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Peter Mankowski (ed.)

Commercial Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2018

Results in this title

Stefan Kröll Article 18 Commercial Invoice S. 1466-1468

„… Article 18 Commercial Invoice a. A commercial invoice: i. must appear to have been issued by the …” „… bank may accept a commercial invoice issued for an amount in excess of the amount permitted by the …” „… goods, services or performance in a commercial invoice must correspond with that appearing in the credit …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Introduction to the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (“PICC”) S. 462-476

„… International Restatement of Contract Law: The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, 3d ed …” „… Bovio/author”); Vogenauer, Stefan (ed.), Commentary on the Unidroit Principles of International Commercial …” „… .), Commentary on the Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts, 1st ed. Oxford (2009). Selected …”

Raimond Emde Article 17 S. 1287-1295

„… Article 17 1. Member States shall take the measures necessary to ensure that the commercial agent …” „… compensated for damage in accordance with paragraph 3. 2. (a) The commercial agent shall be entitled to an …” „… regard to all the circumstances and, in particular, the commission lost by the commercial agent on the …”

Raimond Emde Introduction S. 1247-1264

„… SELF-EMPLOYED COMMERCIAL AGENTS Introduction 1. Overview …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 b) Commercial agent-friendly interpretation …” „… States relating to self-employed commercial agents1 (Directive) regulates fundamental areas of the …”

Raimond Emde Article 2 S. 1266-1271

„… 3. A commercial agent shall be understood within the meaning of this Directive as not including in …” „… . Article 2 1. This Directive shall not apply to: – commercial agents whose activities are unpaid …” „… , commercial agents when they operate on commodity exchanges or in the commodity market, or the body known is …”

Raimond Emde Article 18 S. 1296-1298

„… contract which conforms with commercial practice. However, the courts retain a discretion to award a …” „… terminated as a result of the commercial agent’s death. Article 17 para. 4 signifies that the entitlement to …” „… . Article 17 para. 5 in turn specifies that the commercial agent or his heir (cf. Article 17, para. 4) must …”

Raimond Emde Article 4 S. 1272-1273

„… protection of commercial agents in a secondary occupation.68 It was originally geared to so-called …” „… commercial agent activity may have an impact on income, a reduced need for protection does not necessarily …” „… obligations Article 3 1. In performing has activities a commercial agent must look after his principal …”

Raimond Emde Article 7 S. 1277-1278

„… 7 to 12 shall not apply if the commercial agent is not remunerated wholly or in part by commission …” „… remuneration. Article 6 para. 3 thus has only declaratory value. Article 7 para. 1 1. A commercial agent shall …” „… be entitled to commission on commercial transactions concluded during the period covered by the …”

Raimond Emde Article 3 S. 1272

„… protection of commercial agents in a secondary occupation.68 It was originally geared to so-called …” „… commercial agent activity may have an impact on income, a reduced need for protection does not necessarily …” „… obligations Article 3 1. In performing has activities a commercial agent must look after his principal …”

Raimond Emde Article 6 S. 1275-1276

„… intended by the parties to express their intent not to conclude a “typical” commercial agency contract, but …” „… the commercial agent). Article 5 is not directed against agreements that complement and further …” „… provisions of the Member States concerning the level of remuneration, a commercial agent shall be entitled to …”

Raimond Emde Article 8 S. 1279

„… customers. Article 8 A commercial agent shall be entitled to commission on commercial transactions concluded …” „… commercial agent's efforts during the period covered by the agency contract and if the transaction was …” „… conditions mentioned in Article 7, the order of the third party reached the principal or the commercial agent …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Introduction Introduction Dir. 2011/7/EU S. 1305-1306

„… Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 on Combating Late Payment in Commercial Transactions,1 …” „… of 29 June 2000 on Combating Late Payment in Commercial Transactions. The Directives’ purpose is to …” „… the Approximation of the Civil and Commercial Law of the Member States4 devoted its efforts to …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 1 Subject matter and scope S. 1307-1310

„… , Directive 2011/7/EU provides additional instruments to combat late payment in commercial transactions and to …” „… this Directive is to combat late payment in commercial transactions, in order to ensure the proper …” „… SMEs. 2. This Directive shall apply to all payments made as remuneration for commercial transactions. 3 …”

Raimond Emde Article 9 S. 1280

„… 9 A commercial agent shall not be entitled to the commission referred to in Article 7, if that …” „… commission is payable, pursuant to Article 8, to the previous commercial agent, unless it is equitable …” „… because of the circumstances for the commission to be shared between the commercial agents. Article 9 …”

Peter Mankowski Introduction S. 1-8

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 I. General remarks Commercial law is an oscillating notion. It is neither clear cut nor crystal …” „… clear. It is not per definitionem confined to certain areas of the law. A canon of commercial law does …” „… not exist, even less a universally accepted one. Hence, a commentary on Commercial Law as part of the …”

Raimond Emde Article 5 S. 1274

„… commercial agent. At the very least, the terms prepare a corridor for the required individual examination. In …” „… , unlike the commercial agent, is not subject to any fiduciary duty,10 he is only subject to the principle …” „… commercial agent for the information owed. The definition of the documentation which the principal must …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 7 Unfair contractual terms and practices S. 1342-1349

„… commercial relationships, and that an increase in the compensation amount should be considered.12 However, in …” „… commercial practice, contrary to good faith and fair dealing; (b) the nature of the product or the service …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3. Good commercial practice, good faith and fair dealing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… Mankowski Commercial Law BUT_Mankowski_3315-6.indd 1 30.10.18 09:21 International and European …” „… Business Law by Schulze / Lehmann Commercial Law Article-by-Article Commentary edited by Peter Mankowski …” „… dependable legal framework are thus of the absolute essence. Commercial law is the branch of the law called …”

Raimond Emde Article 15 S. 1284-1285

„… period in the sense of Article 15. It is sufficient for a tacit agreement if the commercial agent …” „… , by executing transactions mediated by the commercial agent or failing to immediately object to the …” „… activities of the commercial agent.1 Any further continuation agreement is not necessary. However, it may be …”

Raimond Emde Article 13 S. 1283

„… 2. A commercial agent shall be entitled to demand that he be provided with all the information, and …” „… 2 to the detriment of the commercial agent shall not be permitted. 4. This Directive shall not …” „… conflict with the internal provisions of Member States which recognize the right of a commercial agent to …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 2 Definitions S. 1311-1320

„… this Directive, the following definitions shall apply: (1) ‘commercial transactions’ means transactions …” „… Member State whose currency is the euro, either: 32 Cf. Bilotta, ‘Ending the Commercial Siesta: The …” „… Shortcomings of European Union Directive 2011/7 on Combating Late Payments in Commercial Transactions’, Bklyn …”

Raimond Emde Article 22 S. 1301

„… Member State courts. Article 20 para. 1 looks solely to the commercial activity of the commercial agent …” „… – also with regard to the definition of the commercial agent as self-employed in Article 1 para. 2 …” „… provisions thus apply in addition or instead of the regulations governing the commercial agent. In compliance …”

Raimond Emde Article 21 S. 1301

„… Member State courts. Article 20 para. 1 looks solely to the commercial activity of the commercial agent …” „… – also with regard to the definition of the commercial agent as self-employed in Article 1 para. 2 …” „… provisions thus apply in addition or instead of the regulations governing the commercial agent. In compliance …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.2.6 (Liability of agent acting without or exceeding its authority) S. 530

„… ’ as a Matter of Non-Contractual Law In many legal systems corporate and/or commercial law requires the …” „… registration of certain management or other positions (which entail certain powers as a matter of commercial …” „… and/or company law)18 in a commercial register which, as a matter of commercial law, documents the power …”

Raimond Emde Article 19 S. 1299

„… Article 19 The parties may not derogate from Articles 17 and 18 to the detriment of the commercial …” „… the grounds for exclusion, are mandatory. Regulations to the detriment of the commercial agent cannot …” „… commercial agent and the importance of Articles 17 and 18. Discrepancies to the detriment of the principal …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Preamble (Purpose of the Principles) S. 477-483

„… the Principles) These Principles set forth general rules for international commercial contracts. They …” „… . A. Purposes Defined in the Preamble 1. Para. 1: General rules for international commercial …” „… commercial contracts The UNIDROIT Principles provide general ‘rules’, not law. These rules are ‘general …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 4 Transactions between undertakings and public authorities S. 1334-1338

„… Transactions between undertakings and public authorities 1. Member States shall ensure that, in commercial …” „… ensure that in commercial transactions where the debtor is a public authority: (a) the period for payment …” „… industrial or commercial nature by offering goods or services on the market and which is subject, as a public …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 18 Damage to Cargo S. 1206-1212

„… German Commercial Code for surface transportation and section 499 subsection 1, number 6, of the …” „… Commercial Code for maritime transportation). The quality of the cargo renders it susceptible to damage, for …” „… Express Corp 15 Mar 2004 – FCA 111 (2004) (Federal Court of Appeal, Montreal); Commercial Union Ins Co v …”

Introduction Introduction LPC S. 418-421

„… Commercial Code’, 25 Texas International Law Journal 22 (1990); Krapp, ‘Die Abkommen der Vereinten Nationen …” „… droit commercial international: projet de convention sur la prescription en matière de vente …” „… Time-Barred: The Proper Limitation Regime for International Sales Contracts in International Commercial …”

Raimond Emde Article 12 S. 1282

„… against the commercial agent is secured via retention of a part of the commission for a limited …” „… is due to a reason for which the principal is not to blame. 2. Any commission which the commercial …” „… derogate from paragraph 1 to the detriment of the commercial agent shall not be permitted. Article 11 …”

Raimond Emde Article 11 S. 1282

„… against the commercial agent is secured via retention of a part of the commission for a limited …” „… is due to a reason for which the principal is not to blame. 2. Any commission which the commercial …” „… derogate from paragraph 1 to the detriment of the commercial agent shall not be permitted. Article 11 …”

Raimond Emde Article 10 S. 1281

„… detriment of the commercial agent shall not be permitted. Article 10 para. 1 and para. 2 regulate the …” „… commercial agent. Para 3 does not contain any clause that is open in favor of more flexible arrangements …” „… periods would burden the mutual trust of the parties and promote the commercial agent's incentive to …”

Article 1.7 (Good faith and fair dealing) S. 492-493

„… ‘international commercial contracts’ (Preamble para. 1) or which are explicitly excluded (Arts. 3.1.1, 2.1.2(3 …” „… ), openness to commercial usages (Art. 1.9), and the policy to keep contracts alive whenever possible (favour …” „… international consensus,1 the UNIDROIT Principles support contracts solely which are driven by a commercial …”

Article 25 CISG S. 130-142

„… Contracts, 1 European Journal of Commercial Contract Law (2009) 19; Bortolotti, ‘Remedies Available to the …” „… Uniform Commercial Code – Will Liberalism Prevail?’, 26 DePaul L. Rev. 54 (1976); Schlechtriem …” „… International Sale of Goods’, 9 Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law & Arbitration 253 (2005 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.7 (Alternative dispute resolution) S. 777-778

„… preparatory work for the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation):5 (i) Upon the parties …” „… . 122. 5 See in the cutrrent text Art. 1(3) of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial …” „… Law on International Commercial Arbitration13 lists the usual ways of termination of an ADR proceeding …”

Stefan Kröll Article 1 Application of UCP S. 1420-1421

„… important types of documents used, which are regulated in → Art. 18 et seq. They include commercial invoices …” „… “commercial letter of credits” where the instrument is primarily used to ensure payment for the delivery of …” „… restrictions American banks were facing in issuing bank guarantees. Unlike commercial letters of credit …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 14 CISG S. 58-69

„… determination). Contra Tribunal of International Commercial Arbitration, Russian Federation Chamber of Commerce …” „… Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and Arbitration 233, 234; CISG Advisory Council Opinion No …” „… Private Law (UNIDROIT), UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (2016) Art. 2.1.19 (2 …”

Stefan Kröll Article 14 Standard for Examination of Documents S. 1451-1455

„… document or the credit. e. In documents other than the commercial invoice, the description of the goods …” „… document or commercial invoice, without stipulating by whom the document is to be issued or its data …” „… notions of data and what constitutes a conflict. For example, a commercial invoice is acceptable if the …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 33 Jurisdiction S. 1230-1231

„… on its own aircraft or on another carrier's aircraft pursuant to a commercial agreement, and in which …” „… the carrier itself or by another carrier with which it has a commercial agreement. 3. For the purposes …” „… of paragraph 2, a) “commercial agreement" means an agreement, other than an agency agreement, made …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 15 Addressees S. 1362

„… Directive consequently can apply in commercial transactions with non-EU-residents.2 Moreover, the Directive …” „… applies to commercial transactions of undertakings organised in the EFTA states and Switzerland.3 1 See …” „… jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (recast) O.J. L …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 32 Death of Person Liable S. 1230

„… on its own aircraft or on another carrier's aircraft pursuant to a commercial agreement, and in which …” „… the carrier itself or by another carrier with which it has a commercial agreement. 3. For the purposes …” „… of paragraph 2, a) “commercial agreement" means an agreement, other than an agency agreement, made …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 58 Extinction of right of action in case of death or personal injury S. 1123

„… constituted “commercial activity” of the OBB in the United States), her lawsuit was not “based upon a …” „… commercial activity carried on in the United States by a foreign state” because the accident, on which her …” „… the “commercial activity” exception to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, and OBB, as a state …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 47 Extinction of right of action S. 1174

„… or commercial matters (Brussels Convention).1 Article 46 of the CIM UR does not contain any …” „… commercial matters.2 If the parties to the dispute could not agree on the choice of forum, it is for the …” „… Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement in Civil and Commercial Matters, 31 December 1972 …”

Stefan Kröll Introduction S. 1416-1419

„… jurisdictions. In these transactions letters of credit, often referred to as commercial letters of credits as …” „… commercial letter of credit is preceded by at least two other contractual relationships, the sales contract …” „… , art. 14(1); US: Uniform Commercial Code Section 5-108(e). 20 See Kozolchyk, ‘Drafting Commercial …”

Raimond Emde Article 20 S. 1300

„… business activities of a commercial agent following termination of the agency contract is hereinafter …” „… group of customers and the geographical area entrusted to the commercial agent and to the kind of goods …” „… commercial agent to a restraint of trade clause for more than two years, this requires a coor- 5 ECJ …”

Raimond Emde Article 16 S. 1286

„… an option of the commercial agent under consideration. Article 15 para. 6 determines that the notice …” „… to the indemnity claim of the commercial agent, that additional damages may also be demanded.3 …” „… Member States the choice of whether they wish to grant the commercial agent a right to indemnity or a …”

Raimond Emde Article 14 S. 1284

„… period in the sense of Article 15. It is sufficient for a tacit agreement if the commercial agent …” „… , by executing transactions mediated by the commercial agent or failing to immediately object to the …” „… activities of the commercial agent.1 Any further continuation agreement is not necessary. However, it may be …”

Raimond Emde Article 1 S. 1265

„… law, the interpretation of the Directive that is most favorable to commercial agents will always have …” „… the relations between commercial agents and their principals. 2. For the purposes of this Directive …” „… , 'commercial agent' shall mean a self-employed intermediary who has continuing authority to negotiate the sale …”

Peter Mankowski Article 1 CISG S. 11-19

„… the civil or commercial character of the parties or of the contract is to be taken into consideration …” „… designed law for cross-border commercial sales contracts. Its Contracting States acknowledge this and abide …” „… has to be treated as a separate entity and not to be attributed to its parent company.43 Commercial …”

Gilles Cuniberti Introduction S. 1363-1366

„… International Interests in Mobile Equipment, 2001’ (2002) 35 Uniform Commercial Code LJ 73; Durham/Basch, ‘Cape …” „… asset-based financing’, (2002) Uniform Law Review 3 and (2003) Uniform Commercial Code Law Journal 1; Goode …” „… Aircraft Equipment (in Chinese)] (tr. Shizhu, Zhongguo minghang chubanshe 2004); Goode, ‘Private Commercial …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.14 (Application for public permission) S. 615-616

„… , Public Law and Public Policy in International Commercial Contracts and the UNIDROIT Principles of …” „… International Commercial Contracts 2010: A Brief Outline, Uniform Law Review 2013, p. 262 and 275-276 (pointing …” „… at similar provisions in the 1976 International Commercial Contracts Law of the former German …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.9 (Non-assignment clauses) S. 727-728

„… between (i) the desire of the obligor to control with whom it is doing business2 and (ii) the commercial …” „… need of the obligee (and the commercial community as a whole)3 ”to treat accounts receivables as part …” „… with an international trend,13 prioritises the commercial need of the obligee and declares the …”

Marco Torsello Article 31 CISG S. 163-174

„… International Sale of Goods’ (2005) 9 Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and Arbitration 253, 268 …” „… commercial terms dealing with several aspects of sales transactions involving carriage of goods and providing …” „… International Commercial Transactions’, in: C. B. Andersen and U. Schroeter (eds), Sharing International …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Introduction S. 1179-1183

„… transportation was already recognized in the very early days of commercial air carriage. The evolution of what …” „… relatively low in order to foster the growth of the fledgling commercial airline industry.4 In rare cases the …” „… transportation of goods by aircraft was incorporated into the Commercial Code (Handelsgesetzbuch, HGB) along with …”

Marco Torsello Article 30 CISG S. 156-162

„… successful source of “external” rules of the kind in question is certainly the collection of commercial terms …” „… sets of commercial terms dealing with the parties’ delivery obligations, as well as with the passing of …” „… Commercial Transactions’, in C Andersen and U. Schröter (eds), Sharing International Commercial Law across …”

Peter Mankowski Article 4 CISG S. 28-30

„… , ‘Extending the CISG to non-privity parties’, Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and …” „… International Commercial Law and Arbitration 13 (2009), 131; Magnus, ‘Incorporation of Standard Contract Terms …” „… non-privity parties’, Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and Arbitration 13 (2009), 109 …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 3 Transactions between undertakings S. 1321-1333

„… execution. Article 3 Transactions between undertakings 1. Member States shall ensure that, in commercial …” „… late payment in commercial transactions (recast), COM (2009)0126 – C7-0044/2009 – 2009/0054(COD) 45 et …” „… 37 38 39 set up individually negotiated contracts.65 A provision laid down in general commercial …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.12 (Computation of time set by parties) S. 498

„… commercial operations and transactions”.1 The descriptive2 definition for ‘long-term contracts’ in the 4th …” „… characterising element.3 Examples include “contracts involving commercial agency, distributorship, outsourcing …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.12 (Currency in which to assess damages) S. 694

„… in a lump sum which, in international commercial cases, is often the best way to separate after a …” „… arm’s-length commercial transaction”). The observation in the text is based on experiences of once three days …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.11 (Manner of monetary redress) S. 694

„… in a lump sum which, in international commercial cases, is often the best way to separate after a …” „… arm’s-length commercial transaction”). The observation in the text is based on experiences of once three days …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.13 (Conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific matters or in a particular form) S. 511

„… where the silence upon receipt of a commercial confirmation letter can serve also as evidence for the …” „… application of the favor contractus principle7 (→ Introduction no. 8) and related commercial uncertainty.8 B …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.2 (Presumption of joint and several obligations) S. 789

„… approach “reflects commercial practice”4 (where the obligee (Art. 1.11 4th hyphen) has usually no interest …” „… reference to §§ 288-289 Restatement 2nd (USA), and in note 32 to exceptions for commercial contracts in …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 35 Limitation of Actions S. 1233

„… timely action, section 452 b of the Commercial Code affords the consignee the option to claim within the …” „… time bars of either section 439 of the Commercial Code (one 1 Bystka v Swiss International Air Lines …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.5 (Fraud) S. 543

„… fraudulent non-disclosure of circumstances which, according to reasonable commercial standards of fair …” „… non-disclosure’) in violation of ‘reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing’ (Art. 1.7)10 to be applied …”

Stefan Kröll Article 39 Assignment of Proceeds S. 1504-1531

„… – Apparent authority UNIDROIT 2.2.5 1 – commercial registry entry UNIDROIT 2.2.5 3 – commission agency …” „… Convention Intro 3, 48 1 Combined carriage Montreal Convention 38 1 Commercial agents Dir. 86/653/EEC 9 1 …” „… . 86/653/EEC 8 1 – new customers Dir. 86/653/EEC 17 para 2 1 Commercial Code (Germany, HGB) Montreal …”

Christoph Oertel IV. INCOTERMS® 2010 S. 828-897

„… International Commercial Transactions’ in Camilla B. Andersen and Ulrich G. Schroeter (eds), Sharing …” „… International Commercial Law across National Boundaries: Festschrift for Albert H. Kritzer on the Occasion of …” „… the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 18 CISG S. 81-92

„… and Commercial Regulation 276. 15 Dornis, → Art. 17 para. 11; Schroeter, Art. 17 para. 3. 16 Schroeter …” „… may be construed as a commercial letter of confirmation rather than acceptance,15 as this is how it …” „… would normally be understood. Treatment of failure to object (or silence) in response to commercial …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 24 CISG S. 116-129

„… Commercial Law & Arbitration 305, 309; Schroeter, Art. 24 para. 18. 49 As required for BGB § 130(1 …” „… the CISG: Formation, Formalities and Validity’ (2002) 6 Vindobona Journal of International Commercial …” „… commercial dealings.74 If consent to use of email has been given,75 the email has certainly ‘reached’ the …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 6 Compensation for recovery costs S. 1340-1341

„… payment becomes payable in commercial transactions in accordance with Article 3 or 4, the creditor is …” „… contractual provision and without doubt it is commonly agreed in commercial praxis. III. EUR 40 lump sum The …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 79 CISG S. 367-376

„… of hardship, ‘economic impossibility’, or commercial impracticability (also known as the doctrine of …” „… CISG PART III SALE OF GOODS 370 Tim W. Dornis 6 7 8 9 commercial impracticability is passed at the …” „… is clear that a characterization of commercial impracticability as ‘impediment’ in the sense of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.11 (Successive assignments) S. 731-732

„… UNIDROIT Principles, so that the (successive) assignee, as a reasonable commercial person, know or ought to …” „… in no. 6 (whereby it is submitted here that the reasonable commercial person-test will often be …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.2 (Relevant mistake) S. 540-541

„… contrary to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing to leave the mistaken party in error; or (b …” „… , ‘ought to have known’ that there is a mistake),11 measured against ‘reasonable commercial standards’12 …”

Peter Mankowski Article 7 CISG S. 37-41

„… : How Much Regard Should We Have?’, Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and Arbitration 8 …” „… International Commercial Law and Arbitration 13 (2009), 15; id., ‘Homeward Trend and Lex Forism in Uniform Sales …” „… Principles of International Commercial Contracts and the Vienna Sales Convention (CISG) – Alternatives or …”

Stefan Kröll Article 2 Definitions S. 1422-1426

„… majority, taking into account that while the documents presented under a standby and a commercial letter …” „… of requesting parties as applicants. It most case the applicant of a commercial letter of credit will …” „… defines the beneficiary as “the party in whose favour a credit is issued.”6 In commercial letters of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.2 (Limitation periods) S. 765-767

„… and fair dealing (Art. 1.7) and the openness to commercial usages (Art. 1.9) (Art. 1.6(2 …” „… Principles are aiming,28 argumentum Preamble sentence 1: ‘rules for international commercial contracts …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.1 (Definitions) S. 715-717

„… commercial person knew or ought to have known that the UNIDROIT Principles apply to the assigned or …” „… ) because the individualised and contextualised reasonable test as applied to commercial persons can be …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 12 Transposition S. 1358-1360

„… combating late payment in commercial transactions, SWD (2016) 278 final, available under http://eur-lex …” „… term ‘commercial transactions’, the ECJ noted that ‘the EU legislature was careful not to use that term …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.1 (Right to terminate the contract) S. 656-661

„… no ‘substantial deprivation’ if, with a view to the contractual agreement and the commercial …” „… English commercial case law. 42 Vogenauer/Huber Art. 7.3.1 no. 85-86 (with reference, with a note of …” „… performance (or timely performance)54 is ‘of essence’ (e.g. with regard to the commercial background of the …”

Petra Butler Article 50 CISG S. 262-268

„… , ‘The Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the Uniform Commercial Code …” „… Convention for the International Sale of Goods’ 7 (2003) Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law …” „… Sale of Goods’ 7 (2003) Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and Arbitration 255, 271. 11 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.14 (Contract with terms deliberately left open) S. 512-514

„… interpreted (Arts. 4.1, 4.3 et seq.), need to be ‘sufficiently definite’ (Art. 2.1.1) to (make commercial …” „… free to create their own system of determination (Arts. 1.1, 1.3). When the open term is commercial …”

Sebastian Omlor Article 28 CISG S. 150-152

„… Schmitt/Pasterczyk, ‘Specific Performance under the Uniform Commercial Code – Will Liberalism Prevail?’, 26 DePaul L …” „… of International Commercial Law & Arbitration (2005) 253 (275); Walt, ‘For Specific Performance Under …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.4 (Availability of defences and rights of set-off) S. 791-793

„… Convention and Born, International Commercial Arbitration (2014) Vol. 1, pp. 626-632 for private …” „… commercial register) are not met. 17 From Vogenauer/Meier Art. 11.1.4 no. 5. 18 Vogenauer/Meier Art. 11.1.4 …” „… a commercially practical realisation of the common rights of defence in circumstances where the …”

Petra Butler Article 58 CISG S. 285-287

„… Late Payment in Commercial Transactions,6 however, provides for another regime. Under Art. 3(1)(b) of …” „… the goods have to be sent long-distance, the buyer will usually instruct a commercial inspection …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 10 Recovery procedures for unchallenged claims S. 1353-1356

„… mediation on civil and commercial matters, O.J. L 136/3. 10 Recital 34 of the Directive. Art. 10 Dir. 2011/7 …” „… jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (recast), O.J. L …”

CISG Marco Torsello Article 34 S. 186-189

„… may also include, insurance policies, commercial invoices and certificates of origin, of quality and …” „… /970812s1.html. 4 For a similar list, see Tribunal of International Commercial Arbitration of the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 8.1 (Conditions of set-off) S. 698-705

„… with their focus on international commercial contracts”15 and distinctly from the regime in the …” „… Art. 8.2 last limb.72 In practice, even in large commercial transactions, it is often unrealistic to …” „… Cairo Regional Centre for International Commercial Arbitration); distinctly more liberal and favouring …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.9 (Interest for failure to pay money) S. 689-692

„… Practice and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, American Journal of Comparative …” „… Resolution in China, in: Commercial Dispute Resolution in China (2015), at p. 193 points at a “gap of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.6 (Exemption clauses) S. 637-640

„… fair dealing (Art. 1.7) by choosing the UNIDROIT Principles – and especially in case of a ‘commercial …” „… E.g.: ‘This contract is to be interpreted and executed in a spirit of commercial loyalty’ (noted by …”

Stefan Kröll Article 38 Transferable Credits S. 1499-1503

„… credit to a third beneficiary. The underlying rationale for this prohibition in the context of commercial …” „… and the parties involved, i.t. the commercial invoice and a required draft. Thus, the first …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 66 CISG S. 298-302

„… Civil Code and § 2-509 Uniform Commercial Code. 8 See, e.g., St Paul Guardian Insurance Co and Travelers …” „… International Sales Law (Giuffrè 1987). 9 Mitchell Stocks, ‘Risk of Loss under the Uniform Commercial Code and …”

Marco Torsello Article 33 CISG S. 181-185

„… International Commercial Transactions’, in C. B. Andersen and U. Schroeter (eds), Sharing International …” „… Commercial Law across National Boundaries. Festschrift for Albert H Kritzer on the Occasion of his Eightieth …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 16 CISG S. 74-78

„… ), Making Commercial Law: Essays in Honour of Roy Goode (1997) 288; Harry Flechtner, ‘Article 79 of the …” „… UCC CISG’ (2015) 40(2) North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, 268. 33 …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Final clause S. 1246

„… non-commercial purposes in respect to its functions and duties as a sovereign State; and/or (b) the carriage of …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 57 Reservations S. 1246

„… non-commercial purposes in respect to its functions and duties as a sovereign State; and/or (b) the carriage of …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Correlation Table S. 1303-1304

„… XI. DIRECTIVE 2011/7/EU ON COMBATING LATE PAYMENT IN COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS Correlation Table …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 42 CISG S. 220-225

„… as problematic as it has been quick to infer knowledge onto the commercial buyer.35 A duty to inquire …” „… Vienna Sales Convention’ in Camilla B Andersen/Schroeter Ulrich (eds), Sharing international commercial …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 42 Choice of forum S. 1403

„… jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters where the …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 41 Sale and prospective sale S. 1403

„… jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters where the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.2.3 (Requirement of obligee’s consent to transfer) S. 743

„… transfers of obligations as a result of the application of special national (company or commercial) law …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.2.2 (Exclusion) S. 743

„… transfers of obligations as a result of the application of special national (company or commercial) law …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 8 Transparency and awareness raising S. 1350

„… which apply in all the Member States in the event of late payment in commercial transactions. 3. Member …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 53 Signature, Ratification and Entry into Force S. 1243

„… cargo) sections 425 et seq. and section 439 of the Commercial Code shall be authoritative. Chapter VII …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 52 Definition of Days S. 1243

„… cargo) sections 425 et seq. and section 439 of the Commercial Code shall be authoritative. Chapter VII …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 11 Evidentiary Value of Documentation S. 1194

„… cases, a commercial entity such as a freight forwarder who is aware that the carrier operates with …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 2 Carriage Performed by State and Carriage of Postal Items S. 1188

„… et seq. of the Commercial Code will be applicable. Chapter II Documentation and Duties of the Parties …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.10 (Notice) S. 496

„… commercial letters of confirmation‘→ Art. 2.1.12). 9 Morán Bovio/Meléndez Art. 1.8 no. 2.b, p. 92; see …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 19 Validity and time of registration S. 1384

„… in practice’, (2011) 43 Uniform commercial code Law Journal 637; Fennelly, ‘Cape Town Convention and …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 20 Consent to registration S. 1384

„… in practice’, (2011) 43 Uniform commercial code Law Journal 637; Fennelly, ‘Cape Town Convention and …”

Peter Mankowski Article 10 CISG S. 51

„… ) CISG. III. Lacking place of business, (b) That a commercial enterprise does not have a place of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.1.2 (Validity of mere agreement) S. 536

„… of the New York Convention, as argued by Born International Commercial Arbitration, Volume I, § 4.07 …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 52 Territorial units S. 1411

„… ) Lloyd’s Maritime Commercial Law Quarterly 161; Köhler, ‘Heading towards Cape Town? Some remarks on the …”

Stefan Kröll Article 37 Disclaimer for Acts of an Instructed Party S. 1498

„… . As the regulations contained in Article 37 largely reflect the general commercial expectations and …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.2.1 (Performance of monetary obligation) S. 646

„… Official Comments, Art. 7.1.7 no. 4, p. 242. 64 See Oertel, INCOTERMS in: Mankowski (Ed.), Commercial Law …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.2.2 (Third party identifiable) S. 587

„… and one of the parties has not yet finished organising its commercial and/or financial set-up …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.2.8 (Sub-agency) S. 532

„… international commercial contexts.3 Sentence 1 facilitates sub-delegation, unless the principal prohibits …”

Peter Mankowski Article 25 S. 449

„… classifies that these effects occur in all and any kinds of proceedings, not limited to civil or commercial …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 11 Report S. 1357

„… combating late payment in commercial transactions, SWD (2016) 278 final. The report is available under …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 45 Jurisdiction in respect of insolvency proceedings S. 1407

„… Aviareto Limited, unreported, High Court (Commercial Division) 18 April 2013. See also Belair Holdings Ltd …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 24 Liability in case of carriage of railway vehicles as goods S. 1157

„… or damage was not caused by his fault. 2 See R. Freise, Munich Commentary to the (German) Commercial …”

Peter Mankowski Article 13 CISG S. 54

„… notions have their ordinary meaning. In case of doubt commercial understanding should prevail over a …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 36 Successive Carriage S. 1234

„… Montreal Convention. Even though section 452 b of the Commercial Code might be in conflict with Article 38 …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 13 Delivery of Cargo S. 1196

„… on section 421 of the Commercial Code.1 However, the same result can be reached with the argument …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.10 (Currency not expressed) S. 611

„… lists German law (§ 361 German Commercial Code) and Art. 75(2) of the UN Convention on International …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.1.4 (Mandatory character of the provisions) S. 537

„… arbitration clause, can govern a cross-border international commercial contract in the spirit of fair trade …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.1.3 (Initial impossibility) S. 537

„… arbitration clause, can govern a cross-border international commercial contract in the spirit of fair trade …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.8 (Third persons) S. 548

„… commercial duress as compared to ‘threat’ which is privileged in some civil systems.7 B. Avoidance even …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 26 S. 957

„… is to be determined from an objective commercial point of view.17 If the damaged part can be replaced …”

Peter Mankowski Article 89 CISG S. 404

„… nd sentence CISG.42 Reasonable expenses for the selling as such may comprise: a commercial agent’s …”

Peter Mankowski Article 15 S. 441

„… , it obviously needs refinement if it was to be applied to other commercial parties than natural …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 35 S. 978

„… (Commercial Court), 20 October 1977, SGS-Ates Componenti Elettronici S.p.A. v. Grappo Ltd., British Road …”

Petra Butler Article 59 CISG S. 288

„… material), CISG-Online 536 (Pace), where the granting of an interest free, not terminable commercial credit …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 3 Passengers and Baggage S. 1188-1189

„… et seq. of the Commercial Code will be applicable. Chapter II Documentation and Duties of the Parties …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.3.1 (Definitions) S. 751-752

„… a reasonable commercial person, has actual or constructive knowledge of the applicability of the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.7 (Restitution with respect to long-term contracts) S. 672-673

„… providing for delivery in instalments,9 commercial agency, distributorship, franchising, lease and general …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.6 (Determination of quality of performance) S. 577-578

„… Contracts, in: Cranstron/Ramberg/Ziegel (eds.), Commercial Law Challenges in the 21st Century – Jan Hellner …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 4.3 (Relevant circumstances) S. 564-565

„… commercial setting4 and the typical goals of such a transaction),5 are of a more general nature and helpful …”

Petra Butler Article 62 CISG S. 293-294

„… Whether the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts May Be Used to Interpret or …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.8 (Suspension in case of force majeure, death or incapacity) S. 779-780

„… York Convention and Born, International Commercial Arbitration (2014) Vol. 1, pp. 626 632 for private …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.4 (New limitation period by acknowledgement) S. 771-772

„… governed by English law (power plant supply). 27 See e.g. Born, International Commercial Arbitration, 2nd …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.5 (Effects of termination in general) S. 667-668

„… , Art. 7.3.5 no. 3 and Illustration 2, p. 261. 11 See e.g. Born, International Commercial Arbitration, 2 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Introduction S. 625-626

„… . 7.1.1 no. 2, 7.1.2 no. 1). Each of the commercial parties is essentially responsible for its sphere …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.2.1 (Contract to be observed) S. 620-621

„… practice in commercial contracts governed by common law, see Harmathy, Attila, Hardship, in: Eppur si muove …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.6 (Place of performance) S. 604-605

„… (Ed.), Commercial Law (2018, in production) no. 157, 214. 20 See Vogenauer/Atamer Art. 6.1.6 no. 12 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.12 (Writings in confirmation) S. 509-510

„… ‘Confirmations of the Contract’ Might Alter a Contract In long-distance commercial negotiations it is frequent …”

Peter Mankowski Article 5 S. 431-432

„… limits. It makes clear that the Limitation Convention applies only to the usual type of commercial claims …”

Peter Mankowski Article 2 S. 425-426

„… parties nor the civil or commercial character of the parties or of the contract shall be taken into …”

Peter Mankowski Article 90 CISG S. 405-406

„… ; 1961 European Commercial Arbitration Convention).5 II. EU law and their transformations Taken …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 5 Interpretation and applicable law S. 1371-1372

„… Cuniberti 1371 1 2 3 lationship between transnational commercial law treaties and national law: a framework …”

Peter Mankowski Article 12 CISG S. 52-53

„… Withdraw?’, Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and Arbitration 8 (2004), 145. 13 Supreme …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.3 (Partial performance) S. 599-600

„… ’ of international commercial contracts and (ii) the de minimis non curat praetor principle). 8 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.1 (Time of performance) S. 596-597

„… . 286. 14 Vogenauer/Atamer Art. 6.1.1 no. 16. 15 Oertel, Incoterms® in: Mankowski (Ed.), Commercial Law …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.4 (Duty to achieve a specific result. Duty of best efforts) S. 575-576

„… concerned’ (Art. 4.3(e)) will not require that a party acts against its own commercial interests.11 In …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.7 (Gross disparity) S. 546-547

„… contract or term in order to make it accord with reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing. (3) A …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 37 S. 979-980

„… Lloyd’s Rep 346 extended the scope of Chapter VI beyond successive carriers; cf. also London Commercial …”

Peter Mankowski Article 95 CISG S. 411-412

„… , 85, 94; id., Common Features of Uniform Commercial Law Conventions (2004) pp. 223-224. 10 Wolfgang …”

Peter Mankowski Article 92 CISG S. 407-408

„… : Reservations and Transformation Reconsidered’, Nordic Journal of Commercial Law 2013, 1; Schroeter, ‘Withdrawal …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 25 S. 955-956

„… U 188/05. 7 Queen’s Bench Division (Commercial Court), 27 October 1986, I.C.I. PLC and I.C.I. France …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 39 S. 981-983

„… . 625 and England, Commercial Court, Harrison & Sons Ltd v RT Steward Transport Ltd, (1993) 28 ETL 747 …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 44 CISG S. 229-231

„… , CISG-online 705; Tribunal of International Commercial Arbitration at the Russian Federation Chamber of …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 10 Remedies of conditional seller or lessor S. 1375-1377

„… is to allow the creditor to ensure that it will still be used in the best commercial manner and thus …” „… the debtor’s consent. All remedies must be exercised in a commercially reasonable manner. Both the …”

Klaus Ramming Article 7 Dangerous and polluting goods S. 1013-1015

„… involve the consignee as sub-contractor), see Section 412 paragraph 1 sentence 1 Commercial Code. Again …”

Klaus Ramming Article 2 Scope of application S. 1000-1002

„… the German Commercial Code. A distinction is made between inland waterways and waters to which …”

Peter Mankowski Article 86 CISG S. 395-397

„… the power of agency, the seller’s own transportation personnel16 and the seller’s commercial agents.17 …”

Peter Mankowski Article 85 CISG S. 392-394

„… Käufers im UN-Kaufrecht im Vergleich zum US-amerikanischen Uniform Commercial Code und zum deutschen Recht …”

Peter Mankowski Article 81 CISG S. 381-383

„… Convention on the International Sale of Goods’, Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 8.2 (Foreign currency set-off) S. 706-708

„… different insolvency regime or even by contract;89 but which, in international commercial practice, is not …”

Sebastian Omlor Article 26 CISG S. 143-145

„… , ‘Fundamental Breach in Documentary Sales Contracts’, 1 European Journal of Commercial Contract Law (2009) 19 …”

Petra Butler Article 55 CISG S. 280-282

„… , Tribunal of International Commercial Arbitration at the Russian Federation Chamber of Commerce and Industry …”

Lisa Spagnolo Introduction to Articles 14–24 CISG S. 55-57

„… expectations of commercial parties in international trade, and the most efficient solution for such …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 1 Scope of Application S. 1184-1187

„… Warsaw Convention was drawn up in the early days of commercial aviation, when high liability awards would …”

Petra Butler Article 60 CISG S. 289-291

„… . 10 Compare: Arbitral Award, Tribunal of International Commercial Arbitration at the Russian …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 1 Scope S. 1128-1131

„… choose the law that is applicable to an international contract under civil law or commercial law. The …”

Peter Mankowski Article 3 CISG S. 24-27

„… : Percent of what? The most feasible candidate appears to be the commercial value of either element.19 This …”

Peter Mankowski Article 2 CISG S. 20-23

„… .22 The device is not required to have an own propulsion system. Commercial use of the item to be sold …” „… dependent on the ship at stake being registered. Nor does (d) require that the ship is commercially used …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 15 CISG S. 70-73

„… UCC CISG’ (2015) 40(2) North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation 245, 269 …”

Peter Mankowski Article 9 CISG S. 47-50

„… international trade is the Germanic kaufmännisches Bestätigungsschreiben (commercial letter of confirmation). If …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 22 Limits of Liability in Relation to Delay, Baggage and Cargo S. 1217-1220

„… incorporated into German law (see section 435 of the Commercial Code, for instance). The term “intent” implies …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 31 S. 968-971

„… to the CMR.13 Under lit. a, countries are identified through the actual commercial actions being …”

Sebastian Omlor Article 27 CISG S. 146-149

„… Tribunal of International Commercial Arbitration at the Russian Federation Chamber of Commerce and Industry …”

Peter Mankowski Article 6 CISG S. 33-36

„… age to other assets or damage to the protected persons’ commercial ventures, within the CISG. But …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.1 (Scope of the Chapter) S. 761-764

„… a pertinent reference to Arbitral Award, ICC case no. 14108 (2011) XXXVI Yearbook Commercial …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 23 S. 951-954

„… relevant trade level)12 at the place and time at which they were accepted for carriage.13 The commercial …”

Peter Mankowski Article 88 CISG S. 400-403

„… costs of storing etc.,9 measured against the commercial value of the contract. Notice of the intention …”

Peter Csoklich Article 1 S. 901-905

„… .13 CMR is not only applicable to contracts of carriage concluded by commercial carriers, but also to …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 72 CISG S. 327-331

„… ). 28 Kyle Winnick, ‘International Commercial Arbitration, Anticipatory Repudiation, and the Lex …”

Stefan Kröll Article 19 Transport Document Covering at Least Two Different Modes of Transport S. 1469-1473

„… whole transportation. The commercial interest of the transport company to control and charge for the …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 6 Contract of carriage S. 1134-1138

„… and commercial process of international carriage of goods by rail. The CIM UR does not indicate in …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.7 (Force majeure) S. 641-645

„… actions mitigating loss.46 It should offer commercial alternatives, if any, to possibly avoid contract …” „… production.35 These preventive or alternative measures must be commercially reasonable (→ Art. 7.2.2(b …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 41 CISG S. 214-219

„… International Commercial Arbitration at the Russian Federation Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 21.1.1998 …”

Marco Torsello Article 32 CISG S. 175-180

„… Goods’ (2005) 9 Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law & Arbitration 253, 265. 16 Cf. Witz (n …”

Petra Butler Article 47 CISG S. 243-248

„… Commercial Arbitration Court at the Russian Federation Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Award No. 14/2014 (3 …”

Stefan Kröll Article 16 Discrepant Documents, Waiver and Notice S. 1457-1463

„… willing to adopt a commercial approach taking into account previous rejections of the documents.16 …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 39 CISG S. 205-211

„… commercial interests in a quick and final transaction, but also protects the interests of the seller: He …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 35 CISG S. 190-196

„… commercial purposes, i.e. of average quality, and the buyer must be able to resell them.22 Only where the …”

Stefan Kröll Article 35 Disclaimer on Transmission and Translation S. 1494-1495

„… silent as to the means of communication Article 35 only applies if the bank choses a commercially …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.2.2 (Performance of non-monetary obligation) S. 647-651

„… interest is required if the goods are of a commercially unique and/or irreplaceable nature30 and “not …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 11 Meaning of default S. 1378

„… commercially unreasonable exercise of remedies include selling privately an aircraft without giving notice to …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 8 Remedies of chargee S. 1374

„… exercised in a commercially reasonable manner. A remedy shall be deemed to be exercised in a commercially …”

Stefan Kröll Article 4 Credits v. Contracts S. 1430-1432

„… credit on behalf of the applicant, is commercially naturally concerned with the underlying transaction …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845276564

Kamilla Tekautschitz - Machtmissbrauch marktbeherrschender Unternehmen im Europäischen Kartellrecht

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Kamilla Tekautschitz

Machtmissbrauch marktbeherrschender Unternehmen im Europäischen Kartellrecht

Series: Marburger Schriften zum Gesundheitswesen

Volume 8 2008

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Commercial Solvents/Kommission S. 27-28

„… beherrschenden Stellung auf der zweiten Stufe ist. IV. Commercial Solvents/Kommission In dem Verfahren der Firma …” „… Commercial Solvents/ Kommission hatte der EuGH über die Frage zu entscheiden, ob die Einstellung der …” „… Herstellung von Etambutol einen Verstoß gegen Art. 82 EG seitens der Gesellschaften Commercial Solvents …”

Commercial Solvents/Kommission S. 61-63

„… beherrschenden Unternehmen abhängen.404II. Commercial Solvents/Kommission In dem Verfahren Commercial …” „… Solvents/Kommission war vom EuGH zu prüfen, ob die Commercial Solvents Company (CSC) seine marktbeherrschende Stellung …”

Continental Can/Kommission S. 26-27

„… beherrschenden Stellung auf der zweiten Stufe ist. IV. Commercial Solvents/Kommission In dem Verfahren der Firma …” „… Commercial Solvents/ Kommission hatte der EuGH über die Frage zu entscheiden, ob die Einstellung der …” „… Herstellung von Etambutol einen Verstoß gegen Art. 82 EG seitens der Gesellschaften Commercial Solvents …”

Continental Can/Kommission S. 57-61

„… beherrschenden Unternehmen abhängen.404II. Commercial Solvents/Kommission In dem Verfahren Commercial …” „… Solvents/Kommission war vom EuGH zu prüfen, ob die Commercial Solvents Company (CSC) seine marktbeherrschende Stellung …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… Can/Kommission 26IV. Commercial Solvents/Kommission 27V. Suiker Unie und andere/Kommission 28VI. United …” „… eines Kausalzusammenhangs 61II. Commercial Solvents/Kommission 6110III. Suiker Unie und …”

Die Ansicht der Rechtsprechung unter Berücksichtigung der Literatur S. 39-57

„… ) – „Commercial Solvents”. 242 EuGH U.v. 06.03.1974, Rs. 6 und 7/73, Slg. 1974, 223, 251 (Tz. 22) – „Commercial …” „… ) – „Commercial Solvents“; EuGH U.v. 14.02.1978, Rs. 27/76, Slg. 1978, 207, 282 (Tz. 22) – „United Brands“; EuGH …”

United Brands/Kommission S. 66-68

„… . 24) – „Commercial Solvents“. 453 EuGH U.v. 14.02.1978, Rs. 27/76, Slg. 1978, 207, 298 (Tz. 184/194 …”

Zusammenfassung und heutige Ansicht der Rechtsprechung S. 72-76

„… . 1974, 223, 252 (Tz. 25) – „Commercial Solvents“. 503 Vgl. zur Qualifikationswirkung subjektiver …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845209562

Adriaan den Hertog - Große internationale Wirtschaftsstreitigkeiten und staatliche Gerichte im 21. Jahrhundert

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Adriaan den Hertog

Große internationale Wirtschaftsstreitigkeiten und staatliche Gerichte im 21. Jahrhundert

Series: Streitbeilegung und Streitvermeidung im Zivilrecht - Schriftenreihe des Munich Center for Dispute Resolution

Volume 8 2021

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Gestaltungsmodell für den Commercial Court Germany S. 139-202

„… Kapitel 6: Gestaltungsmodell für den Commercial Court Germany A. Einleitung – Leitbild für den …” „… CCGER In diesem Kapitel erörtert der Verfasser, wie der Commercial Court Germany (CCGER) errichtet …” „… bestehenden Commercial Courts in anderen Ländern und die Vorschläge innerhalb des Schrifttums zurückgegriffen …”

Ein Blick über die Grenze: spezielle Gerichtshöfe im Ausland S. 103-138

„… /Who-Uses-The- Commercial-Court-2017.pdf, zuletzt aufgerufen am 02.04.2020. 411 So hat etwa die Europäische …” „… Auswahl von Commercial Courts skizziert und analysiert. Wie bereits erwähnt, haben sich verschiedene …” „… Länder aufgrund der starken Stellung des London Commercial Court (LCC) dazu entschlossen, ebenfalls …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 221-245

„… international disputes – Reflexions on the Netherlands Commercial Court proposal, NIPR 2018, S. 740-755 …” „… Commercial Disputes, ABA Business Law Section 2008, Vol. 17, aufrufbar unter …” „… 2015/Par., Rn.]. Bakker, Frits, Commercial Court goed voor bv Nederland, Forum 17.03.16, aufrufbar …”

Einleitung S. 13-20

„… Anlass genommen, um spezielle Gerichtshöfe, sog. Commercial Courts, zu errichten.6 Diese Commercial …” „… . Institutionell können Commercial Courts als eine besondere Kammer innerhalb eines staatlichen Gerichts oder als …” „… Commercial Courts geschaffen, etwa in Großbritannien, in Irland und in den Niederlanden. Derzeit werden in …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… den Hertog Plädoyer für einen Commercial Court Germany Streitbeilegung und Streitvermeidung im …” „… . Jahrhundert Plädoyer für einen Commercial Court Germany BUT_Hertog_8228-4.indd 3 14.06.21 08:29 1. Auflage …” „… Abgrenzungen 45 A. Begrifflichkeiten 45 I. Der staatliche Rechtsgang 45 II. Commercial Court 46 B. Einige …”

Vorschläge für das Prozessmodell des CCGER S. 203-210

„… Commercial Courts errichtet und auch entsprechende Verfahrensregeln publiziert. Weil sich der CCGER nach …” „… internationaler Wirtschaftsstreitigkeiten einen Commercial Court Germany auf Bundes- 761 Insbesondere: De …” „… Wirtschaftsstreitigkeiten der Commercial Court Germany zuständig ist, wenn es um eine Angelegenheit geht, die zur …”

Einige Begriffe und Abgrenzungen S. 45-64

„… Präjudizienrechts.146 II. Commercial Court Mit dem Begriff Commercial Court ist in dieser Arbeit ein spezielles …” „… staatliches Gericht gemeint. Der jeweilige Staat hat diesen speziellen Commercial Court errichtet, um Parteien …” „… Konfliktes zu bieten. Ein Commercial Court kann dabei auf unterschiedliche Weise in den staatlichen …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 215-220

„… Bundesverfassungsgerichts BW Nederlands Burgerlijk Wetboek bzw. beziehungsweise C case CCGER Commercial Court Germany Contr …” „… International Arbitration LCC London Commercial Court LG Landgericht LTO Legal Tribune Online m. w. N. mit …” „… Strafsachen MMR Zeitschrift IT-Recht und Digitalisierung Mükom Münchner Kommentar NCC Netherlands Commercial …”

Rückgang der Eingangszahlen an den Zivilgerichten S. 21-44

„… Wirtschaftsstreitigkeiten durch Commercial Courts auf Ebene der Ober- 25 Kapitel 2: Rückgang der Eingangszahlen B …” „… Strategie Großbritanniens hat Erfolg. Das London Commercial Court konnte in den Jahren 2017 bis 2018 seine …” „… Commercial Court (England and Wales) im Zeitraum zwischen März 2017 und April 2018. 96 DIHK/BRAK/DAV, Law …”

Vor- und Nachteile der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit und des staatlichen Rechtsganges S. 65-102

„… behandelt. Im vorigen Kapitel ist bereits darauf hingewiesen worden, dass für einen erfolgreichen Commercial …” „… funktionierenden Commercial Court darstellen. Auf diese Weise werden die Legitimation des Commercial Court und die …” „… Nachteilen der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit: Balthasar (ed), International Commercial Arbitration, S. 9-11; Peters …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748926504

Hubert Heinelt, Michèle Knodt - Policies within the EU Multi-Level System

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Hubert Heinelt (ed.), Michèle Knodt (ed.)

Policies within the EU Multi-Level System

2011

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Michèle Knodt Common Commercial Policy S. 59-80

„… 59 Common Commercial Policy Michèle Knodt 1. Introduction The Community’s external trade policy …” „… , characterised as common commercial policy (CCP), is one of the oldest and most integrated policy fields of the …” „… countries. It was agreed that the common commercial policy would also be dealt with according to unitary …”

Michèle Knodt, Xandra Schnurre-Weiß Development Policy S. 81-100

„… development policy with common commercial policy and common foreign and security policy. Thus, the Lisbon …” „… attainment of the goals mentioned above. First, on behalf of commercial issues, instruments include trade …” „… commercial policy to include environmental protection or crime reduction. An association agreement …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… Foreign and Security Policy Dirk Peters and Wolfgang Wagner 39 Common Commercial Policy Michèle …”

Michèle Knodt, Sigita Urdze Democratisation Policy S. 21-38

„… the chapter by Knodt on the common commercial policy and its specific section on policy formulation …”

Hubert Heinelt, Michèle Knodt Conclusion S. 385-408

„… environment policy commercial policy agricultural policy education policy monetary policy transport …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845228266

Christine Schmidt-König - Introduction à la langue juridique française

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Christine Schmidt-König

Introduction à la langue juridique française

Series: NomosStudium

Volume 2020

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Les sociétés commerciales S. 244-256

„… Chapitre 16: Les sociétés commercialesLeçonLa notion de sociétéUne société pouvant être aussi bien …” „… sociétés commercialesConformément à l’article L210-1, alinéa 1 le caractère commercial d’une société …” „… www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/R17488(informations sur la création d’une entreprise/société commerciale)II.III.369 Suite à …”

Le commerçant individuel S. 229-243

„… commercial(…)Sites internetn www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000005634379&date-Texte=20190607 …” „… matière commercialeLa prescription en matière commerciale (entre commerçants ou entre commerçants …” „… commerciale.Les délais ont été réduits.Par exemple, la prescription de droit commun en droit civil était …”

La justice française S. 46-62

„… l’annulation de sonlicenciement qu’il estime injustifié.3 500 €4. A = commerçantB = société commercialeA …” „… commerciale oppo-sant un commerçant à une société commer-ciale.non< 4 000 €5. tribunal d’ins-tance54L’affaire …” „… civilesSchéma n° 5: Les juridictions civiles Cour de cassation chambres civiles chambre commerciale, financière …”

La jurisprudence S. 63-85

„… , chambre commerciale, 12 octobre 1965 ExplicationsSur le moyen unique, pris en ses deux branches: Début des …” „… l’utilisation, à des fins commer-ciales, du nom de Planta, en demandant en outre qu’il soit inter-dit sous …” „… commerciales, usage quiconstituait nécessairement une usurpation sans qu’ils aient à jus-tifier d’une confusion …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-32

„… affairesTitre 5: 229Le commerçant individuelChapitre 15: 229Les sociétés commercialesChapitre 16: 2447Notions de …” „… . 242RécapitulatifSection F. 242Les sociétés commercialesChapitre 16: 244LeçonSection A. 244La notion de …” „… . 248La classification des sociétés commercialesI. 248La SARL et la SAII. 249Sites internetIII. 249 …”

Les domaines et les sources du droit S. 33-45

„… regroupe classiquement notamment:n le droit commercial qui réglemente les relations entre les commerçants,n …” „… sociale droit national droit national privé droit commercial droit des affaires droit des …” „… parexemple au droit commercial uniquement applicable aux commerçants.B.III.Section C.I.22 Voir également …”

Les droits patrimoniaux S. 204-218

„… intellectuelle. Ellecomprend ainsi:n les brevets d’invention,n les marques (commerciales),n les dessins et les …” „… ans le plus souvent.Les marquesLa marque306 ou marque commerciale est le signe distinctif qui permet …” „… décision de justiceCour de cassation, chambre commerciale, 28 avril 2004La Cour de cassation, chambre …”

Index alphabétique S. 287-299

„… 379 et s.chambre basse 169chambre civile 41, 82chambre commerciale 41, 82chambre commerciale …” „… s., 11, 27, 28, 32, 41, 44,59, 231, 255 et s., 430, 439droit commercial 9, 11, 27, 32, 41, 44,59 …” „… , financière et éco-nomique cf. chambre commercialechambre correctionnelle 42, 83, 240chambre criminelle 42, 82 …”

Les droits extrapatrimoniaux S. 189-203

„… associations,n les syndicats professionnels,n les fondations,n les sociétés civiles,n les sociétés commerciales,n …” „… commerciale ou dans une œ uvre littéraire(film, livre, etc.), le titulaire peut faire interdire cet usage à la …” „… administrative,industrielle et commerciale).292 Les groupements d’intérêt économique sont constitués de deux ou plusieurs …”

Les biens S. 219-228

„… immeubles par destination) afin de permettre par ex. plus facile-ment leur commercialisation.Ex.: une …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845297545

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