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Patrick Satish - Unternehmenskaufverträge nach indischem Recht aus deutscher Perspektive

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Patrick Satish

Unternehmenskaufverträge nach indischem Recht aus deutscher Perspektive

Series: Schriften zum europäischen, internationalen und vergleichenden Unternehmensrecht

Volume 7 2011

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Frauds S. 81-86

„… abstellt, berücksichtigt diese Auslegungsmethode die Interessen der Parteien stärker. V. Frauds Die frauds …” „… sich das Rechtsinstitut der frauds von den misrepresentations ab. Es spielt keine Rolle, ob die …” „… Geheimhaltung von Informationen begründet allerdings noch keine frauds.334 Dies erkennt das common law lediglich …”

Analyse aus deutscher Perspektive S. 86-90

„… Täuschungshandlungen (frauds) werden von Sec. 17 Indian Contract Act, 1872 erfasst. Die Rechtsfolgen ergeben sich aus …” „… Täuschungen vollzieht.345 Funktional ähnelt § 123 BGB dem Rechtsinstitut der frauds gem. Sec. 17 Indian …” „… , 1872 hingegen werden die frauds klar in den einzelnen Absätzen der Regelung definiert. Obwohl die …”

Allgemeine Pflichten während der Vertragsverhandlungen S. 21-31

„… Willensbeeinflussung des Vertragspartners wird durch das Rechtsinstitut der frauds geregelt, siehe unten: Kap. 1., B …” „… ). Dieser Tatbestand unterscheidet die misrepresentations vom Rechtsinstitut der frauds.24 Bei den …” „… Vertragsschluss veranlasst.37 In Abgrenzung zu den frauds (Sec. 17 Indian Contract Act, 1872) darf ein Verstoß …”

Analyse aus deutscher Perspektive S. 79-81

„… . Frauds Die frauds gem. Sec. 17 Indian Contract Act, 1872 schützen die Parteien vor der Entwicklung eines …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-16

„… . Frauds 81 1. Vorsätzliche Falschaussagen 82 2. Bewusste Geheimhaltung von Informationen 83 3 …”

Thesen S. 234-240

„… des Gerichtes angepasst.880 8. Arglistige Täuschungshandlungen (frauds) berechtigen nach Sec. 17 …”

Genehmigungserfordernisse für ausländische Direktinvestitionen S. 218-228

„… (fraud), keine schädigenden Absprachen (collusion) und keine betrügerischen Handlungen (deceit) verbunden …”

Gestaltung nach indischem Recht S. 110-127

„… wird der Käufer bei vorsätzlichen Falschangaben des Verkäufers durch das Rechtsinstitut der fraud gem …”

Indisches Recht S. 162-191

„… Zustandekommen des Schiedsspruchs durch Betrug (fraud) oder Korruption (corruption) beinflusst wurde. Hierbei …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845231969

Agnieszka Aleksandra Murawska (Nowakowska) - Administrative Anti-Fraud Measures within the European Union

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Agnieszka Aleksandra Murawska (Nowakowska)

Administrative Anti-Fraud Measures within the European Union

2008

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Fraud S. 38-39

„… and agencies established by the EC Treaty(including the ECB and the EIB).2. FraudThe instruments …” „… concerning the protection of the financial interests of the European Communities use the terms ‘fraud’ and …” „… differencesbetween them.Article 280 EC Treaty uses the term ‘fraud’, but it does not define it. The legaldefinition …”

Reports of the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) S. 237

„… ’ financialinterests and the fight against fraud, Implementation of Article 280 of the Treaty by theMember States in …” „… Communities’ financialinterests and the fight against fraud, Statistical Evaluation of Irregularities …” „… . Reports of the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) First report on operational activities 1 June 1999 – 31 …”

Historical development of anti-fraud mechanisms within the EC S. 62-63

„… 1.1 Historical development of anti-fraud mechanisms within the ECFollowing a series of large-scale …” „… fraud cases against the Community budget in the1960s, the Commission began to establish supervisory and …” „… co-ordinating functions to combat fraud that impacted on the financial interests of the EC.203 However, at this …”

Enlargement and acquis communautaire with regard to protection of EC financial interests against fraud S. 183-184

„… acquis communautaire with regard to protection of EC financial interests against fraudPrior to accession …” „… about the increase of fraud following enlargement.817To minimise the risk, OLAF assisted national …” „… create an efficient anti-fraud systemwith respect to the funds provided in the framework of the Accession …”

Draft Commission Decision amending its Decision (1999/352/EC, ECSC, EURATOM) of 28 April 1999 establishing the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) S. 199-200

„… efficiency of the fight against fraud, corruption andall other illegal activities detrimental to the …” „… 28 April 1999 establishing the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF)After the public hearing on OLAF in …” „… ) of 28 April 1999 establishing theEuropean Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF).890 They complement the proposed …”

UCLAF and the protection of the financial interests of the EC S. 63-65

„… 1987, the European Commission proposed the establishment ofanti-fraud cells within each department of …” „… established in 1988 withthe name of the Anti-Fraud Coordination Unit (UCLAF).211 Subsequently, in1995, the …” „… anti-fraud units of DG AGRI212 and DG TAXUD213 became part ofUCLAF.214 The main operational role of UCLAF …”

Preparation for accession S. 184-186

„… to protect the EuropeanCommunities’ financial interests against fraud and other irregularities820 …” „… investigations conducted by the European Anti-FraudOffice (OLAF).821 Furthermore, third pillar mechanisms had to …” „… countries, as well as supporting the establishment ofindependent anti-fraud co-ordination structures or …”

EC Decisions S. 230-232

„… European Investment Fund »OLAF: Decision on Measures to Combat Fraud»,Board of Directors Meeting of 14 June …” „… fraud prevention, OJ L 61, 4.03.1994, p. 27Decision (ECSC, EC, EURATOM) 94/262 of the European …” „… for nationalaccounts purposes of VAT fraud (the discrepancies between theoretical VAT receipts and231 …”

Reports of the European Commission S. 236-237

„… interests of the Communities; Fight against fraud,SEC(2005)973, SEC(2005)974237Annex to the Annual Report …” „… measures to fight against fraud affecting the Communitybudget, 20.11.1987, COM(87) 572 finalFifth Report of …” „… and the Fight against Fraud Annual Report 1999, Protecting the Communities’ Financial Interests; The …”

Decisions and recommendations of the European Ombudsman S. 248

„… complaint 781/2001/IJH as it relates to the EuropeanAnti-Fraud Office (OLAF) of 26 April 2002 Draft …” „… Ombudsman on complaint 1579/2002/IJH against the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) and the Commission of 23 …” „… July 2003Decision of the European Ombudsman on complaint 1625/2002/IJH against the European Anti-Fraud …”

Irregularities detrimental to the expenditures S. 46-48

„… called ‘VAT diversion fraud’).Although intra-Community VAT fraud does not have a direct impact on the …” „… particularly visible in cases of fraud involving intra-Communitytransactions. The current exemption mechanism …” „… the national tax administration (so-called ‘VATcarousel fraud’) or to claim undue repayments (so …”

Reporting obligations S. 49-51

„… . Scale of irregularities detrimental to EC financial interestsIn order to fight effectively against fraud …” „… this phenomenon.Although the Commission prepares and publishes annual reports on the fightagainst fraud …” „… financial interests of the European Communitiesand the fight against fraud are submitted to the European …”

Cases before the EU Civil Service Tribunal S. 247-248

„… 781/2001/IJH as it relates to the EuropeanAnti-Fraud Office (OLAF) of 26 April 2002 Draft recommendation to …” „… on complaint 1579/2002/IJH against the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) and the Commission of 23 …” „… July 2003Decision of the European Ombudsman on complaint 1625/2002/IJH against the European Anti-Fraud …”

Secondary law instruments S. 70-79

„… to protect the European Communities’financial interests against fraud and other irregularities, OJ L …” „… Decision 1999/352)The European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) was established by Commission Decision 1999/352 …” „… fraud, corruption, andother illegal activities against the EC financial interests. In addition to …”

Articles S. 218-226

„… lutte contre la fraudeCEE, in: Huybrechts/Marchandises/Tulkens, La lutte contre la fraude communautaire …” „… cadre de la fraudeCEE, in: Huybrechts/Marchandises/Tulkens, La lutte contre la fraude communautaire …” „… , Luc/Marchandises,Thierry/Tulkens, Françoise, La lutte contre la fraude communautaire dans la pratique, Bruxelles 1994, p. 209-225 …”

Articles S. 207-214

„… fraud,ELJ 2001, Vol. 7, No. 2, p. 219-237Häde, Ulrich, Die Finanzverfassung der Europäischen Gemeinschaften …” „… , The role of the European Court of Auditors in repression of Community fraud,International conference …” „… fight against fraud in the European Commission, London 2000Van den Wynagaert, Christina (ed.), Criminal …”

Reports of the European Court of Auditors S. 237-238

„… ’ financialinterests and the fight against fraud, Implementation of Article 280 of the Treaty by theMember States in …” „… Communities’ financialinterests and the fight against fraud, Statistical Evaluation of Irregularities …” „… . Reports of the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) First report on operational activities 1 June 1999 – 31 …”

Irregularities detrimental to the revenues S. 44-46

„… fraudulentactivities. This is particularly visible in cases of fraud involving intra-Communitytransactions. The current …” „… called ‘VAT diversion fraud’).Although intra-Community VAT fraud does not have a direct impact on the …” „… economic operators importing goodsinto the EU. Irregularities and fraud in this particular field occur when …”

Protection of financial interests in the Treaty of Maastricht S. 65-66

„… duplication of internal auditing services and ineffectiveness in performing its fraud investigation …” „… for mismanagement of funds, fraud and nepotism, andit resulted in an unprecedented act in the history …” „… report wasthe replacement of UCLAF with the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) byCommission Decision (EC …”

Primary law instruments S. 66-70

„… interests of the EC against irregularities and fraud – allocation of competencies and legal framework The …” „… and horizontally by the Member States. The legalframework for the fight against fraud is therefore …” „… Treaty). For the purposes of this thesis, the emphasis isplaced on the administrative anti-fraud measures …”

Irregularities S. 39-41

„… own resources, MemberStates are obliged to send the Commission a description of cases of fraud and …” „… resourcescollected directly on behalf of the Communities«. This would therefore not applyto so-called ‘VAT fraud …” „… clear distinction should be made between fraud and irregularities. Allfrauds are necessarily …”

Officials of the Member States S. 41-42

„… 41Fraud can be said to entail criminal intent, whilst irregularities have a much widerdefinition …” „… the risk of irregularity,before attempting the more precise analysis of fraud. The distinction between …” „… irregularities and frauds is made, because the criminal nature of frauds93 can onlybe determined following …”

Implementation of reporting obligations by the Member States S. 51-53

„… differentiate between cases ofirregularity and fraud.145It is very difficult to foresee trends in irregularities …” „… and Fight against Fraud, Statistical Evaluation of Irregularities-Agricultural, Structural and …” „… Report for 2002, Protection of the Financial Interests of the Community and Fight against Fraud …”

Corpus Juris S. 188-191

„… the common fight against fraud belongmostly to the intergovernmental sector (and remain within the …” „… law).The Member States are of the opinion that all improvements in the field of thefight against fraud and …” „… forcombating EU fraud in the Member States.843 Nevertheless, Corpus Juris has alsointroduced rules on criminal …”

Objective of the study S. 23-24

„… interests of the EC against fraud.Finally, the thesis attempts to shed light on the development of new …” „… . Instead of contributing to awareness-raising and theimprovement of the current anti-fraud strategies …” „… theanti-fraud measures existing at Community level, focusing in particular on thefight against fraud conducted …”

Conclusion S. 60-61

„… expertise to deal with the scale of Community fraud.200 3.3 ConclusionThe above analysis may lead to a …” „… , Ann/Harding, Christopher »Controlling Fraud within the EuropeanCommunity«, ELRev. 1991, Vol. 16, p. 29 et seq …” „… cases of fraud and irregularities (COM/2004/0850 final),not yet published in the OJ. 198 See Warner …”

The European Court of Auditors S. 156-159

„… a ‘catalyst in the fight against waste and fraud’.690 It has been entrustedwith the main task of …” „… conference on prevention and repression of Community fraud, Rome,24-26 May 2001; available at …” „… , p. 233-253 (p. 241 et seq.).157larity constitutes fraud.692 This clarification of the auditing …”

Institutional obstacles S. 59-60

„… regarded as less worthy of protection189 Pujas, Veronique »The European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF): a …” „… European policy to fightagainst economic and financial fraud?«, Journal of European Public Policy 2003, p …” „… Warner, Carolyne »Creating a Common Market for Fraud in the European Union«,loc. cit., p. 251.193 See …”

Legal obstacles S. 55-59

„… fraud and irregularities.Finally, in the context of the recent and forthcoming enlargements, there is …” „… inadequate for contesting transborder fraud.182 In cases of transnational financialfraud, dilatory actions of …” „… transmission of information between Member States and between the Member States and the European Anti-Fraud …”

Third-Pillar instruments aimed at harmonisation of Member State law S. 79-82

„… environmental sector.294 The possible applicationof this judgment in the fight against irregularities and fraud …” „… protection of the financial interests ofthe Community against fraud and any other illegal activities, OJ C …” „… eliminate loopholes and incompatibilities regarding fraud detrimental to the financial interests of the …”

Reports of the European Parliament S. 238-239

„… 238Special Report No. 1/2005 concerning the management of the European Anti-Fraud Office(OLAF …” „… . 1074/1999 concerninginvestigations conducted by the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), OJ C 202,18.08.2005 …” „… against fraud and any other illegal activities, OJ C 313, 9.12.2005, p. 1V. Reports of the Committee of …”

Problems within the new Member States S. 186-187

„… .832Finally, from 2001 the acceding countries participated in the OLAF Anti-FraudCommunicators Network …” „… , education of EU citizens and informing public opinion (i.e. the media) aboutthe fight against fraud and …” „… States with respect to the protectionof the financial EC interests against fraud have various features …”

Reform of Regulation (EC) No. 1073/99 S. 197-199

„… Regulation (EC) No. 1073/993.1.1 First draftsThe need for further changes of the anti-fraud legislation at …” „… Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), COM/2004/0103 final – COD 2004/0035.198guarantee that procedural rights of suspects …” „… Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF)The public hearing on strengthening OLAF, which took place in the EuropeanParliament …”

The Director-General of OLAF S. 95-98

„… 95Chapter VI. The European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) 1. BackgroundThe European Anti-Fraud Office was …” „… establishing the European Anti-Fraud Office(OLAF) 1999/352 (EC, ECSC, EURATOM), notified under document number …” „… an Independent European Agency to Fight Fraud and Corruption in the EU?«, l.c., p. 331 et seq. 96 …”

Communications S. 232-233

„… internal investigations in relation to the prevention of fraud, corruption and any illegalactivity …” „… of the Supervisory Committeeof the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), OJ L 312, 29.11.2005, p. 49 …” „… resolution on the Commission report on the evaluation of the activities ofthe European Anti-Fraud Office …”

Reports of the Committee of Independent Experts S. 238

„… 238Special Report No. 1/2005 concerning the management of the European Anti-Fraud Office(OLAF …” „… . 1074/1999 concerninginvestigations conducted by the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), OJ C 202,18.08.2005 …” „… against fraud and any other illegal activities, OJ C 313, 9.12.2005, p. 1V. Reports of the Committee of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-18

„… Agnieszka Aleksandra Murawska (Nowakowska)Administrative Anti-Fraud Measures within the European …” „… Other expenditures 371.2 Other financial resources 372. Fraud 383. Irregularities 3984. Perpetrators of …” „… fraud affecting the revenues of the EC budget 455.2 Irregularities detrimental to the expenditures …”

Reports of the Supervisory Committee S. 237

„… ’ financialinterests and the fight against fraud, Implementation of Article 280 of the Treaty by theMember States in …” „… Communities’ financialinterests and the fight against fraud, Statistical Evaluation of Irregularities …” „… . Reports of the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) First report on operational activities 1 June 1999 – 31 …”

Books S. 205-207

„… , Judicial Review Handbook, 4th edition, Oxford 2004206Garcin, Delphine, La répression de la fraude au …” „… Huybrechts, Luc/Marchandise, Thierry/Tulkens, Françoise, La lutte contre la fraude communautaire dans la …” „… fraud in the European Commission, London 2000Van den Wynagaert, Christina (ed.), Criminal Procedure …”

Other financial resources S. 37-38

„… EC Treaty(including the ECB and the EIB).2. FraudThe instruments concerning the protection of the …” „… financial interests of the European Communities use the terms ‘fraud’ and ‘irregularities’. It is therefore …” „… Treaty uses the term ‘fraud’, but it does not define it. The legaldefinition of ‘fraud affecting the …”

Draft Article 280a EC Treaty S. 191-193

„… and the Member States shallcounter fraud and any other illegal activities affecting the financial …” „… same measures to counter fraud affecting the financial interests ofthe Community as they take to …” „… counter fraud affecting their own financial interests. 3. Without prejudice to other provisions of this …”

Methodology S. 24-25

„… of the financial interests of the EC against fraud.Finally, the thesis attempts to shed light on the …” „… strengtheningthe effectiveness of prevention and detection of irregularities and fraud. Especially in the light of …” „… articles. The second phase was conducted at the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF)in Brussels. Research in …”

Assessment by the ECA S. 101-102

„… ) concerning investigations conducted by the Fraud Office (1999/C 154/01), p. 2. 413 European Court of Auditors …” „… , Special Report No. 1/2005 concerning the management ofthe European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), together with …” „… European Court of Auditors, Special Report No. 1/2005 concerning the management ofthe European Anti-Fraud …”

Conclusions S. 202-204

„… ’ co-operationbetween Member States towards a ‘verticalisation’ of the fight against EC fraud.The Corpus Juris project …” „… and activity of the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) must beseen as an important and positive …” „… how best to combat fraud againstthe EC budget in the absence of a harmonised approach.203When it comes …”

Consequences of irregularities S. 53-55

„… and fraud against the financial interests ofthe European Communities may be divided into several …” „… Secretary to the British Treasurycorrectly pointed out that irregularities and fraud »ultimately impose a …” „… defrauded resources to finance other criminal activi-156 See Commission Communication »Fraud in the transit …”

Other documents and materials S. 234-235

„… 2348. Other documents and materialsEuropean Community, Prevention of Frauds against the …” „… the European Communities concerning internalinvestigations by the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) OJ …” „… , Opinion 2/03 on the Commission report, evaluation of the activities of the European Anti-Fraud Office …”

EC Resolutions S. 232

„… internal investigations in relation to the prevention of fraud, corruption and any illegalactivity …” „… of the Supervisory Committeeof the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), OJ L 312, 29.11.2005, p. 49 …” „… resolution on the Commission report on the evaluation of the activities ofthe European Anti-Fraud Office …”

Constitutional Treaty S. 195-197

„… large-scale fraud within EU867, to criticisms that expressed doubts about the need for the new body (from most …” „… legislative acts against fraud and corruption. This uniformtreatment guarantees institutional consistency and …” „… should have competencies in the fieldof Community fraud and would be responsible for investigation and …”

External investigations S. 102-111

„… , intelligence and draftinganti-fraud policy. OLAF competencies are enshrined in a variety of legal instruments …” „… against fraud. OLAF is also responsible forfollow-up of its investigations (judicial or disciplinary) and …” „… strategic analysis, development of anti-fraud policy through draft-103ing legislative proposals, and …”

The European Parliament S. 155-156

„… of checks,the prevention, prosecution and punishment of fraud and irregularities affectingthe budget …” „… fraud presented in: WhiteSimone »Protection of the financial interests of the European Communities: The …” „… fightagainst fraud and corruption«, The Hague/London/Boston 1998, p. 40-43.686 The EP made use of this function …”

Legislative proposals S. 233-234

„… protection of the financial interests of the Community against fraud andany other illegal activities …” „… amending Regulation (EC) No. 1073/1999 concerning investigations conducted bythe European Anti-Fraud Office …” „… amending its Decision (1999/352/EC, ECSC, EURA-TOM) of 28 April 1999 establishing the European Anti-Fraud …”

Obligations of whistleblowers S. 142-144

„… possible illegal activity, including fraud637 See OLAF Manual, l.c., p. 67.638 Id.639 Id.640 See Dehn, Guy …” „… the persons in equivalent positions,or the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) direct«.641This means …” „… an obligation, the Staff Regulations aim at underlining its importance in the control of fraud and …”

Background S. 95

„… 95Chapter VI. The European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) 1. BackgroundThe European Anti-Fraud Office was …” „… establishing the European Anti-Fraud Office(OLAF) 1999/352 (EC, ECSC, EURATOM), notified under document number …” „… an Independent European Agency to Fight Fraud and Corruption in the EU?«, l.c., p. 331 et seq. …”

Appendix G. Press releases S. 249

„… /02/1315Commission Press Release of 18.10.2002, »The fight against fraud: Major EU measure entersinto force …” „… «, IP/02/1515 Press Release OLAF/06/2003 of 20.02.2003, »OLAF reinforces the fight against fraud in …” „… European Investment Bank (EIB) concerning fraud prevention andcooperation with the European Anti-Fraud …”

Assessment by the Supervisory Committee S. 99-101

„… April 1999 establishing the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF). 402 The problem of independence of OLAF …” „… Commission’s report;Evaluation of the activities of the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) of 18 June 2003,OLAF …” „… Council Regulation (EC, EURATOM) concerning investigations conducted by the Fraud Office (1999/C 154/01 …”

Introduction – competences and procedure S. 159-161

„… conducted by the Fraud Office, OJ C 154,1.06.1999, p. 1; Opinion No. 9/2001 on a proposal for a Directive of …” „… bythe European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), OJ C 202, 18.08.2005, p. 33; Opinion No. 8/2005on a proposal …” „… the protection of the financial interests of the Communityagainst fraud and any other illegal …”

Outline S. 25-26

„… of the financial interests of theEuropean Communities against irregularities and fraud.It must be …” „… the Community anti-fraud policy. This research focuses primarily on the administrative anti-fraud …” „… (Protection d’intérêts financiers).26Communities against fraud. The emphasis is placed on the administrative …”

Rights granted to whistleblowers S. 147-150

„… EuropeanAnti-Fraud Office of 3.07.2003, available at Fraud Office of 3 July …” „… Anti-Fraud Office of 6 June 2005.668 See also Annual Report of the European Ombudsman, p. 58.669 See …”

The Supervisory Committee S. 154-155

„… Anti-Fraud Office«, 24th Report of Session 2003-04, Report with Evidence, HL Paper 139, p.13 et seq.682 See …” „… punishment of fraud and irregularities affectingthe budget of the European Union, and the protection of the …” „… role of the EP in the fight against fraud presented in: WhiteSimone »Protection of the financial …”

EC Regulations S. 227-230

„… out by the Commission in order to protect the European Communities’ financial interests against fraud …” „… of 25 May 1999concerning investigations conducted by the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) OJ L …” „… by the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) OJ L 136, 31.05.1999, p. 8Council Regulation (EC) No …”

Internal investigations S. 111-113

„… the European Communities. They aim at »fighting fraud, corruption and any other illegalactivity …” „… had set up their own internal institutional apparatusfor fighting fraud. The Court held that …” „… entitled to take the view that it was necessary, for the purposes of strengthening thefight against fraud …”

Legal character of OLAF investigations S. 119-121

„… the purpose to falsify or prove asuspicion of fraud and may prepare national criminal prosecution.513 …” „… fightagainst fraud«, ELJ 2001, Vol. 7, No. 2, p. 227. 513 This opinion also Nelles, Ursula »Europäisierung des …” „… Sabine/Zeitler, Elisabeth »Fair trialrights and the European Community’s fight against fraud«, ELJ 2001, Vol. 7 …”

The Immunities and Privileges S. 135-137

„… investigations was a new achievement after the fraud case within the Santer Commission. However, this competence …” „… amending Regulation (EC) No. 1073/1999 concerning investigations conducted by the European Anti-Fraud …” „… capacity, including words spokenor written.«137munity for Commissioners in fraud cases.612 Moreover …”

Conclusion S. 102

„… , intelligence and draftinganti-fraud policy. OLAF competencies are enshrined in a variety of legal instruments …” „… against fraud. OLAF is also responsible forfollow-up of its investigations (judicial or disciplinary) and …” „… strategic analysis, development of anti-fraud policy through draft- …”

Books S. 215-218

„… suitable case for treatment: Anti-Fraud Audit by the EU, in: David Hume Institute,Fraud on the European …” „… , Fabienne, Les instruments juridiques belges de lutte contre la fraude auxintérêts financiers des …” „… , Luc/Marchandises,Thierry/Tulkens, Françoise, La lutte contre la fraude communautaire dans la pratique, Bruxelles 1994, p. 209-225 …”

Council documents S. 233

„… protection of the financial interests of the Community against fraud andany other illegal activities …” „… amending Regulation (EC) No. 1073/1999 concerning investigations conducted bythe European Anti-Fraud Office …” „… amending its Decision (1999/352/EC, ECSC, EURA-TOM) of 28 April 1999 establishing the European Anti-Fraud …”

Outcome of Ombudsman’s inquiries S. 161-164

„… /(BB)PB against theEuropean Anti-Fraud Office of 6 June 2005.162The procedure on the steps following the …” „… with respect to complaint 1579/2002/IJH against the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) and theCommission …” „… EuropeanAnti-Fraud Office (OLAF) and the Commission, 23 July 2003, available at …”

Conclusions and prospects S. 93-94

„… in Article 2 of the Conventionas fraud involving a minimum amount of ECU 50.000. Where the amount of …” „… grants of companies or individuals that committed offencesof fraud or corruption detrimental to the …” „… the EU budget) and 280 EC Treaty (fight against fraud). The main legal problems that arise in this …”

Official secrecy S. 137-138

„… 137munity for Commissioners in fraud cases.612 Moreover, national judicial authorities are …” „… the Commission on theinvestigations conducted by the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF). The MEPsargued …” „… fraud and corruption«, p. 166.617 Pursuant to the interinstitutional agreement, see Table 3 attached at …”

Sanctions imposed by the Community and the Member States S. 85-86

„… control329); in anti-fraud policy, this competence concerns for example the agricultural sector.330 2.3.2 …” „… of the European Communities: The fightagainst fraud and corruption«, l.c., p. 37.327 White, S …” „… . »Protection of the Financial Interests of the European Communities: The fightagainst fraud and corruption …”

Officials of the European Communities S. 42-43

„… Moreover, fraud and irregularities within the Community institutions damage their credibility and may be …” „… fraud, notably the Unit for the Coordinationof Fraud Prevention (UCLAF).105 See Zieschang, Frank »Das …”

Addressee of the sanctions S. 84-85

„… (such as antitrust law328 or merger control329); in anti-fraud policy, this competence concerns for …” „… , S. »Protection of the Financial Interests of the European Communities: The fightagainst fraud and …” „… : The fightagainst fraud and corruption«, l.c., p. 37.328 Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No …”

Criminal penalties S. 92-93

„… in Article 2 of the Conventionas fraud involving a minimum amount of ECU 50.000. Where the amount of …” „… grants of companies or individuals that committed offencesof fraud or corruption detrimental to the …” „… the EU budget) and 280 EC Treaty (fight against fraud). The main legal problems that arise in this …”

Principle of proportionality S. 113-114

„… apparatusfor fighting fraud. The Court held that notwithstanding the existence of controlmechanisms specific to …” „… the purposes of strengthening thefight against fraud, to set up a control mechanism that is …” „… Communities concerninginternal investigations by the European Anti-Fraud Office, OJ L 136, 31.05.1999, p …”

Internal procedure of whistleblowing S. 144-145

„… , his/her Director General, the Secretary-Generalof the Commission or directly to the European Anti-Fraud …” „… Multilingual Information Gathering System for the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF).648 See Schmidt, Matthias …” „… Council of 25 May1999 concerning investigations conducted by the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF …”

Supervisory Committee S. 98-99

„… . 2005/833 of 4 November 2005 appointing the members of the Supervisory Committee of the European Anti-Fraud …” „… : Rosalind Wright(Chairman of the Fraud Advisory Panel, UK), Kálmán Györgyi (Commissioner for theCodification …” „… . 401 Article 6 of the Commission decision of 28 April 1999 establishing the European Anti-Fraud Office …”

Rights to be protected S. 121-135

„… Regulation (EC) No. 1073/99 concerninginvestigations conducted by the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), COM …” „… ) No. 1073/1999 concerning investigations conducted by theEuropean Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) (presented …” „… they hadrequested sight of all communications between the anti-fraud office and the Commission …”

Delimitation of the research S. 25

„… the Community anti-fraud policy. This research focuses primarily on the administrative anti-fraud …”

General remarks S. 188

„… the common fight against fraud belongmostly to the intergovernmental sector (and remain within the …” „… law).The Member States are of the opinion that all improvements in the field of thefight against fraud and …” „… pillar of theEU. On the other hand, if one takes the point of view that the fight against fraudis, or …”

Merit of claim S. 170

„… ’ resources, the CFI held that reports and relevant recommendations adopted under the Union’s anti-fraud …” „… irregularities or frauds detected and suggest follow-up action,but it is the duty of the national authorities to …”

EC Directives S. 230

„… fraud prevention, OJ L 61, 4.03.1994, p. 27Decision (ECSC, EC, EURATOM) 94/262 of the European …” „… for nationalaccounts purposes of VAT fraud (the discrepancies between theoretical VAT receipts and …”

List of abbreviations S. 19-22

„… ReviewCMS Case Management SystemCoCoLaF Advisory Committee for the Co-ordination of Fraud PreventionCrim.L.R …” „… Antifraude (fr.), European Anti-Fraud OfficeÖJZ Österreichische Juristen-ZeitungÖV Öffentliche Verwaltungp …”

Whistleblowers S. 141-142

„… inform OLAF of suspected irregularities, fraud or other matters falling within the legal competence of …” „… existence of possible illegal activity, including fraud637 See OLAF Manual, l.c., p. 67.638 Id.639 Id.640 …” „… OLAF, according to Article 22a(1) and 22b(1) of the Staff Regulations. 632 on alleged fraudulent …”

Conclusions S. 151-152

„… prosecution or other advantages should be granted to the fraud offenders who have decided to blow the whistle …” „… . Although these methods could encourage the disclosure of fraud, they risk promoting a system of …” „… blackmailing andbargaining among persons involved in fraudulent actions, which would result inthe continuation …”

The Community budget S. 27-37

„… shall take the same measuresto counter fraud affecting the financial interests of the Community as they …” „… take tocounter fraud affecting their own financial interests. Without prejudice to otherprovisions of …” „… the Community against fraud. To this end theyshall organize, with the help of the Commission, close …”

Background S. 139-140

„… . BackgroundWhistleblowers may play an important role in the fight against irregularities,fraud and other wrongdoings. They …” „… Whistle: One man’s fight against fraud in the European Commission«,London 2000.623 The importance of this …”

Accountability mechanism – OLAF reports S. 153-154

„… Protectionof the Financial Interests of the Communities and the Fight against Fraud. Moreover, pursuant to …” „… House of Lords, European Union Committee »Strengthening OLAF, the European Anti-Fraud Office«, 24th …”

General remarks S. 118-119

„… European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF). This amended Regulation is still in the process of consultations.502 …” „… Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), COM(2006) 244.503 Geddes, A. »Protection of Individual Rights under EC law«, l.c …”

Protection of persons who suffered retaliation S. 150-151

„… informationto the Office relating to a suspected fraud or irregularity may, upon request, beinformed by the …” „… investigations conducted by theEuropean Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) (presented by the Commission), 24.05.2006,COM …”

Complaints for failure to act according to Article 232(3) EC Treaty S. 170-171

„… ’ resources, the CFI held that reports and relevant recommendations adopted under the Union’s anti-fraud …” „… irregularities or frauds detected and suggest follow-up action,but it is the duty of the national authorities to …”

Admissibility of the complaint S. 166-170

„… relevant recommendations adopted under the Union’s anti-fraud bodies (previously UCLAF, nowOLAF) are not …” „… concerned. These reports notify the nationalauthorities of any irregularities or frauds detected and suggest …”

Reports of the European Ombudsman S. 239

„… draftrecommendation to the European Anti-Fraud Office in complaint 2485/2004/GG1 All reports of the European Ombudsman …”

Appendix H. Internet sources S. 250

„… Anti-Fraud Officehttp://ec.europa.eu/dgs/olaf/European Commission http://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htmEuropean …”

Sanctions as policy and enforcement element of EC law S. 83

„… for anefficient anti-fraud policy; sanctions must complement and complete the policyof prevention and …”

Witnesses S. 142

„… possible illegal activity, including fraud637 See OLAF Manual, l.c., p. 67.638 Id.639 Id.640 See Dehn, Guy …”

Anonymous sources S. 142

„… possible illegal activity, including fraud637 See OLAF Manual, l.c., p. 67.638 Id.639 Id.640 See Dehn, Guy …”

Scope of the review of OLAF investigations by the European Ombudsman S. 161

„… /(BB)PB against theEuropean Anti-Fraud Office of 6 June 2005. …”

The Staff S. 99

„… April 1999 establishing the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF). 402 The problem of independence of OLAF …” „… effectiveness of the entire anti-fraudstrategy of the European Community.404 This issue is important, especially …”

Impact of the review of OLAF investigations by the European Ombudsman S. 164-165

„… against the EuropeanAnti-Fraud Office (OLAF) and the Commission, 23 July 2003, available at …”

Principle of internal organisational autonomy of EC institution S. 116-117

„… a presumption of the existence of possible cases of fraud, corruption or any other illegal activity …”

Charter of fundamental rights S. 200-201

„… Anti-FraudOffice (OLAF). 893 See analysis of the decisions of the Ombudsman and the case law of the Community …”

Functions of sanctions S. 83-84

„… for anefficient anti-fraud policy; sanctions must complement and complete the policyof prevention and …”

Principles for imposing sanctions S. 86-87

„… fight against fraud and corruption«,l.c., p. 37.342 See Haekerrup, N. »Controls and Sanctions«, l.c., p …”

Informants S. 140-141

„… suspected irregularities, fraud or other matters falling within the legal competence of OLAF, according to …” „… Article 22a(1) and 22b(1) of the Staff Regulations. 632 on alleged fraudulent activities, which is more …”

Economic operators S. 43-44

„… economic operators importing goodsinto the EU. Irregularities and fraud in this particular field occur when …”

Administrative measures S. 87-88

„… fight against fraud and corruption«,l.c., p. 37.342 See Haekerrup, N. »Controls and Sanctions«, l.c., p …”

External procedure of whistleblowing S. 145-146

„… Council of 25 May1999 concerning investigations conducted by the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF …”

Commission Draft Directive of 23 May 2001 on protection of EU funds under criminal law S. 193-194

„… offences (fraud, corruption, money laundering) that damage the Community’s finances, as well as common …”

Limitations with respect to enforcement S. 115-116

„… the existence of possible cases of fraud, corruption or any other illegal activity detrimental to the …”

Green Paper on criminal-law protection of the financial interests of the Community S. 194-195

„… the EPP as an effective solution against large-scale fraud within EU867, to criticisms that expressed …”

Complaint to the European Union Civil Service Tribunal according to Article 236 EC Treaty in conjunction with Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No. 1073/99 and Article 90 of the Staff Regulations S. 180-182

„… , Andrew »Fraud, mismanagementand nepotism: The Committee of Independent Experts and the fall of the …”

ECJ S. 171-175

„… fraud and any otherillegal activity detrimental to EC financial interests, it was also equally in the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845206615

Reiner Schulze - Common European Sales Law (CESL)

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Reiner Schulze (ed.)

Common European Sales Law (CESL)

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2012

Results in this title

Article 49 Fraud S. 301-309

„… case of fraud. Fraud in this sense includes active fraudulent misrepresentations as well as cases where …” „… induced the conclusion of the contract. Fraud covers two cases, which are: fraudulent misrepresentation …” „… contractual situation under the standard of good faith. Fraud The non-disclosure has to be fraudulent: the …”

Article 55 Damages for loss S. 330-334

„… mistake or a fraud only relate to a certain term or a certain group of terms and the contract can …” „… in cases of fraud, threat or unfair exploitation. These particular references are expressly stated by …” „… party for loss suffered as a result of the mistake, fraud, threats or unfair exploitation, provided that …”

Article 56 Exclusion or restriction of remedies S. 334-337

„… fraud or a threat.6 If the contract was not avoided, the party may claim its losses because of the …” „… difference between the true facts and the erroneous assumptions made in mistake or as a consequence of fraud …” „… entitled party’s own decision not to avoid an avoidable contract. In cases of mistake or fraud, they should …”

Article 174 Payment for use and interest on money received S. 741-747

„… avoided because of fraud, threats and unfair exploitation. 3. For the purposes of this Chapter, a …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Article 174 Common European Sales Law (P) 704 Lehmann 70 3. Fraud, threats and unfair exploitation …” „… principle that a party that has committed fraud, used threats or unfairly exploited the co-contractor …”

Article 52 Notice of avoidance S. 321-324

„… freely: (a) six months in case of mistake; and (b) one year in case of fraud, threats and unfair …” „… limit is considerably longer for cases of fraud, threat or exploitation because these cases constitute …” „… or fraud or exploitation (cases of relationship of trust, improvidence, ignorance or lack of …”

Article 53 Confirmation S. 324-327

„… relevant circumstances relates to avoidance because of mistake or fraud or exploitation (cases of …” „… fraud, threat or exploitation, a mistake can usually be attributed (also) to the mistaken party. If the …” „… relevant circumstances relates to avoidance because of mistake or fraud or exploitation (cases of …”

Article 57 Choice of remedy S. 337-340

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 A. Function I. Main ideas, underlying principles, purpose In cases of a mistake or fraud, the …” „… fraud on the side of the buyer about his solvency. Furthermore, an overlap may occur in case of a …”

Article 28 Duty to ensure that information supplied is correct S. 209-212

„… regarding incorrect or misleading information are fulfilled (art 48). The rules on mistake and fraud are …” „… , ‘General Introduction’, in Sefton-Green (ed), Mistake, Fraud and Duties to Inform in European Contract Law …”

Article 54 Effects of avoidance S. 327-330

„… applicable national law. Typical cases for a partial avoidance include cases where a mistake or a fraud only …” „… provide for a stronger claim in favour of parties which have avoided the contract in cases of fraud …”

Article 48 Mistake S. 291-301

„… govern questions of fraud and threat, there is no provision on ‘statements’ made in the state of sleep …” „… the case that the other party made the same mistake. Causation of the mistake Whereas fraud is …” „… )(b)(iii) would better be replaced by a direct reference to an objective observer.32 Article 49 Fraud 1. A …”

Article 23 Duty to disclose information about goods and related services S. 195-200

„… to art 23 does feature in other sets of model rules, though in the context of fraud.4 This context …” „… and 49, which contains the rules on the effects of fraud. As regards specific pre-contractual …”

EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM Explanatory Memorandum S. 788-817

„… of contracts resulting from mistake, fraud, threat or unfair exploitation. Part III ‘Assessing what …” „… , fraud, threat and exploitation 48 17 – invalidity of 22 4 consideration 30 10 consumer – consumer …” „… loss 161 1 et seqq – fraud 55 13 – full compensation 160 1 – indemnity interest 160 1 – liquidated …”

Article 178 Rights subject to prescription S. 759-762

„… consumer contracts; – art 55: damages for loss suffered as a result of mistake, fraud etc; – art 97(3 …”

Article 173 Payment for monetary value S. 728-741

„… . They could be considered as problematic eg where avoidance is caused by a fraud of the seller (cf art …” „… recipient gave cause for the contract to be avoided because of fraud, threats and unfair exploitation. 3 …”

Article 125 Place of payment S. 580-584

„… payment can get lost in many ways, including mishandling, fraud, insolvency or confiscation. If payment …”

Article 175 Compensation for expenditure S. 747-751

„… interest if he committed fraud, used threats or unfairly exploited the other party. This rule may disfavour …”

Article 29 Remedies for breach of information duties S. 212-216

„… without prejudice to those concerned with mistake and fraud (arts 48–49). These rules can not be excluded …”

Article 159 Right to damages S. 672-676

„… mistake, fraud, threats, or unfair exploitation can be dealt with art 55. Here, too, liability for damages …”

Article 126 Time of payment S. 584-589

„… assets from its creditors, or to facilitate tax fraud. Second, even interests that are not illegitimate …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-17

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 48 254 Fraud …”

Article 8 Agreement on the use of the Common European Sales Law S. 94-99

„… ) on good faith, remedies for fraud, threats or unfair exploitation (cf art 56 CESL [P]), art 70 CESL …”

Article 51 Unfair exploitation S. 313-321

„… freely: (a) six months in case of mistake; and (b) one year in case of fraud, threats and unfair …”

Article 89 Change of circumstances S. 452-463

„… contract to be avoided due to mistake, fraud, threat, unfair exploitation and also by the consumer in the …”

Article 1 Objective and subject matter S. 38-50

„… withdrawal and its consequences, avoidance of the contract resulting from a mistake, fraud, threats or unfair …”

Article 172 Restitution on avoidance or termination S. 716-728

„… has been avoided in accordance with arts 48–52 for some defect in consent, eg mistake, fraud or …”

Article 72 Merger clauses S. 388-391

„… clause can be a tool to discourage fraudulent reliance on pre-contractual statements that are only …”

Article 87 Non-performance and fundamental non-performance S. 433-445

„… Article 87 Zoll 405 29 30 31 caused by the debtor’s fraudulent actions. In such cases the continuation of …” „… integrity of the party. This category encompasses the fraudulent actions of the debtor eg fraudulent …”

Article 109 Cure by the seller S. 532-540

„… conformity (eg dangerous defect), disloyal behaviour (fraudulent action, omission in providing required …”

Article 185 Effects of prescription S. 775-777

„… condition that the claim was not prescribed, or in cases where the creditor fraudulently induced the debtor …”

Article 186 Agreements concerning prescription S. 777-780

„… the condition that the claim was not prescribed, or in cases where the creditor fraudulently induced …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845265469

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Peter Mankowski (ed.)

Commercial Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2018

Results in this title

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.5 (Fraud) S. 543

„… Art. 3.2.16.7 Article 3.2.5 (Fraud) A party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude …” „… Advantage1 According to the mandatory2 (→ Art. 3.1.4) provision in Art. 3.2.5, fraud (by a party or even a …” „… the contract by the other party’s fraudulent representation, including language or practices, or …”

Stefan Kröll Article 4 Credits v. Contracts S. 1430-1432

„… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4. The fraud exception …” „… and its limitations in form of the fraud exception. Due to the contractual nature of the UCP, the role …” „… credit issued. The existence and the extent of the fraud exception as well as the procedural means to …”

Peter Mankowski Article 11 S. 437

„… specialis to (1), lets (contractual not tortious)13 a claim based on fraud (regardless whether committed …” „… before or after the conclusion of the contract), accrue on the date on which the fraud happened or …” „… reasonably could have been discovered. The Convention does not develop an autonomous concept of fraud and …”

Peter Mankowski Article 12 S. 437-438

„… specialis to (1), lets (contractual not tortious)13 a claim based on fraud (regardless whether committed …” „… before or after the conclusion of the contract), accrue on the date on which the fraud happened or …” „… reasonably could have been discovered. The Convention does not develop an autonomous concept of fraud and …”

Stefan Kröll Article 35 Disclaimer on Transmission and Translation S. 1494-1495

„… disclaimer also extends to cases of letter of credit fraud, unless the bank is a part of that or has been …” „… notified of the fraud and been presented liquid evidence of it. A mere notice of fraud is not sufficient as …” „… evidence. Article 34 allocates the risk of fraud to the applicant which has to prove it with “liquid proofs …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.8 (Third persons) S. 548

„… Article 3.2.8 (Third persons) (1) Where fraud, threat, gross disparity or a party’s mistake is …” „… that of the party itself. (2) Where fraud, threat or gross disparity is imputable to a third person for …” „… to have known of the fraud, threat or disparity, or has not at the time of avoidance reasonably acted …”

Peter Mankowski Article 10 S. 435-436

„… fraud, e.g. claims for the restitution of advance payments where the performance under contract is …” „… based on fraud committed before or at the time of the conclusion of the contract or during its …” „… performance shall accrue on the date on which the fraud was or reasonably could have been discovered. Art. 10 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.16 (Damages) S. 557

„… also in case of avoidance (e.g. because of a fraud in the context of selling a used machine from one …” „… claim of a fraudster.5 The general principle underlying Art. 7.4.7 (Art. 1.6(2)) on contributory …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.1.4 (Mandatory character of the provisions) S. 537

„… Article 3.1.4 (Mandatory character of the provisions) The provisions on fraud, threat, gross disparity and …” „… principles which tackle with ‘‘serious‘ grounds for invalidity”,1 namely fraud (Art. 3.2.5, including …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.1.3 (Initial impossibility) S. 537

„… Article 3.1.4 (Mandatory character of the provisions) The provisions on fraud, threat, gross disparity and …” „… principles which tackle with ‘‘serious‘ grounds for invalidity”,1 namely fraud (Art. 3.2.5, including …”

Stefan Kröll Article 8 Confirming Bank Undertaking S. 1440-1441

„… practice of discounting letters of credit if a letter of credit fraud is established between the time the …” „… obligated to reimburse even if the letter of credit fraud has been discovered before the maturity of the …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 17 CISG S. 79-80

„… alternative or concurrent source of remedy where Art. 16 applies,50 although claims for fraud are beyond the …” „… CISG’s scope, thus domestic actions for fraud in tort or delict remain available.51 For an overview of …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 31 Timely Notice of Complaints S. 1228-1229

„… the case of fraud on its part. I. Overview As was the case under Article 26 of the Warsaw Convention …” „… to provide notice within these time frames abolishes the right to recover, absent fraud on the part …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.15 (Restitution) S. 554-556

„… , i.e. the ground for avoidance (in order to avoid, for example, upholding the consequences of a fraud)8 …” „… be ‘appropriate’ to require more efforts from a fraudster than from a mistaken party).9 Second Step …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 30 Effects of insolvency S. 1391-1394

„… in fraud of creditors; or (b) any rules of procedure relating to the enforcement of rights to …” „… those avoidance rules targeting preferences or transfers in fraud of creditors, but concedes that those …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 16 CISG S. 74-78

„… Only in the case of fraud will alternative or concurrent actions in domestic tort or delict arise …” „… , since fraud is beyond the CISG’s scope. IV. Exercise of right of revocation and timing An offeror not …”

Stefan Kröll Article 39 Assignment of Proceeds S. 1504-1531

„… – fraud UNIDROIT 3.2.5 – gross disparity UNIDROIT 3.2.7 – loss of right to avoid UNIDROIT 3.2.10 …” „… CISG 14 3 et seqq. – sufficiently definite CISG 14 8 Fraud – agent acting without or exceeding its …” „… – UNIDROIT 3.1.4 1 – overlap with fraud UNIDROIT 3.1.5 1 – time limits for avoidance of individual terms …”

Peter Mankowski Article 9 S. 435

„… fraud, e.g. claims for the restitution of advance payments where the performance under contract is …”

Peter Mankowski Article 11 CISG S. 52

„… Del Duca, ‘Implementation of Contract Formation Statute of Frauds, Parol Evidence, and Battle of Forms …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.5 (Effect of performance or set-off) S. 794

„… and (b) that any mistake (Arts. 3.2.1 et seq.), fraud (Art. 3.2.5), threat (Art. 3.2.6) or gross …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.1 (Express and implied obligations) S. 571

„… literally evaporated within months after some reported fraud of a small number of consultants in Texas …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.8 (Payment by funds transfer) S. 608

„… e-mail communication by a fraudster offer hacking previous e-mail communication between the parties …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.2.6 (Liability of agent acting without or exceeding its authority) S. 530

„… extremely rare cases of fraud (see e.g. for Germany BGH, Judgment from 17 May 1988 – VI ZR 233/87, NJW 1989 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.2.5 (Agent acting without or exceeding its authority) S. 529

„… prior transactions).13 In cases of fraud by the agent, the interpretation of the principal’s behaviour …”

Peter Mankowski Article 96 CISG S. 413

„… Louis F. Del Duca, ‘Implementation of Contract Formation: Statute of Frauds, Parol Art. 96 CISG Peter …”

Stefan Kröll Article 13 Bank-to-Bank Reimbursement Arrangements S. 1449-1450

„… the nominated bank a protected status in case of letter of credit fraud discovered after payment but …”

Stefan Kröll Article 9 Advising of Credits and Amendments S. 1442-1443

„… of credit fraud discovered after payment but before maturity. Article 8 (c) explicitly recognizes …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 7 Ticket S. 1091-1092

„… the ticket. In order to ensure that tickets are authentic and prevent fraud, railway companies use …”

Stefan Kröll Article 1 Application of UCP S. 1420-1421

„… context results from two facts. First, in the absence of any fraud, compliant transport documents provide …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.4 (New limitation period by acknowledgement) S. 771-772

„… contained in § 202 German Civil Code (BGB) and is in line with the old saying according to which fraud …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.11 (Successive assignments) S. 731-732

„… . 15 Vogenauer/Mazza Art. 9.1.11 no. 3. 16 An old saying according to which fraud destroys everything …”

Peter Mankowski Article 12 CISG S. 52-53

„… Del Duca, ‘Implementation of Contract Formation Statute of Frauds, Parol Evidence, and Battle of Forms …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.15 (Negotiations in bad faith) S. 515-516

„… avoidance), in particular 3.2.5 (fraud) in connection with Art. 3.2.16.19 C. Damage Calculation. Burden of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.6 (Threat) S. 544-545

„… The fraud must have thirdly a causal link to the contract conclusion14 and often induces a ‘special …”

Peter Mankowski Article 4 CISG S. 28-30

„… CISG. “Validity” covers a wide range: mistake; error; fraud; deception; duress; coercion; gross …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.7 (Price determination) S. 579-581

„… the provisions on mistake, fraud and gross disparity”14 (i.e. chapter 3, Section 2); (iii) the …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 10 Recovery procedures for unchallenged claims S. 1353-1356

„… the Directive and had to be regarded as conduct in fraudem legis agere.17 However, the stringent and …”

Lisa Spagnolo Introduction to Articles 14–24 CISG S. 55-57

„… rules of private international law will determine issues relating to capacity parties to contract, fraud …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.4 (Availability of defences and rights of set-off) S. 791-793

„… obligor which are due to the interaction with the obligee, e.g. mistake (Arts. 3.2.1 et seq.), fraud (Art …” „… special (fraudulent) agreement with one of the co-obligors (to the detriment of the other coobligors),22 …”

Stefan Kröll Article 7 Issuing Bank Undertaking S. 1436-1439

„… supervening beneficiary fraud is only accorded to a nominated bank. The issuing bank’s undertaking is …”

Stefan Kröll Introduction S. 1416-1419

„… the fraud defence against a call under a letter of credit as well as the procedural means to stop …”

Peter Mankowski Article 8 CISG S. 42-46

„… ); Del Duca, ‘Implementation of Contract Formation Statute of Frauds, Parol Evidence, and Battle of Forms …”

Stefan Kröll Article 16 Discrepant Documents, Waiver and Notice S. 1457-1463

„… after the expiry of the credit or cases of fraud or forgery. Equally the rule is not absolute so that a …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 3.2.4 542 Fraud …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Introduction to the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (“PICC”) S. 462-476

„… possibility to avoid by mere notice a contract for mistake, fraud or threat (Art. 3.2.11) or to terminate a …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 37 Effects of assignor’s insolvency S. 1397-1399

„… time by agreement in writing waive such defences and rights of set-off, except for fraudulent acts on …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 32 Formal requirements of assignment S. 1395

„… preceding paragraph other than defences arising from fraudulent acts on the part of the assignee. 5. In the …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 31 Effects of assignment S. 1395

„… preceding paragraph other than defences arising from fraudulent acts on the part of the assignee. 5. In the …”

Stefan Kröll Article 14 Standard for Examination of Documents S. 1451-1455

„… error, in anticipation, or fraudulently and do not properly represent the underlying facts. While not …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.12 (Adequate proof of assignment) S. 733

„… provides a tool to the obligor (Art. 9.1.1) to reduce its risk of receiving a fraudulent notice2 from the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.14 (Application for public permission) S. 615-616

„… . 18-19 (indicating also extreme scenarios where non-disclosure may be fraudulent, Art. 3.2.5). 8 …”

Peter Csoklich Article 17 S. 938-942

„… 2278/96 w (robbery by policemen in Georgia), 4 Ob 157/06 a (delivery to fraudulent consignee. 31 …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 71 CISG S. 319-326

„… suspension or refusal of performance.2 Rules on contract avoidance due to fraudulent misrepresentation and …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 40 CISG S. 212-213

„… , positive knowledge of factual defects or fraudulent behaviour is not required (contrary to → Art. 43(2 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845276564

Georg Borges - Verträge im elektronischen Geschäftsverkehr

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Georg Borges

Verträge im elektronischen Geschäftsverkehr

Series: Schriften des Rechtszentrums für Europäische und Internationale Zusammenarbeit (R.I.Z.)

Volume 30 2008

Results in this title

Die Zwecke des statute of frauds S. 589-592

„… Möglichkeit also nicht.V. Die Zwecke des statute of fraudsDie Intention, die der historische Gesetzgeber mit …” „… § 17 Elektronische Kommunikation und statute of frauds 5532. Keine Berücksichtigung von Amts …” „… frauds unter Wahrung der prozessualen Regeln geltendmachen. In den meisten Einzelstaatenmuß die Einrede …”

Die Qualifikation des statute of frauds S. 883-887

„… fraudsa) Der MeinungsstandDer US-amerikanische statute of frauds ist ein typisches Beispiel für eine …” „… statute of frauds,der für eine Reihe von Geschäften (z.B. Bürgschaft) ähnlich eingesetzt wirdwie die …” „… EGBGB, Art. 9EVÜ.c) Die Rechtsfolgen bei Nichteinhalten des statute of fraudsFür das Ergebnis bei der …”

E-mail und statute of frauds S. 601-610

„… UETA.VIII. Internet und statute of fraudsEs ist nun von Interesse, ob die Anforderungen des statute of …” „… fraudsnicht erfüllt seien.251 Das Gericht begründete dies damit, daß nach dem statuteof frauds die …” „… eine Website und statute of fraudsBeim Vertragsabschluß über eine Website kommen mehrere Gegenstände …”

Die Elemente des statute of frauds S. 575-576

„… . Die Elemente des statute of fraudsNach dem englischen Statute of Frauds von 1677 waren die vom Gesetz …” „… § 17 Elektronische Kommunikation und statute of frauds 539Wirksamkeit des Vertrags vertraut hat …” „… ) zu einem Preis von mehr als 500 US-$ der Schriftform.29II. Die Anforderungen des statute of frauds1 …”

Statute of frauds und elektronischer Geschäftsverkehr S. 613

„… offrauds.2. Auswirkungen des UETA auf den statute of fraudsDie Bedeutung des UETA und des E-Sign Act für …” „… deutschen Terminologie, die Anforderungen des statute of fraudsR.I.Z.-Schriftenreihe Bd. 16 – Borges …” „… § 17 Elektronische Kommunikation und statute of frauds 577IX. Ergebnisse1. Statute of frauds und …”

Der statute of frauds des US-amerikanischen Rechts S. 572-575

„… fraudsIn diesem Abschnitt ist das Schriftformerfordernis des US-amerikanischenRechts, der sog. statute of …” „… . Die Elemente des statute of fraudsNach dem englischen Statute of Frauds von 1677 waren die vom Gesetz …” „… frauds, und die Erfüllung dieses Erfordernissesdurch elektronische Aufzeichnungen von Interesse. Wie …”

Die Regeln des UETA zum statute of frauds S. 598-601

„… frauds 5631. Die Regeln des UETA zum statute of fraudsDer UETA regelt in seinem §7 die rechtliche …” „… UETA.VIII. Internet und statute of fraudsEs ist nun von Interesse, ob die Anforderungen des statute of …” „… entfallen kann. Man könnte also den statute of frauds als dilatorische Einrede verstehen, die bei einem …”

Vertragsabschluß über eine Website und statute of frauds S. 610-613

„… wesentlichen deklaratorisch.2. Vertragsabschluß über eine Website und statute of fraudsBeim Vertragsabschluß …” „… , insbesondere für die Zwecke des statute offrauds.2. Auswirkungen des UETA auf den statute of fraudsDie …” „… fraudsR.I.Z.-Schriftenreihe Bd. 16 – Borges – Verträge im elektronischen Geschäftsverkehr – Herst.: RothS. 519-696 4. Kap …”

Auswirkungen des UETA auf den statute of frauds S. 613

„… offrauds.2. Auswirkungen des UETA auf den statute of fraudsDie Bedeutung des UETA und des E-Sign Act für …” „… deutschen Terminologie, die Anforderungen des statute of fraudsR.I.Z.-Schriftenreihe Bd. 16 – Borges …” „… § 17 Elektronische Kommunikation und statute of frauds 577IX. Ergebnisse1. Statute of frauds und …”

Erfüllung des statute of frauds durch Vertrauen auf die Vertragserfüllung S. 586-587

„… (suretyship)schließlich sind Einschränkungen des statute of frauds nach der part-performance doctrine nicht anerkannt.120 …” „… Vertragsarten, die dem statute of frauds unterliegen, zeigt, daß diese „Ausnahmen“ vonden Anforderungen bei den …” „… einzelnen Fällen des statute of frauds höchst unterschiedlich ausgestaltet ist. Eine echte Alternative zur …”

Die Deutung des statute of frauds aus der Sicht des deutschen Rechts S. 594-598

„… diesem weiteren Sinne gehört auch der statute of frauds.bb) Der statute of frauds als EinredeDa die …” „… 558 4. Kapitel – Formerfordernisse und Internet2. Die Deutung des statute of frauds aus der Sicht …” „… des deutschenRechtsEs ist nun von Interesse, wie der statute of frauds in die Kategorien des deutschen …”

Fehlen der wesentlichen Merkmale der deutschen Schriftform S. 592-594

„… einzelnen statutes of frauds eingehender beschrieben werden. So wirft etwa Jaeger im Zusammenhang mit der …” „… dargestellt, nur geringe Anforderungenan die Erfüllung des statute of frauds. Daher kann der statute of frauds …” „… Anforderungen des statute of frauds erfüllt. Anders formuliert: Wenn die Anforderungen der suretyship-provision …”

Geständnis und Verzicht S. 583-584

„… of fraudsGenüge getan, wenn die Partei im Prozeß den Vertragsabschluß einräumt, undzwar auch dann …” „… § 17 Elektronische Kommunikation und statute of frauds 547Vertrag durchgesetzt (enforced) werden …” „… . Danach sinddie Voraussetzungen des statute of frauds erfüllt, wenn eine Partei kurz (within reasonable …”

Die fehlende Durchsetzbarkeit des Anspruchs im Prozeß S. 587-589

„… Möglichkeit also nicht.V. Die Zwecke des statute of fraudsDie Intention, die der historische Gesetzgeber mit …” „… § 17 Elektronische Kommunikation und statute of frauds 551schrift durchaus eine gesetzliche …” „… Ausnahme vom statute of frauds aufgrundVertrauens in die Wirksamkeit des Vertrages sehen.122Die Bedeutung …”

Erfüllung und teilweise Erfüllung des Vertrags S. 584-586

„… 548 4. Kapitel – Formerfordernisse und InternetDer statute of frauds ist ferner unbeachtlich, wenn …” „… frauds nicht mehr an; der Vertrag ist uneingeschränktwirksam.101 Dagegen ist die teilweise Erfüllung des …” „… Vertrages im Grundsatzkein Tatbestand, der die Anforderungen des statute of frauds erfüllt.102 Allerdings …”

Keine Berücksichtigung von Amts wegen S. 589

„… Möglichkeit also nicht.V. Die Zwecke des statute of fraudsDie Intention, die der historische Gesetzgeber mit …” „… § 17 Elektronische Kommunikation und statute of frauds 5532. Keine Berücksichtigung von Amts …” „… frauds unter Wahrung der prozessualen Regeln geltendmachen. In den meisten Einzelstaatenmuß die Einrede …”

Das Unterzeichnungserfordernis S. 581-583

„… des statute of frauds. Nach UCC 2–201 (3) (b) ist dem statute of fraudsGenüge getan, wenn die Partei …” „… § 17 Elektronische Kommunikation und statute of frauds 545UCC 2–201 sind aber auch widersprechende …” „… Damit können nicht zuletztBriefköpfe „Unterschriften“ i.S.d. statute of frauds darstellen.84 Der Inhalt …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-36

„… Elektronische Kommunikation und statute of frauds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536§18 Die Funktionsäquivalenz …” „… Elektronische Kommunikation und statute of frauds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536I. Der statute of frauds des …” „… US-amerikanischen Rechts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536II. Die Anforderungen des statute of frauds …”

Die Bestimmungen des E-Sign-Act S. 601

„… UETA.VIII. Internet und statute of fraudsEs ist nun von Interesse, ob die Anforderungen des statute of …” „… § 17 Elektronische Kommunikation und statute of frauds 565Aus den Regeln des UETA, mehr noch aus …” „… des UETA davon ausgingen, daß der statute of frauds bei Verträgen, diedurch elektronisch übermittelte …”

Die Anforderungen an die Urkunde (Memorandum) S. 576-581

„… prescribed by the particulare statute, a contractwithin the Statute of Frauds is enforceable if it is …” „… . 20.02.03 11:09 Uhr Seite 540§ 17 Elektronische Kommunikation und statute of frauds 541a) Der Begriff des …” „… statute of frauds erfüllen kann.36Die in bezug auf den elektronischen Rechtsverkehr entscheidende Frage …”

Der Anwendungsbereich des Art.11 EGBGB S. 881-883

„… fraudsa) Der MeinungsstandDer US-amerikanische statute of frauds ist ein typisches Beispiel für eine …” „… Schriftformnoch statute of frauds erfüllt sind, so mag der deutschen Partei nicht klar sein,daß sie durch den …” „… für diese Schwierigkeit sinddie Beweisformen, nicht zuletzt der statute of frauds. Dieses Problem …”

Sachverzeichnis S. 1067-1088

„… fraudsund WWW– writing s. dort– Zeitpunkt der Urkundenherstellung542– Zwecke 553 ff.statute of frauds und …” „… Form 844 f.– Ortsstatut 745 f.– Personalitätsprinzip 751– Qualifikation 847– statute of frauds 847 ff …” „… .– code civil 528– statute of frauds 528Binnenkollisionsrecht 857, 921Biometrische Verfahren 64 f …”

Die Arten von Schriftform S. 562-566

„… frauds,im Fall des UCC 2–201 keine handschriftliche Unterschrift erforderlich. Aucheine getippte …” „… meisten Bundesstaaten in die Tausende.39 Fürden Vertragsabschluß ist vor allem der sog. statute of frauds …” „… .3.42 So etwa beim statute of frauds des US-amerikanischen Rechts; siehe dazu unten§ 17, IV.1.43 …”

Der Ermöglichungsgrundsatz als Maßstab der formellen Anforderungen S. 670-673

„… Besonderheiten des statute of frauds gegenüber derSchriftform des BGB. Der statute of frauds unterscheidet sich …” „… Schriftform des BGB hat der statute of frauds, wie oben (§ 17, VI.2.) dargestellt, kaum etwas gemein. Im …”

Der Gang der Untersuchung S. 566-567

„… Regelung und ihrer Umsetzung in das deutsche Recht.Sodann wird der US-amerikanische statute of frauds und …” „… statute of frauds ist für diese Untersuchung als Beispiel für eine Beweisform von Interesse. Außerdem ist …”

Die Präzisierungsfunktion S. 626-627

„… fertigenjuristischen Willens“ diene.51Eine ähnliche Funktion wird etwa im US-Recht dem statute of frauds zugeschrieben …” „… frauds dazu führe, daß dieParteien ihren rechtsgeschäftlichen Willen in eine rechtlich wirksame Form50 …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 1027-1066

„… .Brooks, Jeanette K.: Parol Modification and the Statute of Frauds: Fitting the Pieces together under the …” „… Statute of Frauds, in: 26 Harv. L.Rev. 329–346 (1913).Cruickshank, Christopher: Is there a Need to …” „… of Frauds to Electronic Commerce, in: 13 J.L. & Commer. 143–155 (1993).Dittrich, Robert: Internet und …”

Die Abschlußfunktion S. 625-626

„… fertigenjuristischen Willens“ diene.51Eine ähnliche Funktion wird etwa im US-Recht dem statute of frauds zugeschrieben …” „… frauds dazu führe, daß dieParteien ihren rechtsgeschäftlichen Willen in eine rechtlich wirksame Form50 …”

Rahmenbedingungen des Vertragsabschlusses per Internet S. 41-45

„… statute of frauds, untersucht. Der Vergleich zeigt, daß die Funktionsäquivalenz beim statute of frauds …”

Die Schriftform als Wirksamkeitsvoraussetzung S. 567-569

„… US-amerikanische statute of frauds und die Erfüllung dieserSchriftform durch elektronische Dokumente dargestellt …” „… (§17). Der US-amerikanische statute of frauds ist für diese Untersuchung als Beispiel für eine …”

Der Inhalt der best evidence rule S. 425-427

„… überwiegend die Verhinderung von Betrug (prevention of fraud) alsZweck der Regel angesehen.238 Dieser Deutung …” „… copying, in modern day practice the rule servesmainly to protect against fraud, perjury and „inaccuracies …”

Fragen der räumlichen Zuordnung beim elektronischen Geschäftsverkehr S. 730-733

„… wirkt konturenlos. Ähnliches wird überArt.1341 franz. Code Civil berichtet. Der statute of frauds weicht …” „… nicht an die Formerfüllung gebunden ist. Damit ist der statute of frauds nicht funktionslos, aber …”

Die Ausgestaltung der Textform S. 641-644

„… wie beim US-amerikanischen statute of frauds in bezug auf die Authentifizierungsabsicht.98Wenn der …” „… statute of frauds des UCC2–201, dessen Anforderungen durch Briefe und wohl auch durch e-mails ohnejede …”

Die allgemeinen Grundsätze der Formanknüpfung S. 878-881

„… , die Einordnung des statute of frauds als Formvorschrift i.S.des Art. 11 EGBGB, erörtert.a …” „… deutschen und einer amerikanischen Partei weder Schriftformnoch statute of frauds erfüllt sind, so mag der …”

Die Beschreibung der Funktionen der Schriftform in der Literatur S. 614-619

„… E-Sign Act sich auf die Funktionen und Zwecke desstatute of frauds auswirkt, ist daher kaum sicher zu …” „… Merkmale des statute of frauds (writing, signature), die sich von den Merkmalen beispielsweise der …” „… Anforderungen, die an den statute of fraudsi.S.des UCC 2–201 gestellt werden. Bei der Würdigung der …”

Der Anwendungsbereich der best evidence rule S. 427-428

„… copying, in modern day practice the rule servesmainly to protect against fraud, perjury and „inaccuracies …”

Anwendungsbereich und Begriffsbestimmungen S. 120-122

„… writing-Erfordernis des statute of frauds, sondern ein spezieller Aspekt der Schrift-R.I.Z.-Schriftenreihe Bd. 16 …”

Die Schriftform und ihr elektronisches Äquivalent S. 728-730

„… , undBeweisformen, etwa den statute of frauds oder Art.1341 Code Civil. DieseUnterscheidung bezieht sich vor allem …”

Die Funktionsäquivalenz als Grundlage der Gleichstellung S. 560-562

„… Tausende.39 Fürden Vertragsabschluß ist vor allem der sog. statute of frauds, das Pendant zurSchriftform …”

Ermöglichungsgrundsatz und Formzwecke S. 673-675

„… statute of frauds gezeigt hat, istbeispielsweise im Rahmen der „Schriftform“ für Warenkaufverträge nachUCC …”

Spezielle Kollisionsnormen zugunsten von Verbrauchern S. 887-889

„… statute of frauds. Auch die Möglichkeit der Heilung bei Nichtwahrung desstatute richtet sich dann nach …”

Die Grundsätze zur rechtlichen Bedeutung elektronischer Kommunikation S. 122-125

„… (3) weitgehend eigenständige Norm. Gemeint ist nichtdas writing-Erfordernis des statute of frauds …”

Schriftformfunktionen und Textform S. 644-647

„… zum statute of frauds des UCC2–201, dessen Anforderungen durch Briefe und wohl auch durch e-mails …”

Der Vertragsabschluß nach den UNIDROIT-Principles S. 362-366

„… werden. Damit sollensog. Beweisformen180, wie etwa der statute of frauds181, erfaßt werden.Art. 1.4 …”

Die Authentifizierung als Voraussetzung der Zulassung S. 410-414

„… Betrug (fraud) sowie von Irrtümern (innocent mistake) anerkannt.119b) Authentifizierung und …”

Der Vornahmeort als Ort der Niederlassung S. 824-830

„… Bürgschaft von New York aus wirksam durch Computerfax (statute of frauds von New York maßgeblich), aber nicht …”

Die Grundsätze des Vertragsabschlusses nach dem CISG S. 342-349

„… auf den auf den statute of frauds des angloamerikanischen Rechtskreises (siehe dazu unten §17 …”

Problemfälle der Bestimmung des Vornahmeorts S. 808-817

„… absichtlicher („fraudulöser“) Umgehung der deutschen140 So etwa im französischen Recht („fraude à la loi …” „… überwiegende Ansicht also, auch wenn eine fraudulöse Absichtvorliegt, eine Einschränkung des Art. 11 ab. Dies …” „… reicht es aus, wenn sich die fraudulöshandelnde Partei nach Belgien begibt und auf dem Weg in die …”

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