acad. Law J., 814; Marc Bunberg and AugustReinisch, From …” „… : https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/ceta-aecg/canadian_statement-enonce_canadien.aspx?lang=eng#a13.Applicable law and interpretation Art. 8.31Julian Scheu 70712345the boundaries of the CETA.2 In …” „… International Arbitration Agreements’(2014), 26 Singap. Acad. Law J., 814. Emphasizing that jurisdictional …”

Lars Markert Article 8.25 Consent to the settlement of the dispute by the Tribunal S. 566-583

„… Interna-tional Investment Protection Agreements – Between Traditional Rules, Proceduralisation and …” „… IS-DS4 on the basis of international investment agreements (‘IIA’). It reflects the practicalreality …” „… Member States under EU International Investment Protec-tion Agreements (2019), 157.33 See in this …”

Lori Di Pierdomenico Article 8.15 Reservations and exceptions S. 374-394

„… .), Mega-RegionalTrade Agreements (Cham, Springer 2016); Catharine Titi, ‘International Investment Law and the Euro-pean …” „… Union: Towards a New Generation of International Investment Agreements’ (2015) 26 (3) EJIL;J. Anthony …” „… , Integrating Sustainable Development into International InvestmentAgreements: a Guide for Developing Country …”

Crina Baltag Article 8.26 Third party funding S. 584-599

„… international investment agreements (IIAs) of the EU, such asEU-Vietnam Investment Protection Agreement, does …” „… thefinancing agreement is concluded or the donation or grant is made after thesubmission of a claim, without …” „… delay as soon as the agreement is concluded orthe donation or grant is made.Reference to the Respective …”

Johannes Tropper Article 8.6 National treatment S. 194-215

„… standard of treatment enshrined in international investment agreements (IIAs).’2 Vento Motorcycles, Inc. v …” „… Yannaca-Small (ed), Arbitration under International Investment Agreements(2018), 532 (533).6 See e.g. Article 3 …” „… under InternationalInvestment Agreements (2018), 532 (548-552).16 S.D. Myers, Inc. v. Canada, UNCITRAL …”

Patricia Nacimiento Article 8.13 Transfers S. 337-359

„… , UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/20 (2000); UNCTAD, International Investment Agree-ments: Key Issues (Volume 1) UNCTAD/ITE/IIT …” „… investment agreements.6 International investmentagreements have been considered lex specialis to the IMF …” „… Agreement of the International Monetary Fund states that, ‘[a]freely usable currency means a member …”

Index S. 979-994

„… f.International investment Agreement (IIA)8.26 2 ff., 8.30 2International Law Commission (ILC)– Articles on the …” „… international agreement,CETA Tribunal, role and obligation8.24 32 ff.– under another international agreement …” „… , riskof 8.24 23 ff. Index991– under another international agreement —European Convention of Human …”

Markus Burgstaller Article 8.22 Procedural and other requirements for the submission of a claim to the Tribunal S. 534-542

„… proceedings under CETA and other international agreements.32As noted in section C above, in the course of the …” „… under domestic or international law with respect to a measure allegedto constitute a breach referred to …” „… courtunder domestic or international law with respect to a measure alleged toconstitute a breach referred to …”

Richard Happ Article 8.34 Interim measures S. 767-778

„… (ed),Arbitration under International Investment Agreements (2018), 24.93.13 See Brown, A Common Law of …” „… International Investment Agreements (2018), 24.157; Miles, ProvisionalMeasures before International Courts and …” „… Treaty Arbitra-tion’ in Yannaca-Small (ed), Arbitration under International Investment Agreements (2018 …”

Irmgard Marboe Article 8.39 Final award S. 826-855

„… , and Christian Tietje (eds), EU and InvestmentAgreements: Open Questions and Remaining Challenges …” „… Relationship in Investment Treaty Law’, in Rainer Hoffmann and Christian Tams (eds),International Investment …” „… Law and General International Law (Nomos, Baden-Baden 2011) 161; MatthewHodgson, ‘Costs in Investment …”

Gabriel Bottini Article 8.45 Exclusion S. 955-960

„… Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA)’(2016) 13(1) TDM, 32; Céline Lévesque and Andrew Newcombe …” „… Comprehensive Economicand Trade Agreement’ (2016) 13(1) TDM, 15; Elsa Sardinha, ‘The New EU-Led Approach to …” „… Investor-State Arbitration: The Investment Tribunal System in the Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement …”

Lukas Stifter Article 8.32 Claims manifestly without legal merit S. 738-756

„… similarprovisions.5With the bulk of existing international investment agreements (IIAs) originatingfrom the ‘Era of …” „… /unctad-s-reform-package-for-the-international-investment-regime-2018-edition, p. 14.7 See, e.g., Article 3.44 EU-Viet Nam Investment Protection Agreement (2019 …” „… https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/ceta-aecg/appellate-tribunal-dappel.aspx?lang=eng.44 Ibid, Article 3(7): The provisions of Articles 8.20 (Mediation), 8.24 (Proceedings under …”

Lori Di Pierdomenico Article 8.43 Consolidation S. 923-944

„… were separately initi-1 See e.g. Article 8.24 CETA (Proceedings under another international agreement …” „… international arbitrations, partiesnegotiate and execute an appropriate confidentiality agreement among …” „… paragraph 2 have reached an agree-ment on the consolidation order to be sought, they may make a joint …”

Marc Bungenberg, Anna Holzer Article 8.41 Enforcement of awards S. 876-916

„… purely EU-internal matters and is thus of no relevance for ICSawards.An international agreement that …” „… TFEU:‘1. The Union may conclude an agreement with one or more third countries or international …” „… , Constantine Parta-sides, Alan Redfern and Martin Hunter, Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration (6th …”

Marc Bungenberg, Andrés E. Alvarado Garzón Article 8.17 Formal requirements S. 417-433

„… North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).51 Peters, ‘The Transparency Turn of International Law …” „… international agreements, since theycan permit the verification of the market access commitments as well as the …” „… in Article2(1) Directive (EU) 2016/943 reflect the international practice in TRIPS Agreement …”

Güneş Ünüvar Article 8.38 Non-disputing Party S. 813-825

„… non-disputing Party regarding theinterpretation of the Agreement. The non-disputing Party may attend a …” „… Agreement.Bibliography: Charles Brower II, ‘Why the FTC Notes of Interpretation Constitute a Partial Amend-ment of NAFTA …” „… Investor-State Dispute Settlement in theEU ‘New Wave’ Trade Agreements’ (2019) 32 Leiden J. Int’l L., 781 …”

Lukas Stifter Article 8.33 Claims unfounded as a matter of law S. 757-766

„… , ‘Frivolous Claims in International Adjudication: A Study of ICSID Rule 41(5) and of Proceduresof Other Courts …” „… , and Christoph Schreuer (eds), The Oxford Handbook ofInternational Investment Law (2008), 932; André …” „… Stefanie Schacherer (eds), Foreign Investment Under theComprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA …”

Arnaud de Nanteuil Article 8.14 Subrogation S. 360-373

„… Hamida, ‘Sovereign FDI and International Investment Agreements: Questions Relatingto the Qualification of …” „… , Regulations and Rules (E. Elgar, Cheltenham,2020) 102; Walid Ben Hamida, ‘Sovereign FDI and International …” „… Investment Agreements: QuestionsRelating to the Qualification of Sovereign Entities and the Admission of …”

Christoph Schreuer Article 8.11 Compensation for losses S. 277-296

„… nationals or companiesof a third party.’3 See UNCTAD, International Investment Agreements Navigator, Canada …” „… represents the above provision as Article 4(6). See UNCTAD International InvestmentAgreements Navigator.100 …” „… IPA; Article 17 EU-Mexico Agreement in Principle,announced on 21 April 2018, Chapter on …”

Richard Happ Article 8.35 Discontinuance S. 779-786

„… , Beck/Hart/Nomos, Munich/Oxford/Baden-Baden 2019), 25; James D. Fry, ‘Non-Par-ticipation in the International Court …” „… Claimant’s Hands? Admissibility and Consequences of a With-drawal of Claims in International Arbitration …” „… Rev., 172; Dennis Solomon, ‘§ 2 International Commercial Ar-bitration: The New York Convention’ in …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748902133

Julius Fein - Hitler's Refugees and the French Response, 1933-1938

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Julius Fein

Hitler's Refugees and the French Response, 1933-1938

2021

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Chapter 10 International Agreements S. 205-230

doi.org/10.5771/9781793622297

Yahya R. Kamalipour, John V. Pavlik - Communicating Global Crises

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Yahya R. Kamalipour (ed.), John V. Pavlik (ed.)

Communicating Global Crises

2023

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IX International Agreements and Treaties S. 231-248

„… 231IXInternational Agreements and Treaties233Chapter 13NATO’s FutureWill the Ukrainian Conflict …” „… erstwhile Cold War allies. Though not exhaustive, a list of treaties, agreements, and issues dividing most …” „… of the alliance members since the mid-1990s included the Kyoto Treaty, the International Criminal …”

I The Global Context S. 7-32

„… September 6, the day the International Atomic Energy Agency released its report on conditions at the …” „… International Atomic Energy Agency, and 16 Russian sources. In total, 80 sources favored arming Ukraine, while …” „… complexities of global politics and the double standards in reporting violations of international law and human …”

Index S. 271-284

„… American Federation of Teachers (AFT), 62Amini, Mahsa, 3, 152–53, 156Amnesty International, 23Anadolu …” „… media outages and blocking, 63–64Center for International Security, 19Center for Strategic and …” „… International Studies (CSIS), 58, 60Central African Republic (CAR) massacre, 139, 141–45, 143Chekhov, Anton, 195 …”

V Media and Conflicts S. 115-148

„… Strategic and International Vladimir Putin, Ukraine, and the Court of Public Opinion 121Studies, 2022 …” „… toward Washington and New York! . . . Higher justice is more important than international law, which is …” „… us. They started talking about international law and completely ignored our arguments about …”

Preface S. i-xii

„… : INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS AND TREATIES 231Chapter 13: NATO’s Future: Will the Ukrainian Conflict Revitalize NATO …” „… index. | Summary: “A diverse group of international scholars provides unique perspectives on …”

Introduction S. 1-6

„… and the climate crisis, international agreements, and future directions. Hart Cohen and Myra Gurney of …” „… globe.In this book, a diverse group of international scholars provides unique perspectives on these crises …” „… Ukraine.David J. Park of Florida International University offers a perspective on the nature of censorship and …”

IV Media and Propaganda S. 95-114

„… improve international cooperation, engage the private sector, and address media literacy (Claesson, 2019 …” „… utterly inadequate. Further, a nonprofit housed at Poynter Institute called the International Fact …” „… Checking Network (IFCN) has recruited an army of fact checkers and has signed an agreement with Facebook to …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538181867

Eleni Trova, Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris - The Olympic Games of the European Union

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Eleni Trova, Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris

The Olympic Games of the European Union

2011

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Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The international agreements against doping S. 71

„… ? issue?of?asking?the?NATOassistance?in?the?2012?Games?but? they?decided?that? it?was?rather?early?for?suchdiscussions.The international …” „… agreements against dopingWADA and UNESCO against …” „… dopingIt?is?not?just?NATO?that?undertakes?an?important?mission.?In?the?issue?of?doping,WADA,?by?introducing?an?international?code?and?UNESCO,?by?introducing?theInternational?Convention?against?doping?in?2005?in?Paris,?have?also?had?a?vital?role.Thus,?at?a …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Olympics and Broadcasting S. 282-283

„… ?corporation?after?embracing?commercialization.So,?it?was?forced?to?reconsider?its?operating?structure?and?adopt?sound?businesspractices.At?our?age,?the?Olympic?Movement?receives?the?majority?of?its?revenue?fromthe?exploitation?of?the?broadcast?rights?to?the?Olympic?Games..?From?Los?Angeles1984?until?Beijing?2008?broadcast?agreements?worth?more?than?US$?10 …” „… ?Winter?Olympic?Games.He?was?not?right,?though.IOC?went?from?amateur?run?sport?organization?to?multibillion?dollar?international …” „… ? alltelevision?agreements?be?based?on?free-to-air?broadcasting.624Final …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova EC law, Mass Media and Sport S. 193-195

„… icial?competence?or?legal?basis?on?sport,these?two?sectors?of?policy?are?closely?linked.?Both?sport?and?mass?media?have?asocial?and?cultural?role?and?contribute?a?source?of?entertainment?and?communicationat?both?a?national?and?international?level.Furthermore,?both?sport?and?the?mass?media?have?a?great …” „… )?and?no?exemptionof?agreements …” „… ns,?the?non-local?limitation?ofclubs,?the?ban?on?organizing?games?outside?a?certain?territory,?the?regulatory?competence?of?the?sporting?events’?organizers,?the?transfer?systems?of?athletes?in?teamsports,?the?nationality?clauses,?the?selection?criteria?of?athletes,?the?agreements?pertaining? to? the? release? of? tickets? in?mega?events,? such?as …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Non-judicial protection against ambush marketing S. 280-282

„… ?corporation?after?embracing?commercialization.So,?it?was?forced?to?reconsider?its?operating?structure?and?adopt?sound?businesspractices.At?our?age,?the?Olympic?Movement?receives?the?majority?of?its?revenue?fromthe?exploitation?of?the?broadcast?rights?to?the?Olympic?Games..?From?Los?Angeles1984?until?Beijing?2008?broadcast?agreements?worth?more?than?US$?10 …” „… ities?of?ambushers?as?unofficial;negotiating?a?broadcast?agreement?that?prohibits?the?broadcaster?from?allowing?thesponsor's?competitors?to?advertise?during?the?broadcast?of?the?event,?or,?alternatively,? requires? the? broadcaster? to? grant? the? sponsors? a? first? right? of? refusal …” „… ?Winter?Olympic?Games.He?was?not?right,?though.IOC?went?from?amateur?run?sport?organization?to?multibillion?dollar?international …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sponsorship S. 264-266

„… ,?JagodicT.,?Sports?Law?and?special?contract?forms,?Sponsorship?Agreement?as?a?formal?legal?instrument?of?modern?sport,?in?International?Sports?Law?Review?Pandektis?(ISLR/Pandektis,Vol.7:1-2,?2007).265 …” „… nalyze?the?way?thatOlympic?sponsorship?works.SponsorshipSponsorship?is?a?commercial?agreement …” „… .570 IOC,?Olympic?Marketing?Fact?File.?International?Olympic?Committee.?Lausanne,?Switzerland,?2008.571 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Host City Contract and Olympic Games-the penetration of the Olympic Movement Rules in the national legal orders S. 88-90

„… ?is?subjectto?the?consent?of?the?IOC.?In?respect?of?the?sponsorship?agreements,?it?should?bementioned?that?they?are?divided?in?two?categories:?the?international?sponsors?whoare?selected?by?the?IOC?and?the?city?is?obliged?to?enter?into?a?contract?with?themand?the?national?sponsors?who?are?selected?by?the?OCOG?but?they?are?subject?tothe?IOC’s?consent.128 …” „… ?The?agreement?has?to?be?signed?bythree?parties:?the?IOC,?the?organizing?city?and?the?NOC?of?the?country.?The?agreement …” „… act?contains?quite?wide?provisions?for?many?areas.?It?aims?atthe?security?of?the?protection?of?the?Olympic?insignia,?it?provides?a?thorough?marketing?program,?under?which?every?management?or?contract?agreement …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The freedom to contract and the relation between the associative nature of sport and the Olympic organization S. 61-63

„… ?Olympic?Committee.?This?is?a?contractof?accession;?a?contract?that?has?been?signed?without?any?possibility?of?negotiation.?Becausethis?is?the?Olympic,?the?international?sports?reality,?and?when?I?say?sports?reality,?I?suggestthe?communicative?and?economic?reality?as?well.?Therefore,?on?the?basis?of?the?LausanneAgreement …” „… organizationThe?Olympic?organization?in?whichever?city?it?may?take?place,?is?associated?withthe?legal?order?of?the?respective?country?through?an?agreement,?the?so-called?HostCity?Contract65.?The?freedom?to?contract?requires?the?commitment?of?the?contracti …” „… ng?parties?under?this?agreement.?The?Olympic?Movement?uses?the?rules?of?privatelaw?in?order?to?finalize?its?relation?with?the?city?that?will?organize?an?Olympiad.65 In?reference?to?this?contract,?s.?the?proposal?of?Venizelos …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport and Competition Policy S. 187-191

„… ? this?prerequisite.404 Article?81?prohibits?agreements?and?concerted?practices?between?undertakings?and?Article82 …” „… ?et?seq.?and?for?controlling?agreements?betweenundertakings?was?provided?up?to?30?April?2004?by?Council?Regulation?(EEC)?No?17/1962 …” „… .Under?the?system?provided?by?this?regulation,?any?agreement …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Host City Contract and the Olympic Charter S. 90-95

„… pted?through?this?agreement?is?the?connection?of?therules?of?the?Olympic?Movement?with?the?legal?order?of?the?country,?where?the?HostCity?is?found.Furthermore,? this?agreement?acts?as? the? tool,?which?will?help?materialize …” „… ? thevision?of?the?Olympic?Movement.?At?the?same?time,?however,?it?is?an?agreementwith?strong?economic?character.?It?is?an?agreement?about?a?‘plan’,?which?the?HostCity?is?invited?to?implement?in?a?specified?time.?It?is,?therefore,?an?agreement?oftimely?execution,?involving?liability?and?multiple?consequences.The Host City Contract and the Olympic …” „… ?of?the?Olympic?Charter,?the?elected?city,?which?will?receive?the?Olympic?Games?must,?immediately?upon?its?election,?enter?into?a?contractwith?the?International …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Composition and formation- arbitration agreement- competencydecisions S. 97-99

„… Composition and formation- arbitration agreement- competency …” „… tarting?from?the?day?of?signature?or?the?arbitration?agreement.?Thearbitration?agreement …” „… ?includes?the?drawing?up?and?signing?of?a?document?wherethe?litigant?parties?indicate?their?wish?to?submit?their?litigation?to?the?arbitration?ofCAS.?It?comprises?the?selection?of?the?arbitrators.An?arbitral?award?rendered?by?the?CAS?is?final?and?binding?on?the?parties?fromthe?time?it?is?communicated?to?them.?Like?any?other?international …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport and Education S. 198-199

„… ginal?exclusivity?agreement?signed?between?MasterCard,?the?German?football?association?(DFB)?and?FIFA?–?an?agreement?between?one?“undertaking”?and?two?“association?of?undertakings”,?in?the?sense?of?Article?81?EC?-?whichinitially?only?allowed?fans?to?acqui …” „… re?tickets(i)?through?a?MasterCard?credit?card;(ii)?by?payment?from?a?German?bank?account;?and/or(iii)? by? way? of? an? international? bank? transfer? requiring? additional …” „… ?EC?were?also?decisive?for?obtaining?an?agreement.?Some?original?rules?were? incompatible?with …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The legal status of the Olympic organization and the legislative framework of sport S. 60-61

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The effect of the Bosman judgment in the Olympic movement rules S. 159-163

„… ? sport(clubs,?federations,?international?federations?etc.)?and?rejected?the?UEFA’s?positionthat?the?submission?of?football?to?the?EC?law?leads?to?the?attenuation?of?the?autonomy? of? the? sporting?movement.358? This? ruling? has? a? special? importance? in …” „… )?of?the?Association?Agreement?between?the?EuropeanCommunities?and?Slovakia,?which?provides?the?right?to?equal?treatment?to?Slovaknationals?in?respect?of?working?conditions,?remuneration?and?dismissal?in?the?EUin?relation?to?the?Host?Member?State’s?nationals.361 …” „… ?Even?though?the?consequencesof?these?judgments?prima?facie?seem?to?be?minor?and?temporary?since?those?countries?in?association?agreements?will?soon?enter?the?EU,?they?are?quite?importanttaking?into?consideration?that?bodies?regulating?professional?sport?in?EU?memberstates?will?have?to?make?sure …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The International Olympic Committee (IOC) S. 85-87

„… ).?Thecity?that?has?been?elected?to?host?the?Olympics?as?well?as?the?NOC?of?the?respectivecountry?enter?into?a?written?agreement?with?the?IOC?(bye-law?to?rule?34,?3.3 …” „… eir?regime?in?the?framework?of?the?volition?of?the?Olympic?Movement.?The?Olympic?Games?undertake?according?to?the?Olympic?Charter?a?role?ofsocial?reformer?through?the?freedom?of?contracts.The International Olympic Committee …” „… (IOC)The?International?Olympic?Committee?was?founded?in?Paris?with?having?a?legalpersonality,?on?the?23rd?June?1894?and?its?headquarters?was?transferred?in?Lausannein?1921.114 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The connection of the rules of the Olympic Movement with the Host City and hence with the legal order of the country that hosts the Olympic Games S. 90

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The National Olympic Committees (NOCs) S. 87-88

„… The International Federations …” „… (IFs)Aiming?at?embracing?the?whole?athletic?phenomenon,?the?Olympic?Charter?recognizes?the?international …” „… ? independenceshould?make?sure?that?their?statutes,?practices?and?activities?are?consistent?with?theOlympic?Charter.Through? the? control? and? the? recognition? of? the? international? federations …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova General S. 263-264

„… MarketingGeneralAmbush?marketing?is?a?great?threat?of?modern?sport?as?has?been?formed?the?lastdecades,?since?it?undermines?the?sponsorship?agreements …” „… nown?as?“?parasite”?or?“?guerrilla”?marketing,?was?seen?in?theOlympic?Games?and?other?major?international …” „… , B./O’Reilly,?N.J.,?The?Olympic?brand,?ambush?marketing?and?clutter.?InternationalJournal of Sport Management and Marketing, 5(1),?78-104,?2008.569 Séguin, B. and …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The tickets selling matter and the competition rules S. 196-198

„… rulesOne?of?the?essential?components?of?organizing?sport?events?is?the?ticketing?system.Usually?implemented?by?the?Organizing?Committees?(OC),?it?is?not?unusual?thatthese?agreements?contravene?EC?Law.424In?the?Italy?1990?World?Cup,?the?OC?entered?into?a?w …” „… orldwide?exclusive?agreement?of?ground?entrance?tickets?with?a?single?tour?travel?agency?for?the?purpose?ofputting?together?package?tours?for?the?event.?Besides?the?violation?of?the?freedomto?provide?services?(Article?49?of?the?EC?Treaty),?OC?abused?its?d …” „… ?Barcelona?Olympic?Games,?the?OC?signed?ticket?distribution?agreements?with?a?single?agent?per?country,?which?was?obliged?to?resell424 PLMJ?-?A.M.?Pereira,?Sáragga?Leal,?Oliveira?Martins, Júdice e …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The competitive relation between the Olympic movement rules and the national/state ones and the institutional balancing of each Olympic organization S. 102-103

„… ?Nobody?can?be?deprived?of?his?natural?judge,?unless?there?is?a?mutual?agreement?onit.187This?is?also?required?by?the?article?8 …” „… M.,?The?CAS?Ad?Hoc?Division?at?the?games?of?the?XXVIII?Olympiad?in?Athens?in2004,?in?International?Sports?Law?Review?2004.186 Dagtoglou …” „… . ,?The?CAS?Ad?Hoc?Division?at?the?games?of?the?XXVIII?Olympiad?in?Athens?in2004,?in?International?Sports?Law?Review?2004.102 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… The?international?agreements?against?doping 71WADA?and?UNESCO?against?doping 71 …” „… The?importance?of?sporting?events?for?the?international?procedures 16Sporting?Games?and?the?theory?of?the?Games 17The?Game?with?its?rules-tests?of?legal?pluralism 17 …” „… The?human?body,?the?international?society?and?the?fair?play?of?history 18The?relation?between?the?body?and?the?city 25The?historical?evolution?of?the?Olympic?Games; 26 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Obligatory submission-standard clauses-human rights S. 101-102

„… As?neither?NOCs?nor?IFs?were?party?to?the?agreement?to?accept?CAS?jurisdiction,the?Ad?Hoc?Panel?conventionally?reiterated?its?Sydney?jurisprudence?which?provided?a?rationale?for?the?exercise?of?jurisdiction?over?them.181 Antoniou Th.,?Restrictions?on?Personal?Rights?because? of? the?organisation …” „… The?form?was?the?following:?“?I?agree?that?any?dispute,?controversy?or?claim?arising?out?of,in?connection?with,?or?on?the?occasion?of?the?Olympic?Games,?not?resolved?after?exhaustionof?the?legal?remedies?established?by?my?NOC,?the?International …” „… ?Nobody?can?be?deprived?of?his?natural?judge,?unless?there?is?a?mutual?agreement?onit.187This?is?also?required?by?the?article?8 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Ambushing strategies and examples S. 266-270

„… sponsors?but?the?agreement …” „… , B./O’Reilly,?N.J.,?The?Olympic?brand,?ambush?marketing?and?clutter.?InternationalJournal?of?Sport?Management?and?Marketing,?5(1.).580 Colantoni,?op?cit.581 Wei L./Kretschmer …” „… M.,?Ambush?Marketing:A?study?of?legal?responses,?in?InternationalSports?Law?Review?(ISLR/Pandektis,?Vol?5:3,?2004).266for?IP?law?violations.?For?instance,?in?1996 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova WADA and UNESCO against doping S. 71

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Role of NATO S. 70-71

„… ? it?was?rather?early?for?suchdiscussions.The international agreements against dopingWADA and UNESCO against …” „… Beyond?the?symbolisms,?though,?the?regulation?of?the?truce?acquires?an?important?sense/meaning?when?the?Olympic?phenomenon?is?accompanied?by?securityregulations?like?the?Games?of?Athens.Many?international …” „… ?organizations?tried?to?take?advantage?of?this?great?promotion.UNESCO,?for?instance?has?had?a?great?involvement?in?the?sporting?field.?Recentlyit?adopted?in?Paris?in?2005?the?International?Convention?against?Doping?in?sport.Also,?much?earlier,?in?1978 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Ambush Marketing S. 263

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Nairobi Treaty S. 262-263

„… TreatySo,?it?seemed?the?IOC?was?ready?for?the?big?step;?to?secure?the?Olympic?insigniain?the?best?possible?way,?by?an?international?treaty.?A?world?diplomatic?conferenceon?the?world?industrial?property?was?held?in?1980?in?Geneva.564?The?IOC?tried?tofind?a …” „… t?ended?up?with?the?adoption?of?an?international …” „… ?treaty?whichprotected?the?Olympic?symbol?internationally.?In?theory?the?IOC?had?managed?tosecure?the?Olympic?marks?in?the?best?possible?way,?since?up?to?that?moment?theOlympic?symbol?was?protected?under?the?international?law.?However,?the?Treatydid?not?have?the?appeal?that?one?could?attend.?Initially?the?Treaty?was?signed?byonly?21?countries.565 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova General S. 120-121

„… TruceGeneralThe?dominant?element?and?the?reason?why?Ancient?Olympics?have?gathered?admiration?worldwide?is?the?Olympic?truce.?Olympic?truce?can?be?perceived?as?anearly?form?of?international?law.During?the?ancient?Greek?history?the?civil?wars?among?cities-states?were?veryoften.?The? idea? of?peace?has?been?more? intense? in?areas? that? have? suffered …” „… BC.?However,?it?had?only?the?formof?an?oral?agreement …” „… ? inhibited?the?conflicts?againstTrojans?and?Achilles?was?reconciled?with?Agamemnon.It?is?of?pivotal?importance,?though,?that?the?so?far?custom?was?embodied?in?awritten?form.?It?was?a?kind?of?pan-Hellenic?international?law,?which?could?be?characterized?under?the?contemporary?terminology?as?an?international?law?act.243Procedure of …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The ancient truce S. 121

„… BC.?However,?it?had?only?the?formof?an?oral?agreement …” „… ? inhibited?the?conflicts?againstTrojans?and?Achilles?was?reconciled?with?Agamemnon.It?is?of?pivotal?importance,?though,?that?the?so?far?custom?was?embodied?in?awritten?form.?It?was?a?kind?of?pan-Hellenic?international?law,?which?could?be?characterized?under?the?contemporary?terminology?as?an?international?law?act.243Procedure of …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The foundation of the truce S. 121

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Games S. 85

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova CAS and ECHR S. 100-101

„… ? theproceedings?are?in?conformity?with?the?related?international?instruments?it?has?ratified.?As?long?as?the?ECHR?guarantees?a?right?to?fair?trial,?a?state?is?allowed?totransfer?the?competency?of?its?national?courts?to?an?arbitration?tribunal?only?in?sofaras?it?transfers?at?the?same?time?the?rights?that?ECHR?guarantees.180 …” „… Th.,?Human?Rights:?a?speed?bump?for?arbitral?procedures??An?exploration?of?safeguards?in?the?acceleration?of?justice,?in?International?Arbitration?Law?Review?2006.179 Schultz Th.,?ibid.180 Schultz Th.,?ibid,?Beddard R.,?Human?Rights?and?Europe,?3 …” „… ? on?Human? Rights,? 3rd? Edition,?Kluwer? International,? TheHague,?1998,?p.418-419 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova ICAS S. 96-97

„… , Kluwer?Law?International,?The?Hague?2001.96Composition and formation- arbitration agreement- competency …” „… ?arbitration?court.?The?Swiss?Federal?Court?rejected?the?appeal?and?ruledthat?CAS?was?a?true?court?of?arbitration.?However,?it?stated?that?there?might?be?anissue?when?the?IOC?was?a?party?since?it?was?able?to?modify?the?CAS?statutes.?Forthis?reason?in?June?1993?the?IOC?decided?to?establish?a?Supreme?Council?for?International …” „… ? :? National? and? International? PerspectivesKluwer?Law?International,?The?Hague,?2002, Kaufmann-Kohler G …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The legislative delineation of the principles of the Olympic Charter and consequences thereof. The concept of the Sporting Spirit, of sports traditions and of the Olympic Ideal and fair play S. 71-73

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Human Rights and Olympic Games S. 104-106

„… a?table-tennis?game?between?USA?and?China?declared?internationallythat?China?constituted?a?powerful?third?pole?between?USSR?and?USA,?marking?thebeginning?of?the?international?diplomacy?during?the?Cold?WarIn?1952 …” „… ?the?international?role?of?China?is?officially?recognized,?the?NOC?of189 Filippou E.,?Terrorism?and?clenched?fists?(in?Greek),?in?newspaper?Kathimerini,?oblation …” „… ?innumbers?is?even?more?intense.?The?businessmen?of?the?city?are?really?competitive?and?areobsessed?with?success.?That’s?way?they?become?superstitious?in?every?new?beginning?andchoose?to?make?agreements?or?start?a?new?business?on?the?8th?day?of?the?month.?When?theystay?in?hotels?they?prefer?the?rooms?518,?688,?816 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The competitive relationship among the Olympic Movement rules and the state rules and the institutional balancing of each Olympic Organization S. 110-112

„… ? the?consent?as?abalancing?point?of?the?volitions?of?the?two?sides?has?its?origins?in?the?Enlightenment.Simultaneously,?the?relation?among?the?different?kind?of?rules?arises.?All?the?rules,the?sporting?ones,?the?laws,?the?international …” „… ?treaties?and?the?constitutions?constitutein?total?an?agreement …” „… ?the?Gameswould?contribute?to?the?social?progress?and?the?financial?development?of?China?as?well?asto?the?improvement?of?the?human?rights?promotion.?Besides,?IOC?officials?had?made?clearthat?human?rights?in?China?should?be?improved?as?a?result?of?the?choice?of?Beijing?for?thehosting?of?the?Games.218 Nafziger J.A.R.,? International? Sports …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Para-Olympic Games and the handicapped body S. 33-34

„… ’? truce?Coubertin?conceived?the?dominant?politicalimportance?of?sport.?Its?dominant?characteristics?involve?up?to?now?the?politicalcontrol?of?sporting?clubs,?the?IOC’s?effect?on?the?international …” „… ?political?scene?andthe?interference?of?the?sporting?events?in?the?international?affairs.?Under?the?IOCinitiative?the?Action?on?Sport?for?All?Policies?was?signed?on?the?21st?of?May?2000 …” „… ? international?organizationbegan.?Olympic?Games?for?athletes?with?disabilities?were?first?organized?in?Romein?1960,?the?Games?that?are?now?called?Paraolympic?Games.?In?Montreal?1976 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Charter S. 83-85

„… ion?has?assumed?all?the?features?ofan?international …” „… ment,?the?tolerance,?the?international …” „… ?peace?andfraternizing/friendship?of?people,?the?truce,?a?vision?for?education?and?culture.?Asregards?this?scale/part,?the?Olympic?Charter?possibly?meets?or?collides?with?certainfundamental?constitutional?provisions?of?states?or?international?treaties?or?the?EU,as?we?have?already?ascertained.?Thus,?inevitably?the?issue?of?the?relation?of?theserules?with?the?national?jurisdictions?is?raised;?not?anymore?at?a?level?of?rules?ofassociative?nature?but?at?a?level?of?rules?of?constitutional?content.113Also …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The commercialization of the Games and the early violations. S. 259-262

„… ? Organization(“?WIPO”?)?to?register?the?symbol?internationally--thus?guaranteeing?the?protectionwithin?territories?who?were?signatories?to?the?Madrid?Agreement?Concerning?theInternational?Registration?of?Marks.?However,?only?24?states?had?signed?the?Agreement?so?protection?was?limited.?The?concerns?of?the?IOC?remained.563 …” „… ? international …” „… ? all?NationalOlympic?Committees?and?International?Sports?Federations?explaining?the?necessityof?strictly?abiding?by?an?IOC?decision?to?protect?the?symbol?against?commercialexploitation.560559 Landry,?1996.560 Reported?in?IOC?General?Session?Minutes,?Rome?1923 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The constructed body of the athlete S. 34-35

„… ? international?organizationbegan.?Olympic?Games?for?athletes?with?disabilities?were?first?organized?in?Romein?1960,?the?Games?that?are?now?called?Paraolympic?Games.?In?Montreal?1976 …” „… ?there?was?an?agreement?between?the?IOC?and?the?IPCwhich?secures?the?contemporary?holding?of?the?Games.?After,?the?2012?the?hostingcity?will?be?obliged?to?organize?the?Paralympics?games?as?well.?Torino?hosted?in …” „… ?excess).?This?issue?is?quite?severe?taking?into?account?that?theconstructed?bodies?constitute?quite?often?originals?which?are?promoted?by?the?internet?and?the?mass?media?at?an?international?level.3535 Mihalich J. C.,?Sports?and?Athletics:?Philosophy?in?Action? ,?Littlefield?Adams,?Totowa,1982 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Procedure of declaration-heralds S. 121-122

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Olympic symbol protection and fight against ambush marketing S. 245-249

„… ? the?Olympic?and?Paralympic?marks?and?to?introduce?legislation?against?ambush?marketing,?if?Londonwon.?The?IOC's?Host?City?Contract,?signed?after?London?did?win?the?right?to?hostto?Games,?also?required?such?legislation.Even?though?the?UK?has?never?signed?the?International?Treaty?of?Nairobi,?1981 …” „… ,?Padley H.,?Legislative?Comment,?London?2012?five?years?and?counting,?in?International …” „… ?five?years?and?counting,?in?InternationalSports?Law?Review?2007.247the?public's?mind?an?association?with?the?Olympic?Games?or?the?Olympic?movement …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport and External Relations S. 200-201

„… ? to?evadecertain?flaws?in?our?society?and,?like?all?other?continents,?is?affected?by?a?numberof?disturbing?developments?which?the?decision-makers?in?European?sport,?be?theypublic?or?private,?state?or?federal,?national?or?international …” „… ?of?the?ECTreaty?deal?with?anti-competitive?agreements?and?abuse?of?dominant?market?positions,?the?prohibition?of?price?cartels?and?market?partitioning.Sport, Justice and Home affairs …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport, Justice and Home affairs policy S. 201-202

„… ?of?the?ECTreaty?deal?with?anti-competitive?agreements?and?abuse?of?dominant?market?positions,?the?prohibition?of?price?cartels?and?market?partitioning.Sport, Justice and Home affairs …” „… policyThe?policy?field?of?Justice?and?Home?Affairs?deals?with?the?concept?of?the?EuropeanUnion?(EU)?as?an?area?of?freedom,?security?and?justice?as?enshrined?in?the?Treatyof?Amsterdam.201In?view?of?the?increasingly?important?international …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Final Remarks S. 283-284

„… ? alltelevision?agreements?be?based?on?free-to-air?broadcasting.624Final …” „… M.,?Team?Sport?and?collectiveselling?of?TV?rights:?The?Netherlands?and?European?Law?aspects,?in?International?SportsLaw?Journal?2004.623 UNESCO?Constitutional?Charter,?article?8,?Panagiotopoulos D./ Kourogeni …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The influence of the rules of the Olympic Movement on the legislation of the host country S. 211-212

„… ? OlympicCharter,?such?as?the?protection?of?the?Olympic?indicia,?were?vested?with?furtherbinding?legal?force?through?an?international?agreement436 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Charter and the Greek legislation S. 212-213

„… ? OlympicCharter,?such?as?the?protection?of?the?Olympic?indicia,?were?vested?with?furtherbinding?legal?force?through?an?international?agreement436 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Doping and European Union S. 137-141

„… t?has?to?be?mentioned?that?about?thepatent?of?the?charter?of?this?organization?there?was?an?agreement?between?the?IOCand?the?EU?in?a?meeting?which?was?held?on?the?2nd?November?1999.139Finally?the?Commission?considers?that?one?more?dimension?for?the?fight …” „… ?field?of?their?competence?(sporting?community,?states,?international …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Bibliography S. 285-299

„… T.,?Sports?Law?and?special?contract?forms,?Sponsorship?Agreement?as?a?formal? legalinstrument?of?modern?sport,?in?International …” „… S.G.,?Selling?the?Five?Rings:?The?International?Olympic?Committeeand?the?Rise?of?Olympic?Commercialism?(University?of?Utah?Press,?2000).Batenson G.,?Mind?and?nature?–?A?necessary?unity,?Bantam?Books,?New?York,?1988.Beal N./Duhs …” „… M.,?The?CAS?Ad?Hoc?Division?at?the?games?of?the?XXVIII?Olympiad?in?Athens?in?2004,in?International?Sports?Law?Review?2004.Beloff …”

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