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David F. Schmitz

Brent Scowcroft

2011

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Ch02. Constructing a Post–Vietnam War Foreign Policy S. 29-62

„… . Simultaneously, the Ford administration was committed to maintaining America’s image abroad as a great power and …” „… supported covert actions and the Nixon Doctrine, the Ford administration found itself forced to confront …” „… University’s School of Foreign Service at the beginning of the Ford administration, Scowcroft outlined the …”

Bibliographic Essay S. 203-208

„… : The Nixon and Ford Administrations (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1981) provides valuable …” „… insights based on extensive interviews with officials in both the Nixon and Ford administrations. Raymond …” „… respective administrations.There is no comprehensive study of Scowcroft’s career. Bartholomew H. Sparrow …”

Ch03. Internationalism Under Fire S. 63-90

„… Ford administration in its efforts to secure arms control agreements with the Soviet Union and gave …” „… op-erations based on Scowcroft’s direction during the Ford administration. The key was that the national …” „… 63When the Ford presidency ended, General Scowcroft thought that his government service had also …”

Introduction: Internationalism and Post–Vietnam War Foreign Policy S. 1-6

„… Gerald Ford from 1975 to 1977 and under President George H. W. Bush from 1989 to 1993, and as an advisor …” „… December 1, 1975, shortly after being named Presi-dent Ford’s national security advisor. In his first …” „… Bush administration in 1989, where he shaped the U.S. response to the collapse of communism in Europe …”

Ch01. Accidental Policy Maker S. 7-28

„… détente challenged the Ford administration’s efforts to conduct diplomacy in the post–Vietnam War world …” „… National Security Council meeting. Courtesy of the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.10_617 …” „… . At first, the Truman administration limited its efforts to providing supplies to France to assist in …”

Ch04. Internationalism Triumphant: The Fall of the Berlin Wall and the End of the Cold War S. 91-136

„… administration.Scowcroft believed that relations between the United States and China were critical and had to be handled …” „… George H. W. Bush when Bush was direc-tor of the CIA under President Ford. The two men, both flyers …” „… cowrote a foreign policy memoir of the Bush administration. A World Transformed has a unique structure …”

Ch06. Elder Statesman S. 171-202

„… stability, and contain the Soviet Union. The Ford administration was able to bring a final end to the …” „… affairs at the same time that domestic economic problems elicited displeasure with the administration’s …” „… , Scowcroft was in an administration voted out of office and was unable to build upon the foreign policy …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780742570429

Stephen Hess, James P. Pfiffner - Organizing the Presidency

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Stephen Hess, James P. Pfiffner

Organizing the Presidency

2020

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Richard M. Nixon: 1969-1974, Gerald R. Ford: 1974-1977 S. 88-121

„… 485, where it stayed for the duration of the administration.Ford chose New York Governor Nelson …” „… 8:36 AMRichard M. Nixon ■ Gerald R. Ford 99important domestic proposals of his administration. On …” „… policy of the Ford administration.”80In other words, by putting the vice president in charge of a staff …”

Index S. 239-0

„… ; and Ford administration, 120; Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed_9780815738411_i-vi_1-250 …” „… administration, 52; Ford administration, 118; Obama administration, 182, 183–184, 188, 189; Reagan administration …” „… , 201, 206; Ford admin-istration, 118; Johnson administration, 75, 103; Obama administration, 182 …”

Notes S. 213-238

„… Ad-ministration Review, vol. 29 (July–August 1969), p. 234.24. George A. Graham, “The Presidency and the Executive …” „… Conference on the Institutional Presidency, Na-tional Academy of Public Administration, March 1974.Chapter 31 …” „… Anderson, The Presidents’ Men (Doubleday, 1968), p. 115.10. At a conference of Truman administration …”

Jimmy Carter: 1977-1981, Ronald W. Reagan: 1981-1989 S. 122-148

„… - CIO.For his chief of staff Reagan chose James Baker, a Texan who had served in the Ford administration and …” „… promised leadership.The same dialectic is reflected in the way presidents organize their administrations …” „… . Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter reacted against the secrecy and imperial quality of Richard Nixon’s White …”

Conclusion: Fourteen Presidencies S. 204-210

„… administration, on the Hill, and with groups outside govern-ment.”2 They were mostly generalists with shifting …” „… chief of staff.Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter began their presidencies without a chief of staff, but with …” „… Dick Cheney when he was President Ford’s chief of staff, “The process of moving paper in and out of the …”

George H. W. Bush: 1989-1993, William J. Clinton: 1993-2001 S. 149-168

„… had characterized his performance in the Ford administration. Scowcroft and Bush developed a close …” „… eco-nomic agenda at the end of his administration.In contrast to Bush, the press gave Clinton virtually no …” „… capital. Bush ran in 1988 on a platform of policy continuity with the Reagan administration and …”

Preface

„… Roosevelt to Donald Trump have organized their administrations and guided the changing responsibilities of …” „… staff during the Eisenhower and Nixon presidencies and as adviser to Presidents Ford and Carter. He is …” „… . Kennedy 596 Lyndon B. Johnson 737 Richard M. Nixon ■ Gerald R. Ford 88Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the …”

George W. Bush: 2001-2009 S. 169-181

„… his administration.Bush’s only transition- related announcements between elec-tion day, November 7 …” „… whether he was having trouble getting a Democrat to join the administration:Bush: That’s an interesting …” „… , dramatically foreshadowing the in-fluence that he would have in the administration. On matters of per-sonnel …”

Harry S. Truman: 1945-1953 S. 25-39

„… between members of an administration was disruptive, and that loyalty was the most import-ant unifying …” „… principle for an administration. Truman’s background was also a clear contrast to Roosevelt’s. He had spent …” „… administration, those with whom he shared a comfortable intimacy, was striking. Secretary of State Mar-shall won …”

John F. Kennedy: 1961-1963 S. 59-72

„… Republicans who turn up consistently in Demo-cratic administrations. McNamara, the president of Ford Motors …” „… pro-duced “the basically conservative policies that . . . the Eisenhower administration desired …” „… denominator,” and supported the status quo.2 To change policies, the new administration had to change …”

Donald J. Trump: 2017- S. 190-203

„… her husband of the World Wrestling Federation— to be the head of the Small Business Administration …” „… referred to public education as “gov-ernment schools” and a “dead end.”5 The administration’s first budget …” „… secretaries had left the admin-istration, setting a departure record. Pruitt resigned under pressure in July …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815738428

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Richard M. Pious

Why Presidents Fail

2008

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4: Command and Control: Ford and the Mayaguez S. 77-90

„… 4 Command and Control Ford and the Mayaguez PRESIDENT GERALD FORD and his Secretary of State Henry …” „… captured its crew.2 Ford and Kissinger viewed the seizure as a crisis requiring White House management …” „… channels. Ford wanted a speedy resolution: His fear, fanned by national security adviser Brent Scowcroft …”

Index S. 303-316

„… ; corruption of, 59-60; dysfunction of, 56-57; exclusion of, 35; Ford's overruling of, 80; groupthink and, 32 …” „… , William, 48, 52, 64 Burke, Arleigh, 31, 34 Bush administration (George W.): denials of, 234-36 …” „… President Executive Office of the President (EOP), 286 Export Administration Act of 1979, 126 FACA. See …”

10: Presidents Unbound: Crises of Authority and Legitimacy S. 245-278

„… the Ford administration and served as a symbol of continuity in American foreign policy; similarly …” „… . They fail when they centralize command and control (Ford with the Mayaguez), but also fail when they …” „… fail when they have overheated rhetoric (Carter) and when they are too understated (Ford and Bush 41 …”

5: Rhetoric: Carter and the Malaise Speech S. 91-114

„… Ford as Secretary of Defense because he had proven too overbearing in dealing with colleagues and the …” „… encourage exploration and production.22 The administration proposed conservation measures to keep the …” „… contradictory), and Carter's own aloofness, the energy package progressed. The administration dropped its …”

9: Parallel Governance: Bush and Iraqi Weapons of Mass Destruction S. 217-244

„… GOVERNANCE and doctrines of constitutional law to legitimize their actions. Bush administration lawyers …” „… 1980s and 1990s in reaction to the socalled imperiled presidencies of Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter in …” „… sense): It should support the initiatives and policies of the duly elected and appointed administration …”

8: Program Innovation: Clinton and Health Care S. 183-216

„… employees and were not making recommendations to the president.26 When the Clinton administration appealed …” „… regulation versus market forces; national versus state administration; and public versus private financing …” „… Health-Care Reform, with former presidents Carter and Ford serving as honorary chairs, supported cost …”

7: Gamesmanship: Bush 41 and the Budget Summit S. 149-182

„… hikes in 1990 (with political cover from both President Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter), which Congress …” „… claimed, to bring down interest rates and sustain economic growth. In fact, the administration was …” „… from the projected baseline cut, and neither seemed politically palatable to the administration without …”

3: Compellence: Johnson and the Vietnam Escalation S. 47-76

„… Johnson administration is in a stronger position to do so now than any Administration in this century …” „… ." Although he concluded, "I intend to support the Administration whatever the President's decisions …” „… " of the North Vietnamese.21 Publicly the administration remained optimistic: "There is no evidence …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780742563391

Andrew S. Natsios, Andrew H. Card, Jr. - Transforming Our World

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Andrew S. Natsios (ed.), Andrew H. Card, Jr. (ed.)

Transforming Our World

2021

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3 The Accidental Diplomat S. 31-40

„… as “SecDef.” Thus were four friends and productive working partners from the Ford administration—Bush …” „… Sino-American relationship. He also ended the Ford administration with a closer friendship with three men who …” „… ambassador to Ghana and chief of protocol during the Ford administration, asked to go to Prague, where she …”

Index S. 245-262

„… , 140, 183; Ford administration relations with, 89; global power, concerns about, 60; Gorbachev approach …” „… transition, 41–42; diplomatic “chess” skill of, 4; Eagleburger relationship with, 47; Ford administration …” „… allies and alliances, 16; Germany reunification intentions for, 79, 83–85, 87; of Reagan administration …”

7 President George H. W. Bush’s China Policy S. 89-100

„… and tenuous. President Bush served as President Ford’s representa-tive, and the Chinese suspected Ford …” „… administration plans to sell $60 million in military spare parts to the island. After the visit, U.S. ambassador …” „… to China, widely regarded as successful, in 1984.During the Reagan administration, common opposition …”

4 The Remaking of National Security Council Staff S. 41-56

„… fully engaged up to the very end of his administration. The most pressing issues for the remaining ten …” „… new administration. He and Scowcroft agreed that the president’s foreign policy program would stay …” „… Clinton administration be as smooth as possible—a phrase that decidedly did not apply when he and his …”

About the Contributors S. 263-268

„… . Baker’s record of public service began in 1975 as undersecretary of commerce to President Gerald Ford. It …” „… Vice President Bush during the Reagan administration, and was national security council director for …” „… presi-dential administrations, from Kennedy to Clinton. During the George H. W. Bush administration, he served …”

2 The Compassionate Realist S. 17-30

„… frequently challenged his administration. What stands out most was his deft and to this day underappreciated …” „… backing.Baker was the principal public voice of the administration’s foreign policy, some-thing agreed on from …” „… White House that at times emerged in other administrations rarely happened. It helped as well that …”

5 The End of the Cold War and German Reunification S. 57-80

„… together in the Ford administration. But, as he later recalled, “I picked up the phone. I called the …” „… capitalism with his New Deal program in the 1930s. Gorbachev thought the incoming Bush administration that …” „… Bush administration’s “traditionalists” soon got their first test case about how they would react to …”

8 “This Will Not Stand” S. 101-120

„… military requirement, the Carter administration had earlier negotiated military access agreements with Oman …” „… . Central Command (CENTCOM).As the Carter administration ended, and during virtually the entire Reagan …” „… ad-ministration, Iraq and Iran were at war. Out of concern about Iran, but also about growing Soviet influence in …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538143452

Jan Eckel, Daniel Stahl - Embattled Visions

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Jan Eckel (ed.), Daniel Stahl (ed.)

Embattled Visions

Series: Schriftenreihe Menschenrechte im 20. Jahrhundert

Volume 2022

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Barbara Keys, Amy Hodgson Human Rights Watch Takes on China. Maintaining the Primacy of Civil and Political Rights, 1991-1996 S. 141-164

„… simple investigation and reporting of abuses can be counted on to spark reform,« HRW told the Ford …” „… reported to the Ford Foundation that Western publics had begun to succumb to »growing despair …” „… , Proposal to the Ford Foundation for Renewal of Support for Human Rights Watch, January 1995, Ford …”

Kathryn Sikkink »Political Science Did Not Provide Us with the Insights We Needed.« An Interview S. 297-342

„… Since the early 1970s, first the Nixon and afterwards the Ford administration became heavily criticized …” „… was under Ford6 and Kissinger,7 of course – they were all apologists. They knew to get ahead in the …” „… issue of United States foreign policy for the first time.6 Gerald Ford (1913-2006) was president of the …”

Annette Weinke Transitional Justice and Historiography. An Uneasy Relationship S. 280-296

„… and funded by the Ford Foundation, this event would quickly trigger a larger transnational debate …” „… the Carter administration at the Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), initiated …” „… the United States In-stitute of Peace, Aspen Institute, the Salzburg Seminar, Ford Foundation …”

Bibliography S. 343-378

„… . »The Role of the Ford Foundation,« in Claude E. Welch, Jr. (ed.), NGOs and Human Rights. Promise and …” „… Judgment Inside the Bush Administration (New York 2007).Goldstone, Richard J. For Humanity. Reflections of …” „… guerre 31 (1992), 117-147.Hancock, Jan. »Human Rights Narrative in the George W. Bush Administra-tions …”

Daniel Stahl Adapting Human Rights to Democracy. Chilean Society and the Legacies of State Violence S. 61-79

„… administrations of Johnson, Nixon, and Ford.Pinochet’s official version of how to protect democracy was questioned …” „… centers with the help of foreign foundations like the Ford Foundation. These institutions had developed …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783835348417

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