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Rüdiger Lahme - Die Eignung des Zivilverfahrens zur Durchsetzung des Kartellrechts

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Rüdiger Lahme

Die Eignung des Zivilverfahrens zur Durchsetzung des Kartellrechts

Series: Wirtschaftsrecht und Wirtschaftspolitik

Volume 235 2010

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Follow-on Verfahren S. 90-106

„… Tatsacheninformationen kategorisch untersagt. III. Follow-on Verfahren Wie bereits angesprochen, lassen sich zwei …” „… sog. »follow-on action« oder »follow-on Klagen« bezeichnet. Interessanterweise kommt den follow-on …” „… der privaten Klage im Antitrust-Recht befaßt hat, entfallen lediglich 9% auf follow-on Klagen, während …”

Art. 15 VO Abs. 1 VO 1/03, § 90a Abs. 3 GWB S. 85-90

„… . Follow-on Verfahren Wie bereits angesprochen, lassen sich zwei Grundkonstellationen der offensiven privaten …” „… Situation wird in Anschluß an die angelsächsische Terminologie als sog. »follow-on action« oder »follow-on …” „… Klagen« bezeichnet. Interessanterweise kommt den follow-on Klagen innerhalb der überwältigenden Bedeutung …”

Zusammenfassung in Thesen S. 316-334

„… unbekannten Kartelle aufgedeckt. Vielmehr sind diese 303 follow-on Verfahren akzessorisch mit der …” „… gemacht wird, eine erhebliche Bedeutung zukommen. Dies gilt im besonderen Maße für follow-on Verfahren, da …” „… Verfahren im Anschluß an eine behördliche Entscheidung zukommen (sog. follow-on action). Dabei ist zwischen …”

Fazit S. 61-63

„… beobachtete Zunahme von Verfahren im Anschluß an behördliche Entscheidungen (follow-on-Verfahren), teilweise …” „… follow-on Verfahren kommt damit keine Kompensationswirkung zu; lediglich eine gewisse Abschreckungswirkung …” „… . Der einleitenden Feststellung der ashurst-Studie »The picture that emerges from the present study on …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… . Verwertung der Informationen im Zivilprozeß 73 3. Bewertung 75 III. Follow-on Verfahren 76 1. Bedeutung …” „… . kartellrechtliches follow-on Verfahren 269 VII. Kartellrechtliche Sonderregelung § 20 Abs. 5 GWB 271 1 …”

Résumé S. 106-107

„… von follow-on Verfahren keine Erleichterungen eingeführt wurden. Für die private Durchsetzung in Form …” „… behördlicher Entscheidungen, welche es im Zusammenspiel mit der Absage an die passing-on-defence betroffenen …”

Schadensberechnung S. 75-78

„… Tendenz wird durch die neuen Regelungen über die follow-on-Klagen in den Abs. 4 und 5 des § 33 weiter …” „… worden, der sich in Hanover Shoe weigerte, den Einwand der Schadensabwälzung (passing-on) für das …” „… Anspruchsberechtigung der geschädigten Endabnehmer (die tlw. auch als »offensive passing-on« bezeichnet wird …”

Kartellrechtliche Sonderregelung § 20 Abs. 5 GWB S. 285-293

„… . in einem Bußgeldverfahren getätigt werden, bleiben unberücksichtigt. In Anschlußverfahren (follow-on …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 335-352

„… . – Private Follow-on-Klagen im Kartellrecht. WuW 2005, S. 137-146. Henckel, Wolfram: Besprechung von Rolf …” „… . Ashurst: Study on the conditions of claims for damages in case of infringement of EC competition rules …” „… and the first conclusions on the implementation of the new Merger Regulation. Votrag, gehalten auf der …”

Auskunftsrechte S. 241-285

doi.org/10.5771/9783845224831

Konstantin Seifert - Die einheitliche und fortgesetzte Zuwiderhandlung

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Konstantin Seifert

Die einheitliche und fortgesetzte Zuwiderhandlung

Series: Wirtschaftsrecht und Wirtschaftspolitik

Volume 267 2013

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Private Schadensersatzklagen („Follow-on-Klagen“) S. 261-262

„… III. Private Schadensersatzklagen („Follow-on-Klagen“) Gem. Art. 16 Abs. 1 VO Nr. 1/20031313 ist die …” „… . „Follow-on-Klagen“) vor nationalen Zivilgerichten.1314 In Deutschland ist diese Bindungswirkung in § 33 Abs. 4 GWB …” „… . 1314 Vgl. auch White Paper on Damages Actions for Breach of the EC antitrust rules, COM (2008) 165, Rn …”

Praktische Verteidigungsmöglichkeiten S. 260-261

„… daraus erwachsenden Gefahr ausüben.“1312 III. Private Schadensersatzklagen („Follow-on-Klagen“) Gem …” „… ) bindend für nachfolgende Schadensersatzverfahren (sog. „Follow-on-Klagen“) vor nationalen Zivilgerichten …” „… on Damages Actions for Breach of the EC antitrust rules, COM (2008) 165, Rn. 2.3. 1315 Vgl …”

Stellung des zweiten und dritten Elements des SCCI zwischen der Zusammenfassung mehrerer Verhaltensweisen zu einem Gesamtkartell und Rechtsfolgen des SCCI S. 145-146

„… Follow-on-Schadensersatzklagen von Geschädigten. Das zweite und dritte Element wirken sich auf diese Fragen lediglich mittelbar …”

Art. 101 AEUV und das Konzept der einheitlichen und fortgesetzten Zuwiderhandlung („single complex and continuous infringement“ – „SCCI“) S. 17-21

„… , Verteidigungsmöglichkeiten und möglicher privater Follow-on-Klagen auf. Der Vorteil dieses Ansatzes für die Kommission liegt …” „… Kommission etwa im Jahr 2009 für eine Marktaufteilungsabsprache zwischen E.ON und Gaz de France Bußgelder in …” „… Europe, 2. Aufl. 2010, 178. 3 Kommission, 8.7.2009 „E.ON/GDF“ COMP.39.401 = ABl. 2009 C 248/5; E.ON hat …”

Überblick: Beweisgegenstand, Beweislastverteilung und Indizienbeweis S. 213-217

„… auf die Kronzeugenregelung, private Follow-on-Klagen von Kartellgeschädigten und Rechtskraftfragen …” „… and Materials on U.S. Antitrust in Global Context, 1989, S. 450: „[J]oint conduct fairly charaterized …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… („Follow-on-Klagen“) 261 IV. Akteneinsicht („Disclosure“) 262 12 V. Rechtskraft und „Double Jeopardy“ 263 Kapitel 7 …”

Rechtliche Charakterisierung der einzelnen Bestandteile (Verhaltensweisen) des Gesamtkartells S. 146-150

„… Follow-on-Schadensersatzklagen von Geschädigten. Das zweite und dritte Element wirken sich auf diese Fragen lediglich mittelbar …”

Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse und Fazit S. 307-314

„… Schadensersatzpflichtigkeit der betroffenen Unternehmen in privaten (Follow-on-)Klagen durch kartellgeschädigte Unternehmen …”

Die grundlegenden Kriterien für das Vorliegen eines SCCI S. 56-86

„… characterizing the facts based on the „golden thread“ of a common anti-competitive objective that inter-connects …” „… , 647, 674: „The accusation thus focuses on the „conspiracy” aspect of the arrangement: (a) an …” „… : „it’s not easy to follow and the English is sometimes obscure“ (EU Law Blog). 65 So führt das EuG in …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845248172

Jan Philipp Westhoff - Der Zugang zu Beweismitteln bei Schadensersatzklagen im Kartellrecht

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Jan Philipp Westhoff

Der Zugang zu Beweismitteln bei Schadensersatzklagen im Kartellrecht

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Recht

Volume 674 2010

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Besonderheiten bei follow on-Klagen S. 152-168

„… gezogen.768 V. Besonderheiten bei follow on-Klagen Wie gezeigt, bieten die discovery-Vorschriften dem …” „… Kläger sowohl bei eigenständigen Klagen als auch bei follow on-Klagen eine große Hilfe bei der …” „… Sachverhaltsaufklärung. Darüber hinaus stellt sich aber für follow on-Klagen die Frage, ob vorangegangene Verfahren eine …”

Zusammenfassung S. 230-234

„… Literatur vertretenen Auffassung Bindungswirkung für follow on-Klagen vor den nationalen Gerichten. § 33 Abs …” „… liegende Möglichkeit, zur Substanziierung von follow on-Klagen bei den Kartellbehörden Akteneinsicht zu …” „… pretrial-Vorschriften. 15. Bei follow on-Klagen kommen einem Kläger die Bindungswirkung der doctrine of collateral …”

Schaden S. 100-103

„… der wettbewerbsanaloge Preis nicht mehr feststellbar ist. B. Besonderheiten bei follow on-Klagen Die …” „… kartellbehördliches Verfahren vorangegangen ist (sog. follow on-Klagen). Im Folgenden ist zu untersuchen, welche …” „… zusätzlichen Vorteile der Kläger in follow on-Verfahren hat. Als Hilfen bei der Beweisführung kommen eine …”

Bindungswirkung kartellbehördlicher Entscheidungen S. 103-114

„… wettbewerbsanaloge Preis nicht mehr feststellbar ist. B. Besonderheiten bei follow on-Klagen Die bisherigen …” „… Verfahren vorangegangen ist (sog. follow on-Klagen). Im Folgenden ist zu untersuchen, welche zusätzlichen …” „… Vorteile der Kläger in follow on-Verfahren hat. Als Hilfen bei der Beweisführung kommen eine …”

Ersetzung des Beibringungsgrundsatzes durch den Untersuchungsgrundsatz S. 175-176

„… Dieses Argument ist zunächst für follow on-Klagen weitgehend zurückzuweisen. Wenn bereits ein Bußgeld …” „… möglichst wirksame Verstärkung der privaten Kartellrechtsdurchsetzung nicht allein auf follow on …” „… -Klagen aufbauen kann: Follow on-Klagen können lediglich eine höhere Abschreckungswirkung erzielen, weil sie nur …”

Beweiserleichterungen S. 206-216

„… (Grünbuch-Option 8, Weißbuch-Vorschlag) a) Vorschlag der Kommission Für follow on-Klagen ist die Frage des …” „… kartellbehördlicher Entscheidungen erfüllen für den follow on-Kläger die Funktion einer Beweiserleichterung und können …” „… Entscheidung festgestellten Verstoß im follow on-Prozess nicht erneut verhandelt wird.1056 Ein Anstieg …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-16

„… . Schaden 100 1. Schadensentstehung 100 2. Schadenshöhe 101 B. Besonderheiten bei follow on-Klagen 103 I …” „… Antitrust-Recht 152 13 V. Besonderheiten bei follow on-Klagen 152 1. Beweiserleichternde Wirkung früherer Klagen …”

Private Durchsetzung S. 132-133

„… nur private follow on-Klagen, sondern umgekehrt auch staatliche Verfahren, die auf Beweismaterial oder …” „… (c) jede Partei ein judgment on the pleadings beantragen. Dies bietet sich an, wenn der Sachverhalt …” „… Tatsachenbehauptungen in 652 S. dazu u. C. IV. 2. 653 Möschel, in: Schmidtchen/Albert/Voigt, Conferences on New …”

Prozessuale Hilfsmittel bei der Sachverhaltsermittlung S. 137-152

„… . Besonderheiten bei follow on-Klagen Wie gezeigt, bieten die discovery-Vorschriften dem Kläger sowohl bei …” „… eigenständigen Klagen als auch bei follow on-Klagen eine große Hilfe bei der Sachverhaltsaufklärung. Darüber …” „… hinaus stellt sich aber für follow on-Klagen die Frage, ob vorangegangene Verfahren eine …”

Gang der Untersuchung S. 29

„… Besonderheiten bei Schadensersatzklagen bestehen, denen ein behördliches Verfahren vorangegangen ist (sog. follow …” „… on-Klagen). Das vierte Kapitel, das die Rechtslage in den USA darstellt, beginnt mit einem Überblick über …”

Kartellbehördliche Durchsetzung S. 130-132

„… . 90 % aller Fälle auf dem zivilrechtlichen Weg verfolgt.630 Lässt man follow on …” „… ). 631 Möschel, in: Schmidtchen/Albert/Voigt, Conferences on New Political Economy 24; ders., ZWeR 2007 …” „… bezeichnet. Nach Abschluss der pleadings kann gem. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c) jede Partei ein judgment on the …”

Zusammenfassung S. 125-126

„… Kläger keinen Zugriff hat. Besser stellt sich die Situation des Klägers bei follow on-Klagen dar, also …”

Zusammenfassung S. 228-229

„… relevanten Beweismittel ergehen können. Follow on-Klagen sollten gestärkt werden, indem bestandskräftige …”

Das Grünbuch der Kommission S. 170-172

„… sowohl von eigenständigen als auch von follow on-Schadensersatzklagen wegen Verstößen gegen das …” „… zu Beweismitteln“, „Verschuldenserfordernis“, „Schadenersatz“, „‚Passing on defense’ und …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 235-250

„… . 854–864 240 Hempel, Rolf, Private Follow-on-Klagen im Kartellrecht, WuW 2005, S. 137–146 Hempel, Rolf …” „… Antitrust Enforcement: Follow-on and Independently Initiated Cases Compared, 74 Geo. L.J. 1163–1231 (1986 …” „… ? 235 Literaturverzeichnis [Editorial Comments], A little more action please – The White Paper on …”

Privatrechtliche Folgen von Kartellrechtsverstößen S. 128-130

„… . Es werden ca. 90 % aller Fälle auf dem zivilrechtlichen Weg verfolgt.630 Lässt man follow …” „… on-Verfahren unberücksichtigt, so verbleibt ein immer noch ausgesprochen großer Anteil privater Verfahren von …” „… ), 367, 368 (2006). 631 Möschel, in: Schmidtchen/Albert/Voigt, Conferences on New Political Economy 24 …”

Das Weißbuch der Kommission S. 172-174

„… detaillierten Vorschlägen auszuarbeiten, um die Erhebung sowohl von eigenständigen als auch von follow …” „… on-Schadensersatzklagen wegen Verstößen gegen das europäische Wettbewerbsrecht zu fördern.887 II. Das Weißbuch der …” „… , Commission Staff Working Document: Accompanying document to the WHITE PAPER on Damages actions for breach of …”

Zusammenfassung S. 168-169

„… follow on-Klagen dar. Vorangegangene staatliche Verfahren des Bundes entfalten gem. Section 5(a) Clayton …”

Absenkung der Anforderungen an die Klageschrift S. 174-175

„… Dieses Argument ist zunächst für follow on-Klagen weitgehend zurückzuweisen. Wenn bereits ein Bußgeld …”

Anforderungen an die Klageschrift S. 133-136

„… nur private follow on-Klagen, sondern umgekehrt auch staatliche Verfahren, die auf Beweismaterial oder …” „… Tatsachenbehauptungen in 652 S. dazu u. C. IV. 2. 653 Möschel, in: Schmidtchen/Albert/Voigt, Conferences on New …” „… ersten Blick als plausibel anzusehen ist (“enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on …”

Verhältnismäßigkeit S. 226-228

„… alle relevanten Beweismittel ergehen können. Follow on-Klagen sollten gestärkt werden, indem …”

Problemstellung S. 25-29

„… ein behördliches Verfahren vorangegangen ist (sog. follow on-Klagen). Das vierte Kapitel, das die …” „… emerges from the present study on damages actions for breach of competition law in the enlarged EU is one …”

Regeln zum Schutz der Offenlegungsmöglichkeit S. 202-206

„… (Grünbuch-Option 8, Weißbuch-Vorschlag) a) Vorschlag der Kommission Für follow on-Klagen ist die Frage des …”

Offenlegung von Beweismitteln S. 176-202

„… Kartellrechtsdurchsetzung nicht allein auf follow on-Klagen aufbauen kann: Follow on-Klagen können lediglich eine höhere …”

Zugang zu Informationen der Kartellbehörden S. 114-125

„… Kläger keinen Zugriff hat. Besser stellt sich die Situation des Klägers bei follow on-Klagen dar, also …” „… 964, 967; OLG Düsseldorf, 2.10.2002, Kart 24/02 (V), E.ON/Ruhrgas: Greenpeace, WuW/E DE-R 1029 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845223278

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Anna Locher

Crisis? What Crisis?

2010

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Follow-up on The Hague: Summit Ideas and Study Proposals S. 143-151

„… study of the state of the alliance and to follow up on ideas raised in The Hague by fully addressing the …” „… Follow-up on The Hague: Summit Ideas and Study Proposals In the aftermath of NATO’s May 1964 ministerial …” „… the follow-up.”32 Indeed, the change at NATO in Paris had an effect on the debate on NATO’s state and …”

The Transition from Stikker to Brosio as Triggering Effect for Movement in NATO S. 151-157

„… 151 cide how to handle the follow-up.”32 Indeed, the change at NATO in Paris had an effect on the …” „… debate on NATO’s state and future. Brosio, contrary to Stikker, had access to the French president, but …” „… both by positive appraisals of his work and by relief about his leaving the post. On the one hand, he …”

Doubts and Questions in the Summer and Fall of 1963 S. 107-113

„… weapons tests in the atmosphere, in outer space, and under water. It was agreed on 25 July 1963 …” „… , the US chief negotiator, briefed NATO ambassadors in Paris and Washington on 29 July, assuring them …” „… French Atlantic Fleet from NATO assignment and de Gaulle’s attitude both on the Stikker Exercise and the …”

De Gaulle’s Announcement S. 261-268

„… negative impact on the alliance: Neither did other allies follow the French example, nor did the move block …” „… redefined their positions on NATO as such, the French role in it, and the way ahead in nuclear matters …” „… reelected as French president for a second seven-year-term in the second ballot on 19 December 1965, shortly …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… , Summer – December 1964 1431 Securing the Drive – NATO in Early Fall 1964 144 1.1 Follow-up on The Hague …” „… University of Zurich in the summer semester 2006 on the recommendation of Professor Dr. Kurt R. Spillmann …” „… Movement in NATO 151 1.3 The MLF Controversy and its Impact on the Vigor of NATO 157 2 Struggling for …”

Crisis as Solution? Allied Perceptions of the French Move S. 268-279

„… 1966.147 Apart from reviewing the US and UK perspectives of the account, this chapter will focus on the …” „… , there would be good grounds for expanding a study on NATO and France beyond 1966. Neither was there an …” „… – from a perspective of the debate on NATO’s state and future, the aftermath of de Gaulle’s announcements …”

NATO Arguments over Détente, December 1963 S. 113-117

„… of détente and inchoate multilateral discussions on further steps in the fall, NATO ministers were to …” „… discussions among NATO foreign ministers, the debate on NATO’s condition was deliberately adjourned. 1.4 NATO …” „… multilateral follow-up to the bilateral détente of 1963 and brought East-West talks to a halt. At the same time …”

Shattering of Hopes for a Mutually Agreeable NATO Solution S. 201-206

„… growing transatlantic malaise.50 There was no follow-up on the letter idea. While the draft may not have …” „… on major international developments. Rather, Stewart felt that de Gaulle’s hostility toward the US …” „… its views on the foremost international questions.46 Reporting the gist of the talks with de Gaulle …”

“We Are in an Awkward Transition Period” – Assessing the Challenges S. 164-170

„… very recently, de Gaulle now mounted a “frontal attack” on the MLF which seemed close to agreement. The …” „… tenor was fairly dramatic on both sides of the divide, interpretations as to the sources of the malaise …” „… , the debate on NATO was again sponsored by a wide range of actors – including national officials, NATO …”

Institutionalizing the Debate on the State of the Alliance? S. 215-221

„… follow-up meeting of NATO’s permanent representatives on 2 July 1965 was disappointing for the Canadians …” „… discussions with US allies on NATO’s future, while being pessimistic that the French would join in a sincere …” „… German concerns about provoking a confrontation with de Gaulle on the question of the future of the …”

The MLF Controversy and its Impact on the Vigor of NATO S. 157-164

„… 157 distinction to the views held by the Canadian government, which was on the verge of launching …” „… was set to resume the discussion on the future of the alliance triggered in May 1964.72 Meanwhile …” „… , however, another strand in the debate on NATO’s cohesion reemerged with new vigor. Complementing the level …”

Washington’s Focus on Trilateral Measures and Institutional Leadership S. 237-245

„… studies were on the table, seconded by Italian and Belgian support of cooperative NATO approaches. Thus …” „… institutional tactics on France; and creating a hands-on atmosphere at NATO’s ministerial meeting in December …” „… of December 1965, de Gaulle began to demonstrate a willingness to act on the alliance shortly. In a …”

Small Allies Taking Charge, May 1964 S. 134-141

„… 134 on alliance affairs, which neither the US nor France wished, on the multilateral NATO agenda …” „… NATO states encouraged an alliance debate on the implications of changed East-West relations for NATO …” „… and argued in favor of an exchange of ideas on the role of NATO in the 1960s and beyond.211 They …”

Crisis or No Crisis? The Run-Up to the Winter Convention S. 170-177

„… fundamental challenges more and more in terms of a crisis. On the level of alliance policies, Johnson’s clear …” „… reaction from the French. On the other hand, if everyone is inactive out of fear of the French, NATO will …” „… president gave in early December 1964. Personally, Johnson had a firmer hold on power than throughout the …”

Back on Track: The Alliance in December 1965 S. 254-261

„… negative impact on the alliance: Neither did other allies follow the French example, nor did the move block …” „… initiative, and Belgium, despite Spaak’s thinking, did not insist on denouncing France. Second, Bonn and …” „… , however, agreed with Washington on the goal: preserving NATO and securing its functioning even without …”

“Limited Cohesion:” The Alliance One Year After the Clash S. 117-124

„… reunification remained the bone of contention.118 The only issue on which agreement could be reached was that …” „… agreement to hold a kind of farce meeting that remained silent on important unfinished alliance business …” „… differed from Adenauer on two major foreign policy issues. With respect to Europe, Bonn would not accept a …”

Confrontation or No Confrontation? Allied Strategies toward France S. 245-254

„… Memorandum (NSAM) on France and NATO, France-critical State Department officials around Ball and John Leddy …” „… the State Department, as Bator called them, retained a prime focus on the delicate mission to prepare …” „… toward France The industrious planning for NATO as pursued chiefly by the US had a twofold effect. On the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845222486

Thomas Fischer - Neutral Power in the CSCE

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Thomas Fischer

Neutral Power in the CSCE

Series: Wiener Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 12 2009

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N+N Discussions on a Yugoslav Follow-Up Proposal S. 267-273

„… 267 N+N Discussions on a Yugoslav Follow-Up Proposal The lack of progress in the mid-term – notably …” „… in Basket III – also meant a halt in discussions that had begun on a possible follow-up to the …” „… preliminary stages of the conference. These interests were reinforced when the working group on the follow …”

Final Deals on Basket III and the Follow-Up S. 307-316

„… the Follow-Up The negotiations on the most disputed issues in the sub-committees of Basket III had …” „… in the working group on follow-up began as early as February 1975, but it was not until May that …” „… and Yugoslavia on the follow-up aimed for a compromise between the positions of East and West. The …”

Neutral Caucus with a View to the Continuation of Stage II and the Follow-Up S. 243-245

„… 243 Neutral Caucus with a View to the Continuation of Stage II and the Follow-Up On 15 December …” „… December 1973, the four neutrals also discussed their views on a potential follow-up mechanism for the …” „… urging a discussion on potential follow-up meetings after Geneva. In the neutral states’ meeting …”

Negotiation Deadlock in Basket III S. 263-267

„… . 970 Ibid. 267 N+N Discussions on a Yugoslav Follow-Up Proposal The lack of progress in the mid-term …” „… – notably in Basket III – also meant a halt in discussions that had begun on a possible follow-up to the …” „… preliminary stages of the conference. These interests were reinforced when the working group on the follow …”

Continued High-Level Contacts among the Neutrals S. 293-297

„… reached in the conference. However, all four agreed on the importance of some sort of follow-up to …” „… first proposal on the follow-up 1109 Liedermann was reluctant to table the text in the sub-committee …” „… to negotiate in good faith), by the end of October the neutrals gave up on their idea of a second …”

The Birth of the N+N Group (January – December 1974) S. 245-246

„… initiative on the follow-up. Iloniemi and Hichens-Bergström held positive views on the issue, stressing its …” „… states’ position with regard to the follow-up on 12 December had taken place in light of an expected …” „… on the follow-up question, the Warsaw Pact states had somewhat tempered their initial requests …”

The Role of Personalities S. 330-340

„… disagreements on the positive assessment of a potential follow-up to the conference in the Swiss delegation to …” „… in spring 1975 was responsible for the coordination of the final negotiations on the follow …” „… 330The Role of Personalities While Holsti points out that on a theoretical level it is difficult to …”

Summary and Conclusions S. 357-376

„… on the military aspects of the talks and the follow-up question. Previously a loose ad hoc coalition …” „… follow-up to the initial CSCE talks. On the initiative of Yugoslavia, the delegations of Cyprus and Malta …” „… the N+N on the follow-up issue; Switzerland and Finland remained positive about the idea of a common …”

Making Their Own Instructions S. 340-343

„… nobody who was not regularly present could follow the talks. According to a Swiss journalist, of the …” „… ”. Richard Davy. “Helsinki myths: setting the record straight on the Final Act of the CSCE, 1975.” Cold War …” „… in a much more active human rights policy towards the Eastern states, making the CSCE follow …”

A Swedish Proposal to Break the Negotiation Impasse S. 273-278

„… the follow-up became more regular after the Easter break, and embraced discussions on all main …” „… neutral and non-aligned states in the spring of 1974 in the question of the follow-up did not go unnoticed …” „… conference. When in the Easter break beginning 5 April 1974 the British delegation drew a balance on the past …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… Negotiation Deadlock in Basket III 263N+N Discussions on a Yugoslav Follow-Up Proposal 267A Swedish Proposal …” „… Parameters 298Final Deals on Basket III and the Follow-Up 307Chapter 5: Assessing N+N Collaboration 317The …” „… Final Act had taken place on August 1, 1975. The guided tours of the building were already over for the …”

The Soviet Njet to the Swiss SRPD Project S. 250-254

„… multilateral negotiations on arms limitations and disarmament in Europe. III.The participating states recognize …” „… neutral and non-aligned collaboration in the CSCE, the real negotiations on the content of this first …” „… of March 1974, when the sub-committee gave the go-ahead on a first drafting on the basis of the …”

Bibliography S. 379-392

„… : R. Oldenbourg, 1999-2006. Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series III, Vol. II, The Conference …” „… on Security and Cooperation in Europe, 1972-75. London: The Stationary Office, 1997. Foreign …” „… Government Printing Office, 2008. 381“Had there been a War…”, Report of The Commission on Neutrality Policy …”

Introduction S. 17-28

„… Belgrade – The First CSCE Follow-up Meeting in 23A word should be included on the archival sources for …” „… 17Introduction The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) was the only moment in …” „… bargaining chip at best; such was the case for Austria in the four powers’ negotiations on its State Treaty …”

Reactions to the Neutral and Non-Aligned Proposals on Security Matters S. 181-185

„… deal with the principles of relations between states based on the UN Charter (similar to the Swedish …” „… and Austrian positions). It also called for confidence-building measures on a military level, and in …” „… of a CSCE organ that would be kept informed on the progress of the force reduction talks. In search …”

Neutral and Non-Aligned Agenda Proposals S. 177-181

„… 1973 the diplomats could finally sit down and start negotiating on the individual proposals for the …” „… conference agenda. Neutral and Non-Aligned Agenda Proposals After the reopening of the talks on 15 January …” „… conference agenda. They also began promoting their own initiatives, namely on security issues, more …”

Growing Mutual Respect and Understanding S. 343-347

„… suggestions on how to continue (“unless we receive other instructions, we will proceed as follows…”) – and if …” „… the conference. It was understood, as Iloniemi has explained, that the delegations had to follow their …” „… options on the negotiation table, the individual delegate, Ceska stressed, clearly had some leeway: Ahead …”

The Mandate on Military Aspects of Security – Disarmament and CBM S. 200-201

„… same status as the sub-committees.677The Mandate on Military Aspects of Security – Disarmament and CBM …” „… The question of military aspects was taken up again on 28 April with a non-conclusive discussion …” „… under Swedish chairmanship on the introductory language for this part of the terms of reference in …”

Helsinki-Geneva-Helsinki: Deciding on the Venue of the Conference S. 201-216

„… alternative early on.736As for the question of “Stage IV”, or a “follow-up” to the conference, the Helsinki …” „… before starting its own work.739 Thus the real discussion on the follow-up of the conference was left to …” „… 201 Romania, Yugoslavia, and the Netherlands. On this basis, on 11 May an agreement was concluded …”

Moving from Helsinki to Geneva S. 219-226

„… . 226 a special working group on the follow-up was left to a later decision by the coordinating …” „… exception of a renewed debate led by Malta on the mandate to discuss the non-European Mediterranean region …” „… recipients, while 752 Cf. Ferraris, Report on a Negotiation, 89-97. 753 Reimaa, Helsinki Catch, 62. 754 On …”

Neutral Coordinators for the Informal Minigroups S. 185-187

„… safeguard for Western concerns that the discussion on the “follow-up of the conference” in Basket IV opened …” „… follow-up question, finally, was only briefly touched upon in the last working group meeting on 5 April …” „… 185 non-aligned) concerning topics in Basket I would not automatically spill over to discussions on …”

Assuming Responsibility as Coordinators of Basket III S. 240-243

„… Neutral Caucus with a View to the Continuation of Stage II and the Follow-Up On 15 December 1973, three …” „… jointly by Austria, Finland, and Switzerland on the harmonization of norms in standards and trade, and by …” „… Austria, Sweden, and Switzerland on promoting conditions for the increase of sales on foreign markets …”

The Principle of Equal Participation and the Rule of Consensus S. 324-327

„… two blocs to settle the future of Europe over their heads. The positive outlook on the follow-up to …” „… Helsinki was concluded at 5:00 p.m. on 1 August 1975 with a ceremony for the formal signing of the Final …” „… home.1239However, the multilateral talks begun on security and cooperation in Europe with the CSCE were …”

Operation Baskets S. 173-177

„… basically agreed on the three-stage conference, and signalled that it was possible that the open questions …” „… session of the Dipoli talks opened, the delegates immediately focussed on how to organize the agenda for …” „… meeting, on 15 January, the EC presented a comprehensive proposal for an agenda followed by detailed …”

The N+N at the Helsinki Summit (30 July – 1 August 1975) S. 317-324

„… place in the future”.1232With this strong plea to follow up on the stipulations concerning the …” „… an ongoing series of discussions over the following two decades, based on the follow-up mechanism …” „… 317 Chapter 5: Assessing N+N Collaboration While previous chapters have mainly focussed on what …”

The Swiss-Austrian Quarrel over Neutrality S. 254-263

„… concentrated on a procedural proposal to take up the matter again in an experts meeting in the follow-up to the …” „… position on the matter, which clearly found the support of the Western alliance members but encountered …” „… informally proposed to amend the first principle on the sovereign equality of all states with a sentence …”

The Role of a Neutral/Non-Aligned State and Possible Forms of Cooperation S. 141-150

„… memorandum of 5 May 1969. A pro memoria by Paavo Laitinen on 18 May noted that as a follow-up to the Finnish …” „… . Prospects for Common Positions In general, despite intensive bilateral exchanges of ideas, disagreements on …” „… Role of a Neutral/Non-Aligned State and Possible Forms of Cooperation Besides informing each other on …”

Neutral and Non-Aligned Reactions to the Finnish CSCE Memorandum S. 100-111

„… later another setback was suffered when the Soviets were only ready to include a qualified statement on …” „… Non-Aligned Reactions to the Finnish CSCE Memorandum The Finnish memorandum sent out on 5 May 1969 concluded …” „… countries’ positions on a European security conference, and to consult them on the questions relating to the …”

The Catalogue of Principles S. 187-189

„… 187 drafting of a text for Basket II. The task of coordinating the informal working group on the …” „… with the list of principles and Basket I issues before opening discussions on Basket II on 28 March …” „… potential for consensus. The follow-up question, finally, was only briefly touched upon in the last working …”

A Special Body for the Swiss Proposal on a System for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes S. 198-200

„… 198 A Special Body for the Swiss Proposal on a System for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes In …” „… early March, soon after discussions began on the method for application of the catalogue of principles …” „… , the attention of the working group was drawn to the Swiss ideas on a system for the peaceful …”

Opening Statements S. 162-164

„… the talks. Their interest in this role was truly twofold: they were keen on both defending their own …” „… the Geneva phase was no longer convened on the initiative of a single country, but conferred out of …” „… basis for the chairmanship of all other formal working groups to follow. Other important principles such …”

Finland Joins in the Neutral Consultations S. 226-228

„… 226 a special working group on the follow-up was left to a later decision by the coordinating …” „… opening of the Geneva talks. However, on the initiative of the Swiss, on the afternoon of 28 August the …” „… This was done in the spirit of keeping each other informed on each of the neutral’s priorities and …”

The Finnish CSCE Initiative of 5 May 1969 S. 89-100

„… wait for Moscow to take the first step on the matter. Only then could Austria decide how far it would …” „… no longer existed, and the Soviet lever to put pressure on Austria was no longer effective. Moreover …” „… United States and Canada, to state their position on the idea of holding an all-embracing conference on …”

Yugoslavia S. 138-141

„… for the idea of a European security conference. Following a declaration on Yugoslavia’s positive …” „… destruction as a basis for security in Europe.445 Talks among the military alliances on MBFR were thought …” „… important on the Yugoslav side; however, the conference on security in Europe should also think about …”

Basic Terms S. 29-32

„… international credibility relies heavily on its predictability, in reality it tends to follow the same patterns …” „… understanding of neutrality/non-alignment reflected in the different views on détente in the N+N states. This …” „… . This set of rules is still 21 Based on Rudolf Bindschedler. “Die Neutralität im modernen Völkerrecht …”

Yugoslavia S. 73-76

„… – welcomed détente. On an ideological basis, Yugoslav interests went beyond the mere easing of tensions …” „… stressed that Yugoslavia had 167 On Finland’s model as a bridge-builder, see Hakovirta, “An Interpretation …” „… , either in terms of the time when they were founded or on the basis of any other characteristics. We have …”

East-West Polarization and the N+N Dual Role Strategy S. 327-330

„… contributing to the discussions on the content of the agenda) and intermediary (catalysing the negotiations by …” „… in the conference. Only Finland at first almost exclusively concentrated on their role as …” „… , they would have run into walls on both 1251 For a thorough analysis of the dual role strategy, see …”

The Inclusion of the Mediterranean Small States and European Microstates in the N+N Group S. 351-354

„… May 2006. 352 meetings, namely on the question of the follow-up. However, under the Franco regime …” „… included in the list of states belonging to the N+N group in literature on the subject,1367 yet it was …” „… principality of Liechtenstein on the issue of religious freedom. The Finns had originally “forgotten” to invite …”

Performance of the Neutral and Non-Aligned States S. 169-173

„… negotiations in Helsinki.551 In a meeting in Vienna on 14 and 15 December 1972 between the Swiss and Austrian …” „… , the decision on the venue for the CSCE negotiations was forced to remain open until after Christmas …” „… . As long as no agreement was reached by the US and the Soviet Union on where the parallel MBFR talks …”

Drafting a First Common Proposal in the Military Sub-Committee S. 246-250

„… 246 players in East and West remained equally opposed, no quick agreements were found on the points …” „… contacts, and began with the efforts that led to the tabling of a first joint proposal on the military …” „… Warsaw Pact member states.877A noticeable deficiency in the military dossier brought on by the fact that …”

Prelude to the N+N: The “Group of Nine” S. 76-82

„… implementation of the Yugoslav idea of détente at the European level. Even before preparatory talks on the CSCE …” „… a decisive role in working for “actions on a regional level with a view to improving …” „… : Cambridge University Press, 1989. 29-46. 183 On the Group of Nine, see Jeanne Kirk Laux. “Small States and …”

Rules of Procedure S. 155-162

„… , catching the Finns somewhat off guard. With their active involvement during the first meetings on …” „… thirty-four participating states on behalf of the Finnish government, the Danish doyen of the diplomatic …” „… position, Tötterman suggested that talks on the organization of work should begin the next day, and …”

Ralph Enckell’s Mission (and the Second Finnish Memorandum) S. 111-120

„… 111 to be included on the agenda of the European security conference.318 At the same time …” „… , international détente was gaining new impetus. On 17 November 1969 US-Soviet talks on strategic arms limitations …” „… opinion on the idea of a European security conference had given signs of considering Finland’s initiative …”

A Breakthrough on CBM Parameters S. 297-307

„… states participating in the conference.1163Final Deals on Basket III and the Follow-Up The negotiations …” „… the meeting.1114 On 20 December 1974, the neutrals and other delegations departed for the Christmas …” „… remaining questions of the conference. Final Negotiations on the Helsinki Accords (January – July 1975) The …”

Presentation of Neutral and Non-Aligned Proposals in Basket I S. 228-238

„… taken for granted. On the other hand, other neutral and non-aligned countries, “e.g. the Yugoslavs, may …” „… Mediterranean slant on the problem. Even the Spanish claim to feel directly involved.793The Swedes were likely …” „… MBFR negotiations, on which the N+N states would at least want to be kept informed. In fact, these …”

The N+N Package Deal S. 278-293

„… the static warfare of the West (concentrating exclusively on Basket III),1024 Bindschedler explained …” „… organizing the work programmes had an effect on the other delegations: for the first time these delegations …” „… committee on 11 July envisaged a continuation of the negotiations until 26 July, followed by a “technical …”

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