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Peter Mankowski (ed.)

Commercial Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2018

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Raimond Emde Introduction S. 1247-1264

„… . HGB (German Commercial Code) 1953 (Federal Law Gazette I 1953, 771). This has an effect on its …” „… decisions.13 The national commercial agent law has thus also experienced a strong European legal imprint due …” „… books) and 17 (indemnity or compensation system)15 – commercial agent law has largely become aligned …”

Raimond Emde Article 2 S. 1266-1271

„… Directive applies exclusively – and thus narrower than the German law – for the commercial agent …” „… . 1 et seqq.; Randolph/Davey, European Law of Commercial Agency, 2010. 49 In the UK, however, the …” „… relative uniformity.52 The jurisprudence on commercial agent law could only be transferred to other sales …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Introduction to the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (“PICC”) S. 462-476

„… production) (cited as “Mankowski/Author, Commercial Law/Chapter __”); McGee, Andrew, Limitation Periods, 7th …” „… International Restatement of Contract Law: The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, 3d ed …” „… European Contract Law and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (2004), Uniform Law …”

Raimond Emde Article 17 S. 1287-1295

„… existing German law, which had existed in this form since the reform of the German commercial agent law in …” „… the commercial agent. Hence, British courts, deviating from the German case law, have denied the …” „… co-ordination of the laws of the member states relating to self-employed commercial agents (86/653/EEC), (COM(96 …”

Raimond Emde Article 18 S. 1296-1298

„… of national law. The background of the scheme is the assumption that the commercial agent has …” „… contract which conforms with commercial practice. However, the courts retain a discretion to award a …” „… terminated as a result of the commercial agent’s death. Article 17 para. 4 signifies that the entitlement to …”

Peter Mankowski Introduction S. 1-8

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 I. General remarks Commercial law is an oscillating notion. It is neither clear cut nor crystal …” „… clear. It is not per definitionem confined to certain areas of the law. A canon of commercial law does …” „… not exist, even less a universally accepted one. Hence, a commentary on Commercial Law as part of the …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 1 Subject matter and scope S. 1307-1310

„… in the invoice or laid down by law.1 In the commercial environment, however, many payments are …” „… in Commercial Transactions’, Bklyn Journal of International Law 2013, 702. Art. 1 Dir. 2011/7/EU …” „… in commercial transactions, COM(1998) 126 final, 4. 18 McCormack, Journal of Corporate Law Studies …”

Raimond Emde Article 4 S. 1272-1273

„… the case law”.1 Good faith is crucial for the model of the commercial agency contract. As a general …” „… -489/07, ECR 2009, I-7356 – Messner (not commercial agent law). 4 But concerning the Europeanization …” „… principle of EU law, it prescribes a minimum standard of lawful conduct. The practical need results from the …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Introduction Introduction Dir. 2011/7/EU S. 1305-1306

„… the Approximation of the Civil and Commercial Law of the Member States4 devoted its efforts to …” „… approximation of the civil and commercial law of the Member States of 13 June 2002, O.J. C 140 E, 538. 5 …” „… , ‘Retention of Title and the EC Late Payment Directive’, Journal of Corporate Law Studies 2001 (cited as …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XLVI

„… Mankowski Commercial Law BUT_Mankowski_3315-6.indd 1 30.10.18 09:21 International and European …” „… Business Law by Schulze / Lehmann Commercial Law Article-by-Article Commentary edited by Peter Mankowski …” „… dependable legal framework are thus of the absolute essence. Commercial law is the branch of the law called …”

Raimond Emde Article 6 S. 1275-1276

„… may only involve mandatory law for the protection of the commercial agent. The possibility of adopting …” „… intended by the parties to express their intent not to conclude a “typical” commercial agency contract, but …” „… legal romanticism. Private international law affords the parties some options to influence the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Preamble (Purpose of the Principles) S. 477-483

„… commercial contracts The UNIDROIT Principles provide general ‘rules’, not law. These rules are ‘general …” „… law’, the lex mercatoria or the like (such as ‘international commercial law’),24 the 3. 14 Article 3 …” „… of Law in International Commercial Arbitration How to Find Them – How to Apply Them, World …”

Raimond Emde Article 7 S. 1277-1278

„… 7 to 12 shall not apply if the commercial agent is not remunerated wholly or in part by commission …” „… remuneration. Article 6 para. 3 thus has only declaratory value. Article 7 para. 1 1. A commercial agent shall …” „… be entitled to commission on commercial transactions concluded during the period covered by the …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 2 Definitions S. 1311-1320

„… of European Union law in all Member States. II. Article 2 (1) – Commercial transactions A …” „… law. Payments under the laws on cheques and bills of exchange as well as payments made as compensation …” „… this Directive, the following definitions shall apply: (1) ‘commercial transactions’ means transactions …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 7 Unfair contractual terms and practices S. 1342-1349

„… commercial relationships, and that an increase in the compensation amount should be considered.12 However, in …” „… commercial practice, contrary to good faith and fair dealing; (b) the nature of the product or the service …” „… according to the applicable national law before the courts or before competent administrative bodies on the …”

Raimond Emde Article 19 S. 1299

„… ), which is less favorable to the commercial agent than compared to the law at the place of activity of the …” „… commercial agent (Belgium), but is still in line with the Directive, the latter may invoke the law at the …” „… Article 19 The parties may not derogate from Articles 17 and 18 to the detriment of the commercial …”

Introduction Introduction LPC S. 418-421

„… Commercial Code’, 25 Texas International Law Journal 22 (1990); Krapp, ‘Die Abkommen der Vereinten Nationen …” „… ) UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration for the Limitation Convention could be …” „… puzzle that doesn’t quite fit’, Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and Arbitration 15 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.2.6 (Liability of agent acting without or exceeding its authority) S. 530

„… ’ as a Matter of Non-Contractual Law In many legal systems corporate and/or commercial law requires the …” „… and/or company law)18 in a commercial register which, as a matter of commercial law, documents the power …” „… . 2 sentence 1 German Commercial Law (HGB). 20 Except for (rare) errors of the commercial register …”

Raimond Emde Article 9 S. 1280

„… letter a to interpret the autonomous law such that every contributing commercial agent initially acquires …” „… 9 A commercial agent shall not be entitled to the commission referred to in Article 7, if that …” „… commission is payable, pursuant to Article 8, to the previous commercial agent, unless it is equitable …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 18 Damage to Cargo S. 1206-1212

„… 452 b of the Commercial Code and by maritime law if damage occurred during carriage on the high seas …” „… based on fault by introducing a new type of liability into transport law that is based on the concept of …” „… Weltraumrecht im 21. Jahrhundert – Air and Space Law in the 21st Century, Liber Amicorum Karl-Heinz Böckstiegel …”

Raimond Emde Article 21 S. 1301

„… in France),3 a partial choice of law is conceivable in cross-border cases. Whether the respective …” „… Member State courts. Article 20 para. 1 looks solely to the commercial activity of the commercial agent …” „… – also with regard to the definition of the commercial agent as self-employed in Article 1 para. 2 …”

Raimond Emde Article 22 S. 1301

Raimond Emde Article 3 S. 1272

„… the case law”.1 Good faith is crucial for the model of the commercial agency contract. As a general …” „… principle of EU law, it prescribes a minimum standard of lawful conduct. The practical need results from the …” „… protection of commercial agents in a secondary occupation.68 It was originally geared to so-called …”

Article 25 CISG S. 130-142

„… Corporation) = http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/011217u1.html. 60 Tribunal of International Commercial …” „… Contracts, 1 European Journal of Commercial Contract Law (2009) 19; Bortolotti, ‘Remedies Available to the …” „… International Sale of Goods’, 9 Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law & Arbitration 253 (2005 …”

Article 1.7 (Good faith and fair dealing) S. 492-493

„… also Dessemontet, Francois, Commercial Soft Law and Soft Codification on Conflicts, in : Eppur si muove …” „… ) CISG); see also no. 42: ‘a general principle of law’(after due regard to ‘public policy’ considerations …” „… law’s distinction between good faith and fair dealing.7 Para. 2 expressly declares the principle in para …”

Raimond Emde Article 13 S. 1283

„… 2. A commercial agent shall be entitled to demand that he be provided with all the information, and …” „… 2 to the detriment of the commercial agent shall not be permitted. 4. This Directive shall not …” „… conflict with the internal provisions of Member States which recognize the right of a commercial agent to …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 14 CISG S. 58-69

„… Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and Arbitration 233, 234; CISG Advisory Council Opinion No …” „… Private Law (UNIDROIT), UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (2016) Art. 2.1.19 (2 …” „… ) Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law & Arbitration 259, 290; Zachariasiewicz, 116. 76 For …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.7 (Alternative dispute resolution) S. 777-778

„… preparatory work for the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation):5 (i) Upon the parties …” „… . 122. 5 See in the cutrrent text Art. 1(3) of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial …” „… Law on International Commercial Arbitration13 lists the usual ways of termination of an ADR proceeding …”

Raimond Emde Article 15 S. 1284-1285

„… substantially to the parallel regulation already introduced in 1953 under German law in Section 85 HGB and which …” „… subject to a written form requirement (for example in German law, the so-called del credere liability, cf …” „… period in the sense of Article 15. It is sufficient for a tacit agreement if the commercial agent …”

Raimond Emde Article 11 S. 1282

„… against the commercial agent is secured via retention of a part of the commission for a limited …” „… is due to a reason for which the principal is not to blame. 2. Any commission which the commercial …” „… derogate from paragraph 1 to the detriment of the commercial agent shall not be permitted. Article 11 …”

Raimond Emde Article 12 S. 1282

Raimond Emde Article 8 S. 1279

„… customers. Article 8 A commercial agent shall be entitled to commission on commercial transactions concluded …” „… commercial agent's efforts during the period covered by the agency contract and if the transaction was …” „… conditions mentioned in Article 7, the order of the third party reached the principal or the commercial agent …”

Stefan Kröll Introduction S. 1416-1419

„… Practices and the Growth of Commercial Contract Law’, 2015 Annual Review of International Banking Law and …” „… jurisdictions. In these transactions letters of credit, often referred to as commercial letters of credits as …” „… Guarantess under International Trade Law (2nd edn, 2008) p. 32 et seq.; Sindberg, UCP 600 Transport Documents …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 33 Jurisdiction S. 1230-1231

„… estate. This provision confirms the existing theory and practice under both civil and common law …” „… on its own aircraft or on another carrier's aircraft pursuant to a commercial agreement, and in which …” „… the carrier itself or by another carrier with which it has a commercial agreement. 3. For the purposes …”

Stefan Kröll Article 1 Application of UCP S. 1420-1421

„… important types of documents used, which are regulated in → Art. 18 et seq. They include commercial invoices …” „… derived from the law of negotiable instruments.24 The exact meaning of terms such as “negotiation” or …” „… of International Banking Law and Practice, 51 et seq. Art. 1 UCP 1420 Stefan Kröll 16 17 18 19 20 1 …”

Peter Mankowski Article 1 CISG S. 11-19

„… designed law for cross-border commercial sales contracts. Its Contracting States acknowledge this and abide …” „… . 20 Korkein Oikeus (www.cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/051014f4.html). 21 BG CISG-online No. 1319. 22 …” „… autonomously without recourse to domestic law. The CISG is an instrument of internationally uniform substantive …”

Gilles Cuniberti Introduction S. 1363-1366

„… asset-based financing’, (2002) Uniform Law Review 3 and (2003) Uniform Commercial Code Law Journal 1; Goode …” „… with transnational commercial law treaties – A Framework applied to the Cape Town Convention’ (2014) 3 …” „… Engines’, (2004) 69 Journal of Air Law and Commerce 3; Cuming, ‘Overview of the Convention on …”

Stefan Kröll Article 14 Standard for Examination of Documents S. 1451-1455

„… document or the credit. e. In documents other than the commercial invoice, the description of the goods …” „… document or commercial invoice, without stipulating by whom the document is to be issued or its data …” „… Law and Practice, p. 348. Art. 14 UCP 1452 Stefan Kröll 1 2 3 4 5 Article 14 (b) Article 14 (b …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 47 Extinction of right of action S. 1174

„… or commercial matters (Brussels Convention).1 Article 46 of the CIM UR does not contain any …” „… agreements between States or in concessions. The criteria concerning the applicable law, of letters a) and b …” „… ” (“Zweigniederlassung oder Geschäftsstelle”) correspond to the criteria concerning applicable law used in Article 5, No …”

Raimond Emde Article 16 S. 1286

„… an option of the commercial agent under consideration. Article 15 para. 6 determines that the notice …” „… autonomous law.2 Article 16 Nothing in this Directive shall affect the application of the law of the Member …” „… cause for termination in the law of the Member States beyond the reasons set out in Article 16.2 …”

Raimond Emde Article 1 S. 1265

„… law, the interpretation of the Directive that is most favorable to commercial agents will always have …” „… non-application of European indemnity law by a foreign court is certain.179 Should actual certainty about the …” „… country law economically compensates for the missing indemnity claim, for example by higher commissions …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.14 (Application for public permission) S. 615-616

„… , Public Law and Public Policy in International Commercial Contracts and the UNIDROIT Principles of …” „… International Commercial Contracts 2010: A Brief Outline, Uniform Law Review 2013, p. 262 and 275-276 (pointing …” „… at similar provisions in the 1976 International Commercial Contracts Law of the former German …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 32 Death of Person Liable S. 1230

Marco Torsello Article 31 CISG S. 163-174

„… International Sale of Goods’ (2005) 9 Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and Arbitration 253, 268 …” „… Commercial Law across National Boundaries. Festschrift for Albert H Kritzer on the Occasion of his Eightieth …” „… Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and Arbitration 74, 84. 81 ECJ, 6 October 1976, C-12/76 …”

Raimond Emde Article 20 S. 1300

„… business activities of a commercial agent following termination of the agency contract is hereinafter …” „… group of customers and the geographical area entrusted to the commercial agent and to the kind of goods …” „… national law which impose other restrictions on the validity or enforceability of restraint of trade …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Introduction S. 1179-1183

„… Ruckteschell and David Heffernan (eds), Cologne Compendium on Air Law in Europe (Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2013 …” „… (Kluwer Law International, looseleaf) (cited as “Giemulla/Schmid”). Introduction A. The Warsaw Convention …” „… transportation was already recognized in the very early days of commercial air carriage. The evolution of what …”

Stefan Kröll Article 18 Commercial Invoice S. 1466-1468

„… Article 18 Commercial Invoice a. A commercial invoice: i. must appear to have been issued by the …” „… bank may accept a commercial invoice issued for an amount in excess of the amount permitted by the …” „… goods, services or performance in a commercial invoice must correspond with that appearing in the credit …”

Marco Torsello Article 30 CISG S. 156-162

„… Commercial Transactions’, in C Andersen and U. Schröter (eds), Sharing International Commercial Law across …” „… September 2008 – 11 07 4 = http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/0 80912s1.html. 30 Gruber, ‘Art. 29 CISG’, in …” „… translation available at: http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/08071 5sb.html. 7 On the seller’s burden of proof …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.9 (Non-assignment clauses) S. 727-728

„… between (i) the desire of the obligor to control with whom it is doing business2 and (ii) the commercial …” „… need of the obligee (and the commercial community as a whole)3 ”to treat accounts receivables as part …” „… interest better than English law).6 The balance developed by the working group overcomes various national …”

Raimond Emde Article 14 S. 1284

Stefan Kröll Article 39 Assignment of Proceeds S. 1504-1531

„… Convention Intro 16 Commercial invoice UCP 18 1 et seqq. Commercial law – circumscription Intro 2, 3 …” „… become entitled under the credit, in accordance with the provisions of applicable law. This article …” „… for an assignment of proceeds are to be derived solely from the applicable law and the credit but …”

Peter Mankowski Article 4 CISG S. 28-30

„… , ‘Extending the CISG to non-privity parties’, Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and …” „… International Commercial Law and Arbitration 13 (2009), 131; Magnus, ‘Incorporation of Standard Contract Terms …” „… non-privity parties’, Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and Arbitration 13 (2009), 109 …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 4 Transactions between undertakings and public authorities S. 1334-1338

„… interpreted restrictively; European Union law demands an autonomous interpretation of the Directive, and any …” „… Transactions between undertakings and public authorities 1. Member States shall ensure that, in commercial …” „… ensure that in commercial transactions where the debtor is a public authority: (a) the period for payment …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 35 Limitation of Actions S. 1233

„… . The method of calculating that period shall be determined by the law of the court seized of the case …” „… limitation, the European Court of Justice3 has held that in the absence of provisions of EU law on the matter …” „… , the time limits for bringing actions for compensation for flight cancellation under EU law shall be …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 15 Addressees S. 1362

„… national law of one Member State (transposing the Directive) can be agreed upon.1 The provisions of the …” „… Directive consequently can apply in commercial transactions with non-EU-residents.2 Moreover, the Directive …” „… applies to commercial transactions of undertakings organised in the EFTA states and Switzerland.3 1 See …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 3 Transactions between undertakings S. 1321-1333

„… execution. Article 3 Transactions between undertakings 1. Member States shall ensure that, in commercial …” „… ‘extraordinary financing mechanism’ was valid had to be evaluated in the light of Spanish national law. In this …” „… for this provision in Article 79 CISG,7 it can be observed that the character of the law is not about …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 18 CISG S. 81-92

„… ) North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation 275; Schroeter, Art. 18 para. 33 …” „… , CISG-online 574 (http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/ca ses/991021f1.html) (silence plus previous practice of always …” „… Resurrected: Contract Formation: Common Law UCC CISG’ (2015) 40(2) North Carolina Journal of International Law …”

Christoph Oertel IV. INCOTERMS® 2010 S. 828-897

„… International Commercial Law across National Boundaries: Festschrift for Albert H. Kritzer on the Occasion of …” „… the contract of sale or the substantive law applicable to the contract.57 II. Commercial invoice. The …” „… International Commercial Law across National Boundaries: Festschrift for Albert H. Kritzer on the Occasion of …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 79 CISG S. 367-376

„… creditor.55 If the tribunal under the forum’s procedural-law rules, however, investigates issues of law ex …” „… ), note 3.8; see also Harry M. Flechtner, ‘Art 78’ para. 420, in John O. Honnold, Uniform Law for …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 e) Examples (case law and commentary …”

Peter Mankowski Article 7 CISG S. 37-41

„… : How Much Regard Should We Have?’, Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and Arbitration 8 …” „… International Commercial Law and Arbitration 13 (2009), 15; id., ‘Homeward Trend and Lex Forism in Uniform Sales …” „… which extent they can do so effectively and validly, is to be answered by the private international law …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 24 CISG S. 116-129

„… Commercial Law & Arbitration 305, 309; Schroeter, Art. 24 para. 18. 49 As required for BGB § 130(1 …” „… International Commercial Law & Arbitration 309; Peter Huber and Alastair Mullis, The CISG: A New Textbook for …” „… of International Commercial Law & Arbitration 311; Schroeter, Art. 24 para. 23; Ferrari, Art. 24 para …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.11 (Successive assignments) S. 731-732

„… UNIDROIT Principles, so that the (successive) assignee, as a reasonable commercial person, know or ought to …” „… in no. 6 (whereby it is submitted here that the reasonable commercial person-test will often be …” „… contract, i.e. irrespective of the applicable law to the assignments). 6 Vogenauer/Mazza Art. 9.1.11 no. 4 …”

Petra Butler Article 50 CISG S. 262-268

„… Convention for the International Sale of Goods’ 7 (2003) Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law …” „… Sale of Goods’ 7 (2003) Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and Arbitration 255, 271. 11 …” „… : Larry DiMatteo (ed), International Sales Law-A Global Challenge (CUP, Cambridge 2014) 257, 275. 22 …”

Sebastian Omlor Article 28 CISG S. 150-152

„… of International Commercial Law & Arbitration (2005) 253 (275); Walt, ‘For Specific Performance Under …” „… ), 19 October 2006 – 6 U 113/06 = http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/c ases/061019g2.html. 29 Achilles …” „… (Austria), 30 June 1998 – 1 Ob 273/97 x = ZfRV (1998) 249 = http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/980630a3.html …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 12 Transposition S. 1358-1360

„… Council and the Commission on better law-making18 encourages Member States to draw up tables for …” „… Council of the European Union and the European Commission of 13 April 2016 on Better Law-Making, O.J. L …” „… communicate to the Commission the text of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 6 Compensation for recovery costs S. 1340-1341

„… lawyer is employed.6 This is due to the German transposition law,7 which has to be regarded as …” „… payment becomes payable in commercial transactions in accordance with Article 3 or 4, the creditor is …” „… can be compensated in other procedures provided for by national law.1 Fair compensation for recovery …”

Stefan Kröll Article 2 Definitions S. 1422-1426

„… majority, taking into account that while the documents presented under a standby and a commercial letter …” „… of requesting parties as applicants. It most case the applicant of a commercial letter of credit will …” „… defines the beneficiary as “the party in whose favour a credit is issued.”6 In commercial letters of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.1 (Definitions) S. 715-717

„… compromise between different legal pre-conceptions between the various common and civil law jurisdictions3 …” „… )8 and the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL – Part III).9 The rules in Chapter 9 apply …” „… commercial person knew or ought to have known that the UNIDROIT Principles apply to the assigned or …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.4 (Availability of defences and rights of set-off) S. 791-793

„… Common Frame of Reference,1 and inspired by the Roman-French law based legal family2 (as opposed to the …” „… (Roman law influenced) German law based legal family),3 the UNIDROIT Principles provide a straightforward …” „… ) Swiss Code of Obligations (whereby the law of Switzerland has a ‘character’ of its own often providing …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.2 (Relevant mistake) S. 540-541

„… contrary to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing to leave the mistaken party in error; or (b …” „… and Dutch law and also contain some components of e.g. French and US law.2 Para. 1 provides for a …” „… , ‘ought to have known’ that there is a mistake),11 measured against ‘reasonable commercial standards’12 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.1 (Right to terminate the contract) S. 656-661

„… English commercial case law. 42 Vogenauer/Huber Art. 7.3.1 no. 85-86 (with reference, with a note of …” „… English contract law (lit. a, b), in §§ 236-243 Restatement (Second) of Contracts (USA) (‘material breach …” „… ’), especially § 241 of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts (USA) and in Spanish law (with several Section 3 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 8.1 (Conditions of set-off) S. 698-705

„… Principles before a national court,36 national mandatory law (to be respected pursuant to Art. 1.4) may go …” „… expected harm (‘liquidated damages’ in the common law sense and/or an agreed ‘symbolic’ sum as an incentive …” „… / McKendrick Art. 7.4.13 no. 13. 36 See Vogenauer/McKendrick Art. 7.4.13 no. 10 (and note 192 on English law …”

CISG Marco Torsello Article 34 S. 186-189

„… . Gallen (Switzerland), 12 August 1997, English abstract available at http://cisgw3.law.p ace.edu/cases …” „… available at http://cisg w3.law.pace.edu/cases/050705u5.html. 5 KG St. Gallen (Switzerland), 12 August 1997 …” „… , English abstract available at http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/c ases/970812s1.html. 6 For further details, see …”

Petra Butler Article 58 CISG S. 285-287

„… Late Payment in Commercial Transactions,6 however, provides for another regime. Under Art. 3(1)(b) of …” „… Performance Under the CISG: Arts 53-60 Trends in Decisions’, 25 Journal of Law and Commerce (2005-2006) 273 …” „… CISG is to unify international sales law, which would be jeopardised if the EU Member States, which are …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.2 (Limitation periods) S. 765-767

„… is distinct from the knowledge of law;14 the obligee bears the risk of a wrong legal assessment of …” „… ; Vogenauer/Wintgen Art. 10.2 no. 7. 15 Vogenauer/Wintgen Art. 10.2 no. 8 (with reference to English case law in this …” „… and fair dealing (Art. 1.7) and the openness to commercial usages (Art. 1.9) (Art. 1.6(2 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.9 (Interest for failure to pay money) S. 689-692

„… the rate of interest shall be the appropriate rate fixed by the law of the State of the currency of …” „… English case law, that “reasonable steps cannot require an aggrieved party to take measures which it could …” „… , the applicable arbitration law12 and arbitration regime13 leaves full discretion to the arbitrators to …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.13 (Conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific matters or in a particular form) S. 511

„… . An International Compromise Art. 2.1.12 contains a strange rule for many common law lawyers in that …” „… where the silence upon receipt of a commercial confirmation letter can serve also as evidence for the …” „… application of the favor contractus principle7 (→ Introduction no. 8) and related commercial uncertainty.8 B …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.2 (Presumption of joint and several obligations) S. 789

„… approach “reflects commercial practice”4 (where the obligee (Art. 1.11 4th hyphen) has usually no interest …” „… reference to §§ 288-289 Restatement 2nd (USA), and in note 32 to exceptions for commercial contracts in …” „… , Portugal, Switzerland and France (which has not changed its approach in its contract law reform of 2016 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.6 (Exemption clauses) S. 637-640

„… obligee. From a civil law perspective, for lawyers used to limitations of liability based on fault, an …” „… Lawyers’ Act “Bundesrechtsanwaltsordnung” – BRAO; see Brödermann Hamburg Law Review 2016, p. 21, 27-29 (on …” „… . 7.1.5 no. 11. 30 Vogenauer/Schelhaas Art. 7.1.5 no. 12 (referring to CISG case law and comments on Art …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 10 Recovery procedures for unchallenged claims S. 1353-1356

„… versés’) is not a specified legal term in European Union law, which results in an uncertainty about its …” „… interpreted in the light of national law. Article 10 Recovery procedures for unchallenged claims 1. Member …” „… Schulte-Braucks/Ongena, ERPL 2003, 535. 14 Cf. McCormack, Journal of Corporate Law Studies 2001, 509 et seq. Art. 10 …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 16 CISG S. 74-78

„… ), Making Commercial Law: Essays in Honour of Roy Goode (1997) 288; Harry Flechtner, ‘Article 79 of the …” „… UCC CISG’ (2015) 40(2) North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, 268. 33 …” „… ’ in J. Herbots and R. Blanpain (eds), International Encyclopaedia of Laws – Contracts (Kluwer Law …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 66 CISG S. 298-302

„… International Sales Law (Giuffrè 1987). 9 Mitchell Stocks, ‘Risk of Loss under the Uniform Commercial Code and …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3. Handing-over approach; comparative law …” „… , e.g., P. M. Roth, ‘The Passing of Risk’, 27 American Journal of Comparative Law 291, 291, 296, and 299 …”

Stefan Kröll Article 38 Transferable Credits S. 1499-1503

„… law and to what extent the instructions were binding. Charges Article 37 (c) 1st sentence embodies the …” „… foreign law In line with standard international letter of credit practice an applicant who ask a bank to …” „… be governed by a foreign law, i.e. that of the country where the nominated bank and the beneficiary …”

Marco Torsello Article 33 CISG S. 181-185

„… Commercial Law across National Boundaries. Festschrift for Albert H Kritzer on the Occasion of his Eightieth …” „… , English translation available at: http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/011112g1.html. Art. 33 CISG PART III …” „… ), 23 June 1998, English translation available at http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cas es/980623g1.html. 13 …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 42 CISG S. 220-225

„… : a. under the law of the State where the goods will be resold or otherwise used, if it was …” „… used in that State; or b. in any other case, under the law of the State where the buyer has his place …” „… . Whether an IP right factually exists must be determined according to the relevant national law, which is …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.1.2 (Validity of mere agreement) S. 536

„… the civil and the common law world (requiring ‘consideration’)5 or between different civil law …” „… of the New York Convention, as argued by Born International Commercial Arbitration, Volume I, § 4.07 …” „… ); Vogenauer/Huber Art. 3.1.2. no. 5, see, for example, Art. 1108 Belgian Civil Code while French law does not …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 52 Territorial units S. 1411

„… ) Lloyd’s Maritime Commercial Law Quarterly 161; Köhler, ‘Heading towards Cape Town? Some remarks on the …” „… ’ (2017) 22 Uniform Law Review 507; Mooney Jr, ‘The MAC Protocol: some comments and a challenge’ (2015) 4 …” „… systems of law are applicable in relation to the matters dealt with in this Convention, it may, at the …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 13 Delivery of Cargo S. 1196

„… consignee must sue under national law. If the relevant national law is German law, the claim should be based …” „… on section 421 of the Commercial Code.1 However, the same result can be reached with the argument …” „… paragraph 3. 1 George Leloudas, ‘Chapter 32’ in Shawcross & Beaumont, Air Law (looseleaf), 934. 2 Isabelle H …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 52 Definition of Days S. 1243

„… . Calculating time limits is a procedural matter subject to the law of the court seized. If German law is …” „… cargo) sections 425 et seq. and section 439 of the Commercial Code shall be authoritative. Chapter VII …” „… Air Law held at Montreal from 10 to 28 May 1999. After 28 May 1999, the Convention shall be open to …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 53 Signature, Ratification and Entry into Force S. 1243

Peter Mankowski Article 15 S. 441

„… , it obviously needs refinement if it was to be applied to other commercial parties than natural …” „… claim, subject to the law governing the proceedings. Whereas Arts. 13 and 14 are addressing ordinary …” „… corporate debtor by means of corporate law or by administrative or court order (c), In any of these events …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.8 (Third persons) S. 548

„… ‘better-lawapproach’ which contradicts the approach in major civil law jurisdictions because of the importance of …” „… either in light of company or partnership law (e.g. a managing director of a Ltd., a general partner of a …” „… partnership) or as a matter of labour law (an employee) or general contract law (e.g. agency, Secton → 2.2)4 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.2.1 (Performance of monetary obligation) S. 646

„… Official Comments, Art. 7.1.7 no. 4, p. 242. 64 See Oertel, INCOTERMS in: Mankowski (Ed.), Commercial Law …” „… between civil and common law (→ Introduction to Chapter 7 no. 3), Art. 7.2.1 treats the claim for payment …” „… . 7.2.1 no. 1 (with remarks on comparative law and the history of the provision). 2 Vogenauer/Schelhaas …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.10 (Currency not expressed) S. 611

„… lists German law (§ 361 German Commercial Code) and Art. 75(2) of the UN Convention on International …” „… Bills of Exchange and the law in some jurisdictions,2 (b) avoids possibly different expectations3 and (c …” „… ) is the least likely to lead to problems with mandatory law (Art. 1.4). Art. 6.1.10 can become …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 5 Interpretation and applicable law S. 1371-1372

„… Cuniberti 1371 1 2 3 lationship between transnational commercial law treaties and national law: a framework …” „… Convention and Protocols and the Conflict of Laws’ in A Commitment to Private International Law: Essays in …” „… any Contracting State: (a) under the law of which it is incorporated or formed; (b) where it has its …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 41 Sale and prospective sale S. 1403

„… rules of jurisdiction, including, as the case may be, regional rules such as the European law of …” „… writing or otherwise concluded in accordance with the formal requirements of the law of the chosen forum …” „… jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters where the …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 42 Choice of forum S. 1403

Peter Mankowski Article 10 CISG S. 51

„… ) CISG. III. Lacking place of business, (b) That a commercial enterprise does not have a place of …” „… international law, in particular if developed by the Hague Conference on Private International Law or the …”

Peter Mankowski Article 5 S. 431-432

„… execution can be obtained in accordance with the law of the place where such enforcement or execution is …” „… limits. It makes clear that the Limitation Convention applies only to the usual type of commercial claims …” „… Working Group, UNCITRAL Yb. III (1972) supp. 50-54; Sumulong, ‘International Trade Law and the United …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.4 (New limitation period by acknowledgement) S. 771-772

„… governed by English law (power plant supply). 27 See e.g. Born, International Commercial Arbitration, 2nd …” „… destroys everything (fraus omnia corrumpit, see Bin Cheng, General Principles of Law as Applied by …” „… ed. Vol. 1 Chapter 3 (pp. 349-471); Briggs Private International Law in English Courts no …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.8 (Suspension in case of force majeure, death or incapacity) S. 779-780

„… various civil law legislations3 (while details vary) and the reluctance to accept force majeure in common …” „… law jurisdictions,4 the UNIDROIT Principles provide again a compromise between civil and common law …” „… (see current Art. 14:303 PECL). 3 Vogenauer/Wintgen Art. 10.8 no. 1 points to German and French law. 4 …”

Peter Mankowski Article 25 S. 449

„… classifies that these effects occur in all and any kinds of proceedings, not limited to civil or commercial …” „… invocation are governed by the respective lex fori processus.3 This law also decides whether the defence can …” „… Journal of World Trade Law 343, 357 (1985). 3 Official Commentary Sono Art. 24 note 1 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.2.8 (Sub-agency) S. 532

„… . Arts. 7.4.1 et seq. in connections with Arts. 1.7, 3.2.16) or other applicable law.14 Article 2.2.8 …” „… international commercial contexts.3 Sentence 1 facilitates sub-delegation, unless the principal prohibits …” „… ; Vogenauer/Krebs Art. 2.2.7 no. 5. 6 Vogenauer/Krebs Art. 2.2.7 no. 5 (with references e.g. to common law, and to …”

Petra Butler Article 62 CISG S. 293-294

„… Whether the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts May Be Used to Interpret or …” „… Supplement Articles 63 and 63 of the CISG’ para. 2.c. http:/ /www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/koch3.html …” „… common law jurisdictions, by Article 28 CISG. In regard to the buyer’s obligations, Article 53 CISG is …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.2.1 (Contract to be observed) S. 620-621

„… practice in commercial contracts governed by common law, see Harmathy, Attila, Hardship, in: Eppur si muove …” „… , common law lawyers trained with cases like the jurisprudence following the closure of the Suez Canal in …” „… of a ‘fundamental change of the basis of the contract’ in some civil law jurisdictions,2 Arts …”

Peter Mankowski Article 12 CISG S. 52-53

„… Withdraw?’, Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and Arbitration 8 (2004), 145. 13 Supreme …” „… their own national law as to form,13 it is recommendable to comply with the requirements of those laws …” „… precedence over national law to the contrary, for instance sec. 2-201 UCC1 or Art. 1341 Code civil. The …”

Peter Mankowski Article 95 CISG S. 411-412

„… , 85, 94; id., Common Features of Uniform Commercial Law Conventions (2004) pp. 223-224. 10 Wolfgang …” „… al., 17 July 2006’, IHR 2006, 248; Markel, ‘American, English and Japanese Warranty Law Compared …” „… : Should the U. S. Reconsider Her Article 95 Declaration to the CISG?’, 21 Pace International Law Review …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.6 (Place of performance) S. 604-605

„… (Ed.), Commercial Law (2018, in production) no. 157, 214. 20 See Vogenauer/Atamer Art. 6.1.6 no. 12 …” „… , English law and a number of civil law coun- 14 Vogenauer/Atamer Art. 6.1.5 no. 7. 15 Vogenauer/Atamer Art …” „… Eckart J. Brödermann 3 1 tries,12 but distinct from the default solutions in various other civil law …”

Peter Mankowski Article 92 CISG S. 407-408

„… : Reservations and Transformation Reconsidered’, Nordic Journal of Commercial Law 2013, 1; Schroeter, ‘Withdrawal …” „… 2001, 40; Lookofsky, ‘Alive and Well in Scandinavia : CISG Part II’, 18 Journal of Law and Commerce 289 …” „… of reservations under uniform private law conventions’, Uniform Law Review 2015, 1. Art. 92 CISG …”

Peter Mankowski Article 89 CISG S. 404

„… nd sentence CISG.42 Reasonable expenses for the selling as such may comprise: a commercial agent’s …” „… the CISG,48 but must be judged according to the subsidiarily applicable national law.49 PART IV FINAL …” „… Law and Commerce 187 (1998); Herber, ‘UN-Kaufrechtsübereinkommen: Produkthaftung – Verjährung’, MDR …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.1.3 (Initial impossibility) S. 537

„… the contract.1 Following the CISG, and subject to overriding mandatory law2 which would take …” „… self-sufficiency of the UNIDROIT Principles as a body of rules of law which, if chosen in combination with an …” „… arbitration clause, can govern a cross-border international commercial contract in the spirit of fair trade …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.1.4 (Mandatory character of the provisions) S. 537

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 36 Successive Carriage S. 1234

„… Montreal Convention. Even though section 452 b of the Commercial Code might be in conflict with Article 38 …” „… the Montreal Convention shall be superseded by national law.4 III. Application of Article 35 to …” „… national law. Claims by the carrier against the consignor (→ Art. 10), on the other hand, are based on a …”

Peter Mankowski Article 90 CISG S. 405-406

„… ; 1961 European Commercial Arbitration Convention).5 II. EU law and their transformations Taken …” „… , UN-Kaufrecht und Europäisches Gemeinschaftsrecht (2005); Torsello, ‘Reservations to international uniform law …” „… conventions’, Uniform Law Review 2000, 85; Wartenberg, CISG und deutsches Verbraucherschutzrecht: Das …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.3.1 (Definitions) S. 751-752

„… .13 D. Limits (i) Contract14 (Art. 1.5). (ii) Mandatory law (Art. 1.4).15 Section 3 Assignment of …” „… ’ regime has been argued that it does not matter which law governs the assigned contracts (”the source of …” „… a reasonable commercial person, has actual or constructive knowledge of the applicability of the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Introduction S. 625-626

„… ingenious mixture of common and civil law concepts on how to cope with non-performance. Regardless of its …” „… . 7.1.1 no. 2, 7.1.2 no. 1). Each of the commercial parties is essentially responsible for its sphere …” „… thereby reflects a balanced compromise between the civil law concept (which knows ‘specific performance …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.5 (Effects of termination in general) S. 667-668

„… Saidov, Unif. Law Rev. 2006, p. 795, 808 and 818-820. 27 Vogenauer/Huber Art. 7.3.4 no. 13. 28 Morán …” „… arbitration or private international law regimes)11 and other provisions which “by their very nature are …” „… law (Supremo Tribunal de Justiça 21 October 2010 (1285/07.7TJVNF.P1.S1), Unilex. 10 Official Comments …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.4 (Duty to achieve a specific result. Duty of best efforts) S. 575-576

„… circumstances. A. A Cultural Bridge to the French Law Family Para. 1 provides a bridge between common and civil …” „… law (→ Art. 5.1.1 no. 1) by pointing at a distinction between obligations which require, as a matter …” „… in the French civil law family).4 The qualification of an obligation is a matter of interpretation5 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.3 (Partial performance) S. 599-600

„… mance, inspired by US law,2 provides for performance at one time with an exception to a different …” „… ’ of international commercial contracts and (ii) the de minimis non curat praetor principle). 8 …” „… Code, now Art. 1342-4 in the 2016 Version), German, Italian, Portugese, Quebec, Swiss, US law; see also …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.2.2 (Exclusion) S. 743

„… transfers of obligations as a result of the application of special national (company or commercial) law …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.2.3 (Requirement of obligee’s consent to transfer) S. 743

„… transfers of obligations as a result of the application of special national (company or commercial) law …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 8 Transparency and awareness raising S. 1350

„… which apply in all the Member States in the event of late payment in commercial transactions. 3. Member …” „… , ‘Collective Actions in the European Union – American or European Model?’, Beijing Law Review 2014, 157. 33 …”

Sebastian Omlor Article 26 CISG S. 143-145

„… , ‘Fundamental Breach in Documentary Sales Contracts’, 1 European Journal of Commercial Contract Law (2009) 19 …” „… .law.pa ce.edu/cases/990604c1.html. 109 BGH (Germany), 3 April 1996 – VIII ZR 51/95 = BGHZ 132, 290 (301 …” „… ) = http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu /cases/960403g1.html; Leisinger, ‘Art. 25’, in: Brunner (ed), UN-Kaufrecht – CISG …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 2 Carriage Performed by State and Carriage of Postal Items S. 1188

„… and the postal administration. If the contractual relationship is governed by German law, sections 407 …” „… et seq. of the Commercial Code will be applicable. Chapter II Documentation and Duties of the Parties …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 19 Validity and time of registration S. 1384

„… in practice’, (2011) 43 Uniform commercial code Law Journal 637; Fennelly, ‘Cape Town Convention and …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 20 Consent to registration S. 1384

„… in practice’, (2011) 43 Uniform commercial code Law Journal 637; Fennelly, ‘Cape Town Convention and …”

Klaus Ramming Article 2 Scope of application S. 1000-1002

„… regular mail. IX. “Applicable law” (Article 1 No. 9) If a contract of carriage is, in principle, subject …” „… to CMNI, it may still be necessary to refer to the national law otherwise applicable to the contract …” „… . Article 1 No. 9 concerns cases where the national law is applicable “… in accordance with this Convention …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.7 (Gross disparity) S. 546-547

„… contract or term in order to make it accord with reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing. (3) A …” „… intervening mandatory law (Art. 1.4 and Arts. 3.3.1-3.3.2),1 Art. 3.2.7 watches out that the principle of fair …” „… International and Comparative Law 1995 (3), 73, 88. 8 Vogenauer/du Plessis Art. 3.2.7 no. 8. 9 Vogenauer/du …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.6 (Determination of quality of performance) S. 577-578

„… Contracts, in: Cranstron/Ramberg/Ziegel (eds.), Commercial Law Challenges in the 21st Century – Jan Hellner …” „… liability is generally possible as long as it does not violate applicable mandatory law (Art. 1.4) and as it …” „… , mixed supply) goes beyond the provisions in most domestic laws6 and requires an autonomous …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.2.2 (Third party identifiable) S. 587

„… and one of the parties has not yet finished organising its commercial and/or financial set-up …” „… any otherwise applicable law (Arts. 3.1.1;7 1.4).8 A supplementary or additional tool providing third …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 24 Liability in case of carriage of railway vehicles as goods S. 1157

„… or damage was not caused by his fault. 2 See R. Freise, Munich Commentary to the (German) Commercial …” „… Code, Vol. 7: Law of Transport (Munich 2014), Article 23 CIM, at 1996. 3 See CIT Freight Documentation …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 11 Report S. 1357

„… Regulation.27 Moreover, the Directive only stipulates non-mandatory provisions of law, which the parties to …” „… combating late payment in commercial transactions, SWD (2016) 278 final. The report is available under …”

Lisa Spagnolo Introduction to Articles 14–24 CISG S. 55-57

„… , 15 May 2002, CISG-online 746 (http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/c ases/020515b1.html) (formation can occur …” „… , CISG-online 145 (http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/950308g1.h tml); Michael Joachim Bonell …” „… Standford Law Review (cited as “Craswell”); T. Dornis, in H. Honsell (ed), Kommentar zum UN-Kaufrecht …”

Klaus Ramming Article 7 Dangerous and polluting goods S. 1013-1015

„… ble to the contract of carriage (Article 29.1 through 29.3).4 Under Dutch law, the consignee is …” „… responsible for discharging the goods,5 whilst under German law this would remain the shipper’s duty (who may …” „… involve the consignee as sub-contractor), see Section 412 paragraph 1 sentence 1 Commercial Code. Again …”

Peter Mankowski Article 13 CISG S. 54

„… CISG has it that the rule contains only some guidance for interpreting writing requirement of the law …” „… notions have their ordinary meaning. In case of doubt commercial understanding should prevail over a …”

Peter Mankowski Article 2 S. 425-426

„… way as parties organised in forms provided by private law.18 The notion of public entities extends …” „… Credibility’, 16 Pace International Law Rev. 147, 160 (2004). 16 Official Commentary Sono Art. 1 note 3. 17 …” „… parties nor the civil or commercial character of the parties or of the contract shall be taken into …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 8.2 (Foreign currency set-off) S. 706-708

„… different insolvency regime or even by contract;89 but which, in international commercial practice, is not …” „… treatment). The applicable national regime may further provide for an overriding choice of law rule with …” „… , consistently with the law in some jurisdictions,3 it overcomes limitations which exist in some legal systems …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 1 Scope S. 1128-1131

„… choose the law that is applicable to an international contract under civil law or commercial law. The …” „… freedom of substantive choice of law, however, may be restricted by the fact that the mandatory provisions …” „… of the material law of a State cannot be replaced by a voluntary agreement of the parties. The …”

Peter Mankowski Article 9 CISG S. 47-50

„… dealings with each other. Usages and practices must both in turn be distinguished from customary law or any …” „… concept of “usage” is an autonomous concept2 independent from any preconceived notions of domestic law.3 …” „… Contracts for the International Sale of Goods’, 25 Journal of Law and Commerce 107, 111 (2005). Chapter II …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 37 S. 979-980

„… has paid.8 This does not exclude such declaratory action on the basis of the underlying national law.9 …” „… Lloyd’s Rep 346 extended the scope of Chapter VI beyond successive carriers; cf. also London Commercial …” „… . 37 para. 5. 10 Thereby overcoming privity of contract issues under English law, cf. Messent/Glass …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 44 CISG S. 229-231

„… delivery of substitute goods. 1 Cesare M. Bianca, ‘Art 35’, Commentary on the international sales law: The …” „… , CISG-online 705; Tribunal of International Commercial Arbitration at the Russian Federation Chamber of …” „… notification duty (especially if there is no comparable duty under his national law)10 or his understandable …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 39 S. 981-983

„… underlying national law and the procedural rules of the forum state. Art. 37 lit. c CMR Lit. c acts as a …” „… aspects are proven is to be determined according to the applicable procedural law of the relevant forum …” „… . 625 and England, Commercial Court, Harrison & Sons Ltd v RT Steward Transport Ltd, (1993) 28 ETL 747 …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 10 Remedies of conditional seller or lessor S. 1375-1377

„… Transactions’ (2015) 40 Air & Space Law 377; Rosen, ‘Public service and the Cape Town Convention’, (2013) 2 …” „… one or the other. Such characterization is made pursuant to the applicable law, subject to any …” „… is to allow the creditor to ensure that it will still be used in the best commercial manner and thus …”

Peter Mankowski Article 6 CISG S. 33-36

„… age to other assets or damage to the protected persons’ commercial ventures, within the CISG. But …” „… is whether CISG excludes possibly competing claims based on national tort law determined to be …” „… seller’s liability. Unifying tort law was beyond the CISG’s political plan. The differences between the two …”

Sebastian Omlor Article 27 CISG S. 146-149

„… , 27 May 2005 – 95/2004 = http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/050527r1.html. 32 Oberster Gerichtshof …” „… Kantonsgericht Zug (Switzerland), 30 August 2007 – A3 2006 79 = http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/0 70830s1.html …” „… = http://cisgw3.law.p ace.edu/cases/980630a3.html; Ferrari, ‘Art. 27 CISG’, in: Ferrari et al. (eds …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.1 (Scope of the Chapter) S. 761-764

„… details), with various national laws5 and international instruments, i.e. European law6 and the UN …” „… light of the different training of lawyers in civil and common law countries the issue of limitation of …” „… liability does not always come to mind to lawyers drafting contracts, e.g. because in common law countries …”

Peter Mankowski Article 81 CISG S. 381-383

„… Convention on the International Sale of Goods’, Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and …” „… Law (Cambridge University Press, New York 2007) p. 509; Mohs, ‘Effects of avoidance and restitution of …” „… Uniform Sales Law (Cambridge University Press, New York 2007) p. 252; Osuna, ‘Dealing with Avoidance and …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 3 Passengers and Baggage S. 1188-1189

Peter Mankowski Article 2 CISG S. 20-23

„… rules to the eventual result which substantive law is applicable. Third, it has to operationalize → Art …” „… . 1 CISG if the lex causae identified in the first two steps is the law of a Contracting State of the …” „… auction; (c) on execution or otherwise by authority of law; (d) of stocks, shares, investment securities …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 22 Limits of Liability in Relation to Delay, Baggage and Cargo S. 1217-1220

„… incorporated into German law (see section 435 of the Commercial Code, for instance). The term “intent” implies …” „… proven damages as established pursuant to applicable local law,2 in all but exceptional cases where the …” „… from awarding, in accordance with its own law, in addition, the whole or part of the court costs and of …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 1 Scope of Application S. 1184-1187

„… . While it does not have the force of law, it reveals the design and purpose of the Convention and is thus …” „… unification of private international air law through a new Convention. The Montreal Convention accordingly …” „… Warsaw Convention was drawn up in the early days of commercial aviation, when high liability awards would …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 15 CISG S. 70-73

„… UCC CISG’ (2015) 40(2) North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation 245, 269 …” „… CISG, but instead, matters for the applicable non-CISG domestic law.119 Article 15 CISG (1) An offer …” „… Schlechtriem, Uniform Sales Law – The UN-Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Manz …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 6 Contract of carriage S. 1134-1138

„… the identical provision contained in the CIV UR (see Article 4 § 4 CIV UR). Article 5 Mandatory law …” „… by Rail has been regarded as a consensual contract under international law (Article 6 § 1 of the CIM …” „… carriage is actually based on the applicable national law, since, in accordance with the CIM UR, the …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 72 CISG S. 327-331

„… rooted in Anglo-American contract law; civil-law jurisdictions have traditionally been more hesitant to …” „… sales law for a long time. Indeed, Article 72(1) largely mirrors Article 76 of the ULIS, save for …” „… International Sales Law’, LQR 105 (1989), 201, 233; Vincent Heuzé, La vente internationale de marchandises …”

Petra Butler Article 55 CISG S. 280-282

„… with the principles set out in Article 8 and Article 9 CISG. If not, the applicable domestic law will …” „… , Tribunal of International Commercial Arbitration at the Russian Federation Chamber of Commerce and Industry …” „… International Sale of Goods’, Journal of Law and Commerce (2005-06) 305. Art. 55 CISG PART III SALE OF GOODS …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.1 (Time of performance) S. 596-597

„… . 286. 14 Vogenauer/Atamer Art. 6.1.1 no. 16. 15 Oertel, Incoterms® in: Mankowski (Ed.), Commercial Law …” „… domestic background. In international contexts with merchants and lawyers from different backgrounds it is …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 31 S. 968-971

„… left to the judicial authorities to assess the consequences within the scope of their national law.53 …” „… form of the jurisdiction agreement, this is ruled by the applicable national law though it is in …” „… ); Thume/Demuth, Art. 31 para. 30 et seq. with references to German and Austrian case law; MüKo-HGB/Jesser-Huß, …”

Peter Csoklich Article 1 S. 901-905

„… clause (Art. 3 Rome-I-Regulation), the law applicable to contracts of carriage shall be the law of …” „… are not met, the law of the state where the place of delivery as agreed by the parties is situated …” „… solely governed by the applicable national law.7 In some jurisdictions there exist hybrid forms of …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 25 S. 955-956

„… U 188/05. 7 Queen’s Bench Division (Commercial Court), 27 October 1986, I.C.I. PLC and I.C.I. France …” „… S.A. vs. MAT Transport Ltd. 1987, 1 Lloyd’s Law Report, 354 (survey); OLG Celle, 29 October 1998, 11 U …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 23 S. 951-954

„… International Monetary Fund and whose law does not permit the application of the provisions of paragraph 7 of …” „… to the law of the State concerned. (9) The calculation mentioned in the last sentence of paragraph 7 …” „… relevant trade level)12 at the place and time at which they were accepted for carriage.13 The commercial …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.7 (Force majeure) S. 641-645

„… consequences also of gross negligence. In the example of a law firm limiting its liability it is common …” „… e.g. Brödermann in: Eppur si muove: The Age of Uniform Law p. 1283, 1286 and note 15 (on the change of …” „… American law. 15 Vogenauer/Pichonnaz Art. 7.1.7 no. 29 (with detailed references to case law). Art. 7.1.7 …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 41 CISG S. 214-219

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4. Public law encumbrances …” „… according to the relevant national property law, excluding the seller’s liability for not procuring title.8 …” „… (previous) behaviour and will often follow a law foreign to the buyer. Therefore the seller will typically …”

Peter Mankowski Article 85 CISG S. 392-394

„… Käufers im UN-Kaufrecht im Vergleich zum US-amerikanischen Uniform Commercial Code und zum deutschen Recht …” „… filled by national law. The claim generated by the 2nd sentence is not a general claim for damages; hence …”

Peter Mankowski Article 88 CISG S. 400-403

„… costs of storing etc.,9 measured against the commercial value of the contract. Notice of the intention …” „… , excluding any recourse to national law as gap-filler.23 Appopriateness is related to the procedure chosen …” „… emergency sale ought to be judged pursuant to the law applicable to the emergency sale. Whether this …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 39 CISG S. 205-211

„… governed by the relevant national law (→ Art. 4(a)). Regarding guarantee periods, see Art. 39 (cf. Art. 39 …” „… commercial interests in a quick and final transaction, but also protects the interests of the seller: He …” „… by the applicable domestic law pursuant to → Art. 4(a). II. Notice Content The term “notice” has to …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 35 CISG S. 190-196

„… (defects in title) or 42 (IP rights), for instance public law regulations,17 or compliance with …” „… commercial purposes, i.e. of average quality, and the buyer must be able to resell them.22 Only where the …” „… . 33; Cesare M. Bianca, ‘Art. 35’, Commentary on the international sales law: The 1980 Vienna Sales …”

Marco Torsello Article 32 CISG S. 175-180

„… Goods’ (2005) 9 Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law & Arbitration 253, 265. 16 Cf. Witz (n …” „… : http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/060110i3.html. 85 Brand (n. 77) 183-184. 86 ECJ, 25 January 2010, C-381/08 …” „… SZIER (1999) 195, English translation available at http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/970220s1.html. 25 …”

Petra Butler Article 60 CISG S. 289-291

„… , contrary to German law, a demand note is not required.3 However, some exceptions to Article 59 exist to …” „… . 10 Compare: Arbitral Award, Tribunal of International Commercial Arbitration at the Russian …”

Petra Butler Article 47 CISG S. 243-248

„… similar provisions in civil law jurisdictions, such as German and French law.6 However, the additional …” „… 7(1) to interpret the provisions of the CISG autonomously and without recourse to domestic law. Scope …” „… Zeller, ‘Editorial Remarks on Art. 63 and 64(1)(b)’ http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/text/peclcomp63 …”

Stefan Kröll Article 16 Discrepant Documents, Waiver and Notice S. 1457-1463

„… Under Sub-Article 16 (c) (iii) (b)’, 2016 Annual Review of International Banking Law and Practice, 53 et …” „… ) [England], in: 2014 Annual Review of International Banking Law and Practice, p. 399. Art. 16 UCP 1460 …” „… willing to adopt a commercial approach taking into account previous rejections of the documents.16 …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 58 Extinction of right of action in case of death or personal injury S. 1123

„… constituted “commercial activity” of the OBB in the United States), her lawsuit was not “based upon a …” „… commercial activity carried on in the United States by a foreign state” because the accident, on which her …” „… the “commercial activity” exception to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, and OBB, as a state …”

Stefan Kröll Article 37 Disclaimer for Acts of an Instructed Party S. 1498

„… . As the regulations contained in Article 37 largely reflect the general commercial expectations and …” „… indemnify a bank against all obligations and responsibilities imposed by foreign laws and usages …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845276564

Claudina Richards, Viviana Mollica - English Law and Terminology

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Claudina Richards, Viviana Mollica

English Law and Terminology

Series: NomosStudium

Volume 2016

Results in this title

Chapter 12: Commercial Law S. 112-122

„… Commercial Law Commercial Law The term ‘commercial law’ covers a wide range of individual areas of …” „… carriage and insurance of goods, banking law, agency and, of course, the paradigm of commercial law, the …” „… principles. As it is not possible to deal with all these aspects of commercial law in this context, the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… . 108 TerminologyVI. 109 Review and DiscussionVII. 110 Commercial LawChapter 12: 112 Commercial LawI …” „… LawChapter 15: 144 Classifications of LawI. 144 Other Areas of LawII. 144 TerminologyIII. 146 Index 149 …” „… The Common LawChapter 2: 17 IntroductionI. 17 The Historical Development of the Common LawII. 17 The …”

Chapter 10: Contract Law S. 90-101

„… common law. However, economic duress is not the same as commercial pressure. The threat involved must be …” „… Contract Law Introduction A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties and …” „… of legal obligations, which arise, for example, from the law of torts or restitution. The …”

Index S. 149-159

„… contract 112, 120 Commercial Court 38 commercial law 112 Commission 132 commissioner 132, 133 Committee of …” „… law of nations 144 law officers 55 law report 15 law review 31 Law Society 54 lawyer 23 Index 154 lay …” „… administrative law 144 Admiralty Court 38 admission 62 ADR 44 adversarial system 45, 58 advocacy 53, 54 Advocate …”

Chapter 2: The Common Law S. 17-24

„… example, the main growth of commercial law took place in the late eighteenth century, a time when commerce …” „… long been completely separate, and the law merchant has been assimilated into commercial law, but the …” „… lawyers were the apprentices-at-law. Despite their name, they were not merely students, but recognised …”

Chapter 3: Sources of Law S. 25-35

„… into the common law and can now be found in commercial law. Canon Law Canon law is the law of the …” „… the law merchant provide the foundations of modern commercial law and thereby continue to influence …” „… confused with a code. A statute is an individual law, while a code is a systematic collection of laws …”

Chapter 4: The Court System S. 36-44

„… law and there is no constitutional court. Civil and criminal jurisdiction are also not completely …” „… established by the Judicature Acts 1873-75, which abolished the old common law courts and transferred their …” „… questions of law, practice and procedure. However, the magistrates do not have to follow his advice, and he …”

Chapter 13: Company Law S. 123-131

„… Company Law Introduction A company is one of several forms in which a business enterprise can be …” „… organisations. A significant amount of the law relating to companies has been set out in statutes, particularly …” „… registered company has been created. The essential feature of such a company is that it is regarded by law as …”

Chapter 14: European Union Law S. 132-143

„… European Union Law Background The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC – this no longer exists …” „… 1973 by signing an accession treaty and giving force to EEC law within its national legal system by …” „… also responsible for overseeing the implementation of such policies and the enforcement of EU law, such …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845265179

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Claudina Richards, Viviana Mollica

English Law and Terminology

Series: NomosStudium

Volume 2023

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Chapter 12: Commercial Law S. 114-125

„… Commercial LawCommercial LawThe term ‘commercial law’ covers a wide range of individual areas of …” „… carriage and insurance of goods, banking law, agency and, of course, the paradigm of commercial law: the …” „… principles. As it is not possible to deal with all these aspects of commercial law in this context, the …”

Chapter 10: Contract Law S. 91-102

„… constitute duress at common law. However, economic duress is not the same as commercial pressure. The threat …” „… Contract LawIntroductionA contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties and …” „… information. The distinction is important because generally there is no duty of disclosure in English law.A …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… Review and DiscussionVII. 111Commercial LawChapter 12: 114Commercial LawI. 114Introduction to Sale of …” „… of the Common LawIV. 21TerminologyV. 22Review and DiscussionVI. 23Sources of LawChapter 3: 25Minor …” „… Sources of LawI. 25Custom1. 25Law Merchant2. 26Canon Law3. 26Books of Authority4. 26Major Sources of LawII …”

Chapter 2: The Common Law S. 17-24

„… example, the main growth of commercial law took place in the late eighteenth century, a time when commerce …” „… law merchant has been assimilated into commercial law, but the distinction between common law and …” „… The Common LawIntroductionThe term common law carries several meanings but it is important to note …”

Chapter 3: Sources of Law S. 25-35

„… into the common law and can now be found in commercial law.Canon LawCanon law is the law of the …” „… Sources of LawMinor Sources of LawSome sources that were very important during the development of …” „… 3268910111213Major Sources of LawLegislationStatute LawMost ‘new’ law is enacted in the form of statutes (also …”

Chapter 14: European Union Law S. 135-147

„… European Union LawBackgroundThe project of European integration, which is today reflected by the …” „… of Justice on points of law.The treaties provide for specialised courts, attached to the General …” „… and whose independence must be beyond doubt.Sources of EU LawPrimary sourcesEU law is governed by the …”

Index S. 153-163

„… Edward 3 13, 38Comany– public 13 5– Unlimited 13 4Comercial law 12 1Commercial Court 4 18Commission …” „… 42, 64 f.law reports 3 28law review 3 42Law Society 6 22lawyer 6 16Lay magistrate 4 4, 6 11LCJ …” „… Parliament 8 39Additional member system 8 38Administrative law 15 4Admiralty Court 4 18Admission 7 18ADR …”

Chapter 4: The Court System S. 36-45

„… law and there is no constitutional court. Civil and criminal jurisdiction are also not completely …” „… established by the Judicature Acts 1873-75, which abolished the old common law courts and transferred their …” „… . They are assisted by the clerk of the court, who is legally qualified and advises on questions of law …”

Chapter 13: Company Law S. 126-134

„… Company LawIntroductionA company is one of several forms in which a business enterprise can be …” „… significant amount of the law relating to companies has been set out in statutes, particularly the Companies …” „… been created.The essential feature of such a company is that it is regarded by law as a separate legal …”

Chapter 7: Pre-trial Civil Procedure S. 61-68

„… in which there was a serious irregularity in the proceedings or the court made a mistake of law.The …” „… law on which the claim is based, and the name of any witness the claimant intends to call at the …” „… claims, 35% for employment cases and 50% for all other commercial matters); the difference is that, while …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748922995

Michael Nietsch, Matthias Weller - Private Enforcement: Brennpunkte kartellprivatrechtlicher Schadensersatzklagen

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Michael Nietsch (ed.), Matthias Weller (ed.)

Private Enforcement: Brennpunkte kartellprivatrechtlicher Schadensersatzklagen

Series: Schriften der EBS Law School

Volume 3 2014

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Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Research Center for Transnational Commercial LawNomosBUT_Nietsch_1259-2.indd 3 13.05.14 10:381. Auflage …” „… Nietsch/Matthias Weller (Hrsg.)Workshop des EBS Law School Research Center for Transnational Commercial …” „… EBS Law School gegründeten Research Center for Transnational Commercial Dispute Resolution. Der …”

Weller Matthias Die internationale Deliktszuständigkeit für kartellprivatrechtliche Schadensersatzklagen S. 49-60

„… Recht, Wiesbaden, zugleich Leiter des Research Center for Transnational Commercial Dispute Resolution …” „… (www.ebs.edu/tcdr) an der EBS Law School. 1 Europäische Kommission, Pressemitteilung IP-12-1317_DE vom 5.12.2012. 2 …” „… Parliament and of the Council on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845254401

C. Hugo, Thomas M.J. Möllers - Transnational impacts on law: perspectives from South Africa and Germany

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C. Hugo (ed.), Thomas M.J. Möllers (ed.)

Transnational impacts on law: perspectives from South Africa and Germany

Series: Augsburger Rechtsstudien

Volume 86 2017

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Wolfgang Wurmnest Comment on “Tacit Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts” S. 89-98

„… 89 Comment on “Tacit Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts” Wolfgang Wurmnest* I …” „… obligations (Rome I), Recital 6. Comment on “Tacit Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts” 91 …” „… , para. 14. Comment on “Tacit Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts” 93 Bouwers reports …”

Garth J. Bouwers Tacit choice of law in international commercial contracts – the position in South African law and under the Rome I Regulation S. 69-88

„… 69 Tacit choice of law in international commercial contracts – the position in South African law …” „… deserves consideration is the law applicable to international commercial contracts. As Lord Diplock put it …” „… ; Marshall “Reconsidering the proper law of the Tacit choice of law in international commercial contracts …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… between Germany and South Africa are impressive: various areas of commercial law (company, banking …” „… ............................................... 61 Garth J. Bouwers Tacit choice of law in international commercial contracts – the position in …” „… Augsburger Rechtsstudien 86 Transnational Impacts on Law: Perspectives from South Africa and …”

Karl Marxen, Charl Hugo Exceptions to the independence of autonomous instruments of payment and security: the growing emergence of good faith S. 131-150

„… significance to commercial law. II. Exceptions to independence 1. The South African approach to fraud Legal …” „… With the South African law’s clear appreciation of the fraud exception to the autonomy of letters of …” „… ..................................................................................... 136 III. German law …”

Kathleen van der Linde, Faadhil Adams Towards free movement of companies – the European position as a model for the SADC S. 21-60

„… ’ means companies or firms constituted under civil or commercial law, including cooperative societies, and …” „… art 18 of the decree law No 13 of 1979 states that: “If a legal person has been lawfully registered …” „… application of two different laws to a company: one law dealing with the rights and duties as well as the …”

Index S. 537-549

„… ...222 Armed Conflicts ......................492 Assignment of Law ...................74 Asylum …” „… Law ................................295 − Preamble .......................... 295 Bill of Rights …” „… .......................492 Collective Agreements ............512 Collective Bargaining ...... 505, 512 Commercial Register …”

Eesa Allie Fredericks Contractual capacity in German and South African private international law: a comparative study S. 99-114

„… (eds) The Law of Contract in South Africa (2009) 149; and Nagel Commercial Law (2011) 73 …” „… . 70 172G–H. 71 Kahn “Conflict of laws” 2000 Annual Survey of South African Law 871 876; Kahn …” „… “Jurisdiction and conflict of laws” in Hahlo The South African Law of Husband and Wife (1975) 577 625; and …”

Charl Hugo, Thomas M.J. Möllers Introduction S. 11-20

„… law in international commercial contracts. He emphasises the importance of the private international …” „… indeed if this type of mentality were to transcend into science – almost unthinkable. Law, however …” „… seminal Privatrechtsgeschichte der Neuzeit (A History of Private Law in Europe) Reinhard Zimmermann …”

Dawie de Villiers comparative analysis of the proposed new cybercrime legislation in South Africa and the situation in Germany and the European Union S. 335-370

„… The Roman Dutch law’s contention that only corporeal things are capable of being stolen provided our …” „… does not affect criminal or civil liability in terms of the common law. These laws, if applicable, are …” „… ............................................................................... 336 II. Cybercrime from a common-law perspective ........................... 336 1. The nature of …”

Martina Benecke Labour and social protection for migrant workers in South Africa and in Germany: a comparative study S. 529-536

„… , Commercial Law, Labor Law and Economic Law. Martina Benecke 530 individual countries. Of course, the …” „… ...................................................................................... 535 Case Law …” „… ____________________ * Martina Benecke, Dr. iur. habil.; Professor, University of Augsburg, Faculty of Law. Chair for Civil Law …”

Raphael Koch Comment: Towards free movement of companies – the European position as a model for the SADC S. 61-68

„… ........................................................................................ 68 Case Law …” „… ............................................................................................. 68 I. Introduction Globalisation of markets demands international unification of the law and …” „… national law and they are incorporated in national law. However, free movement of companies refers to …”

Daleen Millard The quest for fairness in the rendering of financial advice and intermediary services in light of the retail distribution review S. 183-216

„… of financial advisers in German law ............................ 203 1. General …” „… ...................................................................................... 213 Case Law …” „… ____________________ * BIur LLB LLM (UP) LLD (UJ). Professor of private law, University of Johannesburg. Daleen Millard 184 …”

Jan L. Neels The law applicable to the proprietary consequences of marriage in South Africa – the influence of German private international law S. 115-130

„… regard from the recently adopted Hague Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts …” „… primarily received from the Roman-Dutch conflict of laws, although English law also had a substantial …” „… (n 1) 83–86; and Schulze “Conflict of laws” in Heaton (ed) The Law of Divorce and Dissolution of …”

Thomas M.J. Möllers, Isabella Brosig Providing investment advice in light of MiFID I and II S. 217-246

„… and German law ...................................... 218 2. The law governing investment advice …” „… suitable third way: robo advice ......... 229 II. Law enforcement: principles vs. rules …” „… Law ........................................................................................... 245 …”

Juanitta Calitz, Sanrie Lawrenson Lessons to be learnt from Germany regarding the treatment of executory contracts when a debtor company is being restructured: a South African perspective S. 151-182

„… South-African law and usually means a lawsuit, and not the cancellation of an agreement.49 Therefore …” „… Paulus and Berberich (n 6) 205. Juanitta Calitz / Sanrie Lawrenson 172 principles of the general law …” „… ...................................................................................... 180 Case Law …”

Hennie Strydom Treaty-making and select foreign policy matters under constitutional and judicial scrunity in South Africa S. 247-294

„… and international commercial law which caused a sharp distinction between internal and external …” „… participates in a law-making activity of the EU and to take that position into account in negotiations with …” „… legislative measure such as article 23. As the Court pointed out, the transfer of sovereign and law-making …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845287775

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