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Thomas Fischer - Neutral Power in the CSCE

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Thomas Fischer

Neutral Power in the CSCE

Series: Wiener Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 12 2009

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Moving from Helsinki to Geneva S. 219-226

„… 219 Chapter 4: The Coming About of the N+N Group in Geneva (1973-1975) Stage I – Prelude (July …” „… in Geneva, the foreign ministers of the participating states gathered between 3 and 7 July 1973 in …” „… begin in September 1973 in Geneva.754The neutral and non-aligned foreign ministers used the meeting in …”

Helsinki-Geneva-Helsinki: Deciding on the Venue of the Conference S. 201-216

„… original goal of injecting as much military context as possible into the CSCE.683Helsinki-Geneva …” „… been chosen as the venue for MBFR negotiations, instead of Geneva, which had so far been the choice of …” „… behind this choice was because Geneva was already saturated with SALT and the UN disarmament committee …”

Appendix: List of Key N+N Delegation Members S. 377-378

„… of Delegation Helsinki) Ludwig Steiner (Head of Delegation Geneva) Helmut Liedermann (Helsinki and …” „… Geneva, Principles and Basket III) Franz Ceska (Geneva, Basket III) Helmut Bauer (Helsinki and Geneva …” „… , Basket II) Wilhelm Kuntner (Geneva, Basket I, Military) Wolfgang Siegl (Geneva, Basket III) Felix Mikl …”

Presentation of Neutral and Non-Aligned Proposals in Basket I S. 228-238

„… weeks following the opening of talks in Geneva. Stage II – The Start of the Diplomatic Negotiations …” „… (Sept. – December 1973) All in all, the Geneva negotiations got off to a bumpy start. The Soviets …” „… progress in Basket III first. Due to 792 Ibid. 793 TNA, FCO 41/1331: CSCE, Stage II: Geneva, Agenda Item …”

The N+N Package Deal S. 278-293

„… finally accepted the “globalization” of the negotiations in Geneva. This recognition also paved the way …” „… the conference out of limbo.1033 Back in Geneva, Iloniemi wrote to Kekkonen that there was very little …” „… Gromyko had expressed at the opening of the Geneva negotiations, and the “transparency [of the Soviet …”

A Swedish Proposal to Break the Negotiation Impasse S. 273-278

„… few weeks of the Geneva negotiations, the report noted that the neutrals and non-aligned had been …” „… Baskets I and III. Instead they pressed for an early conclusion of the Geneva talks before summer in order …” „… of the East. By late May the British delegation in Geneva reported that the “Russians continue[d] to …”

The Swiss-Austrian Quarrel over Neutrality S. 254-263

„… 254 solution at the end of the Geneva talks. However, as a British source reported, in the Western …” „… proposal throughout the Geneva negotiations. The other neutrals, namely Austria and to a lesser degree …” „… real prospects for substantial progress in the Geneva negotiations, and the Swiss delegation now …”

The Role of Personalities S. 330-340

„… do with the confidentiality and informality of the talks in Dipoli and Geneva. If you spend all of …” „… (UKMIS Geneva) to Mr. Callaghan, Geneva, 25 July 1975, in DBPO, III, II, Doc. 136. On Lipatti’s position …” „… Brunner, organized by the Swiss Forum for International Affairs on 24 June 2008 in Geneva. 1272 On …”

Finland Joins in the Neutral Consultations S. 226-228

„… opening of the Geneva talks. However, on the initiative of the Swiss, on the afternoon of 28 August the …” „… four neutrals met at the Swiss mission in Geneva to prepare for the upcoming coordinating committee.785 …” „… contacts among themselves during the early phase of the Geneva talks, an indication of their continuing …”

Continued High-Level Contacts among the Neutrals S. 293-297

„… negotiations in Geneva in suspense, should be seen in part within the context of the uncertainty over Nixon’s …” „… continue “on the road towards détente” resurface.1097When negotiations in Geneva reopened after the summer …” „… open another debate in the Geneva negotiations, and thus were keen to keep the Cyprus issue “off the …”

N+N Discussions on a Yugoslav Follow-Up Proposal S. 267-273

„… security affairs beyond the current negotiations in Geneva.971 Besides the discussion on the military …” „… Geneva, sometimes even extending group discussions to include Romania and Spain.By Christmas 1973 only a …” „… neutrals had an interest in the continuation of the European security talks beyond the Geneva conference …”

A Breakthrough on CBM Parameters S. 297-307

„… were generally considered the most important and difficult within the Geneva talks: the peaceful change …” „… military confidence-building measures were in fact the only subject under discussion in Geneva in which …” „… – Military Aspects – Confidencebuilding Measures (CBM), Geneva, July 1974); ÖStA/AdR, BMfaA …”

The Soviet Njet to the Swiss SRPD Project S. 250-254

„… , Letter Edes to Elliott, Geneva, 15 January 1974; ÖStA/AdR, BMfaA, II-Pol/International 12 …” „… ): Meeting of 24 January 1974. 900 TNA, FCO 41/1560: Special Working Body, Letter M. Edes to FCO, Geneva …” „… securing Western priorities in the Geneva negotiations: “The Swiss are trying to lead the discussion along …”

Final Deals on Basket III and the Follow-Up S. 307-316

„… upon during Stage II negotiations in Geneva. This proposal also differed from a Dutch proposal …” „… came the guarantee that the accords reached in Geneva would finally be assembled in this single …” „… . Dubinin, “The Road to Helsinki”, 81f. 1170 TNA, FCO 41/1762: Follow-up to the CSCE, Memorandum, Geneva …”

The Inclusion of the Mediterranean Small States and European Microstates in the N+N Group S. 351-354

„… Geneva negotiations also included Mediterranean small states Cyprus and Malta, as well as microstates …” „… Monaco to Dipoli, but after a request in June 1973 Monaco was invited to the CSCE proper in Geneva and …” „… Geneva negotiations, when serious tensions existed over Cypriot and Maltese obstruction policies.1372 …”

No N+N Cooperation in Basket II S. 238-240

„… of the Geneva talks, the Western countries (including the neutrals) had to realize that their initial …” „… author, his delegation had one important directive as instructions to the Geneva talks: to see that the …” „… with much scepticism. Thus many of the Finnish negotiation tactics in Basket II in Geneva were aimed at …”

Assuming Responsibility as Coordinators of Basket III S. 240-243

„… 240 and in autumn 1973 prepared an initiative to be presented to the second committee of the Geneva …” „… the Geneva negotiations were in uncontroversial issues, such as the resolution in March 1974 presented …” „… them the neutrals) was fought in the third committee. From the outset of the Geneva negotiations, the …”

Other Reference Groups S. 354-356

„… Quadripartite Rights and Responsibilitiesclause see CSCE: General State of Play, Sir D. Hildyard (UKMIS Geneva …” „… ) to Mr. Callaghan, Geneva, 28 February 1975; and CSCE: State of Play, Sir D. Hildyard (UKMIS Geneva …” „… ) to Mr. Callaghan, Geneva, 14 March 1975, in DBPO, III, II, docs. 114 and 115; Edouard Brunner claims …”

Neutral Caucus with a View to the Continuation of Stage II and the Follow-Up S. 243-245

„… document of the Geneva negotiations to contain “more substance” than the UN Declaration on Friendly …” „… ’ continuing demands for an “information link” between MBFR talks in Vienna and the CSCE in Geneva, and their …” „… , however, had so far always opposed such an idea, and as long as no concrete results were secured in Geneva …”

Summary and Conclusions S. 357-376

„… of the Dipoli and Geneva negotiations requires more explanation. This study set out to explore how …” „… cooperation in the Geneva phase of the conference, since it required close coordination among them. Towards …” „… for the conference proper (with a final decision to move the negotiations away from Helsinki to Geneva …”

Making Their Own Instructions S. 340-343

„… relations sui generis.1317 As a consequence, the heads of delegation to the Dipoli and Geneva talks had …” „… when he visited the CSCE negotiations during Stage II in Geneva he found the press centre “deserted …” „… extent a delegation in Geneva had to ask for instructions from its government, and to what extent it …”

Negotiation Deadlock in Basket III S. 263-267

„… had been a recurring issue for debate from the beginning of the Geneva talks. So far, Eastern …” „… neutral proposals, see Committee III, Mr. Hildyard (UKMIS Geneva) to Sir A. Douglas-Home, Geneva, 2 …” „… , Mr. Hildyard (UKMIS Geneva) to Sir A. Douglas-Home, Geneva, 7 February 1974, in DBPO, III, II, Doc …”

Mitigating Bilateral Differences S. 347-351

„… in Dipoli and Geneva were propitious to de-escalating the issue also on a bilateral level between …” „… that later developed into the formation of the N+N group of states during the Geneva phase of the talks …” „… Delegation of Yugoslavia, National Minorities, Geneva, 29 November 1973, registered as CSCE/II/C.1/7). 1357 …”

Stage I – Prelude (July – August 1973) S. 219

„… 219 Chapter 4: The Coming About of the N+N Group in Geneva (1973-1975) Stage I – Prelude (July …” „… in Geneva, the foreign ministers of the participating states gathered between 3 and 7 July 1973 in …” „… begin in September 1973 in Geneva.754The neutral and non-aligned foreign ministers used the meeting in …”

The N+N at the Helsinki Summit (30 July – 1 August 1975) S. 317-324

„… role the N+N came to play in the Dipoli and Geneva negotiations, this final chapter looks for a broader …” „… final stage of the CSCE, they had sat through a total of over 2,400 meetings in Geneva; they had …” „… achieved in the Helsinki and Geneva negotiations, Graber allowed traditional Swiss realism to come once …”

The Birth of the N+N Group (January – December 1974) S. 245-246

„… 245 yet Steiner, on behalf of Austria, cautioned that the talks in Geneva did not yet justify an …” „… Geneva talks would still depend on concrete progress and positive results in the current negotiations.874 …” „… The Birth of the N+N Group (January – December 1974) By the end of 1973 the conference in Geneva was …”

East-West Polarization and the N+N Dual Role Strategy S. 327-330

„… position the N+N came to occupy in informal negotiation groups during the Helsinki and Geneva talks is the …” „… began in Dipoli in only a limited fashion, and became more specific in Geneva, stemming from the mostly …” „… capacities had much to do with the confidentiality and informality of the talks in Dipoli and Geneva. If you …”

Growing Mutual Respect and Understanding S. 343-347

„… (and later the non-aligned) was never planned, but was a result of the Dipoli and Geneva negotiations …” „… when the Finnish delegation became more actively involved in the talks during the Geneva stage of the …” „… Helsinki, 185-187. 1346 CSCE: The Conclusion of Stage II, Sir D. Hildyard (UKMIS Geneva) to Mr. Callaghan …”

Early Discussions on the Venue of the Conference S. 167-169

„… Switzerland, Berne, Lausanne, or Geneva would be ready to host the talks. The US seemed to favour Geneva …” „… from SALT.548 In light of expected Soviet resistance to Geneva, the US was also considering Vienna as a …” „… not actively promoted.550In December, once the American side opted for Geneva as the venue for SALT …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… Disputes 198The Mandate on Military Aspects of Security – Disarmament and CBM 200Helsinki-Geneva …” „… Coming About of the N+N Group in Geneva (1973-1975) 219Stage I – Prelude (July – August 1973) 219The …” „… Foreign Ministers’ Meeting 219Moving from Helsinki to Geneva 223Finland Joins in the Neutral Consultations …”

Introduction S. 17-28

„… 1972 did these states consider a closer collaboration. When the negotiations moved to Geneva between …” „… Vittorio Ferraris. Report on a Negotiation: Helsinki – Geneva – Helsinki 1972-1975. Alphen an den Rjin …” „… chapter concludes by examining the reasons for moving the conference from Helsinki to Geneva for the next …”

Switzerland S. 128-135

„… Geneva, was rather pessimistic about the notion of détente. Bindschedler was particularly critical of the …” „… future develop into a standing organization, the Swiss government would like to see Geneva become its …” „… campaigned to have the conference in Geneva, and was acting only on the wishes of participating states when …”

Sweden S. 135-138

„… . 429 Ibid.; Cf. Zielinski, Die neutralen und blockfreien Staaten, 136f. 136 Committee in Geneva, where …” „… relationship between the security conference and the work conducted in the Disarmament Committee in Geneva …”

Drafting a First Common Proposal in the Military Sub-Committee S. 246-250

„… neutral and non-aligned states in the Geneva talks initially clung to the principle that each state should …” „… that this development was entirely unplanned when the Geneva talks started;882 other accounts from …”

Bilateral Superpower Détente S. 55-60

„… of the military situation in Europe and a minor thaw after the Geneva Four Power Summit in 1955 …” „… Geneva” (with the Austrian State Treaty and the return of the Soviet military base in Porkkala to Finland …”

Early Soviet Calls for a European Security Conference S. 83-84

„… collective security system put forward at the Four Power conference in Geneva in 1955 by Prime Minister …”

Dispute on the Christmas Break S. 164-165

„… January.535 This was the first of many “coffee breaks” during the talks in Dipoli and later in Geneva that …”

The Mandate on Military Aspects of Security – Disarmament and CBM S. 200-201

„… much military context as possible into the CSCE.683Helsinki-Geneva-Helsinki: Deciding on the Venue of …”

Bibliography S. 379-392

„… Negotiation: Helsinki – Geneva – Helsinki 1972-1975. Alphen an den Rjin: Sijthoff & Nordhoff, 1979. Gruber …” „… : Edouard Brunner, Geneva, 15 January 2003; Victor-Yves Ghébali, by phone, 18 July 2006; Hans-Jörg Renk …”

The Bucharest Appeal of 1966 on the Neutral States S. 84-86

„… in Geneva in 1955 by Prime Minister Nikolai Bulganin and Foreign Minister Molotov yet again fell on …”

Organization of the Work S. 165-167

„… in Dipoli and later in Geneva that would help unblock seemingly insurmountable impasses. The dispute …”

The Catalogue of Principles S. 187-189

„… and helped further prepare the ground for the future N+N cooperation in the Geneva phase of the …”

Opening Statements S. 162-164

„… the Geneva phase was no longer convened on the initiative of a single country, but conferred out of …”

Neutral Coordinators for the Informal Minigroups S. 185-187

„… further prepare the ground for the future N+N cooperation in the Geneva phase of the conference, since it …”

Yugoslavia S. 138-141

„… conference began in Geneva. 451 BAR, J.I. 223 1000/1318, 35, NL Bindschedler: Views of the Government of …”

Multilateral Détente in Europe S. 60-63

„… resulting in the 1955 “Spirit of Geneva” (with the Austrian State Treaty and the return of the Soviet …”

The Principle of Equal Participation and the Rule of Consensus S. 324-327

„… the Helsinki and Geneva talks is the application of a dual role strategy by these states, combining …”

Performance of the Neutral and Non-Aligned States S. 169-173

„… American side opted for Geneva as the venue for SALT, the Austrian Foreign Ministry feared even more that …”

Technical Preparations S. 151-155

„… Geneva. The preparatory talks in Dipoli were organized into four sessions. In the first phase (22 …”

Rules of Procedure S. 155-162

„… conference during the Geneva phase was no longer convened on the initiative of a single country, but …”

Ralph Enckell’s Mission (and the Second Finnish Memorandum) S. 111-120

„… R.C. Beetham (Helsinki), London, 11 September 1972. SALT was transferred to Geneva for stage two …”

Austria S. 120-128

„… the Swiss delegation to Geneva, was rather pessimistic about the notion of détente. Bindschedler was …”

The Role of a Neutral/Non-Aligned State and Possible Forms of Cooperation S. 141-150

„… common interests during the CSCE negotiations later, in Dipoli and, notably, Geneva. Cf. Renk, Der Weg …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845217703

Wolfgang Däubler - Der Kampf um einen weltweiten Tarifvertrag

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Wolfgang Däubler

Der Kampf um einen weltweiten Tarifvertrag

1997

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: International Labour Organization. Joint Maritime Commission (28th Session, Geneva, 22 October 1996) Report S. 117-122

„… Anhang 4: International Labour Organization Joint Maritime Commission (28th Session, Geneva, 22 …” „… October 1996) Report 1. The Joint Maritime Commission held its 28th Session in Geneva on 22 October 1996 …” „… approve the report on its proceedings. Geneva, 22 October 1996. (Signed) M. Zaharan, Chairman. 118 Annex I …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… th Session, Geneva, 22 October 1996) Report 117 7 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748922445

Michel Erpelding, Burkhard Hess, Hélène Ruiz Fabri - Peace Through Law

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Michel Erpelding (ed.), Burkhard Hess (ed.), Hélène Ruiz Fabri (ed.)

Peace Through Law

Series: Studies of the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International, European and Regulatory Procedural Law

Volume 16 2019

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Herbert Kronke Chapter 7 The Role of Private International Law: UNIDROIT and the Geneva Conventions on Arbitration S. 183-192

„… The Role of Private International Law: UNIDROIT and the Geneva Conventions on Arbitration Herbert …” „… Geneva Conventions.8 Ernst Rabel, who was since 1926 director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute9 and also …” „… work was put on hold and did not recommence until well after the war had ended. The Geneva Arbitration …”

Michel Erpelding Chapter 12 Local International Adjudication: The Groundbreaking ‘Experiment’ of the Arbitral Tribunal for Upper Silesia S. 277-322

„… held in situ. After an opening session in Geneva in November 1921, the conference moved to Upper …” „… negotiators returned to Geneva, where final talks took place from February to May 1922. A third distinctive …” „… Geneva, R633-11A-17237-17237. 16 Kaeckenbeeck (n 12) 11–19. Michel Erpelding 282 version, written in …”

Michael D Callahan Chapter 3 Preventing a Repetition of the Great War: Responding to International Terrorism in the 1930s S. 85-98

„… political support also severely undercut Geneva’s ability to confront other threats to peace, including …” „… state-supported terrorism. Still, Geneva’s two anti-terrorism conventions were significant for a number of reasons …” „… Geneva’s contributions to peace through law after the First World War, it is necessary to know how the …”

Christian J Tams Chapter 10 Peace Through International Adjudication: The Permanent Court of International Justice and the Post-War Order S. 215-238

„… international law in a world gradually moulded by ‘Geneva men’ and the ‘Geneva spirit’: ‘legal arguments were at …” „… vision of the post-war era—and it adds a further dimension: for while at Geneva, legal arguments were …” „… introduce compulsory arbitration or adjudication through a universal dispute settlement treaty, the (Geneva …”

Nathaniel Berman Chapter 1 Drama Through Law: The Versailles Treaty and the Casting of the Modern International Stage S. 29-64

„… International Experiment of Upper Silesia, Georges Kaeckenbeeck described the 1922 Geneva Convention for that …” „… that followed in its wake. The complex ‘international experiment’ constructed by the Geneva Convention …” „… ‘dangerous political operation’ for which the similarly mandated Geneva Convention ‘prescribed a regime of …”

Thomas D Grant Chapter 2 The League of Nations as a Universal Organization S. 65-84

„… Irish Free State. Its representatives having taken their places in Geneva, the Irish Free State was …” „… ‘Empire’ whilst at Geneva. It is because of these meetings that the British delegate has frequently …” „… record that Yemen’s request received consideration at Geneva. Other Aspects of Participation This is not …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… the Geneva Conventions on Arbitration Chapter 7 183 Herbert Kronke Article 231 of the Versailles …”

Michel Erpelding Introduction: Versailles and the Broadening of ‘Peace Through Law’ S. 11-28

„… , the International Chamber of Commerce produced the 1923 and 1927 Geneva instruments on commercial …”

León Castellanos-Jankiewicz Chapter 5 Negotiating Equality: Minority Protection in the Versailles Settlement S. 123-156

„… the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva with William Rappard in 1927. 91 ‘First …”

Marta Requejo Isidro, Burkhard Hess Chapter 11 International Adjudication of Private Rights: The Mixed Arbitral Tribunals in the Peace Treaties of 1919–1922 S. 239-276

„… Rechte und Interessen im Friedensvertrag (3rd edn, Vahlen 1923) 424. Geneva was chosen for the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845299167

Armin Frey - Zielerreichung internationaler Verträge

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Armin Frey

Zielerreichung internationaler Verträge

2008

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Anhang 2: Liste multilateraler Verträge bis Ende 2005 im Rahmen der Vereinten Nationen S. 302-340

„… Suppression of the Trafficin Women and Children. Geneva, 30 September 1921 19216 Convention and Statute on …” „… relating to the Non-Fortification and Neutralisation of the Aaland Islands. Geneva, 20 October 1921 192111 …” „… International Convention for the Suppression of the Circulation of and Traffic in Obscene Publications. Geneva …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845211626

Michael Agi - Zur Dogmatik des Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrundsatzes im Völkerrecht der bewaffneten Konflikte und im Völkerstrafrecht

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Michael Agi

Zur Dogmatik des Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrundsatzes im Völkerrecht der bewaffneten Konflikte und im Völkerstrafrecht

Series: Kölner Schriften zum Friedenssicherungsrecht - Cologne Studies on International Peace and Security Law - Études colonaises sur le droit de la paix et de la sécurité internationale

Volume 17 2022

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Literaturverzeichnis S. 301-322

„… , Organized by The University Center of International Humanitarian Law, Geneva, 12 May 2005, S. 5, abrufbar …” „… anniversary of the United Nations, Geneva, 19 – 21 October 1995, 19. Oktober 1995, abrufbar unter …” „… ff.Gaudreau, Julie: The reservations to the Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions for the protection …”

Kapitel III – Der vertragsdogmatische Ansatz S. 91-290

„… , Geneva, 1974–1977, in: ders. (Hrsg.), Reflections on the Law of War: Collected Essays, 2007, S. 217ff …” „… .), Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, ICRC …” „… in the Geneva Conventions (1864–1949) and the Additional Protocols of 1977, in: Swinarski, Christophe …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748928973

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