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Eva Fischer, Lena Hornkohl - Kartellrecht und Zukunftstechnologien

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Eva Fischer (ed.), Lena Hornkohl (ed.)

Kartellrecht und Zukunftstechnologien

Series: Junges Kartellrecht

Volume 1 2024

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Philip Marsden What if competition law was easy? S. 17-22

„… already can help us identify some rulesof thumb for all forms of application of competition law.I offer …” „… What if competition law was easy?Philip MarsdenTo contribute to the Young Competition Law Scholars …” „… Conference on‘Competition Law and Future Technologies’, I wanted to remind and assurethe participants that …”

Bernadette Zelger Möglichkeiten und Chancen der „bewirkten Wettbewerbsbeschränkung“ in der Digitalökonomie S. 25-54

„… , Methodological Issues in Selected Branches – §20 European Competition Law,in: K. Riesenhuber (Hrsg.), European …” „… (Fn. 9), S. 523; Ibáñez Colomo, The Shaping of EU Competition Law(Fn. 9), S. 13.61 Näheres dazu vgl …” „… Competition Law(Fn. 1), Kapitel 3.3 (hinsichtlich Art. 101 Abs. 1 AEUV) S. 38 ff., Kapitel 4.4 …”

David Fila Herausforderungen und Perspektiven für das private enforcement in der Digitalökonomie mit rechtsvergleichendem Blick in die USA und das UK S. 155-176

„… Perspektive A. Kuenzler, Competition Law as aCatalyst for Collective Market Governance, Yearbook of European …” „… Rights of Private Parties in the Digital Markets Act, Journal ofEuropean Competition Law & Practice 2022 …” „… : much ado about nothing?, European Competi‐tion Law Review 2023, 201 ff.Herausforderungen und …”

Jennifer Pullen Künstliche Intelligenz als Erkennungsinstrument für Killer-Akquisitionen S. 81-104

„… a Silver Bullet, Journal of European Compe‐tition Law & Practice 2023, 186 oder J. E. Harrington …” „… Era: Refocusing Antitrust Law to Invigorate Competition in the 21st Centu‐ry, Stanford Computational …” „… Computational Antitrust 2021,38.55 I. Lianos, Reorienting Competition Law, Journal of Antitrust Enforcement 2022 …”

Philipp Loser Adversarial Interoperability S. 55-78

„… Digital Markets Act, European Competition and Regulatory LawReview 2021, 90 (98).136 Richtlinien hierzu …” „… Hinweis geht zurück auf den Vortrag von Marsden, What If Competition Law WasEasy?, 2023.5 F. Scott Morton …” „… Contestability, Journal of Com‐petition Law & Economics 2022, 255 (258 ff.).36 Krämer/Schnurr, Contestability (Fn …”

Kurzlebensläufe der Autor:innen S. 7-10

„… ., ist Rechtsanwalt (Antitrust & Competition Law) amBrüsseler Standort von Norton Rose Fulbright LLP und …” „… TheOxford Competition Law case reporter series.Julius OttJulius Ott ist seit Januar 2023 wissenschaftlicher …” „… , Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck (Mag. iur., Dr.iur. der Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, LL.M. in CompetitionLaw …”

Malte Drouet Ex ante-Haken links, ex post-Haken rechts? Doppelbestrafung(sverbot) im Angesicht von Digital Markets Act und Kartellrecht S. 131-154

„… European Competition Law &Practice 12 (2021), 576 (578); D. Zimmer/J. Göhsl, Vom New Competition Tool …” „… (DMA):A Legal and Policy Review, Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 12(2021), 529 (529 f.); R …” „… Markets Act: A RegulatoryPerspective, Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 12 (2021), 493 (494 …”

Nils Imgarten Potentiale beim gerichtlichen Umgang mit Masseverfahren im Kartellschadensersatzprozess S. 207-0

„… of competition law, Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies2022, 7 (21 ff.).11 Vgl. EuGH C …” „… ? (Case C-25/21 – Repsol), Kluwer Competition Law Blog 2023.Nils Imgarten214meist das konkrete Ausmaß der …” „… leniency, settlements and private enforcement inEuropean competition law, Global Competition Litigation …”

Melani Dumancic Marktmacht in der Stromwirtschaft: Mehr Wettbewerb durch Zukunftstechnologien? S. 105-128

„… Kommission[2011] ABl. C 60, Rn. 79 ff.31 Vgl. nur R. van den Bergh, Comparative Competition Law and Economics …” „… , in: L. Hancher/C.Jones (Hrsg.), EU Competition Law and Energy Markets, 4. Aufl., Deventer, NL:Claeys …” „… Kraftwerke.4038 Kommission, The economic impact of enforcement of competition policies on thefunctioning of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… der Herausgeber 11Philip MarsdenWhat if competition law was easy? 17Grundlagen von Kartellrecht und …”

Einleitung der Herausgeber S. 11-16

„… Problem des Sammelklage-Inkasso.Also der Reihe nach von Beginn an: „What if competition law was ea‐sy …”

Julius Ott Legal-Tech-Inkasso – Keine Aktivlegitimation im Kartellschadensersatzrecht? S. 185-206

„… (ASG) – A Comment, Kluwer Competition Law Blog,abrufbar unter …” „… , NZKart 2021, 280 (281).8 Vgl. R. Bone, Class Action, in: Sanchricio (Hrsg.), Procedural Law and …” „… , Competition Policy Brief 2015–1, S. 2.Legal-Tech-Inkasso – Keine Aktivlegitimation im …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748941934

Jörg Philipp Terhechte - OPEC und europäisches Wettbewerbsrecht

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Jörg Philipp Terhechte

OPEC und europäisches Wettbewerbsrecht

2008

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OPEC and European Competition Law S. 124

„… and European Competition LawThe intention of this issue was to point out the problems that may arise …” „… when applying supranational law to »state cartels.« EC competition law refers to the EUdomestic market …” „… . That does not imply, however, that the law is only applicable torestrictions of competition caused by …”

The Role of European Competition Law S. 103-104

„… international economic law. Even in the case ofrestrictions of competition caused by states, there are no …” „… coherent rules. 2. The Role of European Competition Law The analysis of European law reveals a totally …” „… different situation: European competition law (Art. 81 ECT) periodically makes the headlines and …”

The Ban on Cartels in Art. 81 ECT S. 111-116

„… affected by thequotas. Consequently these quotas fall within the scope of EC competition law.The quota-made …” „… suppliesto the common market, EC competition law applies to them as well. Hence, fromthe European law’s …” „… V. Application of European Competition Law to OPEC 111V. Application of European Competition Law to …”

Alternatives S. 124-125

„… and European Competition LawThe intention of this issue was to point out the problems that may arise …” „… when applying supranational law to »state cartels.« EC competition law refers to the EUdomestic market …” „… . That does not imply, however, that the law is only applicable torestrictions of competition caused by …”

General Remarks S. 104-105

„… orthe comity doctrine, and thereby evade application of European competition law?Assuming OPEC can be …” „… effectively operates as a cartel, to European competition law? If Europeancompetition law may be used to …” „… , European law and national economic law that have yet to be resolved.289Is European competition law …”

Alternative Approaches S. 123-124

„… and European Competition LawThe intention of this issue was to point out the problems that may arise …” „… of competition law, further approaches have to be takeninto consideration. For instance, actions …” „… when applying supranational law to »state cartels.« EC competition law refers to the EUdomestic market …”

Fragmentation of International Economic Law S. 102-103

„… international economic law. Even in the case ofrestrictions of competition caused by states, there are no …” „… coherent rules. 2. The Role of European Competition Law The analysis of European law reveals a totally …” „… different situation: European competition law (Art. 81 ECT) periodically makes the headlines and …”

Application to OPEC or its Members? S. 110-111

„… European Competition Law to OPEC 111V. Application of European Competition Law to OPEC 1. The Ban on …” „… Cali & Figli, [1997] ECR I-1549 (1587) para 16. As far asEuropean Competition Law is directly …” „… Members? The last important question is: to against whom exactly might EC competition lawbe applied …”

State Immunity S. 116-118

„… ) ConclusionsTherefore, EC competition law can be applied to OPEC as an international organization and to its Member …” „… as proportionality. According to the Comity Principle, EC competition law isinter alia applicable if …” „… influence onEC competition law and both regulatory frameworks are comparable. However,the fact that in the …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 127-132

„… 1986Faull, J./Nikpay, A. (eds.), The EC Law of Competition, Oxford 1999Fezer, K.-H./Koos, S …” „… Judgement, 22 (3) World Competition (1999), S. 3 ff.Goyder, D. G., EC Competition Law, 4. ed., Oxford 2003 …” „… Guide to EC Competition Law and Practice, 8. ed., Oxford 2004Koskenniemi, M./Leino, P., Fragmentation of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… der Fragmentierung des internationalen WirtschaftsrechtsOPEC and European Competition Law (English …” „… European Competition Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103II. OPEC as an International …” „… Competition Law to OPEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111. The Ban on Cartels in Art. 81 ECT …”

The Concept of Cartels in General S. 109-110

„… fundamental rules of USantitrust law and makes it much easier for US competition authorities to take …” „… about applying European competition law to OPEC, one should clarify the technical meaning of a carteland …” „… : to against whom exactly might EC competition lawbe applied? Possibilities include: (i) OPEC as an …”

Abuse of a Dominant Position (Art. 82 ECT) S. 116

„… ) ConclusionsTherefore, EC competition law can be applied to OPEC as an international organization and to its Member …” „… undertakingsthe possibility to eliminate competition in respect of a substantial part of the products in question …” „… itsrestrictions on competition. This seems to be connected with the improvement ofthe distribution of goods within …”

The Importance of OPEC for National Markets – Example: Germany S. 108-109

„… USantitrust law and makes it much easier for US competition authorities to take actionagainst OPEC …” „… competition law to OPEC, one should clarify the technical meaning of a carteland then ask whether or not OPEC …” „… . This fact among others can cause adistortion of competition. At last, the Commission does not dispose …”

Fragmentation of International Economic Law and Private Enforcement S. 125-126

„… out that EC competition law is applicable to OPEC, even though the application may not be considered …” „… on the level of international law. In this context strengthening of WTO lawrepresents an alternative …” „… X. Conclusions 125of the WTO. But international law provides no powerful means to be opposed toOPEC …”

Comity S. 118

„… U.S. antitrust law exerts a great influence onEC competition law and both regulatory frameworks are …” „… 118 K. Summaryquestion of consequences. While European law contains effective rules against …” „… suchactivities, international law lacks of clear and effective rules.2. ComityThe Comity Principle can be …”

The Present Situation in the Oil Market S. 109

„… fundamental rules of USantitrust law and makes it much easier for US competition authorities to take …” „… about applying European competition law to OPEC, one should clarify the technical meaning of a carteland …” „… due to technical questions and concerns in relation to international law.314 IV. OPEC and Cartel …”

Political Consequences S. 122-123

„… exclusive jurisdiction. IX. Alternative ApproachesIn addition to the approach of competition law, further …” „… competition rules. In addition to this, OPEC does notdispose of the financial resources to cover large fines …” „… representation), whichis to a certain extent contrary to international law.356 So, how is this Gordian knotto be …”

Previous Cases S. 118-120

„… U.S. antitrust law exerts a great influence onEC competition law and both regulatory frameworks are …” „… 118 K. Summaryquestion of consequences. While European law contains effective rules against …” „… suchactivities, international law lacks of clear and effective rules.2. ComityThe Comity Principle can be …”

Anwendungsbereich S. 53-65

„… Unternehmensvereinigung vorliegen. 132 Ausführlich dazu D. G. Goyder, EC Competition Law, S. 78: »It is important, however …” „… , EC Competition Law and Practice, S. 31 ff.; J. Schwarze, Die Jurisdiktionsabgrenzung im Völkerrecht …” „… EC Merger Control Law – The Cencor Judgement, 22 (3) World Competition (1999),S. 3 ff. 154 H …”

Fazit S. 88-89

„… competition lawsuits, for example, would haveprofound implications for the United States, which places buying …” „… , Slaying Goliath: The Extraterritorial Application of U.S. AntitrustLaw to OPEC, 50 American Univ. L. Rev …” „… primarily, competition policy, but also defense policy, energy policy, foreign policy,and natural resources …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 15-18

„… International LawVanderbilt J.Transnational L. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Lawverb. Rs. verbundene …” „… Presserecht)AJIL American Journal of International LawAmerican Univ. L. Rev. American University Law …” „… ReviewAntitrust L. J. Antitrust Law JournalArt. Artikel/ArticleAufl. AuflageAVR Archiv des Völkerrechts …”

Private Enforcement S. 123

„… of competition law, further approaches have to be takeninto consideration. For instance, actions …” „… enormous economicchallenge – arising inter alia under German law – is to specify the amount of thedamage …” „… . But in a civil claim under German law this may could left be open. UnderGerman law there exists under …”

Application by the European Commission S. 121-122

„… oil prices the further development in U.S. law hasto be observed closely. Where the discussion may …” „… application ofU.S. antitrust law was problematic, the main issues were not located in the field ofantitrust …” „… law itself. This inspires the following assumption: OPEC is not excludedfrom the scope of application …”

Zur möglichen Rolle des supranationalen Wirtschaftsverwaltungsrechts S. 24-27

„… Action Defence in EC Competition Law, WorldComp 28 (2005), S. 407 ff.; A. Reinstadler,Staatliche …” „… ; vgl.auch H. Fox, The Law of State Immunity, S. 272 ff. I. Systematische Einordnung und Hintergrund der …” „… »Wirtschaftsvölkerrechts«15 ist kürzlich von der International Law Commission allgemein für die Ebene des Völkerrechts wie …”

The Importance of OPEC in the European Market S. 108

„… . This fact among others can cause adistortion of competition. At last, the Commission does not dispose …” „… provisions. Whethercommon principles of EU law, e.g. the principle of loyalty, may help in this situation or …”

Freistellung gem. Art. 81 Abs. 3 EGV? S. 65-66

„… EC Merger Control Law – The Cencor Judgement, 22 (3) World Competition (1999),S. 3 ff. 154 H …”

Weitere zwischenstaatliche Produzentenkartelle und ihr Scheitern S. 50-52

„… . I-5457 ff. (Viho); vgl. auch J. Faull/A. Nikpay (eds.), The EC Lawof Competition, Rn. 2.115 m. w …” „… New International Economic Order, 30 The Internationaland Comparative Law Quarterly (1981), S. 745 …”

The Importance of OPEC in the World Oil Market S. 107-108

„… competition. At last, the Commission does not dispose of any »emergency competences«, or other instruments to …” „… guaranty a coordinated and fair disposal of provisions. Whethercommon principles of EU law, e.g. the …”

Anwendung auf die OPEC oder ihre Mitgliedstaaten? S. 52

„… J. Faull/A. Nikpay (eds.), The EC Lawof Competition, Rn. 2.115 m. w. Nachw. 109 Dazu auch unten ? S …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845207278

Constanze Semmelmann - Social Policy Goals in the Interpretation of Article 81 EC

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Constanze Semmelmann

Social Policy Goals in the Interpretation of Article 81 EC

2008

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Competition law theory S. 75-77

„… regulations. 3. Competition law theory The above-mentioned considerations have also influenced competition …” „… relevance in the context of competition law and adds a further dimension to the problem of whether …” „… of the market and in the acceptance of the existence of market failures. Some competition law …”

Conclusion: The goals of EC competition law S. 57-59

„… .2036. Conclusion: The goals of EC competition law Embedding competition law and policy in its context …” „… determine the goals of competition law and select the methodology how to achieve the goals. Decisions in …” „… competition cases require that a certain economic model be – in a simplified version - translated into law …”

Competition law and the state action doctrine S. 176-180

„… 178 4. Competition law and the state action doctrine a. The state and competition law The state …” „… state measure to the competition rules with the consequence that competition law would gain a primordial …” „… that competition law is isolated from public interest concerns (beyond the “public interest in …”

Collective bargaining agreements in competition law: Albany S. 90-92

„… has to apply to the determination of the scope of EC competition law.355 In the context of competition …” „… Article 81 EC. IV. Limitations on the scope of competition law: ipso facto derogations created by the …” „… Court 1. Collective bargaining agreements in competition law: AlbanyCollective bargaining agreements are …”

Written derogations: Limitations on the scope of competition law S. 87-88

„… . Written derogations: Limitations on the scope of competition law Certain fields are excluded from the …” „… field of employment law.343II. Limitations on the scope of competition law: Implicit derogations on …” „… competition law for noncompetition goals, one may wonder whether the allocation of powers, and in particular …”

Collective bargaining agreements in competition law: The Post-Albany case law and the reactions of scholars S. 92-93

„… improvement of work and employment.3652. Collective bargaining agreements in competition law: The Post-Albany …” „… that competition law may hinder the fulfillment of the labour law goals, 365 EFTA Ct., E-8/00, 2002 …” „… has clearly held that in the absence of such a provision, competition law fully applies. Secondly, the …”

Limitations on the scope of competition law: Implicit derogations on the basis of fundamental rights S. 89-90

„… competition rules can be equated as such is an issue of some controversy. In the present context, the case law …” „… transposed to competition law.350 It can thus be derived from the case law that national competences do not …” „… competences as such. III. Limitations on the scope of competition law: Implicit derogations on the basis of …”

Limitations on the scope of competition law: Implicit derogations on the basis of the allocation of powers S. 88-89

„… scope of competition law: Implicit derogations on the basis of the allocation of powers In the absence …” „… of a general written derogation from EC competition law for noncompetition goals, one may wonder …” „… argue that the ECJ has shielded a number of fields from EC competition law on the basis of national …”

The case law of the US Supreme Court on the non-competition goals under Section 1 of the Sherman Act S. 155-157

„… case law of the US Supreme Court on the non-competition goals under Section 1 of the Sherman Act The …” „… non-competition policies in the US antitrust law and their normative underpinnings that political choices are not …” „… justification of the “Public-Private-Distinction” in EC economic law 1. The competition rules and the free …”

Bibliography S. 217-232

„… Competition Law and National Regulation - A Conflict of Laws Reconstruction of the Dispute of Price Fixing, 1 …” „… Courts, 23 European Competition Law Review (2002), 72-80. Bailey, David, Scope of Judicial Review under …” „… Article 81 EC, 41 Common Market Law Review (2004), 1327-1368. Bain, Joe, Barriers to New Competition …”

Freedom as a value in itself S. 32-36

„… ). The ECJ took this aim seriously in the interpretation of EC competition law.64 The impact of the …” „… law and policy (as well as national competition law and policy), this term has been intrinsically tied …” „… increasingly in Europe, antitrust and competition law and policy have been closely associated with the …”

Content S. 9-16

„… constitution 30Chapter 2: Delineation and scope of the topic in light of the goals of EC competition law 33I …” „… several goals 43IV. The goals of EC competition law 461. Market Integration 472. Competition as a means to …” „… competition/economic freedom 576. Conclusion: The goals of EC competition law 59V. Non-competition goals 61Chapter 3 …”

The “European rule of reason” S. 97-112

„… of a rule of reason has repeatedly been brought into play in EC competition law, be it by scholars or …” „… The ECJ declared in 393 Kist, in: Ehlermann and Atanasiu (eds.), European Competition Law Annual 2000 …” „… Laicization of Community Law: Self-Help and the Rule of Reason: How Competition Law Is and Could be Applied …”

Non-competition goals in the interpretation of Article 81 (3) EC under Reg. 1/2003 S. 193-200

„… , or against the authorities of a Member State”. 847845 Schweitzer, Competition Law and Public Policy …” „… , Article 81 (3), Discretion and Direct Effect, 23 European Competition Law Review (2002), 17-25, at 22 …” „… , European Competition Law Review (2002), 17-25 who argues against the capability of Article 81 EC having …”

Freedom of competition/economic freedom S. 55-57

„… favourable treatment is not represented by incorporating a goal of EC competition law as such, but rather a …” „… market participants such as competitors and consumers as a goal in itself within EC competition law can …” „… , Competition Law and the "New Europe", 42 American Journal of Comparative Law (1994), 25-84, at 71 et seq. He …”

Economic efficiency S. 49-54

„… governed by the rules in the competition policy chapter and relevant secondary law, but those that relied …” „… efficiency In the last decade, EC competition law has been re-conceptualised with respect to its theoretical …” „… has been emphasised that the 156 See further Schweitzer, Competition Law and Public Policy …”

Compatibility of and harmonisation among the several goals S. 41-44

„… competition law or have led to an obstacle in its enforcement policy.117 The achievement of socio-political …” „… goals by competition law may be a desired (long-term) consequence of the application of competition law …” „… directly affect the substantive law, the socio-political goals should not be considered as competition …”

Article 81 (3) EC S. 112-132

„… excluded the collective agreements setting up the fund from the scope of competition law because they were …” „… Security and Competition Law, 20 European Competition Law Review (1999), 324-333, at 333. 115 Article 81 …” „… , the ongoing re-conceptualisation of EC competition law and the changes with regard to its enforcement …”

Summary and conclusion on the status quo of non-competition goals under Article 81 EC, in particular of the social policy goals S. 132-140

„… Conflicts between European Competition Law and National Regulation - A Conflict of Laws Reconstruction of …” „… non-competition goals. Scholars have tackled the issue of non-competition goals in EC competition law along the …” „… Article 81 EC, thus providing for a rigorous shield against the application of EC competition law as …”

Judicial review of the Commission decisions adopted under Article 81 (3) EC S. 184-189

„… . Commission, para. 288. 791 Odudu, Article 81 (3), Discretion and Direct Effect, 23 European Competition Law …” „… (eds.), European Competition Law Annual 2000. The Modernisation of EC Antitrust Policy, Oxford, Hart …” „… , Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2000, at 111. 794 Burrichter, in Ehlermann, European Competition Law Annual …”

Arguments derived from the “constitutionalisation” of private law S. 173-176

„… fall under competition law and invite the examination of its compatibility with social policy goals. A …” „… detriment of the weaker party the situation in competition law is more complex: The freedom of contract …” „… serves as the point of departure. Competition law represents the first “public policy” in the sense that …”

Market Integration S. 44-47

„… other national competition laws, and also from US competition law. In light of the above favourable …” „… to long-term consideration.129IV. The goals of EC competition law The foregoing section is a very …” „… enforcement dominate the debate in EC competition law. The different competition law traditions in the Member …”

Assessment of the reform S. 200-208

„… bodies applying the law, and the risk that on the national level, the non-competition goals become a …” „… law represents a major challenge to the application of the EC competition rules. 867 Quellmalz, Die …” „… primary law, in particular Article 83 EC. 868 Kalbfleisch, The Assessment of Interests in Competition Law …”

Competition as a means to further ends S. 47-49

„… particularity of EC competition law that differentiates EC competition law from other national competition laws …” „… , and also from US competition law. In light of the above favourable arguments, market integration will …” „… remain a goal of EC competition law, but it has to be balanced against other goals. 2. Competition as a …”

The interdependencies between the institutional / enforcement-related and substantive aspects S. 181-183

„… and holistic approaches to competition law, the Treaty’s chapter on competition law and policy could …” „… (related to the institutions, their powers and the institutional balance) of competition law and policy …” „… .), European Competition Law Annual 2000. The Modernisation of EC Antitrust Policy, Oxford, Hart, 2001 …”

Small and medium sized enterprises S. 54-55

„… 56Commission, increasingly followed by the CFI, assumes that EC competition law pursues the goal of …” „… tendencies demonstrate in any case that the ever-controversial plurality of goals of competition (law and …” „… smaller undertakings have played a role in EC competition law.190 The term of fairness invites for …”

Changes S. 190-193

„… the courts to apply EC competition law on the national level829 next to a loss of transparency.830 The …” „… ?, in: Ehlermann and Atanasiu (eds.), European Competition Law Annual 2000. The Modernisation of EC …” „… Atanasiu (eds.), European Competition Law Annual 2000. The Modernisation of EC Antitrust Policy, Oxford …”

A proposal on the role of social policy goals in the interpretation of Article 81 EC and concluding remarks S. 211-216

„… rules in their context. The relationship between social policy and EC competition law, in particular …” „… present book with a view towards providing guidance on how the relationship between competition law and …” „… ', 25 European Law Review (2000), 492-508. 907 E.g. Van den Bergh and Montangie, Competition in …”

The free movement provisions, social policy, and their application to private parties S. 162-173

„… between European Competition Law and National Regulation - A Conflict of Laws Reconstruction of the …” „… demonstrate that contrary to the US case law where the trade union action is frequently located in competition …” „… free movement provisions and competition law. Moreover, and even though not overly significant, the …”

Socio-political issues S. 40-41

„… 42competition law, which are often associated with the protection of smaller businesses. The …” „… competition law. Socio-economic conditions and circumstances have frequently represented the background and …” „… policy issues have been considered either on the substantive level of competition law or have led to an …”

Economic efficiency S. 36-39

„… important for competition law.88 It is controversial to what extent productive and allocative efficiencies …” „… economic freedom, cited in Odudu, The Boundaries of EC Competition Law. The Scope of Article 81, Oxford …” „… economists prefer the total welfare standard, many competition law regimes seem to adhere to consumer welfare …”

Preface S. 5-8

„… and enforcement-related changes in the field of EC competition law. The major question, being a …” „… classical issue of EC competition law, is placed within a broader framework: I have undertaken an attempt to …” „… sought in the Treaty chapter on competition law and policy and, in particular, the substantive …”

Non-competition goals S. 59-60

„… excluded that they influence the exceptions and derogations from competition law. For the purpose of the …” „… whilst competition law and policy inevitably interfere with them. Although the wording of Article 81 EC …” „… , in: Ullrich (ed.), The Evolution of European Competition Law, Edward Elgar, 2006, 17-38, at 33 …”

The US “rule of reason” S. 94-97

„… Article 81(3) EC could be the starting point for analysing social policy goals in EC competition law …” „… ), 1057-1099, at 1087 et seq. 376 Jones and Sufrin, EC Competition Law, Oxford University Press, 2004, at 183 …” „… been brought into play in EC competition law, be it by scholars or by the parties to the proceedings …”

The debate “social policy versus the market” as a part of the “economic constitution” S. 21-24

„… ensures the evolution of EC competition law along these lines. Hence, the “holistic” interpretation of the …” „… . Competition law was a crucial element of this economic constitution. The dissolution of monopolies and cartels …” „… did not, however, develop a theory German Neoliberalism, Competition Law and the "New Europe", 42 …”

Comment S. 93-94

„… derogations. The Court has clearly held that in the absence of such a provision, competition law fully applies …” „… bargaining agreements from the scope of competition law can be linked to genuine competition goals or market …” „… recognised goals of competition law and policy and its methodology. Whether such a “smooth” reconciliation is …”

Balance between market and non-market goals under the EC Treaty S. 31-32

„… 33Chapter 2: Delineation and scope of the topic in light of the goals of EC competition law I …” „… meet the proportionality test. In competition law, Article 86(2) EC provides for a justification of …” „… interpretation of EC competition law.64 The impact of the change in the Lisbon Treaty is currently subject to …”

The role of social policy in the interpretation of Article 81 EC as a part of the EC economic constitution S. 28-30

„… on competition law and policy with the Articles 81 et seq. EC will not be modified in a way relevant …” „… approach to the goals of competition law). The Court has often stressed the fundamental character of the …” „… ; its determination may vary depending on whether one takes a respective field of law or rather the EC …”

Need for reform S. 189-190

„… .), European Competition Law Annual 2000. The Modernisation of EC Antitrust Policy, Oxford, Hart, 2001, 3-10 …” „… 541. 820 Lenaerts and Gerard, Decentralisation of EC Competition Law Enforcement: Judges in the …” „… Policy, in: Ehlermann and Atanasiu (eds.), European Competition Law Annual 2000. The Modernisation of EC …”

Interplay between labour markets and markets for goods and services S. 74-75

„… opposed to the competition law goal of allocative efficiencies).305 The issue of operating and opening …” „… regulations. 3. Competition law theory The above-mentioned considerations have also influenced competition …” „… relevance in the context of competition law and adds a further dimension to the problem of whether …”

Approaching the non-competition goals in the interpretation of Article 81 EC S. 32

„… ). The ECJ took this aim seriously in the interpretation of EC competition law.64 The impact of the …” „… law and policy (as well as national competition law and policy), this term has been intrinsically tied …” „… 34II. Approaching the non-competition goals in the interpretation of Article 81 EC The EC Treaty …”

Precedence of market goals S. 141-143

„… 143 Chapter 6: Competition Law in Context: Guidance for the competition chapter resulting from an …” „… , who discusses V. Bogdandy's proposal to apply general constitutional principles to EC competition law …” „… interpretation of Article 81 EC, the following two questions arise. Is competition policy conceived of as a part …”

The competition rules and the free movement rules: The complementary character of the early days S. 157-158

„… “Public-Private-Distinction” in EC economic law 1. The competition rules and the free movement rules: The complementary …” „… maintenance of the common market.667 When compared to the free movement provisions,668 competition law is thus …” „… (Member State) power whereas competition law addresses, as a general rule, obstacles created by private …”

Protecting competitors and fair competition S. 39-40

„… the (in)famous claim that competition law protects competitors rather than competition. In other …” „… , Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2007, 393-403, at 396. 42competition law, which are often associated with the protection …” „… discourse on the goals of competition law. Socio-economic conditions and circumstances have frequently …”

“Social policy versus the market” – an outline of the book S. 19-21

„… situation of the non-competition goals under Section 1 of the Sherman Act in US antitrust law, under which …” „… 21Chapter 1: Striking the balance between competition and social policy - A question of the …” „… demonstrated that this value conflict also has an impact on competition 1 With the entry into force of the …”

Positive and negative integration and in between S. 61-68

„… labour and social security law on the one hand and Community rules on competition and the market on the …” „… 63Chapter 3: Social policy as a non-competition goal The nature of social policy is a complex …” „… matter. Social policy objectives are among the non-competition goals, but they are closely linked to the …”

Article 81 (3) EC under the Commission’s exemption monopoly S. 183-184

„… : Ehlermann and Atanasiu (eds.), European Competition Law Annual 2000. The Modernisation of EC Antitrust …” „… , Kluwer, 2002, at 140. 786 Goyder, EC Competition Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003, at 118. 787 …” „… Courts, 23 European Competition Law Review (2002), 72-80, at 73. 186 went back to the date of the …”

The impact of social policy by virtue of the cross-sectional clauses S. 151-153

„… allocation of powers does not serve as a limiting factor regarding the scope of competition law.653 However …” „… competition law could be used as an instrument directed to achieve certain predetermined employment goals …” „… ordoliberal freedom approach to competition.648 Many legal scholars opine that the general mechanisms to …”

Direct effect of Article 81 EC S. 183

„… : Ehlermann and Atanasiu (eds.), European Competition Law Annual 2000. The Modernisation of EC Antitrust …” „… , Kluwer, 2002, at 140. 786 Goyder, EC Competition Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003, at 118. 787 …” „… Courts, 23 European Competition Law Review (2002), 72-80, at 73. …”

An open economic constitution S. 144-145

„… beginning of the E(E)C, it seems to be the dominant view today: Community law scholars611 and, in an …” „… Jacobs preceding the judgment regarding the relationship between social and competition policy.613 The …” „… European Law (1998), 27-68, at 50 et seq. 609 This term is used by Kahl, in: Calliess/Ruffert, eds., 3nd …”

Comment S. 77-78

„… 794. Comment The underlying question of how to deal with the labour market from a competition law …” „… ability to make exemptions from the scope of competition law. From an economic point of view, competition …” „… regulatory competition and the creation of a level playing field by harmonising the laws. For the last two …”

The free movement provisions, their application vis-à-vis state actors and social policy S. 160-162

„… , the relationship between state action and competition law requires a closer look to ascertain …” „… traditionally understood as a (sheltered) sphere of private law and private autonomy will be discussed. Moreover …” „… public and private sphere are increasingly blurry, the pursuit of non-competition policies in competition …”

Conclusion S. 153-154

„… 155 and analytical framework would be undermined if competition law could be used as an instrument …” „… or simply superfluous. Competition policy cannot replace other policies such as social policy. If the …” „… implementation, have an impact on competition policy, it can only serve as a way to make the institution applying …”

The public and the private sphere S. 158-159

„… Competition Law. The Scope of Article 81 EC, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005, at 48 et seq. 671 …” „… . Similarly, Loozen, Professional Ethics and Restraints of Competition, 31 European Law Review (2006), 28-47 …” „… . 673 Loozen, Professional Ethics and Restraints of Competition, 31 European Law Review (2006), 28-47 …”

The concept of the “economic constitution” as an analytical tool S. 25-28

„… , Constitutionalising the Economy: German Neoliberalism, Competition Law and the "New Europe", 42 American Journal of …” „… of the market forces, competition law and policy regulate economic activities. The social policy …” „… , the subjective (within the meaning of an individual right), private-law-oriented dimension of the …”

The embeddedness of the ordoliberal concept of the “economic constitution” in its historical circumstances S. 24-25

„… Against this background, competition law based on individual autonomy played a central role. III. The …” „… , Competition Law and the "New Europe", 42 American Journal of Comparative Law (1994), 25-84, at 36. 26 …” „… , Constitutionalising the Economy: German Neoliberalism, Competition Law and the "New Europe", 42 American Journal of …”

The rationale of the public-private-distinction in light of ongoing changes in governance structures S. 159-160

„… the Application of the Rules on Free Movement and on Competition?, 38 Common Market Law Review (2001 …” „… competition law requires a closer look to ascertain interdependencies between the private and public power …” „… , the pursuit of non-competition policies in competition law, i.e. the pursuit of the public interest …”

The “elimination” of competition S. 145-146

„… law. This means that, legally, the goal of competition has not lost any significance for the mere …” „… . Thus, the market is not assigned an a priori higher rank than other non-competition goals of the EU …” „… competition as a value of the Union from the Treaty into a protocol merits particular attention; on the other …”

Conclusion: No room for non-competition policies under the enforcement regime of Reg. 1/2003 S. 208-210

„… 210 With regard to the non-competition goals, the ECJ can and will have to resolve the legal …” „… question of whether non-competition goals are admissible under the new enforcement system and if so, how …” „… assessing factual matters, which could include the question of whether a certain non-competition goal …”

The rationale for domestic labour law S. 70-74

„… fundamental rights in the context of competition law depends on a debate that is yet very embryonic at the EC …” „… form of higher prices for the goods or services (this is diametrically opposed to the competition law …” „… choices. It will form the basis for derogations from the competition rules for the sake of social policy …”

Plurality of goals S. 83-84

„… face the allegation of illegality under competition law considerations. Examples include collective …” „… provided for by the law. At the end of the day, a trade-off will be required between legal certainty on the …” „… - Axio-Teleological Conflicts of Norms, in: Ferrer Beltrán and Narváez Mora (eds.), Law, Politics, and Morality …”

Competitive process S. 39

„… the (in)famous claim that competition law protects competitors rather than competition. In other …” „… its ability to translate into operable legal criteria. 4. Protecting competitors and fair competition …” „… protect them from big businesses, which may amount to an objective in competition theory. This has led to …”

Options to reconcile Article 81 EC and social policy and their impact S. 84-86

„… illegality under competition law considerations. Examples include collective bargaining agreements on labour …” „… undistorted competition, in particular to the prohibition of cartels on the one hand, and social policy on the …” „… undistorted competition and social policy in this context is reflected in the potential social policy practice …”

Comments on the term and concept of “social market economy” S. 149-151

„… ., when reviewing Commission decisions in competition law.6354. Comments on the term and concept of …” „… competition because intervention is increasingly necessary to the implemention of solidarity goals.637 Recent …” „… instruments would have to comply, namely the market mechanism and the principle of competition. This means …”

Conflict S. 84

„… illegality under competition law considerations. Examples include collective bargaining agreements on labour …” „… undistorted competition, in particular to the prohibition of cartels on the one hand, and social policy on the …” „… undistorted competition and social policy in this context is reflected in the potential social policy practice …”

The concept of “social market economy”: the original concept and its significance in practice S. 146-148

„… competition policy. Protocol No 6 shares the rank of primary law. This means that, legally, the goal of …” „… competition and the market within the meaning of a central coordination mechanism.617 Legally speaking however …” „… , particularly regarding the day-to-day application of the competition rules (notwithstanding the state action …”

A mixed economic constitution with a systemic guarantee of the market mechanism S. 143-144

„… 's proposal to apply general constitutional principles to EC competition law. Drexl stresses the need for …” „… (“Systementscheidung”602/-garantie”603) of market economy with free competition. This conclusion was based on the …” „… seems to be the dominant view today: Community law scholars611 and, in an increasingly clear manner, the …”

The transnational dimension of labour S. 78-80

„… choice between regulatory competition and the creation of a level playing field by harmonising the laws …” „… Evolution of EU Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999, 479-516. 320 Hepple, Labour Laws and Global …” „… Rights in the EU Social Space, 12 European Law Journal (2006), 41-66, at 42; Hepple, Labour Laws and …”

Reconciliation of goals S. 81-83

„… mechanisms through which the goals of competition law and social policy can be reconciled still remains. One …” „… of the major problems of constitutional law is the absence of unambiguous and clearly described …” „… conflicts between social policy and competition. Conflicts of goals and values are part of the everyday …”

Social policy and fundamental rights S. 68-70

„… significance of the fundamental rights in the context of competition law depends on a debate that is yet very …” „… fundamental rights in the founding treaties and in very early case law, the recognition of fundamental rights …” „… equality before the law, Article 23 equality between men and women in all areas, including employment, work …”

The transposition of the concept to the EU level S. 148-149

„… courts to take into account employment aspects, e.g., when reviewing Commission decisions in competition …” „… law.6354. Comments on the term and concept of “social market economy” There is no doubt that the …” „… continuing move away from the model of a free market economy based on competition because intervention is …”

Conclusion on the role of private parties in governance matters S. 180

„… influence justifies limits on competition law, which cannot apply to private parties as such beyond the mere …” „… been present in liberal economic law. Thus, it could be suggested that private parties should not be …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845210797

Andreas Th. Müller, Werner Schroeder - 25 Jahre Europäischer Wirtschaftsraum

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Andreas Th. Müller (ed.), Werner Schroeder (ed.)

25 Jahre Europäischer Wirtschaftsraum

2020

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Ronny Gjendemsjø Norwegian Perspective on EEA Competition Law Challenges S. 299-312

„… Norwegian Perspective on EEA Competition Law Challenges By Associate Prof. Dr. Ronny Gjendemsjø …” „… , Bergen* This article discusses two EEA competition law challenges which both are related to the …” „… two-pillar enforcement regime of EEA competition law. Firstly, the article describes how this enforcement …”

Gjermund Mathisen State Aid Control in the EEA. Whence? Hence? A Look at 25 Years and Counting S. 313-326

„… competition law enforcement under the EEA Agreement and anti-dumping measures. 18 See Article 10 of Regulation …” „… . (Heidelberg), cand.jur. (Oslo), is Director of Competition and State Aid at the EFTA Surveillance Authority …” „… Innsbruck on 5 April 2019. Many thanks to good colleagues in the Competition and State Aid Directorate for …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… , Bergen Norwegian Perspective on EEA Competition Law Challenges .................... 299 cand.jur. (Oslo …”

Kyrre Isaksen The Process of Incorporating EU Acts into the EEA Agreement S. 51-68

„… same topic, see G. Baur, Decision-Making Procedure and Implementation of New Law, in: Baudenbacher (ed …” „… .), The handbook of EEA law, 2016, p. 45, D. Tynes in: Arnesen et al. (ed.), Agreement on the European …” „… , para. 29. 5 The process is described in detail on the webtool ‘How EU Law becomes EEA Law’ on the …”

Christian N. K. Franklin Pride and Prejudice: Some Reflections on the (In)discretionary Application of Fundamental Freedoms by Norwegian Courts S. 225-254

„… for EU/EEA, Competition and Market Law at the University of Bergen’s Faculty of Law, for enriching …” „… discussions concerning certain parts of the article following a presenta‐ tion in June 2019. The law is as …” „… movement of persons under EEA law – Gunnarsson and Jabbi – will then be introduced (Section III), before we …”

Bernd Hammermann Dialog und Kontrolle? – Perspektiven aus dem EFTA-Gerichtshof S. 137-158

„… . Baudenbacher (Hrsg.), The Handbook of EEA Law, 2016, S. 135 f. 138 EuR – Beiheft 1 – 2020 Hammermann - Dialog …” „… that Court to its interpretations of expressions in Community law is relevant when those expressions …” „… effective judicial protection under EEA law and Article 6 of the European Con‐ vention on Human Rights …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748907527

Peter-Christian Müller-Graff, Jürgen Schwarze - XXIV. FIDE-Kongress vom 3. bis 6. November 2010 in Madrid

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Peter-Christian Müller-Graff (ed.), Jürgen Schwarze (ed.)

XXIV. FIDE-Kongress vom 3. bis 6. November 2010 in Madrid

Series: Sonderheft Europarecht

Volume 2011

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Wolfgang Bosch The Judicial Application of European Competition Law S. 73-90

„… The Judicial Application of European Competition Law Von Wolfgang Bosch* Private Enforcement in …” „… Germany before Regulation 1/2003 Private enforcement of competition law in Germany dates back to the …” „… beginnings of publicly enforced German competition law established after the Second World War. Although …”

Santiago Martínez Lage, Rafael Allendesalazar Questionnaire General Topic 2: The Judicial Application of European Competition Law S. 67-72

„… Questionnaire General Topic 2: The Judicial Application of European Competition Law1 General …” „… probably been one of the key issues in the “modernization” of competition law in Europe initiated by …” „… initiate the modernization process, private enforcement, of competition law in Europe was in a state of …”

Piet Jan Slot Questionnaire General Topic 3: Public Capital and Private Capital in the internal market. Securing a level playing field for public and private enterprises S. 91-98

„… legislation that may be relevant for our topic? Competition law Article 81, 82 and 86 EC As was noted above …” „… your national competition law been interpreted so as to allow exceptions for the protection of public …” „… enterprises?11 Another area of competition law where member states governments may intervene in a way that may …”

Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 5-6

„… ............ 13 Questionnaire General Topic 2: The Judicial Application of European Competition Law . . . . 67 Dr …” „… . Wolfgang Bosch, Frankfurt/Main The Judicial Application of European Competition Law …”

Julia Lübke Öffentliches Kapital und öffentliche Interessen – die Gewährleistung gleicher Wettbewerbsbedingungen für öffentliche und private Unternehmen im Binnenmarkt S. 99-144

„… . State-owned enterprises are subject to general competition law, regardless of their legal structure …” „… national law. While public interest goals may not be considered in competition law, they may, in …” „… 2010. As regards the use of state-owned enterprises, German constitutional law contains few …”

Titelei S. 1-2

„… Bundestag und Bundesrat in der Europäischen Union | The Judicial Application of European Competition Law …”

Jürgen Schwarze, Peter-Christian Müller-Graff Vorwort S. 3-4

„… European Competition Law“ (Wolfgang Bosch) und „Öffentliches Kapital und öffentliche Interessen – die …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845230917

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