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Ehud Eilam - Israel's National Security, the Arab Position, and Its Complicated Relations with the United States

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Ehud Eilam

Israel's National Security, the Arab Position, and Its Complicated Relations with the United States

2022

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Syria’s Chemical Weapons S. 79-94

doi.org/10.5771/9781666907513

Shira Becker-Alon - The Communitarian Dimension of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy

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Shira Becker-Alon

The Communitarian Dimension of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy

Series: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 83 2011

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Chemical weapons control: recourse back to national measures. S. 71

„… 714. Chemical weapons control: recourse back to national measures. This example of action within …” „… Community instruments. Following the UN report confirming the use of chemical weapons in the Iran–Iraq war …” „… chemicals and their close connection with weapons explain the unwillingness of the Member States to act …”

Export controls of dual-use goods in the European Political Cooperation (EPC)–EEC framework S. 233-234

„… Cooperation (EPC)–EEC framework Pursuant to the 1989 international conference on chemical weapons, held in …” „… chemical weapons. Subsequently, while taking into consideration that the interests of the Member States and …” „… production of chemical weapons) will be regulated by means of urgent, effective measures and that these …”

Provisions in Community law, authorizing Member States’ unilateral actions regarding export control of dual-use goods S. 231-233

„… conference on chemical weapons, held in Paris, discussions in the context of the EPC led to a consensus that …” „… could be used for the production of chemical weapons. Subsequently, while taking into consideration that …” „… products (that could be used for the production of chemical weapons) will be regulated by means of urgent …”

The 1982 sanctions against the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR): action within the Community after disagreement within the EPC. S. 70-71

„… ) 877/82 of 16 April 1982, OJ L 102/1, 16 April 1982). 714. Chemical weapons control: recourse back to …” „… the use of chemical weapons in the Iran–Iraq war, it was decided within the EPC to compare national …” „… States. The sensitive nature of these chemicals and their close connection with weapons explain the …”

Restrictive measures against the Apartheid regime in South Africa: combination of different legal bases. S. 71-72

„… 714. Chemical weapons control: recourse back to national measures. This example of action within …” „… Community instruments. Following the UN report confirming the use of chemical weapons in the Iran–Iraq war …” „… chemicals and their close connection with weapons explain the unwillingness of the Member States to act …”

Export control of dual-use goods in the international context S. 227-228

„… discretion.1003 Besides the WA, the Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Chemical …” „… chemical and biological weapon proliferation),1004 the Zangger Committee, the Nuclear Supplier Group and …” „… Weapons Convention and the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention are further international agreements that …”

Article 133 of the TEC as a legal basis for export control of dual-use goods: the European Court of Justice (ECJ)’s approach S. 228-230

„… Nuclear Weapons and the Chemical Weapons Convention and the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention are further …” „… the risk of assisting chemical and biological weapon proliferation),1004 the Zangger Committee, the …” „… weapons for mass destruction, such as “the Australian Group” (an informal arrangement aiming to minimize …”

The establishment of a cross-pillar system S. 234-236

„… for the development or production of chemical weapons or that there was a risk of them being delivered …” „… to certain chemical products, that was to be issued by the competent authorities in the Member States …” „… ). The Annex to the Regulation listed the chemical products with regard to which the authorization was …”

Export authorizations: division of competences under the Community system S. 240-241

„… assisting in any way in the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices” (Article 2(a …” „… the items in question may be intended for use in connection with chemical, biological or nuclear …” „… weapons (Article 4(1)), or when the purchasing country or country of destination is subject to an arms …”

Evaluation of the Community regime of export controls of dual-use items and technology S. 241-243

„… intended for use in connection with chemical, biological or nuclear weapons (Article 4(1)), or when the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-15

„… Republics (USSR): action within the Community after disagreement within the EPC. 704. Chemical weapons …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845231198

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Jon Mitchell

Poisoning the Pacific

2020

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1 Japanese Weapons of Mass Destruction and the US Cover-up S. 9-30

„… . From the outset of the conflict, it deployed chemical and biological weapons.In Wuhan, Hubei Province …” „… largely intact and vast stockpiles of chemical weapons.At the time, Australian troops administered the …” „… enough to render them safe.JAPANESE BIOLOGICAL WEAPONSCompared to the chemical weapons that previously …”

3 Okinawa: “The Junk Heap of the Pacific” S. 55-80

„… 720_0092_Mitchell.indb 57 6/18/20 1:58 PMother chemical weapon was Red Agent. An after-action report …” „… thousand nuclear warheads and thirteen thousand tons of chemical weapons. In the 1960s, the military …” „… chemical weapons tests there. According to reports from Fort Detrick, between May 1961 and September 1962 …”

Index S. 279-298

„… ), 124, 137, 146Chekiang province, 24Chemical Warfare Service, US Army, 14chemical weapons: first-use …” „… kits, 78–79. See also herbicidesChemical Weapons Convention, 20“Cherry Blossoms at Night” plan, 25 …” „… I F I CChina, 2, 227–28n31; Japanese chemical weapons in, 17, 20–21, 28; Japanese invasion of, 9 …”

Introduction S. 1-8

„… dumpsite for Agent Orange, and finally trans-formed into a factory to decommission chemical weapons.The US …” „… World War I, farmers continue to unearth chemical and conventional weapons, while in Laos, where …” „… ’ militaries conducted equally reckless experiments with nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons; these tests …”

5 Polluting with Impunity S. 103-126

„… chemical weapons, as well as napalm and white phosphorus. At the base, waste from decades of production was …” „… military’s dumping of munitions, radioactive materials, and chemical weapons into the sea. Between 1944 and …” „… and Sink ’Em) involved packing ships with conventional and chemical weapons, sailing them out to sea …”

Preface

„… Plutonium, Chemical Weapons, and Agent OrangeJon MitchellR O W M A N & L I T T L E F I E L DLanham …” „… : the US military’s secret dumping of plutonium, chemical weapons, and Agent Orange / Jon Mitchell …” „… . Other titles: US military’s secret dumping of plutonium, chemical weapons, and Agent Orange Description …”

8 Toxic Territories: Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and Johnston Atoll S. 175-198

„… suffered the worst; poisoned with plutonium, Agent Orange, and chemical weapons, today it sits as an …” „… chemical weapon test kits, containing small volumes of mustard agent and phosgene, were unearthed on …” „… factory for destroying the chemical weapons brought from Okinawa in 1971, and since stored at a site on …”

7 Japan: Contamination, Nuclear Deals, and the Fukushima Meltdowns S. 153-174

„… many of the bases had stockpiles of chemical weapons during World War II.1Soon after Japan’s surrender …” „… justified—that they were carrying nuclear weapons.US military officials assured local communities that such …” „… process involving copious volumes of carcinogenic solvents and anticorrosion chemicals. Vet-erans from …”

2 Nuclear Warfare in Japan and the Marshall Islands S. 31-54

„… ; instead, Japan focused on the manufacture of chemical and biological weapons.1The United States was the …” „… , embedded with military facilities, notably a port that shipped Okunoshima’s chemi-cal weapons to China and …” „… conventional, chemical, and biological weapons. By the time the United States struck Hiroshima and Nagasaki …”

Acknowledgments S. 275-278

„… weapons.Transparency is the cornerstone of a healthy democracy; the US Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) might be …” „… Masayuki; and especially Inagaki Mihoko, who opened my eyes to the ongoing impact of Japanese chemical …”

Notes S. 225-270

„… ,” Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, https://www.opcw.org/about-us/history (accessed June 14 …” „… ,” 267. For the discovery of Japanese chemical weapons on Okinawa, see chapter 3.14. Daqing Yang …” „… Interagency Working Group, 2006), 38.15. “Japan Tested Chemical Weapon on Aussie POW: New Evidence,” Japan …”

9 Toward Environmental Justice S. 199-214

„… ra-diation, dioxin, chemical, and biological weapons, their communities were polluted with hundreds of other …” „… Bravo test and sickened by Okunoshima’s chemical weapons dumped at the end of World War II; civilians …” „… attempting to clean up the guinea pig fleet, sickened by leaks of chemical weapons, and soaked in herbicides …”

Timeline: Environmental Contamination and Accidents on Okinawa (1947–2019) S. 149-152

„… well.1953 The US Army starts to bring chemical weapons to Okinawa; by 1965, thirteen thousand tons of …” „… veterans, another leak sickens three soldiers in 1971. Operation Red Hat removes chemical weapons from …” „… tests of biological weapons (rice blast) at Shuri (Naha City), Ishikawa, and Nago City.October 1964 A US …”

4 Military Herbicides, Vietnam, and Okinawa S. 81-102

„… international conventions against chemical weapons because the substances targeted plants, not humans; however …” „… government began to deny herbi-cides were a form of chemical weapon, it has repeatedly downplayed their …” „… not to be added to the Geneva Protocol prohibiting chemical weapons. As recently as 2003, the US …”

6 Okinawa: Paradise Lost S. 127-148

„… Army Ammunition Depot, where nuclear and chemical weapons had been stored prior to 1972.The two bases …” „… (FOIA) offers one way to cleave through such secrecy.2CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION AT CAMP KINSERThroughout …” „… , the storage site for materiel returned from the Vietnam War. Large chemical spills occurred in 1975 …”

About the Author S. 299-303

„… of Plutonium, Chemical Weapons, and Agent Orange by Jon MitchellThe Korean War: A Hidden History …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538130346

Paolo Foradori - Still the Century of Overkill?

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Paolo Foradori (ed.)

Still the Century of Overkill?

Series: Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Studies

Volume 1 2014

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Stefano Borgiani The role of the international community in addressig the threat of chemical weapons in war-torn societies: The Syrian case S. 185-204

„… weapons.Chemical weapons delivery means and disseminationChemical warfare does not depend upon explosive force to …” „… , directly or indirectly, chemical weapons to anyone;(b) To use chemical weapons;(c) To engage in any …” „… military preparations to use chemical weapons;(d) To assist, encourage or induce, in any way, anyone to …”

Giulio M. Mancini Biological weapons and biowarfare: Historical perspectives and challenges for the 21st century S. 119-140

„… biological and chemical weapons(CW): biochemical threats range from classical chemical weapons to genetically …” „… WeaponsResearch, Development and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945, SIPRI Chemical &Biological Warfare Studies No …” „… to extensivecultures. Third, while nuclear and chemical weapons technologies havehardly changed …”

Carlo Trezza The use and threat of use of nuclear weapons: Humanitarian implications S. 107-118

„… Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons(OPCW), based in The Hague. The use of chemical weapons …” „… particularly to chemical and biological weapons. The key puzzlethat this chapter then focuses on is the logic …” „… destruction and the humanitarian principleThe casualties caused by chemical weapons during World War I were …”

Paolo Foradori Introduction S. 13-24

„… the very differentcategories of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear weapons(CBRN) which are …” „… whereby, WMD are‘atomic explosive weapons, radioactive material weapons, lethal chemical and biological …” „… measures of protection against their use. For example,chemical weapons are relatively easy to manufacture …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… ConventionBW Biological WeaponsCBRN Chemical, Biological, Radiological and NuclearCBMs Confidence-building …” „… MeasuresCBN Chemical, Biological and NuclearCBW Chemical and Biological WeaponsCCP Chinese Communist PartyCD …” „… Protection of NuclearMaterialCTBT Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban TreatyCW Chemical WeaponsCWC Chemical …”

Nico Frandi EU nonproliferation and disarmament policies: Towards a united and global role S. 205-224

„… , Organization for the Prohibition ofChemical Weapons-OPCW, etc.).If this multilateral activity has at its core …” „… Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), and have a …” „… and use by terrorists of nuclear, biological,and chemical weapons and materials. To this end, around …”

Enrico Fiorentini Nuclear security in the 21st century: The role of UNSCR 1540 and its shortcomings S. 65-86

„… ‘proliferation of nuclear, chemical andbiological weapons and their delivery means constitutes a threat to …” „… ofdelivering nuclear, chemical or biological weapons’; ‘related materials’ are ‘materials,equipment and …” „… chemical, biological and nuclear weapons as well as theirdelivery systems constitutes a threat to …”

Paolo Foradori A WMD-free zone in the Middle East: Challenges and opportunities S. 163-184

„… able to produce chemical weapons(Blair 2012). This gloomy picture becomes even worse as many …” „… the threat posed by the presenceof chemical and biological weapons in the region (UN Conference on …” „… Disarmament 1990). Linking bans on chemical and biological weapons with aban on nuclear weapons was also …”

Mirco Elena Nuclear proliferation: Shadows, lights and reflections S. 87-106

„… nuclear weapon. […] reactor grade Pu is weaponsusable...’ (US Department of Energy 1997).Nuclear …” „… 2: Properties of Plutonium Isotopes, Relevant to Nuclear WeaponsProductionIsotope Critical …” „… chemical reaction, we can easily understandwhy nuclear energy is so powerful and its effects so great.As we …”

Giorgio Franceschini Three roads to nuclear zero. Perspectives for nuclear disarmament in the 21st century S. 25-44

„… weapons of terror – like biologicaland chemical weapons – which no longer have any legitimacy in …” „… .Atwood, D. and Munro, E.J. (eds) (2013) Security in A World without Nuclear Weapons:Visions and …” „… ) ‘Nuclear Fusion Power for WeaponsPurposes’, The Nonproliferation Review, 20, 3: 525-44.19 This imbalance is …”

Paolo Rosa China and nuclear weapons. Between modernization and nonproliferation S. 141-162

„… Treaty 1991Non-proliferation Treaty 1992Chemical Weapons Convention 1993Convention on Nuclear Safety 1994 …” „… weapons:The PLA Second Artillery Force (PLASAF) is a core force for China’s strategicdeterrence. It is mainly …” „… threemajor goals set forth in the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons(NPT): preventing the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845253510

Rebecca K.C. Hersman, Heather Williams, Suzanne Claeys - Integrated Arms Control in an Era of Strategic Competition

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Rebecca K.C. Hersman, Heather Williams, Suzanne Claeys

Integrated Arms Control in an Era of Strategic Competition

2022

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Appendix A: Canary in the Coal Mine: The Chemical Weapons Case Study S. 45-48

doi.org/10.5771/9781538140529

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