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Helmut Satzger - Harmonisierung strafrechtlicher Sanktionen in der Europäischen Union

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Helmut Satzger (ed.)

Harmonisierung strafrechtlicher Sanktionen in der Europäischen Union

Series: Schriften zum Internationalen und Europäischen Strafrecht

Volume 41 2020

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European Criminal Policy Initiative Category Model for the Harmonisation of Criminal Sanctions in Europe S. 707-742

„… Category Model for the Harmonisation of Criminal Sanctions in Europe European Criminal Policy …” „… previously by the European Criminal Policy Initiative 708 European Criminal Policy Initiative (ECPI …” „… ) concerning European criminal policy.1 Criminal sanctions are traditionally referred to as the “sharpest blade …”

European Criminal Policy Initiative Kategorienmodell zur Harmonisierung der strafrechtlichen Sanktionen in Europa S. 665-706

„… Kategorienmodell zur Harmonisierung der strafrechtlichen Sanktionen in Europa European Criminal Policy Initiative …” „… an die bereits früher von der European Criminal Policy Initiative (ECPI) erarbeiteten Manifeste zur …” „… . European Criminal Policy Initiative 670 lativ eingriffsintensive Harmonisierungsbestrebungen wie etwa die …”

Satzger, Linder, Pohlmann Research Report S. 35-46

„… research project conducted by the European Criminal Policy Initiative (ECPI), founded in 2008. The ECPI …” „… appointment of six of its members to the Expert Group on Criminal Law Policy set up by the European Commission …” „… . Preliminary work Having published two highly acclaimed manifestos on European criminal policy in 2009 and on …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-20

„… „European Criminal Policy Initiative“ an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München realisieren durfte. Mit …” „… nur dadurch bewältigt werden, dass die derzeit zwanzig Mitglieder der European Criminal Policy …” „… my colleagues from the research group “European Criminal Policy Initiative”. The present volume …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 797-803

„… Dänemark ECPI European Criminal Policy Initiative EG Europäische Gemeinschaft EGMR Europäischer Gerichtshof …” „… Human Rights ECPI European Criminal Policy Initiative ECtHR European Court of Human Rights ed …” „… . Cour de Cassation, Chambre criminelle (FR) CETS 24 Europäisches Auslieferungsübereinkommen/European …”

Caeiro, Costa Country Report Portugal S. 379-426

„… suspended execution of imprisonment 3.3.2. 415 Forest arson3.3.3. 416 Relations to European law4. 416 …” „… presuppose, inter alia, a true European principle of legality that would not refer to “domestic or …” „… dangerousness may be a principled policy, but it leaves society more vulnerable to habitual offenders. To avoid …”

Nieto-Martín, Muñoz de Morales Romero, Rodríguez Yagüe Country Report Spain S. 149-184

„… image of European criminal policy is transmitted to the public opinion. This image of law and order may …” „… relates to a criminal policy criterion that should be taken into account during the different phases of …” „… . European sources and national legal systems, 2017. 56 For a recent empirical study about the application of …”

Satzger, Linder, Pohlmann Forschungsbericht S. 21-34

„… European Criminal Policy Initiative (ECPI). Die ECPI besteht derzeit aus 20 Wissenschaftlern1 aus zwölf …” „… sich die ECPI seit dem Jahr 2014 mit der Frage der zukünfti- 2. 2 European Criminal Policy Initiative …”

Satzger, Linder, Neumann, Zimmermann Questionnaire – Harmonisation of Criminal Sanctions in the EU S. 769-792

„… primarily be the European legislator. In addition, the guidelines can help member states to properly …” „… systems in conformity with European objectives. The basis for the development of such guidelines is a …” „… national provisions. Focus is to be placed on those aspects which are especially important for the European …”

Zimmermann Strafrechtliche Sanktionen und das Recht der Europäischen Union: eine Bestandsaufnahme S. 577-614

„… . bereits European Criminal Policy Initiative, ZIS 2009, 697 (706). Strafrechtliche Sanktionen und das Recht …” „… European Criminal Policy Initiative, ZIS 2009, 697 (702). Strafrechtliche Sanktionen und das Recht der …” „… Schlussfolgerungen5. 610 Abstract – Synopsis on criminal sanctions and EU law de lege lata The influences of European …”

Asp, Holmgren Country Report Sweden S. 455-488

„… European Criminal Policy Initiative, ZIS 2009, p. 707, pp. 714 et seq. Asp / Holmgren 484 The example …” „… Documents European Criminal Policy Initiative, ZIS 2009, p. 707 Östling M, Undersökning av …” „… Policy pp. 248 et seq. (Hirsch A von, Ashworth A and Roberts J eds., 3rd ed., 2009) Asp / Holmgren 472 …”

Foffani, Viganò Country Report Italy S. 295-332

„… execution of a fine3.4. 329 Relations to European law4. 330 Sanction types employed to implement …” „… EU-provisions on “criminal offences” 4.1. 330 Difficulties when implementing European legal acts regarding the …” „… “non-criminal” sanctions. In these cases the European Court, applying the well-known Engel-criteria, has …”

Satzger Strafzumessung in den USA S. 541-564

„… present draft of the European category model. Vorbemerkung: Gründe für die Einbeziehung der …” „… Wesentlichen auf die umfangreichen Darstellungen in Demleitner/Berman/Miller/Wright, Sentencing Law and Policy …”

Steinborn Länderbericht Polen S. 333-378

„… to the European and Polish parliamentary elections in 2019 and has a populist background. In …” „… lack of a need for reform in terms of criminal policy, the violation of the constitutional principle of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748902102

Katrin Böttger, Mathias Jopp - Handbuch zur deutschen Europapolitik

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Katrin Böttger (ed.), Mathias Jopp (ed.)

Handbuch zur deutschen Europapolitik

2021

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Simon Bulmer German European policy: a British perspective S. 511-526

„… German European policy: a British perspective Simon Bulmer Over the course of five decades …” „… European policy. The United Kingdom (UK), by contrast, was seeking to manage the wide-ranging consequences …” „… ‘domestic politics’ of German European policy. It then presents the contrasting situation in the UK in order …”

Agnieszka K. Cianciara German European policy seen from a Polish perspective S. 545-560

„… German European policy seen from a Polish perspective Agnieszka K. Cianciara In the 1990s the …” „… in Polish European policy is determined by three factors: the position of Germany as Poland’s …” „… relationship and European policy of Germany may be changing but how to make sense of this change? In this …”

Gesamtliteraturverzeichnis S. 603-670

„… ? Alignments and arguments in EU policy-making, in: West European Politics 5/2017, S. 957–980. Eising …” „… , Rainer/Rasch, Daniel/Rozbicka, Patrycja: National interest organisations in EU policy-making, in: West European …” „… Union, 2nd edition, Oxford 2012, S. 108–133. Alons, Gerry: European External Trade Policy: The Role of …”

Roland Sturm Die Europäisierung des deutschen Regierungssystems S. 73-88

„… ,’ multi-clustered Europe of overlapping policy communities, in: Comparative European Politics 2/2019, S. 294–315. 2 …” „… , in: Journal of European Public Policy 7/2010, S. 922–935, hier S. 924. 14 Vgl. Mark Haverland/Marleem …” „… the 2014 European Parliament elections, in: Journal of European Public Policy 10/2014, S. 1528–1540 …”

Katrin Böttger Deutschland, die EU-Russland-Beziehungen und die Östliche Partnerschaft S. 463-480

„… European Union policy for Ukraine taking into account the results of the presidential elections of 26 …” „… December 2004. 31 Vgl. Rosa Balfour/Antonio Missiroli: Reassessing the European Neighbourhood Policy …” „… , European Policy Centre, EPC Issue Paper Nr. 54, Rom 2007. 32 Vgl. Böttger: Die Entstehung und Entwicklung …”

Ausgewählte Literatur zur deutschen Europapolitik S. 671-672

„… 2/2003, S. 99-110. Jopp, Mathias/Schneider, Heinrich/Schmalz, Uwe (Hrsg.): Germany's European Policy …” „… . Paterson: Germany and the European Union. Europe’s Reluctant Hegemon?, London 2019. Bulmer, Simon: Germany …” „… and the European Union, in: Becker, Peter/Lippert, Barbara (Hrsg.): Handbuch Europäische Union …”

Funda Tekin Europapolitische Prioritäten Deutschlands in den Bereichen Innere Sicherheit, Asyl- und Einwanderungspolitik S. 379-396

„… up and out: The foreign policy of European immigration control, in: West European Politics 2/2006, S …” „… Europe/European Policy Center, Policy Paper Nr. 55, o.O. 2012. 18 Vgl. Bernd Parusel: Solidarity and fairness in …” „… Nr. 9, Berlin 2006. 11 Vgl. Natalie Schmidthäussler/Arne Niemann: The Logic of EU Policy-Making on …”

Gisela Müller-Brandeck-Bocquet Deutsche Prioritäten für Europas Außen-, Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik – markante Neuentwicklungen S. 427-446

„… Policy/Vice-President-designate of the European Commission, Brüssel, 10. September 2019, S. 5. 53 Vgl …” „… , Berlin/Boston 2015, S. 93. 2 Der Begriff wurde vom Brüsseler European Policy Center kreiert, aber von …” „… Franco-German couple, Foundation Robert Schuman, European issues Nr. 455, Policy Paper, Paris 2017. 20 Claudia …”

Gabriele Abels Die Rolle des Bundestages in der deutschen Europapolitik aus politologischer Perspektive S. 129-146

„… during the eurozone crisis, in: Journal of European Public Policy 3/2018, S. 346–368. 57 Vgl. Pernice …” „… national parliamentary scrutiny in European Union affairs, in: Journal of European Public Policy 3/2017, S …” „… policy-spezifisch.42 Gerade mit dem Einzug der AfD 2017 in den Bundestag hat sich der Ton in den Debatten – und zwar …”

Barbara Saerbeck, Helge Jörgens Deutsche Interessen und Prioritäten in der europäischen Umweltpolitik S. 351-364

„… Policy. Political and Economic Leadership, in: Rüdiger K. W. Wurzel/James Connelly (Hrsg.): The European …” „… : Francesc Morata/Israel Solorio Sandoval (Hrsg.): European Energy Policy. An Environmental Approach …” „… .): Differential Europe. The European Union Impact on National Policymaking, Lanham 2001. 47 Vgl. BDEW: Monatliche …”

Katharina Gnath, Lucas Guttenberg, Nils Redeker Deutschland und die Stabilität der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion S. 287-300

„… : Making and breaking the rules: French policy on EU ‘gouvernement économique’, in: Journal of European …” „… : Implications for National Policy-Makers, Dordrecht/Boston/London 1993, S. 51–113. 6 Siehe z.B. Französischer …” „… , European Economy 44, Brüssel, Oktober 1990; Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa et al. (Hrsg.): Efficiency, Stability …”

Frank Schimmelfennig Deutschland in der Europäischen Union: Hegemonie, Intergouvernementalismus, Status-quo-Macht S. 561-578

„… Strength and Political Constraints, in: Journal of European Public Policy 10/2013, S. 1387–1405; Simon …” „… explanations, in: Journal of European Public Policy 8/2019, S. 1134–1152, hier S. 1146. 10 Hans Kundnani: The …” „… : Journal of European Public Policy 2/2015, S. 177–195; vgl. hierzu auch Gnath/Guttenberg/Redeker in diesem …”

Christian Dreger Der wirtschaftliche Nutzen Europas für Deutschland S. 89-104

„… of the Single Market for European countries and regions, Bertelsmann Stiftung, Policy Paper …” „… Policy Program. European Economy, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, Economic Papers …” „… Henrekson/Johan Torstensson/Rasha Torstensson: Growth effects of European integration, in: European Economic …”

Die Autorinnen und Autoren S. 703-704

„… . Cianciara, Associate Professor, Department of European Studies, Institute of Political Studies, Polish …” „… Policy, Iscte-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lissabon. Handbuch zur deutschen Europapolitik 703 Prof …” „… ; Honorarprofessor der Universität Passau und der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; Moduldirektor für European …”

Thomas von Winter Die Europapolitik der deutschen Interessenverbände S. 211-230

„… whom? Alignments and arguments in EU policy-making, in: West European Politics 5/2017, S. 957–980, hier …” „… Eising/Daniel Rasch/Patrycja Rozbicka: National interest organisations in EU policy-making, in: West European …” „… multilevel policy-making: the politics of information exchange, in: West European Politics 5/2017, S …”

Katrin Böttger, Mathias Jopp Grundlinien deutscher Europapolitik S. 11-30

„… Helwig/Marco Siddi: German Leadership in the Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union, in: German …” „… strength and political constraints, in: Journal of European Public Policy 10/2013, S. 1387–1405; Bulmer …” „… Politics 1/2020, S. 1–7; Robert Rohrschneider/Stephen Whitefield: Party positions about European …”

Barbara Lippert Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland und die Erweiterung der Europäischen Union S. 447-462

„… .): Policy-Making in the European Union, 4. Aufl., Oxford 2000, S. 427–460, hier S. 429. Zur Erweiterungsdoktrin vgl …” „… : Journal of European Public Policy 4/2002, S. 500–528, hier S. 503. 7 Deshalb wird sie auch bezeichnet als …” „… European Union, 7. Aufl., Oxford 2015, S. 407–435, und „composite policy“; Ulrich Sedelmeier/ Helen Wallace …”

Daniel Göler, Mathias Jopp Deutschlands konstitutionelle Europapolitik S. 55-72

„… century, in: Journal of European Public Policy 8/2019, S. 1113–1133, hier: S. 1122. 26 Vgl. Elmar Brok …” „… Knodt/Nicola Staeck: Shifting paradigms: Reflecting Germany’s European policy, in: European Integration Online …” „… . Lipset, Rokkan, and the Transnational Cleavage, in: Journal of European Public Policy 1/2018, S. 109–135 …”

Annette Jünemann Deutschland und die europäische Mittelmeerpolitik S. 481-494

„… : https://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/policy/barcelona_declaration.pdf (letzter Zugriff: 31.3.2020). 2 Siehe Rat der Europäischen Union: Mitteilung an die Presse. 2590 …” „… . European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (Hrsg.): Folter und die Verwertung von Informationen …” „… 2011, in: Amtsblatt der EU, C 188 E, 28. Juni 2012. 22 Vgl. Štefan Füle: European Commissioner for …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… ................................................................................ 497 Claire Demesmay German European policy: a British perspective …” „… ‘ ........... 527 Gabriele D’Ottavio German European policy seen from a Polish perspective …”

Wilhelm Knelangen Ende des europapolitischen Gleichklangs? Die öffentliche Meinung zur europäischen Integration in Deutschland S. 231-246

„… . Scheingold: Europe’s Would-Be polity. Patterns of Change in the European Community, Englewood Cliffs 1970. 5 …” „… : International Security 1/1990, S. 5–56. 6 Vgl. Charlie Jeffery/William Paterson: Germany and European …” „… Integration. A shifting of tectonic plates, in: West European Politics 4/2003, S. 59–75; Gunther Hellmann et …”

Stormy-Annika Mildner Deutsche Interessen in der europäischen Handelspolitik: Deutschland – das Zünglein an der Waage? S. 397-426

„… Organization 3/1988, S. 427–460. 5 Vgl. z.B. Gerry Alons: European External Trade Policy: The Role of Ideas in …” „… German Preference Formation, in: Journal of Contemporary European Research 4/2013, S. 501–520. V …” „… . Towards More Responsible Trade and Investment Policy, Brüssel 2015. 27 Siehe Europäische Kommission …”

Ines Hartwig, Andreas Maurer Redistributive Politiken und ihre Konditionalisierung in der deutschen Europapolitik S. 269-286

„… adapt to European policy goals and governance approaches“.10 In der Bereitstellung von Sachleistungen …” „… . Principles, Institutions, Policies, in: Journal of European Public Policy 1/2015, S. 1–18, hier S. 5. 31 Vgl …” „… : Political Steering in a Non-Hierarchical Multilevel System, in: Journal of Contemporary European Research …”

Heiner von Lüpke, Johanna Wietschel Deutsche Klimapolitik im Wechselspiel mit der Europäischen Union S. 329-350

„… , wird der Klimawandel auch als „super wicked policy problem“ bezeichnet. Die Politik ist hinsichtlich …” „… : Constraining our future selves to ameliorate global climate change, in: Policy Sciences 2/2015, S. 123–152. 3 …” „… in EU energy and climate policy, in: Climate Policy 5/2016, S. 548–567. 13 Vgl. Christoph Bals et al …”

Henning Klodt Deutsche Prioritäten hinsichtlich Binnenmarkt und Wettbewerbspolitik S. 301-312

„… a European industrial policy fit for the 21st Century, 19. Februar 2019. 12 Siehe Europäische …” „… . 15 Vgl. z.B. Massimo Motta/Martin Peitz: Competition policy and European firms’ competitiveness …” „… , 20.2.2019, abrufbar unter: https://voxeu.org/content/competition-policy-and-european …”

Martin Große Hüttmann Leitbilder deutscher Europapolitik S. 31-54

„… : Germany's Approach to the Euro Crisis, European Council on Foreign Relations, Policy Brief, London 2012 …” „… Anna Rovná (Hrsg.): Leitbilder for the Future of the European Union. Dissenting Promoters of Unity …” „… European Union: Europe’s Reluctant Hegemon?, London 2019. 8 Vgl. Heinrich Schneider: Leitbilder der …”

Gabriele D’Ottavio Anomalie oder Laboratorium? Italien und der ‚antideutsche Euroskeptizismus‘ S. 527-544

„… . Almut Möller/Roderick Parkes (Hrsg.): Germany as Viewed by Other EU Member States, European Policy …” „… Rafter (Hrsg.): Political Advertising in the 2014 European Parliament Elections, London 2017. Handbuch …” „… 2019, S. 63–83. 5 Vgl. Università di Siena/Istituto Affari Internazionali: Italians and Foreign Policy …”

Peter Becker Zwischen Zuchtmeister und Zahlmeister – Deutsche Europapolitik und die europäischen Finanzverhandlungen S. 247-268

„… .): Policy-Making in the European Union, Oxford 1998, S. 71–96, hier S. 85. Zwischen Zuchtmeister und Zahlmeister …” „… . 5 Brigid Laffan: The Finances of the European Union, New York 1997, S. 54. 6 Johannes Lindner …” „… financial perspective as an important element in ensuring their European partners that the unified Germany …”

Chronologie deutscher Europapolitik S. 579-602

„… Richtlinien, sondern lediglich Orientierungen in der Wirtschaftspolitik vorzugeben (Broad Economic Policy …” „… . 13.03.1979 | Das EWS tritt in Kraft. Rückwirkend wird die European Currency Unit (ECU) als Bezugsgrö- ße ab …” „… Deutschland beschließt die Eurogruppe die Schaffung der European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) für einen …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748909514

Aline Bartenstein - The Concept of Solidarity

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Aline Bartenstein

The Concept of Solidarity

Series: Studies on the European Union

Volume 18 2021

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List of Literature S. 273-308

„… a Common European Energy Policy', Friedrich Ebert Stiftung – International Policy Analysis, October …” „… (2002) Michel Barnier European Commissioner responsible for Regional Policy and Institutional Reform …” „… , politicization, and identity politics, Journal of European Public Policy, 25(1), pp. 83–108. Boudant, Joël (2010 …”

3. The principle of solidarity as political commitment and legal norm S. 118-153

„… treaty: „(T)he Treaty endorsed the principle of solidarity (Note 5) in the European Union’s policy fields …” „… ). European energy policy and the effects of solidarity as a legal principle Even though energy policy has …” „… been an essential feature of European integration since its early days, the policy field remained …”

1. Introduction: European solidarity – a chameleonic term S. 17-31

„… mentioned in Art. 3 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Cohesion policy aims at …” „… institutionalised in the field of European gas policy although solidarity has increasingly become part of the …” „… characterises the general development of European energy policy. Solidarity thus obviously fulfils two tasks …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… Studies on the European Union | 18 The Concept of Solidarity Energy Policy in the European Union …” „… Volume 18 Energy Policy in the European Union The Concept of Solidarity Nomos Aline Bartenstein The …” „… Solidarity Energy Policy in the European Union Aline Bartenstein 318 pp. Includes bibliographic references …”

4. Solidarity in secondary law: only cosmetic improvements? S. 154-250

„… European energy policy could look like. One of the questions concerned the design of possible preventive …” „… and Policy conference in January 2007, that „the second key area of the new European Energy Policy …” „… solidarity came into force with the Treaty of Lisbon, the development of a common European energy policy …”

Annex S. 309-318

„… increased 2005 Hampton Court; Informal European Council Meeting Call for an Energy Policy for Europe 2006 …” „… 2006 European Council Renewed call for Energy Policy for Europe 2006 Green Paper of Commission Strong …” „… interlinkage of solidarity and security of supply 2007 European Council Announcement of Energy Policy for …”

2. Research framework S. 32-117

„… article on fiscal solidarity, that an exclusive national identity does not prevent European social policy …” „… distinct term after the European revolution in 1848. At the end of the century, solidarity was also …” „… solidarity emerged within states due to the institutions which were brought to life by social policy (Kuhn …”

5. Conclusions S. 251-272

„… pursue a policy at the European level. This approach might be criticised since the recitals of secondary …” „… of 2007, the Member States agreed to implement a European energy policy, which is why positive …” „… different policy fields. The Court provided new impetus for European integration with this judgement and it …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748927952

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Wilfried Loth (ed.)

Experiencing Europe

Series: Veröffentlichungen der Historiker-Verbindungsgruppe bei der Kommission der EG

Volume 12 2009

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Antonio Varsori Development of European Social Policy S. 169-192

„… 169 5. Social Europe Development of European Social Policy Antonio Varsori Introduction During the …” „… . The present report will analyse both the origins and the development of a European social policy …” „… , 1999. Loth_Layout.indd 170 08.12.2008 12:02:40 171 early results of a European social policy; the …”

Josefina Cuesta Bustillo A Social Europe (1970-2006)? S. 193-216

„… European social policy. 1. European social law refers to the social provisions of the Treaty of Rome (arts …” „… Communities. 72 EC, Directorate-General for Education and Culture, European employment and social policy: a …” „… policy for people, Luxembourg: Offi ce for Offi cial Publications of the European Communities, 2000, p …”

Johnny Laursen The Enlargement of the European Community, 1950-95 S. 269-304

„… policy orientation somewhat from the Commonwealth and Atlantic circles towards a more European …” „… 12:02:45 277 Milward in the offi cial history of the British European policy. This work represents an …” „… authoritative interpretation of the British formulation of it’s European policy as an expression of a national …”

Anne Deighton Foreign and Security Policy after the End of the Cold War S. 255-268

„… through the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP …” „… tools in foreign policy, a bargain in which NATO, the Western European Union (WEU) and the nationstates …” „… European foreign policy with military tools was out of bounds for the Community/ Union. So the impact of …”

Gérard Bossuat Origins and Development of the External Personality of the European Community S. 217-254

„… policy powers to the European Communities. Fifty years on, the European Union wields recognised infl …” „… , the Six also launched a ‘European Political Co-operation’ in foreign policy, ‘without prejudice to …” „… European Union treaty of 7 February 1992, which instituted a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). The …”

Eric Bussière, Michel DUMOULIN, Sylvain Schirmann THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION S. 45-102

„… matters of economic policy. The driving effect brought on by the Single European Act is essential for an …” „… industrial policy‘, in Michel Dumoulin (ed.), The European Commission, pp. 457-470. 49 Robert Toulemon …” „… the Commission can be paralysed by the absence of a common policy. Concerning the European Road …”

Marie-Thérèse Bitsch, Wilfried Loth EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS AND POLITICAL INTEGRATION S. 103-126

„… policy, and the right to refer matters to the European Court of Justice or the European Investment Bank …” „… Policy. By accepting such a constitution, the European Union can considerably improve its ability to act …” „… the European authorities (EEC and Council of Europe) have had a policy favouring such a creation. We …”

Anne Faber Eastern Enlargement in Perspective: A Comparative View on EC/EU Enlargements S. 305-325

„… . Richardson (ed.), European Union. Power and policy-making, London/ New York: Routledge, 1996, pp. 233-246 …” „… European Public Policy 2002, 9:4, pp. 500-528, pp. 507ff; 524; Helen Wallace, ‚EU enlargement: A neglected …” „… potentially re-directing the course of European integration. – The traditional external policy stance of the …”

Gérard Bossuat, Eric Bussière, Robert Frank, Wilfried Loth, Antonio Varsori Introduction S. 9-16

„… : economic, social policy, European public space, external relations, institutions, and the enlargement of …” „… non-existence of a European social policy and a European social space. As was observed recently in the case of …” „… the vote on the draft European constitution, many voters doubt that a European social policy exists …”

Marie-Françoise Lévy, Marie-Noële Sicard Culture in the Public Sphere as an Issue of European Construction: Missions and Experiences S. 142-151

„… institutionalisation of a European policy and the establishment of institutional legitimacy regarding cultural matters …” „… European cultural policy? In these areas does it constitute a turning point from the point of view of …” „… for setting up customs union between the Member States.13 A European policy for regulating audiovisual …”

Robert Frank Conclusion S. 347-358

„… monetary policy of the Central European Bank, and the defi cit of social Europe with regard to what is …” „… creation in 1999 of its instrument, The European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). Following some …” „… , European leaders and States very quickly understood that a European external policy would be a good lever …”

N. Piers LUDLOW Widening, Deepening and Opening Out: Towards a Fourth Decade of European Integration History S. 33-44

„… analysis was better on the way in which national policy towards European issues was made than it was on …” „… Competition Policy (1957-1964)‚ in The making and unmaking of the European Union, HEIRS Conference …” „… 33 Widening, Deepening and Opening Out: Towards a Fourth Decade of European Integration History N …”

Hartmut Kaelble The Concept and Debates on the Idea S. 127-133

„… cant infl uence on European impressions regarding good economic growth, the policy to be adopted …” „… parties should present European policy to their citizens. At the same time, neither the national …” „… it intrinsically implies a fi rst defi nition: are we seeing the emergence of a European public …”

Antoine Marès Central Europe in the ‘Fifth’ Enlargement of the European Union S. 326-346

„… it have the means, for example, to conduct both an African policy and a European policy at the same …” „… the foreign policy of the candidate countries. The surprise of certain ‘major’ Europeans concerning …” „… 326 Central Europe in the ‘Fifth’ Enlargement of the European Union146 Antoine Marès Since the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… . SOCIAL EUROPE Development of European Social Policy 169 Antonio Varsori A Social Europe (1970-2006)? 193 …” „… Personality of the European Community 217 Gérard Bossuat Foreign and Security Policy after the End of the …” „… Nomos Publications of the | 12 European Union Liaison Committee of Historians …”

Robert Frank Cultural, Memorial and Reference Sphere, Public Sphere and European Democracy S. 152-168

„… 152 Cultural, Memorial and Reference Sphere, Public Sphere and European Democracy Robert Frank …” „… (out of fi ve) axioms are related to the concept of European public sphere, but it is the fi rst one …” „… this sphere be ‘European’? It is not enough for it to be located in Europe, or for it to be cloaked in …”

Luisa Passerini Between Public and Private Sphere: Permeability and Interactions S. 134-141

„… European policy towards making the continent into a public sphere, visual art takes up the task of vividly …” „… involve gendered bodies moving through the European territory. 4 Among others: Lauren Berlant, Intimacy …” „… , attitude to Europe? I don’t know…’, when asked ‘Do you feel European?’, replied: ‘Of course I feel …”

Jost Dülffer The History of European Integration: From Integration History to the History of Integrated Europe S. 17-32

„… 17 1. The Balance of Historiography The History of European Integration: From Integration History …” „… history of European Integration as a story of unprecedented success, which turned former enemies into …” „… continent that found peace through integration. ‘The European Dream – How Europe’s Vision of the Future is …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845213323

Stefan Ahlswede - Israel's European policy after the Cold War

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Stefan Ahlswede

Israel's European policy after the Cold War

Series: Düsseldorfer Schriften zu Internationaler Politik und Völkerrecht

Volume 6 2009

Results in this title

Has Israel’s European Policy changed? S. 263-267

„… 263 6. Conclusion 6.1. Has Israel’s European Policy changed? Has Israel’s European policy changed …” „… European policy system: the end of the Cold War and the Israeli-Palestinian peace, the Oslo Accords. One …” „… can expect these changes of parameters to also have a profound impact on Israel’s European policy …”

The politicians S. 121-123

„… the actors in Israel’s European policy on the politicians’ level. Who amongst the politicians has had …” „… which role in determining Israel’s behaviour towards the EC/ EU in issues of European Middle East policy …” „… policy acts of the European Community/ European Union in statements, speeches and interviews, but also in …”

Perspective on integration S. 274-278

„… peace process policy. At the same time, Israel’s European policy has been almost exclusively reactive …” „… . Likewise, Israel’s policy towards a European role in Middle Eastern a?airs has been vastly determined by …” „… Israel’s aims in European policy is even better visible with Israel’s goal to employ the EC/ EU as …”

Preventing an EU political role S. 239-243

„… European policy system and in Israel’s civil society who have spoken out and promoted closer association …” „… formulation or conduct of Israel’s European policy. 5.2.4.3. Competing elites Finally, a word on competing …” „… European policy and do not o?er alternative European policies. The reason is mainly the low priority of …”

Incompatible perspectives on appropriate foreign behaviour S. 272-274

„… process and of Israel’s peace process policy. At the same time, Israel’s European policy has been almost …” „… always wanted to avoid. Likewise, Israel’s policy towards a European role in Middle Eastern a?airs has …” „… policy and as an extension to it. When Israel has aimed to prevent a European political role in the …”

The case studies S. 16-18

„… go into the details of these cases. “European policy” is understood as behaviour aimed exclusively …” „… Israel-European relations processed by the Israeli foreign policy system in the period under investigation can be …” „… order to determine how Israel’s European policy system is working, we however have to see it working …”

Token role of the EU S. 259-261

„… , to behaviour even counterproductive to Israel’s policy objectives. Interestingly, Israel’s European …” „… the West and Europe, as we have seen. The European Union, on the other hand, has a strong demand for …” „… been the Europeans’ central concern, considered more important than a factual role in the peace process …”

Scientific interest S. 13-15

„… researched at all. However, this may not be so surprising, given that European policy is almost exclusively …” „… workings of Israel’s European policy all the more instructive. It o?ers an insight into the workings of low …” „… theoretically in asymmetrical interdependence.1 An analysis of Israel’s European policy also promises to shed …”

Further actors S. 237-239

„… more so when he was ambassador to Germany. He was the central planner of Israel’s European policy when …” „… have been the core of the little-noticed active, nonreactive aspect of Israel’s European policy. 5.2.3 …” „… Israel’s European policy system. They determined Israel’s “policy” towards the EC/ EU as we have understood …”

The ministerial officials S. 119-121

„… process policy to further relations with Europe. Israel’s vital European aims thus fall foul of matters …” „… central in Israel-EC/ EU relations when it comes to European Middle East policy. Let us now take a look at …” „… between two groups of actors within the Israeli European policy system, the ministerial o?cials on the one …”

Perception of the EU’s attitude S. 228-231

„… has included behaviour in Israeli peace process policy that has been met with European rejection. To a …” „… has been shared by many processors in Israel’s European policy system. In this view, the causes of the …” „… European sympathy after Rabin and Peres’ change in peace process policy is the best proof that Israel is …”

Self-conception of Israel vis-à-vis Europe S. 226-228

„… 226 5. Israel’s European policy 5.1. Images and perceptions Images and perceptions play a central …” „… Ashkenazi background. The images of individual processors in Israel’s European policy system however may …” „… , but in European policy the issue is to be an insider. Israel perceives itself as being essentially …”

The politicians S. 232-235

„… system, we of course immediately think of a state’s Foreign Minister. In Israel’s European policy system …” „… studies, of six Foreign Ministers710 only two have been notably active in European policy, Levy under …” „… with Europe. Central as the Foreign Minister is on the political level of the European policy system …”

Incompatible visions: European or Middle Eastern? S. 268-270

„… 268 the centre field of Israel’s foreign policy interests, which is security. As a consequence, any …” „… be of less importance in the portfolio of Israel’s overall foreign policy objectives. True, because …” „… of Israel’s dependence on Europe’s markets and because of Israel’s high interest in the Europeans …”

Administrative units S. 123-124

„… studies, we must not mistake this for evidence that European policy enjoys a top ranking in Israel’s …” „… to European ventures in the Middle East. Rather, Europe has been venturing into a policy field to …” „… sta?ng its European policy system with top politicians in issues of EU Middle East policy, however, is …”

Reference List S. 285-322

„… ). European foreign policy and the Arab-Israeli dispute: Much ado about nothing? European Foreign A?airs …” „… : The European neighbourhood policy and its tools. The International Spectator (Rome), 40 (1), 7–20 …” „… (Israeli-European Policy Network Papers). Beer Sheva: Centre for the Study of European Politics and Society …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… (DIAS) at the Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf2.AuflageIsrael’s European policy after the Cold …” „… 1.4.3. The data basis 26 1.5. General outline 27 2. The environment of Israel’s European policy 29 2.1 …” „… European Union 39 2.1.1.4.2.1. EC/ EU Middle East policy 40 2.1.1.4.2.2. EU Mediterranean policy 41 …”

Hibernation S. 258-259

„… influenced by considerations of integration policy, optimising its e?orts for European concessions by …” „… 258 the EC. In neither case does Israel comply with the European Union’s request, but both tactics …” „… the same policy approach. If the political climate between Israel and the EU is too cool for Israel to …”

Tactic S. 70-75

„… exports, i. e. in formulation – albeit in formulation of behaviour in other policy fields than European …” „… Foreign Ministry did not indeed feel quite the urge Shamir felt to overcome the European Parliament’s …” „… agricultural exports. 3.1.4. Tactic Now that we have seen what was behind the European Parliament’s position …”

Israel’s motivation to agree S. 77-85

„… discontent with EC policy was the Europeans’ tendency to come up with independent Middle East initiatives …” „… policy makers, integration would “tame” the Europeans by giving them responsibility. At the same time …” „… be ratified, let alone that it could threaten any to the European Parliament. There were negative …”

The ministerial officials S. 235-237

„… politicians. The most important processors of European policy on the o?cials’ level have come from the Foreign …” „… , formulation in Israel’s European policy system has been plainly reactive, responding within a short-term …” „… of visionaries in European policy in the late eighties and early nineties: Jacob Cohen, the Foreign …”

Why has Israel been successful? S. 218-220

„… , the EC’s re-orientation and its new Mediterranean policy thus facilitated upgrading of Israel-European …” „… Barcelona conference was to be the EU’s New Mediterranean Policy’s first outflow. Concerning Israel, the …” „… achieved all of this in the mid-nineties? After all, Israel had been wooing the European Community to …”

State of research S. 15-16

„… understanding the environment in which Israel conducts its European policy. Israel’s relations with the EC/ EU …” „… Israel’s relations with Europe, its relations with the EC/ EU and with individual European states have been …” „… looked into much less often. EC/ EU Middle East and Mediterranean policy is relatively well covered …”

Remarks on Israel’s policy style S. 221-225

„… least as far as European policy is concerned. 692 Ahlswede, 1997j. 223 4.9.4.3. Peres’ and the …” „… European policy. Most instructive though is Peres’ doomed attempt to have the EMA finalised early, spurred …” „… ? the table. Crucial to our analysis of Israel’s European policy here is that Peres did not manage to …”

A special case: Avi Primor S. 211-212

„… Israel assigns to Germany in its European policy – and we can constitute a central role of Germany here …” „… low priority as European policy, individuals with a determination can make a di?erence. Quite likely …” „… last phase of the policy process, the implementation of policy vis-à-vis the EU. This is particularly …”

Use the EU’s good services S. 247-250

„… policy where Israel has aimed to draw on European services are relations with Iran and, in extension …” „… European Union. Israel’s aim in integration policy has accordingly been to achieve full freedom of the …” „… this, the Netanyahu government did not put much stress on trying to expand European aid to the …”

Motivation of the European Parliament S. 59-65

„… Israel’s peace process policy – had become an issue, as well as the European Parliament’s position on this …” „… Whilst the European Parliament’s anger over and disapproval of Israel’s policy certainly had a profound …” „… newly-gained competence in EC foreign policy: In September 1988 the European Parliament received the PLO’s …”

Background of Israel’s counterproductive behaviour S. 66-70

„… occupied territory as incompatible with Israel’s policy, particularly regarding the creation of a …” „… consider European sensibilities. In May 1988, after the European Parliament had already refused to ratify …” „… European Parliament’s blockade, Israel was not worried about annoying the EC at a further occasion, even …”

The actors S. 75-76

„… fields than European policy. Behaviour towards Europe has been more of a by-product of this formulation …” „… protocols but a strategic decision. So far the embassy to Belgium had doubled as the embassy to the European …” „… controversy on Palestinian exports, i. e. in formulation – albeit in formulation of behaviour in other policy …”

Conflicting aims: contain Europe or embrace Europe? S. 267-268

„… policy specifically aimed at Europe. 6.2.2. Incompatible visions: European or Middle Eastern? Israel …” „… interference and prodding at all. The cost of keeping the Europeans out politically however comes in the form …” „… more influential European role. Continuously rebu?ng the Europeans in their desire for a significant …”

Israel’s motivation to agree S. 89-97

„… closest to the Arab position within the choir of European foreign policy. Chirac had just proclaimed a …” „… 89 3.3. A European role in the Grapes of Wrath agreement In April, 1996 Israel launched Operation …” „… called France’s participation in the group the greatest success of French foreign policy since World War …”

Structures and processes S. 239

„… European policy system and in Israel’s civil society who have spoken out and promoted closer association …” „… formulation or conduct of Israel’s European policy. 5.2.4.3. Competing elites Finally, a word on competing …” „… European policy and do not o?er alternative European policies. The reason is mainly the low priority of …”

General outline S. 27-28

„… of Israel’s European policy. Chapter 2 thus gives a short account of Israel’s position in the …” „… Israel’s European policy system, Israel’s goals vis-à-vis the EU typical characteristics of Israel’s policy …” „… style and behaviour towards Europe. Finally, in chapter 6 we will conclude if Israel’s European policy …”

Virtual implementation S. 257-258

„… influenced by considerations of integration policy, optimising its e?orts for European concessions by …” „… , he did not mention the EC at all. This would suggest European expectations were not deemed crucial …” „… sensitive to European concerns. In view of the Rabin-Peres rivalry, an additional explanation may lie in a …”

Conclusion S. 76-77

„… ? Unsurprisingly, most members of the European Parliament portrayed their sanction as a success, claiming Israel …” „… political and secondary at best. The damage done by the European Parliament’s measure was exclusively felt …” „… opposition against the Israeli government’s policy in the occupied territories. It was this peace-process …”

The role of the US S. 253-254

„… at Europe. Israel’s peace with the PLO and Jordan has not been part of Israel’s European policy …” „… evidence, however, that the US has ever turned to Israel with regard to Israel’s European policy. This is …” „… give a more specific insight into Israel’s European policy. 5.5.1. The German channel To begin with …”

The politicians S. 207-211

„… neither participated in policy formulation vis-à-vis the European Union because of the issues at hand. On …” „… foreign to Israeli-European relations. The only instance when Shamir took an active role in policy …” „… , the politicians. Following the tripartite model, the policy process can be subdivided into three …”

The data basis S. 26-27

„… psychological environment of Israel’s European policy. Chapter 2 thus gives a short account of Israel’s position …” „… then summarise our findings on Israel’s European policy system, Israel’s goals vis-à-vis the EU typical …” „… Israel’s European policy has changed in response to input variations. We will also analyse …”

Has Israel achieved its aims? S. 215-218

„… noted, in foreign policy the Ministry of Agriculture were stronger.683 It is important to understand …” „… right of establishment, which Israel has aspired to. The European Union refused to look into the matter …” „… reason though being not obstinacy of the Europeans but a flaw in Israel’s negotiating stance. The picture …”

Rhetoric S. 186-193

„… European Union, 1995. 188 unpleasant as it may be to Israeli policy makers.616 Moreover, the US aid did …” „… relations and the reason why the Europeans should comply with the Israeli pleas. In brief, the argument was …” „… the central pillars of its foreign policy is to uphold and strengthen the US patronage. Considering …”

Has Israel achieved its aims? S. 251-253

„… EU European Neighbourhood Policy is supposed to reinvigorate the foundering implementation of …” „… part of Israel’s European policy. Likewise, the circumstance that the EU has not come to play a …” „… European policy. This is not too surprising after all, since the US has supported the deeper association of …”

Conclusion S. 88-89

„… 88 Levy, however, had not initially been in favour of any European role in a peace conference …” „… either. As late as in mid-April he voiced opposition to the Europeans participating even as mere …” „… association with Europe and, being generally pro-European, supported an EC participation in the peace process …”

Excursion: the EC agrees to negotiations – a success of Israeli policy? S. 134-144

„… economy in 1991 and 1992 – improving the TCA was one of them. European policy has thus been applied here …” „… agreed to negotiations a success of Israeli European policy? It could appear so, considering that the EC …” „… not of Israel’ European policy but of it peace process policy. 4.4.2. Exploratory talks Despite the …”

A third leg – Counterbalance a possible decrease of American commitment S. 113-119

„… policy or sheer rhetorical tactics to get a European audience into a more forthcoming mood. In fact, Vice …” „… comes to European Middle East policy. Let us now take a look at the actual actors in the policy system …” „… following. In general, we can distinguish between two groups of actors within the Israeli European policy …”

The ministerial officials S. 202-205

„… Department. These actors do not belong to any established structure of the Israeli European policy system but …” „… geographically but are currently unacceptable on political grounds, and central and Eastern European countries …” „… would imply that the European Union recognised that Israel, too, had “special relations” with Europe …”

External operational environment S. 29-42

„… 29 2. The environment of Israel’s European policy In the following chapter we will roughly …” „… psychological environment of Israel’s European policy. When we look into the case studies further below we will …” „… and trade. An adjustment of policy was called for when the Europeans felt threatened by the …”

The future of the EU’s contribution S. 278-280

„… European policy but certainly also in Israel’s central foreign policy area, in peace process policy. In …” „… o?er precious stimuli for Israel’s peace process policy. A good dose of these European qualities may …” „… public or, at best, of the same demographic sector from which the processors of Israel’s European policy …”

Confusion over Israel’s goal S. 146-153

„… the East European countries. The fact of the matter 440 May, 1998. On Israel’s immigration policy …” „… Israeli European policy system understood the ramifications of an EEA status would not favour it, or at …” „… framework of the EC’s Mediterranean policy, at least not exclusively. Being EFTA-like in this sense is the …”

Bounded slippage and emergencism S. 261-262

„… behaviour even counterproductive to Israel’s policy objectives. Interestingly, Israel’s European policy …” „… slippage: Using the equivalent of a fluctuation band in policy output, Israel’s foreign policy system will …” „… allow the designated policy output to slip within boundaries. As long as the aberrant behaviour will not …”

The German channel S. 254-255

„… thus promise to give a more specific insight into Israel’s European policy. 5.5.1. The German channel …” „… 254 left by the US with European alternatives: examples have been Israel’s use of the Barcelona …” „… envoy as a dummy and bu?er against an unwelcome renewed US peace e?ort. Israel’s policy towards the EU …”

Further measures S. 195-202

„… marked example of declaratory policy, Foreign Minister Levy thus tried to win the Europeans’ sympathies …” „… is not so clear if the processors of Israel’s European policy system fully recognised that the EU’s …” „… . It is a behaviour in the peace process compatible with the Europeans’ ideas that prompts the EU to be …”

EEA status S. 250-251

„… ) enjoy with the European Union. Israel’s aim in integration policy has accordingly been to achieve full …” „… institutionalised political dialogue and some form of anchorage in the European Union that was never specified; for …” „… , Israel has been seeking relations equal to those that non-EU members of the European Economic Area (EEA …”

Israel’s perspective S. 108-113

„… motivated by the Europeans’ fear of migration from the Maghreb and of Europe’s growing Muslim minorities …” „… EMP as a tool of EU domestic and North-Africa policy, but not as genuinely geared at the Middle East …” „… , Israel has long been yearning to accede to the Pan-European Cumulation System (PECS) introduced in 1998 …”

The role of private interest groups S. 212-215

„… Israel assigns to Germany in its European policy – and we can constitute a central role of Germany here …” „… low priority as European policy, individuals with a determination can make a di?erence. Quite likely …” „… promoted and pursued this aim across all phases of the policy process. Together with the core circle of the …”

Conflicting visions S. 220-221

„… with, Israel’s foreign policy system simply has no resources at hand to process European inputs more …” „… assent. There was no need to convince the Europeans in the matter. It were the basic conditions that made …” „… is, not as “a European country that happens to be in the Middle East”.690 The EU though has never …”

Incompatible notions: European or special? S. 270-272

„… 270 gional policy was more in line with European ideas than the previous and following governments …” „… ’. 6.2.3. Incompatible notions: European or special? There are more incompatibilities: Israel has announced …” „… policy, which so far had been deemed crucial to react appropriately to external shocks such as waves of …”

The Inter-Ministerial Director Generals’ Committee for Economic International Affairs S. 205-207

„… been an important forum in Israel’s European policy process. The DGC has been involved in the upgrading …” „… they held phone conversations, exchanged notes with and paid visits to their European counterparts and …” „… various ministries, have only rarely been actively involved in the policy process as individual actors. As …”

The EU’s special envoy to the Middle East S. 98-104

„… the peace process, whilst Israel at the same time had signalled to the Europeans to stay out of the …” „… tour of Europe, neither Netanyahu nor his Foreign Minister Levy had visited the European Commission.252 …” „… What was received considerably worse was that the Europeans had not been invited to the …”

The actors S. 97-98

„… professional level, the Foreign Ministry’s Deputy Director General for European A?airs, Bavli. Other ministries …” „… were not involved.247 The line-up of Israel’s top foreign policy personnel processing the issue is …” „… was a high-policy policy issue with crucial domestic relevance. In his role as Minister of Defence …”

The actors S. 87-88

„… Minister, Levy had focussed on the remaining policy fields, namely relations with the Europeans and the EC …” „… foreign policy successes had to be re-evaluated as over-enthusiastic.204 Part of an explanation of such a …” „… in fact not going to be rewarded just for simply agreeing to European participation in the peace …”

Sanctions, threats and retaliation S. 193-195

„… trade with the US to punish the EU for its trade policy. “The Europeans shouldn’t take for granted that …” „… marked example of declaratory policy, Foreign Minister Levy thus tried to win the Europeans’ sympathies …” „… particular Rabin launched a number of rhetorical attacks against the Europeans. “Europe talks about the free …”

Index S. 323-331

„… Policy 41, 252 European Organisation for Molecular Biology 132 European Parliament 16, 27, 59, 61, 63 …” „… , 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 126, 196, 240, 255, 256 European policy system …” „… AGREXCO 59, 60, 63, 65, 66, 74, 76, 124, 238 Aid, American 37, 115, 116, 118, 188 Aid, European 99, 139 …”

The EU as the facilitator of peace S. 243-247

„… Middle East, however, has not been as absolute as it may seem at first. It is a direct European say in …” „… the Europeans as facilitators of peace. Whilst they should wield no direct say in Middle Eastern …” „… politics, the Europeans should create an environment in which Middle East peace could prosper. Di?erent …”

The dispute on the EU’s R&D programme S. 174-179

„… quasi-European state. Ultimately, therefore, the Foreign Ministry regarded accession as being more important than …” „… the actual potential of the programme. The Ministry wanted Israel to be treated the same as European …” „… Industry and Trade, aware of the problems the Israeli industry would face in fitting in with the European …”

Bureaucratic units S. 237

„… more so when he was ambassador to Germany. He was the central planner of Israel’s European policy when …” „… have been the core of the little-noticed active, nonreactive aspect of Israel’s European policy. 5.2.3 …” „… Israel’s European policy system. They determined Israel’s “policy” towards the EC/ EU as we have understood …”

The attitudinal prism S. 48-50

„… prism of the processors in Israel’s European policy system. We will instead concentrate on the images …” „… environment of Israel’s foreign policy system The psychological environment is the perceptual counterpart to …” „… that processors of Israel’s foreign policy system perceive them. It is these images that processors act …”

The 1975 Free Trade and Cooperation Agreement S. 125-127

„… processors of Israel’s European policy involved, with the possible exception of the military and defence …” „… 125 4. Integration policy: association with the EC/ EU In 1995, after years of negotiations, Israel …” „… Fourth Framework Programme for Research and Development for Israel as the first non-European country to …”

Aims in detail S. 153-160

„… the new agreement be called an “association agreement”: the term is reserved for European agreements …” „… negotiations integration into the European market of some sort, paralleled by participation in EC R&D …” „… fact, the proposal of the European Commission to call the agreement not an “Association Agreement” but …”

Exploratory talks S. 144-146

„… success of Israeli European policy? It could appear so, considering that the EC gave up on all of the …” „… ’ European policy but of it peace process policy. 4.4.2. Exploratory talks Despite the warm welcome that the …” „… , that the European Community got serious about negotiations for upgrading relations with Israel. Israel …”

Misperceptions and policy failure S. 231-232

„… 5.1.3. Misperceptions and policy failure This leads us to the question of misperceptions and their …” „… underestimated. As a consequence, Israel is depriving itself of the ability to optimally react to European …” „… foreign policy options. Secondly – and potentially more harmful – Israel may not only bark up the wrong …”

What we need: form follows function S. 18-21

„… day-to-day politics in Israel’s European policy, we need a rather sophisticated model. We do want to analyse …” „… Israel’s European policy, we need to see what has come of it and we need an implementation perspective.5 …” „… only Israel’s European policy that is under scrutiny in this analysis but also the applicability and …”

Images – Israel’s self-perception S. 50-57

„… Israel’s own troubles with European powers such as the old antagonism with the UK from the time of the …” „… and in its assessment of the Europeans’ reliability, and so has the fact that nearly all of the EC …” „… in Israeli-European matters, not the religious, not the Sephardi, not the more recent immigrants from …”

The internal dispute on Israel’s goal S. 170-174

„… the fundamental basis of a formulated European policy. But not only the decision – its implications …” „… . 147 f. 171 Israel’s concern, such as agricultural and monetary policy.539 In Tenney’s view, the only …” „… . The European Commission, for its part, had in fact announced from an early point that it did not …”

Levy’s perception of what was agreed upon with the EC in June S. 85-87

„… had focussed on the remaining policy fields, namely relations with the Europeans and the EC. From all …” „… 85 had reacted by issuing a strong-worded statement, calling the European Commission’s steps …” „… figure in Israel’s relations with the European Community, Primor himself, and most likely on other …”

The research design: structured empiricism S. 21-26

„… not been done before. E?ectively, it is not only Israel’s European policy that is under scrutiny in …” „… the foreign policy system as opposed to interpretations of it.13 Model of Israel’s European policy …” „… 21 basis for a probabilistic prediction of choices amongst foreign policy options which Israel may …”

Portray behaviour as if caused by EU attitude: the issue of the deportees S. 255-257

„… successful – but does Europe have an influence in Israel’s regional policy? In one particular issue, Foreign …” „… European Parliament called for suspension of financial links with Israel in reaction.744 The European …” „… Cooperation Council in early February.745 The European Parliament, in contrast, strongly demanded that the …”

Politics and economics shall not be linked? S. 262

„… presented the separation of these two spheres as if it were a foreign policy goal. In pursuing this …” „… European Union make use of any such junction.758 In stark contrast, as we have seen, when it came to …” „… had accepted a European delegation to the Madrid conference, the EC should in turn agree to …”

An assessment after ten years S. 106-108

„… European Union’s general reluctance to use conditionality certainly go a long way to explain this failure …” „… European Commission, 2006a; European Commission, 2006b. 279 Yacoubian, 2004. 280 The great damages that the …” „… should also have had a transatlantic dimension. For the European Union, the idea had certainly been to …”

The causes and implications of the trade deficit with the EC S. 127-130

„… 127 trade position from deteriorating as more and more countries joined the European Community or …” „… received preferential access to the EC for political reasons like the EC’s anti-drug policy.341 …” „… European Community. From 1975 to 1991, the volume of Israel’s foreign trade had increased by a good five …”

Abbreviations S. 11-12

„… 11 Abbreviations BERD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development for East Europe CFSP Common …” „… Foreign and Security Policy CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe DGC Inter-Ministerial …” „… Director Generals’ Committee for Economic International A?airs EEA European Economic Area EFTA European …”

The dispute on rules of origin S. 160-164

„… prefer the Europeans not to have any say and from which Israel would rather keep them well away. Upon …” „… an issue.485 4.5.2.9. Boost European investments Whilst not part of the negotiations for a new …” „… investments from European companies in Israel.486 Clearly, European investments would improve Israel’s balance …”

The dispute on financial services S. 167-170

„… open its agricultural markets to Israel and that the European Commission might well have been simply …” „… Europeans clearly had not promised anything ahead of the negotiations, the EU according to Tsur and Allon …” „… Uruguay round’s General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Due to its immigration policy, Israel …”

The dynamics of further European integration S. 130-132

„… exceeded it.350 In addition, the highinterest policy of the Israeli central bank was attracting …” „… very much seen as a cause for concern. 4.2.2. The dynamics of further European integration There was …” „… more reason to worry. In 1986, the EC countries had signed the Single European Act that would establish …”

The history of scientific cooperation with the EC S. 132-134

„… Agreement of 1995, Israel signed an Agreement on scientific and technical cooperation between the European …” „… Community and the State of Israel in 1996, making Israel the first non-European participant in the EU’s …” „… should participate in the integration of European science. As a result, Israel has become the only …”

Usefulness of our model S. 280

„… Israel’s European policy system recruit themselves. Similarly, many of the components of the processors …” „… Israeli foreign policy system is still up to the task after more than three decades. Specifically, the …” „… procedures in only one segment of a state’s foreign policy. It did indeed do this very well, primarily for …”

Nature and aims of the EMP S. 104-106

„… Programme (EMP) to replace the EU’s Renewed Mediterranean Policy. The EMP started o? with a meeting of the …” „… financial instrument is the European 276 For the text of the Barcelona Declaration outlining the objectives …” „… , see European Commission, November 1995. 277 As of June 2009, solely the agreement with Syria …”

Victims nevermore S. 57-58

„… . Characteristics of Israel’s foreign policy Israel’s self-conception and its perception of its relations with the …” „… rest of the world have had a profound influence on Israel’s foreign policy and foreign behaviour. In …” „… policy conception. 2.3.1. Primacy of security It has been claimed that “Israel has not got foreign policy …”

The dispute on agricultural products S. 166-167

„… , the European Union was not ready to accept most of Israel’s requests. Rather, it raised its own …” „… to further open its agricultural markets to Israel and that the European Commission might well have …” „… Europeans clearly had not promised anything ahead of the negotiations, the EU according to Tsur and Allon …”

Background of Israel’s position S. 65-66

„… inter-institutional rivalry, too. Just as with the European Parliament, Israel’s behaviour was not determined by the …” „… issue. True, the principles of the EPC’s Middle East policy that were perceived as the motive to the …” „… – not political in terms of peace process policy, that is.126 It was however an issue of economic and …”

Sign or keep negotiating? S. 179-186

„… non-European country to participate in the EU’s full non-nuclear R&D programme, it would gain access to public …” „… the time – Israel’s declared advocate and champion in the European Union. Foreign Minister Peres …” „… for European A?airs, was told in the French Foreign Ministry that the EU had reached the “red line of …”

Resistance to sanctions/limited compliance S. 58

„… led to a policy of strength as a perceived vital necessity. Strength in this conception has …” „… e. g. Risse, 2003. 96 Jerusalem lobbies against European sanctions, 1990. …”

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