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Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Hans Petter Graver, Ola Mestad, Christoph Vedder - Agreement on the European Economic Area

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Finn Arnesen (ed.), Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen (ed.), Hans Petter Graver (ed.), Ola Mestad (ed.), Christoph Vedder (ed.)

Agreement on the European Economic Area

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2018

Results in this title

Pål Wennerås Article 3 [Relevance of ECJ case law] S. 980-984

„… EU Commission), Art. 3 (duty to take ECJ case-law into consideration in the interpretation and …” „… consultation between ESA and the Commission in the EEA Agreement.6 Article 3 [Relevance of ECJ case law] 1 …” „… . 5. 2 See the comments on Art. 6 EEA in Part II of this book. Article 3 Relevance of ECJ case law …”

Thomas Chr. Poulsen Article 43 [Statute and Rules of procedure of the EFTA Court] S. 1056-1065

„… the case-law of the ECJ, the lawyer must be a third party in relation to the litigant. That …” „… statements of case or written observations to the Court. Before the ECJ, this right is restricted to cases …” „… of the EFTA Court stressed 8 See Orders by the President of the ECJ of 15 July 2010 in Case C-493/09 …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 105 [Homogeneous interpretation of EU and EEA law] S. 825-835

„… of the case-law of the ECJ and the EFTA Court and to act so as to preserve the homogeneous …” „… (2012–2013), pp. 22–24. An interesting effect is that the ECJ (and, in the Icesave case, the EFTA Court) is …” „… first case, Restamark, the EFTA Court held that the ECJ’s case-law concerning the expression ‘court or …”

Pål Wennerås Article 6 [Homogeneity] S. 209-248

„… with the ECJ case law. Other means of ensuring homogeneity are found in Arts. 105 to 107 EEA concerning …” „… .4 The ECJ held in that case that provisions in a trade agreement between the Community and Portugal …” „… case concerned whether the EFTA Court should be informed by ECJ case law when interpreting Art. 34 SCA …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 111 [Dispute resolution in the EEA Joint Committee] S. 865-883

„… only due to the loyal adherence to ECJ case-law demonstrated by ESA, the EFTA Court and the national …” „… opening up the way to the ECJ.23 In other cases, improvements will require amendments to the Main Part of …” „… . 107 EEA to introduce horizontal ‘Foto Frost-references’ from the EFTA Court to the ECJ in cases where …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 11 [Quantitative restrictions on imports and measures having equivalent effect] Quantitative restrictions on imports S. 289-299

„… Economic Area’.1 It is well known that the case-law of the ECJ concerning the free movement of goods formed …” „… generally. Through interpretation of what is now Art. 34 TFEU, mainly in preliminary ruling cases, the ECJ …” „… ECJ in defining the scope of Art. 34 TFEU in cases such as Dassonville; Cassis de Dijon; Keck; and …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 13 [Exemptions] S. 301-311

„… ultimately held to be disproportionate). Likewise, in the subsequent Kakavetsos case, the ECJ did not cite …” „… application of, cases from the ECJ concerning ‘corresponding’ provisions, and decided after the signature of …” „… EFTA Court’s reception of the ECJ’s case law. This is, in particular, important in regard to judge-made …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 33 [Exemptions] S. 423-434

„… in line with its own case law and that of the ECJ,4 stating that the notion of public policy …” „… public policy. Following the case law of the ECJ, it has been maintained that hardly any provisions …” „… are no examples from the case law of the ECJ where the concept has been stretched as far as this. In …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 31 [Freedom of establishment] S. 400-420

„… law of the ECJ, namely in the case of Commission v Greece. There, the ECJ considered that a …” „… certainly very rare and the present author is not aware of any example from the case law of the ECJ, where …” „… the context of the development of the case law of the ECJ regarding what constitutes a restriction of …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 107 [Preliminary rulings from the ECJ] S. 837-840

„… , inter alia, Art. 106 when concluding in Case E-2/94 Scottish Salmon Growers that also judgments by the …” „… mentioned alongside the EFTA Court, the ECJ and the CFI (GC) in Art. 106 lends support to the view that the …” „… relationship between the ECJ and the national courts of the EU Member States. The EFTA Court itself has …”

Henrik Bull Article 40 [Free movement of capital] S. 473-488

„… . This proviso led the ECJ to conclude, in Case 203/80 Casati,3 that Art. 67(1) EEC in and of itself did …” „… ECJ has not specifically addressed the issue.6 In Case E-3/11 Sigmarsson,7 the EFTA Court concluded …” „… mutandis.9 This is in line with ECJ case law, and that of the EFTA Court, concerning the question of …”

Martin Hennig Article 14 [Internal taxation: No fiscal discrimination of imported goods] S. 311-322

„… preceding case-law of the ECJ.65 It is true that the ECJ sometimes makes similar statements. However, that …” „… cases, as concerning free movement, the ECJ de facto exhaust the proportionality analysis. In this …” „… exclusively made in France. The ECJ first stated that according to settled case law, the concept of similarity …”

Tarjei Bekkedal Article 59 [Public undertakings, services of general economic interest] S. 568-584

„… . The ECJ has never provided a general explanation of the term, but its case law provides instructive …” „… been applied by the ECJ in only a few cases.19 The extension of the dominant position doctrine played …” „… additional frequencies would in all cases extend the dominant position of the company. Instead, the ECJ …”

Jonas W. Myhre Article 16 [State monopolies of a commercial character] S. 323-335

„… few cases concerning Art. 111 TFEU, Commission v Italy, the ECJ laid down the parameters for …” „… Art. 16 mirrors what is now Art. 37(1) TFEU. Consequently, ECJ case-law on the interpretation of Art …” „… case-law of the ECJ and the EFTA Court regarding the relationship between Arts. 11 and 16 (mirroring the …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 106 [Exchange of information concerning relevant judgements] S. 835-837

„… really intend to deviate from ECJ case-law. There are some examples where Norwegian courts have done just …” „… the City Court questioned the EFTA Court’s approach to the ECJ’s Keck-doctrine in Case E-16/10 …” „… interpretation of provisions of the EEA Agreement in line with the ECJ’s interpretation of the very same …”

Karin Fløistad Article 28 [Free movement of workers] S. 369-385

„… , 7.7.1992, Singh and C-291/05, 11.12.2007, Eind from the ECJ. 4 See for a recent reference case E-28/15 …” „… changes. From ECJ case law, it is now possible to identify rights enjoyed by all Union citizens subject to …” „… . codifying to a large extent the case law of the ECJ related to the right to move and reside freely …”

Tron Løkken Sundet Article 68 [Labour law] S. 664-677

„… line with case-law from the ECJ.9 However, it remains to be seen whether the ECJ’s approach in case C …” „… ECJ and the EFTA Court will have a bearing on the outcome of the cases, and for the possibility of …” „… European Social Charter and the national courts.10 Further, the impact of the case-law from the ECJ and the …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 32 [Exemptions for exercise of official authority] S. 420-423

„… case law of the ECJ concerning the equivalent provisions in the TFEU makes clear that the ECJ treats …” „… to assume that the approach taken in the case law of the ECJ would be followed in the EFTA pillar …” „… . Starting with the seminal Reyners case, the ECJ has held that as a derogation from the fundamental freedoms …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 36 [Freedom to provide services] S. 450-470

„… Direct and indirect discrimination Initially, the case law of the ECJ regarding the free movement of …” „… restriction on the free movement of services. Restriction test In the seminal case of Säger, the ECJ …” „… services.14 In its subsequent case law, the ECJ had applied certain variations of this test, and several …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 10 [Customs duties and charges having equivalent effect] S. 286-289

„… confirmed by the ECJ already in the seminal van Gend en Loos case.4 As is well known, the EEA does not …” „… Austria, para. 111. 3 Ibid, para. 101. 4 Case 26/62, 5.2.1963, van Gend en Loos, in which the ECJ famously …” „… customs territory of the importing State when brought ashore. The judgment of the [ECJ] in Case C-163/90 …”

Peter-Christian Müller-Graff Article 34 [Right of establishment for companies] S. 434-450

„… , 19.4.2016, Holship, para. 112, thereby referring to ECJ, Case C-438/05, 11.12.2007, Viking Line para. 33 and …” „… ‘case law’40 of the ECJ that the term ‘restriction’ within the meaning of Art. 49 TFEU ‘covers all …” „… in particular Case 107/83, 12.7.1984, Klopp, para. 17 et seq. For the numerous rulings of the ECJ in …”

Ole-Andreas Rognstad Article 65(2) [Intellectual property rights] S. 641-659

„… movement provision, and the case law of the ECJ is relevant in this respect due to the aim of homogeneity …” „… evident from the reasoning of the ECJ in Case C-355/96 Silhouette, where the Court for the first time held …” „… interpret the provisions in accordance with case law of the ECJ prior to the signature date already followed …”

Martin Hennig Article 15 [Repayment of internal taxes] S. 322-323

„… the cases decided by the ECJ, is that it is highly unlikely that a significant amount of books in the …” „… Icelandic language will ever be written outside of Iceland. In the cases so far decided by the ECJ, foreign …” „… . However, in its case law relating to Arts. 34 and 36 TFEU, the ECJ has in recent years shown an increasing …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 12 [Quantitative restrictions on exports and measures having equivalent effect] Quantitative restrictions on exports S. 299-301

„… failure to comply with Dir. 98/34, based on ECJ case law, would result in non-notified technical …” „… Trstenjak in the Gysbrecht case.6 In that context, it should also be pointed out that in Gysbrecht, the ECJ …” „… these were ultimately held to be disproportionate). Likewise, in the subsequent Kakavetsos case, the ECJ …”

Benedikt Pirker Switzerland and the EEA S. 80-101

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1. Relevance of ECJ case law in the framework of the Bilateral Agreements …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2. Excursus: The ECJ’s case law on the Bilateral Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3. Indirect …” „… ”, the case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) cannot be ignored in an examination of the …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Preamble S. 150-171

„… post-Maastricht case law of the ECJ.13 As a result, the legal importance of the preamble to the EEA Agreement …” „… EEA to collective agreements in line with the ECJ’s interpretation of Art. 101 TFEU in Case C-67/96 …” „… remains to be seen.31 Depending on future developments in ECJ case law, some of the provisions of the …”

Christoph Vedder The EEA in the Union’s Legal Order S. 101-124

„… largely explained by established case law of the ECJ.20 The Association competence of the EU, Art. 217 …” „… to settled case law of the ECJ, provisions comprised in international agreements too can produce …” „… the ECJ established the implied treaty making powers of the EEC.6 First enlargement and free trade …”

Thomas Chr. Poulsen Article 44 [Legal capacity, privileges and immunities, headquarters agreements] S. 1065-1066

„… RoP Art. 91 Corresponds to Art. 157 ECJ RoP RoP Art. 92 Corresponds to Art. 159(2) ECJ RoP RoP Art …” „… . 93 Corresponds to Art. 159(3)-(4) ECJ RoP RoP Art. 94 Corresponds to Art. 159(5)-(7) ECJ RoP RoP Art …” „… . 95 Corresponds to Art. 158 ECJ RoP RoP Art. 96(1) Has no equivalent This rule sets out that a where …”

Ronny Gjendemsjø Article 53 [Agreements, decisions and concerted practices] S. 526-546

„… supplier and its dealers. The EF- TA Court based its reasoning on the ECJ’s judgment in AEG.9 In this case …” „… ECJ in Case C-74/04, 13.7.2006, Volkswagen, but the ECJ did not itself present a definition of the …” „… 11 12 13 In Bayer the ECJ distinguished the case from AEG by stating that it was the manner in which …”

Christian Franklin Article 3 [Principle of loyalty] S. 180-196

„… referring to the ECJ’s case-law, the EFTA Court held that the provision imposed on ESA a duty to respect the …” „… ECJ’s decision in Adeneler specifically in mind in reaching its decision in this case. The fact that the …” „… there would indeed appear to be certain cases where the ECJ has identified specific legal obligations as …”

Karl Harald Søvig Article 69 [Equal pay for equal work] S. 677-683

„… ECJ in the landmark Case 43/75 Defrenne II.3 In Case C-50/96 Schröder, the potential conflict between …” „… , the ECJ held the competitive aim to be secondary to the social aim.4 In Case 43/75 Defrenne II, the …” „… . Consequently, the case law of the ECJ on the mirroring provision is of direct relevance.12 The definition …”

Håvard Ormberg Article 123 [National security and trade in arms] S. 929-939

„… provisions thereby allow sizable markets to be exempt- 10 Order of the ECJ in Case C-2/88, 13.7.1990 …” „… into account the conditions defined by the TFEU and the ECJ.9 Since these cases unavoidably involve …” „… from the Agreement in cases where compliance with the Agreement would undermine the Contracting Party’s …”

Karin Fløistad Article 29 [Social security for workers and self-employed persons] S. 385-391

„… The ECJ began its reasoning in the case with numerous references to the rights of Union citizens …” „… ECJ’s point of view.7 This decision is significant as the ECJ has, in its past case law, not refrained …” „… . 7 Note, however, that the ECJ reached the same interpretative result in cases involving the …”

Simen Hammersvik Article 65(1) [Public procurement] S. 612-641

„… pointed out by the ECJ in Case C-237/99, to eliminate barriers to the freedom to provide goods and …” „… . According to the case law of the EFTA Court and ECJ, the principle of nondiscrimination deriving from Arts …” „… law, the ECJ has been more reluctant to apply to cases outside of the Directives’ scope the more …”

Martin Hennig Article 47 [Scope of application] S. 500-517

„… ECJ, Case 167/73 Commission v French Republic, gives guidance on the understanding of the provision …” „… freedom to provide services, recent case law from the ECJ narrows down the scope of the actual transport …” „… ), see Case C-168/14, 15.10.2015, Grupo Itevelesa and Others. In this case the ECJ declared that the …”

Ingvald Falch Article 4 [Non-discrimination on grounds of nationality] S. 196-209

„… implication is that case-law of the ECJ relying to this concept for the applicability of Art. 18 TFEU can …” „… Agreement would be vigorously contested. IX. Summary As we have seen, the practice of the ECJ and EFTA …” „… scope, also reproduces the content of it; the ECJ has expressed that Art. 4 is “identical” to what is …”

Karl Harald Søvig Article 70 [Equal treatment of men and women] S. 683-690

„… . The EFTA Court also referred to the ruling by the ECJ in Case C-407/98 Abrahamsson,8 where a selection …” „… ’. However, the Grand Chamber of the ECJ held in Case C-236/09 Test-Achats that this provision was …” „… discrimination was present in the case at hand,29 the ECJ-centred approach has proven very important in …”

Thomas Chr. Poulsen Article 46 [Contractual and non-contractual liability of the ESA] S. 1066-1074

„… the seriousness condition, the EFTA Court held, referring to the case-law of the ECJ, that account …” „… the Statute ex officio. It follows from the case-law of the ECJ that compliance with the limitation …” „… Committee, 9 Compare Article 46 ECJ Statute. 10 See, inter alia, Case C-282/05 P, 19.4.2007, Holcim …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 38 [Transport services] S. 470-473

„… reading of these judgments of the ECJ, which is far from certain,10 it is contrary to consistent case law …” „… . This proviso led the ECJ to conclude, in Case 203/80 Casati,3 that Art. 67(1) EEC in and of itself did …” „… scope of Art. 36 and those classified as transport services.3 In Fonnship, the ECJ was faced with a …”

Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Ida Sørebø Article 7 [Binding effect and implementation of EU legal acts] S. 248-270

„… this well-established view, the ECJ in Case C-431/11 UK v Council, surprisingly found that “as regards …” „… Then, in Case C-83/13 Fonnship, the ECJ noted that provisions of the regulation in question were “an …” „… well-founded on the fact that the ECJ did not in either case elaborate on its statement or in any way assess …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… Marin Alpin, the Supreme Court, based on an extensive analysis of the ECJ’s decisions in the Cases C …” „… no clear ECJ precedent exists. In such a case the Supreme Court seems to be somewhat reluctant to be …” „… ECJ in Cases C-412/98 Group Josi and C-281/02 Owusu, that the questions could not be considered as …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 1 [Object and purpose] S. 171-176

„… . 1. In the seminal Case C-452/01 Ospelt, the ECJ acknowledged in plain language that: ‘one of the …” „… , at least at first sight, are cases where the ECJ interprets EU internal market law in light of the …” „… provisions applies even in cases where it may well be argued that the ECJ’s interpretation of EU law has been …”

Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø Article 104 [Binding effect of EEA Joint Committee decisions] S. 824-825

„… Some important and principled cases involving parliamentary clearing seem to be transferred from …” „… the Art. 103(2) procedure and onto the Art. 102 stage. This is for example the case for the inclusion …” „… in the parliaments before the incorporation decision is made in the EEA Joint Committee, as the case …”

Berte-Elen R. Konow Article 72 [Provisions on consumer protection] S. 691-713

„… loyal adherence to ECJ case-law demonstrated by ESA, the EFTA Court and the governments, legislatures …” „… ECJ case law will be presented in the following. However, a general analysis of the impact of ECJ case …” „… Consumer Law (2004), pp. 38-41, emphasising the importance of ECJ case law. See also Ramsey, Consumer Law …”

Finn Arnesen Article 119 [Annexes and Protocols as integral part of the Agreement] S. 912-919

„… Annexes.2 The ruling of the ECJ in case C-496/09 Commission v Italy,3 regarding the similarly worded Art …” „… availed itself of the derogation clause in Dir. 2004/113 which the ECJ in Case C-236/09 Test-Achats,24 …” „… rulings of the EFTA Court in Case E-2/03 Ásgeirsson, and Case E-4/04 Pedicel, with regard to the Protocols …”

Article 124 [Non-discrimination of investments] Henrik Bull S. 939-942

„… . In the few cases where what is now Art. 55 TFEU has been applied after that time,2 the ECJ has seen …” „… natural that the ECJ, after the few cases mentioned above, has stopped referring to what is now Art. 55 …” „… the provision, with the possible exception of Case 81/87 Daily Mail,3 as a mere clarification of the …”

Per Christiansen Article 28 [Composition] S. 1020-1021

„… , granting the Court the possibility of sitting in a five-Judge formation in cases of particular significance …” „… possibility to call on an Advocate General in complex cases. Finally, inspired by Art. 255 TFEU, a 1 The …” „… Parties and to rule on matters relating to the EFTA States. However, the ECJ rejected the proposal as …”

Henrik Bull Article 41 [Free movement of payments] S. 488-489

„… , this mixed origin of Art. 41 EEA should not create any problems in applying ECJ case law to that …” „… Article. In Joined Cases 286/82 and 26/83 Luisi and Carbone,1 the ECJ had to address the difference …” „… has so far not played any role in the case law of the EFTA Court or the ECJ. Article 42 …”

Ronny Gjendemsjø Article 54 [Abuse of a dominant position] S. 546-555

„… of abuses which are found in the case law of the ECJ. As a consequence, the analysis focuses on the …” „… , customers and ultimately of its consumers”.3 Those familiar with the case law of the ECJ on dominance will …” „… Wouters-justification is based on the ECJ’s judgments in Wouters and Meca Medina.116 In these judgments a restriction of …”

Per Christiansen Article 34 [Advisory opinion] S. 1032-1040

„… Case E-5/16, 6.4.2017, Municipality of Oslo. 18 The ECJ has deemed such tribunals not to constitute a …” „… claim was undisputed by Norway and the Court gave judgment in ESA’s favour. In Case E-19/14 ESA v Norway …” „… , having regard to the overall history of the case, and the fact that possible adjustments were indicated …”

Finn Arnesen Article 129 [Languages, ratification, entry into force] S. 968-973

„… increased either. The directions given by the ECJ to national courts in Case 283/81 CILFIT3 will apply also …” „… Sveinbjörnsdóttir shows that the EFTA Court did not immediately follow the ECJ’s lead. In this case, the EFTA Court …” „… and the ECJ, neither generally nor in cases where these EU institutions ensure the fulfillment of EEA …”

Per Christiansen Article 27 [The establishment of the EFTA Court] S. 1019-1020

„… five-Judge formation in cases of particular significance.3 The two additional Judges would be ad hoc Judges …” „… . Furthermore, the Court proposed to have the possibility to call on an Advocate General in complex cases …” „… States. However, the ECJ rejected the proposal as being incompatible with the EEC Treaty (Opinion 1/91 …”

Håvard Ormberg Article 122 [Secrecy obligations] S. 927-929

„… Order of the ECJ in Case C-2/88, 13.7.1990, Zwartveld, para. 17. Note that the applicability of the …” „… provisions refer in particular to information gathered about undertakings, the ECJ has established that the …” „… case, other confidential information may include information provided by third parties about …”

Fredrik Bøckman Finstad Norway and the EEA S. 59-80

„… Norwegian Supreme Court takes duly into consideration the case law of the ECJ both before and after the …” „… ECJ and EFTA Court case law directly. Contrary to what is the case under Art. 267(3) TFEU, the Supreme …” „… Norwegian law.59 Based on case law from the ECJ regarding Swedish and Danish implementation of EU directives …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Contracting Parties S. 973-975

„… and the ECJ, neither generally nor in cases where these EU institutions ensure the fulfillment of EEA …” „… two pillar structure of the EEA.2 This is straightforward in cases the obligations put on the EFTA …” „… States are clear, but less so in cases where the EEA Agreement leaves it to the EFTA States to decide on …”

Ernst Nordtveit, Sigrid Eskeland Schütz Article 75 [More stringent national measures] S. 737-740

„… provision.’7 The ECJ thus found the Commission’s plea well-founded. The case illustrates that, for …” „… extractive industries In case E-35/15, the EFTA Court ruled against Norway for not having fulfilled Directive …” „… courts in cases where it is unclear whether the national legislator has made use of this possibility or …”

Martin Hennig Article 49 [State aid in the transport sector] S. 518-521

„… sector Hennig 519 3 4 development in the case law of the ECJ, most notably the Altmark case, establishing …” „… Art. 48(2) lays down that in case a Contracting Party deviates from the standstill obligation, a …” „… down in Art. 61(1). This was confirmed in Belgian Railways, where the ECJ declared in general terms …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 108 [The ESA and the EFTA Court: Establishment and competences] S. 840-852

„… case law from the ECJ and has, for instance, not distinguished between rulings rendered before the EEA …” „… of state liability, the EFTA Court modelled itself after the case law of the ECJ on state liability …” „… Citizenship exists in EEA law. In this instance, the Court diverged from the case law of the ECJ on the …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen EEA law in and beyond the text of the Main Part of the EEA Agreement S. 124-145

„… courts of the EFTA States (after an invaluable endorsement by the ECJ in an obiter dictum in Case C …” „… Agreement): ‘According to that case-law [of the ECJ], the similarity or even uniformity between the wording …” „… Committee’s obligation to respect ECJ case law when fulfilling its task under Arts. 105 and 111 EEA. Of these …”

Introduction S. 1-13

„… support by the ECJ in Case C-140/97 Rechberger26 and Sveinbjörnsdóttir was thereafter accepted by all of …” „… . 2004/38) at odds with ECJ case-law in order to ‘remedy’ the lack of provisions in the Main Part of the EEA …” „… the ECJ’s suggestions to the contrary in Case C-431/11, 26.9.2013, UK v. Council, para. 54, and Case C …”

Tron Løkken Sundet Article 66 [Improvement of working conditions] S. 659-660

„… combination, nothing more than what clearly follows from the case law of the ECJ and well settled trade mark …” „… social policy in the secondary legislation and in the case law of the ECJ must be implemented into EEA …” „… significantly from the norms and customs in the relevant sector,80 also applies to the case in question and even …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 8 [Free movement of goods, scope of application] S. 270-281

„… ECJ in Opinion 1/91. 5 Case E-2/97, 3.12.1997, Maglite, para. 27. Article 8 Free movement of goods …” „… originating and non-originating products.10 Case-law from the EFTA Court and the ECJ: Maglite, Silhouette and …” „… different conclusion in Silhouette.14 In that case, the ECJ ruled that Art. 7 of the Trade Mark Dir …”

Per Christiansen Article 33 [Compliance with judgements of the EFTA Court] S. 1030-1032

„… brought before the ECJ. No equivalent requirement exists under Art. 32 SCA, even though Art. 259 …” „… 3 SCA in cases where the latter EFTA State has not complied with an ESA decision prohibiting the aid …” „… . That provision explicitly derogates from Art. 32 SCA. Were a case to be raised under Art. 32, the …”

Christian Franklin Article 2 [Principle of loyalty] S. 978-980

„… , such as Art. 5(2)(c) (duty to cooperate with the EU Commission), Art. 3 (duty to take ECJ case-law into …” „… [Relevance of ECJ case law] 1. Without prejudice to future developments of case law, the provisions of …” „… Art. 3 EEA. 3 Case E-4/16, 16.11.2016, ESA v Norway, para. 24. See also Case E-19/14, 19.6.2015, ESA v …”

Henrik Bull Article 23 [Technical regulations and barriers to trade in wine, product liability] S. 350-356

„… restricted to adopting the relevant Com- 2. 1 It follows from consistent case law of the ECJ, also prior to …” „… same effect is currently r consideration. According to ECJ case law,17 Dir. 98/34/EC produces so-called …” „… . However, in its judgment in Case C-183/00 Gonzáles Sánchez,24 the ECJ made it clear that Art. 13 does not …”

Henrik Bull Article 24 [Energy] S. 356-361

„… the Member States, with some territorial exceptions and clarifications. It follows from ECJ case law …” „… than the ECJ did with regard to Art. 345 TFEU in Joined Cases C-105/12, C-106/12 and C-107/12 Essent …” „… the moment when this Directive is notified. However, in its judgment in Case C-183/00 Gonzáles Sánchez …”

Christian Jordal, Gjermund Mathisen Article 64 [Dispute resolution] S. 609-612

„… pointed out by the ECJ in Case C-237/99, to eliminate barriers to the freedom to provide goods and …” „… . Art. 64 was added after the ECJ’s Opinion 1/91 on the EEA Agreement. The immediate background would …” „… seem to have been the dispute between the EU (EEC/EC) and Austria that led to Case T-115/94 Opel …”

Thomas Chr. Poulsen Article 125 [The EEA Agreement and national systems of property ownership] S. 942-945

„… May 1999 Art. 222). In Case C-367/98 Commission v Portugal, the ECJ held that Art. 222 EC (now Art …” „… identical in substance for the purpose of the case at hand, the case law of the ECJ on Article 295 EC is of …” „… relevance when interpreting Article 125 EEA. 62 It follows from the case law of the ECJ on Article 295 EC …”

Tron Løkken Sundet Article 67 [Health and safety of workers] S. 660-664

„… the ECJ, the EFTA Court, and particularly the importance of the Charter, could give rise to …” „… social dimension indicates that the evolving social policy in the secondary legislation and in the case …” „… law of the ECJ must be implemented into EEA law.6 Generally speaking, the substantive law on social …”

Håvard Ormberg Article 121 [Nordic cooperation, regional union between Switzerland and Liechtenstein] S. 924-927

„… closely relates to Art. 120.1 24 Case E-6/96 27.7.1997, Wilhelmsen. 25 Case E-2/03, 12.12.2003, Ásgeirsson …” „… . 26 See Case E-2/03, 12.12.2003, Ásgeirsson, paras. 26–28. 27 See Case E-2/03, 12.12.2003, Ásgeirsson …” „… comments by Christiansen on that provision in part III of this book, mn. 4 et seq. 28 Case E-2/03 …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 109 [The two-pillar surveillance system] S. 852-860

„… .14 In the same manner, ESA has submitted written observations to the ECJ and intervened in cases in …” „… if either authority refers a case to the ECJ or the EFTA Court. The notified authority may provide …” „… individual cases. 3. The EC Commission and the EFTA Surveillance Authority shall receive any complaints …”

Per Christiansen Article 31 [Infringement action] S. 1025-1029

„… , Commission v Belgium, para. 14, and subsequent case law of the ECJ. Article 31 Infringement action …” „… or agents of the case. According to the fourth paragraph of Art. 15 of the Statute, however, the …” „… which the two other Judges shall decide whether a Judge is disqualified from acting. In cases where a …”

Per Christiansen Article 30 [Members] S. 1021-1025

„… adopted with two Judges present. In that case, the President has a casting vote. Pursuant to Art. 8 of the …” „… system at the ECJ, the Court does not publish dissenting opinions. Since reappointment of a retiring …” „… President of the EFTA Court from among their number for a term of three years. He may be re-elected. In case …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 2 [Definitions] S. 176-180

„… and the ECJ’s ERTA-case law,13 the ‘Contracting Party’ on the EU side in the EEA Agreement will in …” „… the EC Member States. The meaning to be attributed to this expression in each case is to be deduced …” „… Arnesen’s comments to Art. 126, mn. 3. 2 Still, in Case E-6/01, 9.10.2002, CIBA, the EFTA Court found, in …”

Per Christiansen Article 36 [Action for annulment] S. 1041-1046

„… has resorted to the test developed by the ECJ since the Plaumann case,6 which focuses on the …” „… question of validity to the ECJ. 22 Case E-14/11, 21.12.2012, DB Schenker v ESA, para. 77 and case law …” „… legality review”.5 Under the unlimited jurisdiction provided for by Art. 35, it follows from case law that …”

Ronny Gjendemsjø Article 56 [Distribution of competences between the ESA and the Commission] S. 558-563

„… the ESA and the Commission] 1. Individual cases falling under Article 53 shall be decided upon by the …” „… surveillance authorities in accordance with the following provisions: (a) individual cases where only trade …” „… XIV, on cases where the turnover of the undertakings concerned in the territory of the EFTA States …”

Håvard Ormberg Article 120 [The EEA Agreement and pre-existing agreements] S. 919-924

„… States. However, despite the impact the Charter has had on the ECJ’s case law and the challenges that the …” „… Fredriksen and Franklin, to introduce a possibility for the EFTA Court to ask the ECJ to rule on …” „… , among other, Advisory Opinions by the EFTA Court in Case E-6/96, 27.7.1997, Wilhelmsen, para. 26, and …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 9 [Origin of goods] S. 281-286

„… the ECJ already in the seminal van Gend en Loos case.4 As is well known, the EEA does not entail a …” „… . 111. 3 Ibid, para. 101. 4 Case 26/62, 5.2.1963, van Gend en Loos, in which the ECJ famously held Art …” „… Even if the Fresh meat case, as interpreted by the EFTA Court, primarily concerned the …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 110 [Enforceability of decisions of the ESA and the Commission and of judgments of the EFTA Court and the EU Courts] Einarsson/FredriksenEnforceability of decisions and judgements S. 860-865

„… judgments from the GC or the ECJ is governed by Arts. 299 and 280 TFEU. Thus, it is only in case of …” „… between ESA and the Commission. In simplified terms, the Commission is responsible for cases which also …” „… fall under the competition rules of the TFEU. ESA is responsible for cases where there is an effect on …”

Henrik Bull Article 42 [Circumvention of capital movements liberalization] S. 489-490

„… any role in the case law of the EFTA Court or the ECJ. Article 42 [Circumvention of capital movements …” „… we have seen in the comments to Art. 40 EEA, the EFTA Court and the ECJ, have in fact “harmonised …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 30 [Recognition of diplomas, certificates] S. 391-400

„… EFTA Court and the ECJ have moved the EEA Agreement beyond the economically active, and the case law …” „… knows, a similar case has not been ruled upon by the ECJ, there is, however, little reason to suppose …” „… anchored in case law from the ECJ, which had ruled on cases concerning German and French legislation that …”

Ernst Nordtveit, Sigrid Eskeland Schütz Article 74 [Protective measures] S. 721-737

„… development34 of overriding public interest.35 The ECJ stated in Case C-346/14 Commission v Austria that the …” „… , techniques and legal concepts are often found in different legal acts, and decisions from the ECJ in relation …” „… beyond the reach of EEA law. In cases of common EU/EEA provisions – i.e. provisions of EU environmental …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 13 [Rules of procedure] S. 997-1002

„… refusing access to the merger case file. The ECJ nevertheless accepted the Commission’s short and more …” „… deny access to a cartel case file. That judgment was set aside by the ECJ by judgment of 27 February …” „… support for Norwegian presidency is that the majority of the cases ESA deals with concerns Norway and that …”

Henrik Bull Article 26 [Anti-dumping and anti-subsidies measures] S. 362-367

„… allow for rebalancing measures also in case of Art. 23, it would have been natural to refer also to Art …” „… , competition and state aid, including enforcement at Union level through the European Commission and the ECJ …” „… those of the Commission and the ECJ, there should also be no place for such measures and duties between …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen The Contracting Parties S. 145-150

„… . Arnesen/Fredriksen 145 1 2 3 about by the Treaty of Lisbon and the case law of the ECJ, suggest that the areas …” „… to accept this, however, the Commission gave in without bringing the matter before the ECJ. From a …” „… matters, but will in most cases have to accept that EEA-related decisions in the EU Council are taken by …”

Christian Jordal, Gjermund Mathisen Article 61 [Prohibition of state aid, exemptions] S. 585-598

„… the provider of the service. With its judgment in 2003 in the Altmark case, the ECJ set out four …” „… out how ESA interprets the definition of state aid. The guidelines are based on case law and practice …” „… “undertaking” with that of the ECJ,4 by more narrowly defining undertakings as entities engaged in economic …”

Per Christiansen Article 29 [Quorum] S. 1021

„… adopted with two Judges present. In that case, the President has a casting vote. Pursuant to Art. 8 of the …” „… system at the ECJ, the Court does not publish dissenting opinions. Since reappointment of a retiring …” „… President of the EFTA Court from among their number for a term of three years. He may be re-elected. In case …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 39 [Scope of application] S. 473

„… . This proviso led the ECJ to conclude, in Case 203/80 Casati,3 that Art. 67(1) EEC in and of itself did …” „… . 501-520. 2 Dir. 88/361/EEC for the implementation of Art. 67 of the Treaty. 3 Case 203/80, 11.11.1981 …”

Finn Arnesen Article 126 [Territorial application of the EEA Agreement] S. 945-953

„… See Case C-6/04, 20.10.2005, Commission v UK, para. 117 where the ECJ held that the Habitats Directive …” „… at any given time on the Åland Islands on: 11 See, e.g., Case C-124/10 P, 5.6.2012, Commission v. EDF …” „… , para. 79, and Case E-12/11, 17.8.2012, Asker Brygge v. ESA, para. 57 et. seq. 12 Parish, ‘On the …”

Christophe Hillion Article 118 [Extension of the EEA Agreement to new fields] S. 904-912

„… and Annexes.2 The ruling of the ECJ in case C-496/09 Commission v Italy,3 regarding the similarly …” „… result of the case law of the EFTA Court,8 and to some extent, on the basis of decisions of the EFTA …” „… four freedoms”. 8 The same holds true with respect to the case law of the Court of Justice of the EU …”

Index S. 1125-1141

„… tribunal“ III 34 9 ff. – effect III 34 28 – format of request III 34 26 – language of the case III 34 …” „… Case law – Collective agreements I NOR 21 – competition law I NOR 23 – four freedoms I NOR 21 – from …” „… the European Court of Justice I NOR 24 – Holship-case I NOR 22 – labour law I NOR 23 – natural …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 35 [Recognition of diplomas, certificates] S. 450

„… , the ECJ found in van Binsbergen that Art. 59 EEC had direct effect.2 As Art. 36 EEA is in the main …” „… expression in Art. 29. 1 Norberg et al., EEA Law, pp. 448-449. 2 Case 33/74, 3.12.1974, van Binsbergen. PART …”

Ronny Gjendemsjø Introduction to the competition rules applicable to undertakings S. 525-526

„… in this commentary will, in addition to a short general approach, try to highlight the existing case …” „… relation to homogeneity, it is also important to be aware that both the General Court and the ECJ apply and …” „… grounds and reasons in these judgments only refer to the provisions of TFEU, even if the cases concern …”

Per Christiansen Article 32 [Infringement action by an EFTA State] S. 1029-1030

„… more than 280 cases, of which around 60 per cent are direct actions.23 The Court’s workload has varied …” „… over the years, with a sharp increase in the number of cases as of 2011. Since then, the Court has …” „… received on average about 25 cases a year. In 2015, 36 cases were brought before the Court. Article 32 …”

Finn Arnesen Article 18 [Technical barriers to trade in agricultural products] S. 336-337

„… .2 This is in line with consistent case law from the EFTA Court as well as the ECJ; written and …” „… sure that trade in these goods is not obstructed by other technical barriers to trade. In Case E-4/04 …” „… by Dir. 96/5 and Dir. 99/39. 1 Case E-4/04, 25.2.2005, Pedicel, para. 27. PART II: The Agreement on …”

Finn Arnesen Article 19 [Liberalization of trade in agricultural products] S. 337-338

„… consistent case law from the EFTA Court as well as the ECJ; written and unwritten exceptions to the …” „… Case E-17/15 Ferskar kjötvörur concerned an Icelandic authorisation regime for the import of raw …” „… sensitive issues.1 It should therefore come as no big surprise that it took more than a 2 Case E-17/15 …”

Martin Hennig Article 48 [Non-discriminatory application of national rules] S. 517-518

„… agreement 20 years on’, CMLR 2015, 52: 629-684, pp. 655-656. 1 See Joined Cases C-184/91 and C-221/91 …” „… that in case a Contracting Party deviates from the standstill obligation, a notification must be …” „… confirmed in Belgian Railways, where the ECJ declared in general terms, that Art. 77 EEC Treaty [now Art. 93 …”

Ronny Gjendemsjø Article 58 [Cooperation between the ESA and the Commission] S. 566-568

„… provides the details of the cooperation between the Commission and ESA in cases related to Arts. 53 and 54 …” „… . They shall cooperate on the handling of individual cases (Art. 1(2)), inform each other about …” „… most important documents in a case. Art. 9 grants the authorities the right to provide the other …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 8 [Independence of the members] S. 993-995

„… why ESA sends fewer infringements cases to the EFTA Court than what the Commission sends to the ECJ …” „… knowledge of the institutional set up of ESA and even knowledge of some of the pending cases. However, these …” „… surveillance bodies often intervene cross pillar in court cases and it is not unusual that they put forward …”

Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø Article 97 [Right to amend internal legislation] S. 793-795

„… legislation in question from EEA-based judicial review, be it before the EFTA Court or the ECJ, presumably …” „… even in cases where the EEA rules derogated from are not among those that the Committee is competent to …” „… Committee would accept but narrow exceptions comparable to the cases considered acceptable under EU law, see …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Preamble S. 975-977

„… instruct the EFTA Court to take ECJ case-law into account and ESA to cooperate with the Commission, but not …” „… consult each other on surveillance policy issues and individual cases; CONSIDERING that the preambles to …” „… in Case E-21/16 Pascal Nobile. Preamble Arnesen/Fredriksen 975 1 ready expressed in the EEA …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 5 [Responsibilities and means] S. 987-990

„… this end, the EFTA Surveillance Authority shall: (a) take decisions and other measures in cases …” „… ’ turnover in the relevant markets and the potential effect on trade in the EU. The ECJ has described the EEA …” „… in a specific case.5 In practice the division of competence entails that 1 See www.efta.int/eea-lex …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 93 [Composition of the EEA Joint Committee, decision‑making] S. 784-786

„… EEA Joint Committee in each individual case. 4. The EEA Joint Committee shall issue an annual report …” „… ECJ under Art. 111(3) EEA. See further the comments by Fredriksen on that provision. 7 See for …”

Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø Article 98 [Amendments to Annexes and selected Protocols] S. 795-797

„… most closely linked to the substantive regulation of the internal market.10 This is certainly the case …” „… on the possibility to request the ECJ to interpret EEA rules, Protocol 35 on the implementation of …”

Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø Article 99 [Participation of EFTA States in EU decision-shaping] S. 797-800

„… to the substantive regulation of the internal market.10 This is certainly the case for Protocol 1 on …” „… possibility to request the ECJ to interpret EEA rules, Protocol 35 on the implementation of EEA rules, and …” „… basis as it refers to experts of the EC Member States. In the cases where the Council of the European …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 94 [The EEA Joint Committee: presidency, meetings, sub-committees and working groups] Functioning of the EEA Joint Committee S. 786-789

„… case. 4. The EEA Joint Committee shall issue an annual report on the functioning and development of …” „… Although the Contracting Parties may agree to request an opinion by the ECJ under Art. 111(3) EEA. See …”

Thomas Chr. Poulsen Article 42 [Protocols and Annexes as integral part of the SCA] S. 1051-1056

„… may in any case before it prescribe any necessary interim measures. Art. 41 corresponds to Art. 279 …” „… TFEU and gives the EFTA Court competence to prescribe any necessary interim measures in a case before …” „… . What would be a reasonable interim measure, will depend on the circumstances of the case. The interests …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 25 [Responsibilities of the ESA in the field of the competition rules] S. 1012-1018

„… the Main Part of the SCA. The case law illustrates that the ECJ and EFTA Courts do not avoid making …” „… that only the Commission or ESA may be competent authority in a specific case. In practice the division …” „… of competence entails that most competition cases that have a sufficient cross border effect to be …”

Ernst Nordtveit, Sigrid Eskeland Schütz Article 73 [Object and purpose of EEA environmental law] S. 715-721

„… relevant in cases where the EEA Joint Committee amends, adapts or derogates from obligations found in EU …” „… Joint Committee. In the same way as the ECJ interprets secondary EU law in light of the environmental …” „… of new products, handling of waste etc. Environ- 2. 5 This is the case regardless of the lack of …”

Henrik Bull Article 21 [Border controls and cooperation in customs‑related matters] S. 341-349

„… . In Case C-125/94 Aprile Srl,4 the ECJ concluded that Dir. 83/643 as amended did not apply to trade …” „… therefore reason to assume that the interpretation of the term will be informed by case law relating to Art …” „… mitigates vigilance in applying case law pertaining to the notion of state aid in Art. 61 EEA when …”

Christophe Hillion Article 128 [Accession to the EEA Agreement] S. 961-968

„… objectives of the EEA as understood by the ECJ in e.g. Opinion 1/91, 14.12.9, EEA (I), and Case C-431/11 …” „… substantive nature. In the case of a withdrawal in connection with a Member State’s departure from the Union …” „… (i.e. Preamble and Art. 2 EEA), and as the case may be, to the list of the authentic languages (Art …”

Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø Article 102 [Amendments of Annexes, incooperation of EEA-relevant EU legislation] S. 803-819

„… procedures for consultation in case of disagreement Art. 102 lays down the general procedure for amending the …” „… Dystland/Finstad/Sørebø 1 2 To ensure that agreement may be reached also in cases of initial disagreement concerning an …” „… often too short to allow for a timely decision in the Joint Committee. This is particularly the case for …”

Margrét Einarsdóttir, Ragnhildur Helgadóttir Iceland and the EEA S. 13-35

„… Supreme Court, as well as lower courts and parties to cases, have cited the ECJ directly. But the volume …” „… those cases12 – the European System of Financial Supervision and the EECMA – the intended changes were …” „… held to go beyond what the constitution permits. In the first case, due to the delegation’s scope not …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845275796

Ulrich Becker, Armin Hatje, Michael Potacs, Nina Wunderlich - Verfassung und Verwaltung in Europa

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Verfassung und Verwaltung in Europa

2014

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Galetta Diana-Urania European Court of Justice and preliminary reference procedure today: national judges, please behave! S. 680-697

„… mechanisms” have beenused see: Order of the ECJ of 30 May 2013, in case C-106/13, Fierro e Marmorale;Order of …” „… the ECJ of 8 May 2013, in case C-73/13, T.; Order of the ECJ of 21 March2013, in case C-522/11, Mbaye …” „… ; Order of the ECJ of 14 March 2013, in case C-555/12,Loreti e.a.; Order of the ECJ of 7 February 2013, in …”

Birkinshaw Patrick The United Kingdom in Europe and Europe in the United Kingdom – an Indelible Influence? S. 17-42

„… state liability’ (para 2) createdby the ECJ.62The case involved an action for damages based on Köbler …” „… resolved by the ECJ declaring the Union measureinvalid before the House of Lords heard the case but the …” „… 2007.52 This has produced national, and in some cases,UK wide structures for tribunals dealing with …”

Ziller Jacques Hierarchy of Norms: Hierarchy of Sources and General Principles in European Union Law S. 334-352

„… Constitution with the case law ofthe ECJ pre-Lisbon and the developing post-Lisbon case law of the CJEUshows …” „… case-law, it appears that the ECJ – and now the CJEU –refers often to provisions of the Treaties when …” „… Republic; anumber of years had to elapse before clarity was restored by the evolutionof the case law of the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845255774

Julia Iliopoulos-Strangas, Stanislaw Biernat, Michael Potacs - Verantwortung, Haftung und Kontrolle des Verfassungsstaates und der Europäischen Union im Wandel der Zeit - Responsibility, Accountability and Control of the Constitutional State and the European Union in Changing Times - Responsabilités et Contrôle de l' État constituionnel et de l'Union européenne au fil du temps

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Julia Iliopoulos-Strangas (ed.), Stanislaw Biernat (ed.), Michael Potacs (ed.)

Verantwortung, Haftung und Kontrolle des Verfassungsstaates und der Europäischen Union im Wandel der Zeit - Responsibility, Accountability and Control of the Constitutional State and the European Union in Changing Times - Responsabilités et Contrôle de l' État constituionnel et de l'Union européenne au fil du temps

Series: Societas Iuris Publici Europaei (SIPE)

Volume 9 2014

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Monika Kawczy?ska Concurrent Liability of the European Union and the Member States S. 73-92

„… adjudicate on theII.2 ECJ, Decision of 13.2.1979 – Case 101/78, Granaria, ECR 1979, 623, para 16; ECJ …” „… , Decisionof 27.9.1988 – Case 106-120/87, Asteris, ECR 1988, 5515, para 14; ECJ, Decision of 8.4.1992– Case C …” „… -55/90, Cato, ECR 1992, I-2533, para 16; ECJ, Decision of 20.3.2001 – Case T-18/99,Cordis, ECR 2001, II …”

Antonio Lazari State Liability in Comparative and European Union Law S. 123-144

„… Law no. 30/1992 establishes that “in all cases,the alleged harm must be proven, economically …” „… 1947 in the case of Royster vs Cavey, making a clear distinction withthe inter privatos provisions of …” „… envisaged is compensation for damage. In the case of Anns v. Merton London Borough Council[1978] A.C. 728 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-20

„… , are associated with the ECJ case-law in the famous caseFrancovich and Bonifaci and the later decisions …” „… for breachof EU law was established by the ECJ in the landmark Francovich and Bonifacijudgment (1991 …” „… ) and has been developed ever since. This case-law granted an individual a claim for compensation …”

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Jürgen Schwarze - Das Verhältnis von nationalem Recht und Europarecht im Wandel der Zeit

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Das Verhältnis von nationalem Recht und Europarecht im Wandel der Zeit

Series: Schriftenreihe Europäisches Recht, Politik und Wirtschaft

Volume 366 2012

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Jenő Czuczai The increasing impact of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights on the interaction between European law and national law after Lisbon – a practical overlook from Hungary S. 239-258

„… point of view, related to that how the systematic involvement of the ECJ could be ensured in all cases …” „… in view of the following two reasons: • firstly, it is clear from the settled case law of the ECJ …” „… Charter) and in conformity with the relevant ECJ case law in this regard,8 • secondly, also in accordance …”

Patrick Birkinshaw Goodbye to All That – The End of the Post 1992 European Legal Order? S. 143-176

„… place prolonged and significant strain on a system which saw law largely as permissive and in many cases …” „… p. 97 for an analysis of these cases. 7 Johnston v Chief Constable RUC [1986] 3 All ER 135. 8 …” „… substantive measure in its own right and not simply as an adjunct to other ECHR rights as in the case of Art …”

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Jean-François Flauss, Julia Iliopoulos-Strangas - Das soft law der europäischen Organisationen - The Soft Law of European Organisations - La soft law des organisations européennes

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Das soft law der europäischen Organisationen - The Soft Law of European Organisations - La soft law des organisations européennes

Series: Societas Iuris Publici Europaei (SIPE)

Volume 7 2012

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Daniel Sarmiento European Soft Law and National Authorities: Incorporation, Enforcement and Interference S. 254-297

„… (hereinafter ECJ) has developed a case law stressing the specific traits of EU soft law, putting the emphasis …” „… faculty that may be directly enforced when raised by a legitimate claimant. However, the ECJ’s case law …” „… national courts may rely on the preliminary reference procedure, but the ECJ’s case law, as it has been …”

Allan Rosas Soft Law and the European Court of Justice S. 304-325

„… have binding force, the ECJ’s case law is generally based on the principle that the choice of form 13 …” „… the other hand, ECJ case law recognises that, while they are not legally binding as such, they may …” „… Lisbon, stood out as the most important source in the ECJ’s case law. While the Advocates General of the …”

Vassilios Christianos Soft Law in the European Union : Effectiveness and efficiency through the Court of Justice of the European Union – Statement – S. 326-331

„… law instruments and therefore more case-law was produced. The landmark case is Grimaldi, where the ECJ …” „… frequently used in the soft law instruments,7 it is seldom used in the ECJ case-law; it is to be found in no …” „… also legal effects, although they are not always clear or certain. According to ECJ case-law, soft law …”

Enzo Cannizzaro, Emanuele Rebasti Soft law in the EU legal order S. 208-233

„… it is clearly witnessed by the well known case law of the ECJ on the effect of the WTO …” „… not to be legally bound by its provisions. This is classically the case of political agreements, a …” „… is for instance the case of administrative or technical agreements generally concluded by State …”

Thomas Dubut La « soft law » de l’O.C.D.E. dans la jurisprudence fiscale de la C.J.U.E. – À la recherche des frontières entre normativité juridique et efficacité juridictionnelle S. 26-51

„… et M. VIDAL, « An International Lawyer’s Perspective on the ECJ’s Case Law Concerning the OECD Model …” „… , L.G.D.J., 1964). Dans tous les cas, la distinction entre effectivité et efficacité, qui trouve sa source …” „… cas les dispositions du Modèle ne soient pas suffisantes pour écarter les autres moyens invoqués (A …”

Matthias Knauff Legitimität und Legitimation des europäischen Soft Law – Grundfragen und Lösungsansätze – S. 370-401

„… government and the subtle transformation of states: the case of EU employment policy“, Journal of European …” „… Governance – the Case of European Employment Cooperation, Stockholm, 2000 (http://eucenter.wisc.edu …” „… Three Notions on Democracy: The Case of the EU”, in: MÖRTH (Fußn. 3), S. 155 (160); JACOBSSON (Fußn. 40 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845235851

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