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Shira Becker-Alon - The Communitarian Dimension of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy

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Shira Becker-Alon

The Communitarian Dimension of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy

Series: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 83 2011

Results in this title

Scope of CFSP S. 79-81

„… ’ insistence on keeping the division between the external competences of the Community and the CFSP. Still …” „… (Article 17 TEU); introduce the Common Strategies as a new cross-pillar CFSP instrument (Article 13 TEU …” „… cooperation within the CFSP framework (Articles 27a–27e TEU). II. Scope of CFSP By determining that the EU is …”

Legal basis for CFSP financing S. 132-134

„… principle of recourse to the EC budget for the financing of CFSP matters and after the Parliament helped to …” „… enlarge the financial basis for CFSP action.553II. The legal and institutional arrangements after the …” „… Treaty of Amsterdam and the Treaty of Nice 1. Legal basis for CFSP financing The stabilization of the …”

Justiciability of the CFSP financing procedure S. 134

„… 134 2. Justiciability of the CFSP financing procedure According to Article 46 of the TEU, the CFSP …” „… Article 28 of the TEU establishes between the CFSP and the budgetary procedure of Article 272 of the TEC …” „… leads to the admissibility of an indirect ECJ jurisdiction over the financing of the CFSP expenditure …”

Title V of the TEU: the CFSP S. 77-79

„… February 2003. 2. Title V of the TEU: the CFSP The growing economic influence of the EC did not produce a …” „… paragraph TEU). By establishing the CFSP as the successor to the European Political Cooperation (EPC),268 …” „… At the same time, the CFSP was not conceived to derogate from the sovereignty of the Member States to …”

Financing of the CFSP and the CSDP S. 272-274

„… mechanisms to finance CFSP/CSDP activities. An innovation introduced by Article 41(3) of the amended TEU …” „… European defence technological and industrial base.1168VI. Financing of the CFSP and the CSDP The …” „… provisions on the financing of the CFSP are found in Article 41 of the amended TEU, which adopts with certain …”

Legal instruments and voting procedures under the CFSP S. 268-270

„… measures against natural or legal persons adopted on the basis of the CFSP/CSDP provisions. A further …” „… 268 falling within the scope of the CFSP and areas falling within the scope of other external …” „… procedures under the CFSP According to Article 25 of the amended TEU, the Union shall conduct the CFSP by …”

The ESDP as a component of the CFSP S. 150-151

„… 150 III. The ESDP as a component of the CFSP The inclusion of defence policy in the CFSP629 was a …” „… decision made in order to render the CFSP effective and trustworthy by equipping it with operational and …” „… measures and their potential contribution to the CFSP and to the EU’s ability to achieve the aims set out …”

The extension of QMV in CFSP and constructive abstention S. 81-83

„… 81and security. The implementation of the CFSP, according to the CFI, “falls exclusively within the …” „… in CFSP and constructive abstention The reform in the CFSP decision-making procedure introduced in …” „… alignment of EC and CFSP procedures, De Witte saw in the extension of QMV a sign294 that the First Pillar is …”

Is there a Community obligation to finance the CFSP actions? S. 134-136

„… 134 2. Justiciability of the CFSP financing procedure According to Article 46 of the TEU, the CFSP …” „… Article 28 of the TEU establishes between the CFSP and the budgetary procedure of Article 272 of the TEC …” „… leads to the admissibility of an indirect ECJ jurisdiction over the financing of the CFSP expenditure …”

The conclusion of international agreements by the Union within the CFSP framework. S. 274-275

„… the Union within the CFSP framework. The competence to conclude international agreements in the area …” „… of CFSP finds its legal base in Article 37 of the amended TEU. Nonetheless, the general treatymaking …” „… of implied powers, applies also to international agreements relating to CFSP. Unlike in the case of …”

The Court of Justice of the European Union and the justiciability of the CFSP S. 265-268

„… 263 TFEU). 266 maintain the CFSP’s intergovernmental nature.1142 Nevertheless, the Lisbon Treaty …” „… the basis of the CFSP/CSDP provisions. A further extension of the Court’s jurisdiction over matters …” „… TFEU, whch are implementing CFSP decisions and are, thus, more “foreign policy-motivated” measures, the …”

Secretary-General of the Council and the High Representative for the CFSP (SG/HR) S. 115-118

„… and tensions.4703. Secretary-General of the Council and the High Representative for the CFSP (SG/HR …” „… ) The Treaty of Amsterdam introduced the new function of the High Representative for the CFSP …” „… framework of the CFSP, assisting the Presidency when taking part in its Troika (Article 18(3) TEU), as well …”

The 1997 IIA between the Parliament, the Council and the Commission on the financing of the CFSP S. 136-139

„… , paragraph 2 of the TEC explicitly provides that CFSP administrative expenditure and, under certain …” „… the Community to finance CFSP actions and expenditures. Indeed, this Article was inserted into the TEC …” „… for the application of the TEC budgetary procedure to the CFSP (as Article 28(4) of the TEU stipulates …”

The conclusion of Interinstitutional Agreements (IIAs) in the TFEU and their influence on the role of the EP within the CFSP. S. 275-276

„… 275 involving intergovernmental CFSP powers of the Union, on the one hand, as well as supranational …” „… Agreements (IIAs) in the TFEU and their influence on the role of the EP within the CFSP. Article 295 of the …” „… CFSP (Chapter 2 of Title V, of which Articles 28, 29 and 31 should be especially considered) provides …”

Summary and conclusions S. 283-298

„… policies are able to complement ESDP operations and should take precedence over possible CFSP/ESDP crisis …” „… CFSP-related article (Article 215) of the TFEU to serve as a legal base, thereby influencing the role the EP …” „… CFSP-related proposals. Instead, this right shall exercised by the HRFASP, who would be the Vice-President of …”

Introduction S. 19-24

„… Security Policy (CFSP), the EU’s “Second Pillar”, was established 1 While the communitarian “First Pillar …” „… in comparison to the EC a more minor degree of integration at European level.3 Indeed, under the CFSP …” „… Community legal order. The creation of the CFSP resulted in a situation in which the EU external …”

The Commission S. 118-124

„… , implements and influences in related fields of foreign policy.493The establishment of the CFSP has influenced …” „… (“External Relations Commissioner”)), who is responsible also for CFSP issues and for the cooperation with …” „… Correspondents, crisis management, conflict prevention, programme management of the CFSP, the Rapid Reaction …”

Scope of ECJ jurisdiction under the TEU S. 96-103

„… 38 TEU (Council Decision 2006/729/CFSP/JHA of 16 October 2006 on the conclusion of an Agreement …” „… the relevant act (paragraph 5). 102 Still, an example of a legal act having a double CFSP/EC legal …” „… (EPC) as a form of cooperation on an international law level had been passed on to the CFSP, which is …”

The Treaty of Lisbon: the integration of the pillar structure? S. 246-251

„… 246 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) (in comparison to other external policies of the …” „… ) Community players in the CFSP after the adoption of the Lisbon Treaty. II. The Treaty of Lisbon: the …” „… the TCT did not foresee the complete elimination of the intergovernmental features of the CFSP and the …”

The Council S. 108-115

„… principles of the CFSP (including matters with defence implications) has an influence within the EU, that is …” „… , on the Council, the High Representative of the CFSP and the Commission.423 The latter along with the …” „… (Article 13(2) TEU). By virtue of this CFSP “cross-pillar instrument”, introduced in the Treaty of …”

The legal implications of Article 301 of the TEC for the Commission S. 213-216

„… achieve the Union’s and the CFSP’s objectives under Articles 2 and 11(1) of the TEU.939 Yet, given a …” „… Court understands the CFSP Decision made by the Member States to implement UN Security Council …” „… directly bound by CFSP Acts and Decisions.930 It is institutionally independent and has an initiative …”

The institutional practice resulting from the inter-pillar financing arrangement S. 129-132

„… CFSP financing envisaged in Maastricht Treaty, allowing for intergovernmental action to be financed …” „… involvement and intervention of Community institutions (and especially of the EP) within the CFSP. At first …” „… CFSP decisions, fearing enhanced “Community appearance” in CFSP decisions539 or “communitarization of …”

Can the 2006 IIA be considered to be legally binding? S. 142-146

„… financing of the CFSP, in light of the inter-pillar interaction it creates. 594 However, the list of acts …” „… the CFSP? It has been examined earlier whether the Community is obliged to finance the CFSP in light …” „… obliged to finance the relevant CFSP expenditure, three criteria, which serve to determine the legal …”

The double function of the Council and its legal implications S. 211-213

„… organ when making a CFSP decision on the imposition of sanctions by the EU. Second, it acts as a …” „… the Council bound, then, by its prior Decision at the CFSP level to impose economic sanctions? Or …” „… within the Council at the CFSP intergovernmental level? At first glance, an obligation for the Member …”

The aftermath of the 1997 and 1999 IIAs S. 140-141

„… , the Council did not categorically abandon the practice of financing CFSP-related actions and apparatus …” „… financial years that followed. In 2002, after threatening to reduce the CFSP operational budget, which the …” „… information rights under Article 40 of the IIA, according to which it will be informed before taking CFSP …”

The inter-pillar procedure S. 208-211

„… of the TEC is being described as a unique bridge between the competences of the EU under the CFSP and …” „… . 1. The inter-pillar procedure The adoption of a relevant CFSP decision, normally in the form of …” „… Common Position (CFSP Decision), is the prerequisite for the subsequent Community involvement in this …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-15

„… the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) 48I. Introduction 48II. EPC prior to the SEA 49III …” „… Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) – intergovernmental foreign policy-making of the European Union …” „… (EU) 76I. Emergence 761. The Treaty on the European Union (TEU) 762. Title V of the TEU: the CFSP 77II …”

The EP S. 124-126

„… 124 A further basis for the Commission’s involvement in the CFSP is through its role in authorizing …” „… cooperation is consistent with CFSP principles, objectives and decisions, as well as with the preservation of …” „… communitarian pillar,523 the intergovernmental CFSP pillar represents a “parliamentary vacuum”.524 The …”

The question of hierarchy between Community law norms and the intergovernmental pillars S. 93-94

„… the acquis communautaire sets out for the scope of the CFSP can be summarized as prescribing that the …” „… CFSP cannot cover Community exclusive competences and, in a case of parallel competences, the Council …” „… can act under the CFSP only if the Community has not made use of its competences.348 Additionally, if …”

The legal basis S. 127-128

„… 127 Chapter VI: The Community dimension of Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) financing At …” „… the point in time at which the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) was established, the Member …” „… States did not equip the CFSP with financial resources dedicated especially to measures carried out …”

The European Council and its President S. 251-254

„… 251 Having remarked above that the intergovernmental characteristics of the CFSP were not abolished …” „… character of CFSP pursuant to the amendments in the Lisbon Treaty, the equation with the traditional …” „… for that, so he argues, are the CFSP forming an integral and equivalent part of the EU’s external …”

Involvement of the EC in the ESDP S. 156-167

„… side by side with CFSP/ESDP competences in this area, which raises questions of the proper legal basis …” „… European Security and Defence Policy (CFSP/ESDP), and the assistance delivered by the Community: efficient …” „… association of the Commission in the ESDP The full association of the Commission in the CFSP and its …”

Justiciability of the imposition of sanctions by the EU and the procedure under Article 301 of the TEC S. 216-218

„… of the TEC As the imposition of sanctions, launched by a CFSP Decision, is considered as a “hybrid …” „… , the ECJ’s jurisdiction does not apply to CFSP Decisions on sanctions, made under Title V of the TEU …” „… Regulation pursuant to the CFSP Decision, the ECJ has unrestricted jurisdiction. In its review, the ECJ may …”

The position of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy S. 256-260

„… 256 Charter). The Council’s role in financing the CFSP and the CSDP is discussed in later sections …” „… Secretary-General of the Council and the High Representative for the CFSP (SG/HR) for the CFSP – was considered as …” „… assimilation of this position within the Commission, not remaining accountable to the Council as far as CFSP …”

Scope of Common Positions and their reference to Community matters S. 194-197

„… Community and reducing it to an executive branch of the CFSP.850 Yet, at the same time, it could be argued …” „… Community’s willingness to direct its action towards achieving the objectives and priorities of a CFSP …” „… 2002/373/CFSP of 21 May 2002 regarding a contribution of the European Union towards reinforcing the …”

The 1999 IIA between the EP, the Council and the Commission on Budgetary Discipline and Improvement of the Budgetary Procedure S. 139-140

„… the practice of financing CFSP-related actions and apparatus through the general EU budget. After all …” „… 139 agreed upon in the IIA with reliable financial resources for CFSP actions as well as …” „… the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)”. The 1999 IIA renounced the reference to CFSP …”

Evaluation of the integrated system S. 236-239

„… , sanctions are adopted after a CFSP Decision expressing the Member States’ political will and objectives is …” „… followed by an appropriate Council Regulation setting the specific Community measures implementing the CFSP …” „… , the Council CFSP Decision not only expressed the political will of the Member States, but also …”

The Treaty on the European Union (TEU) S. 76-77

„… 76Chapter III: The Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) – intergovernmental foreign …” „… cooperation; namely, the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and Justice and Home Affairs (JHA).266The …” „… brought about changes in the CFSP but mainly represented institutional reforms, preparing for the European …”

Emergence of the ESDP S. 147-150

„… a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), “including the eventual framing of a common defence …” „… . 148 common defence”.613 Article J.4 of the Maastricht Treaty further specified the scope of the CFSP …” „… http://www.weu.int/. 616 According to which the implementation of the Amsterdam provisions on CFSP includes the …”

Joint Actions’ agenda and Community competences and policies S. 190-193

„… scope of the CFSP (Article 11 TEU) resulted in a situation in which Joint Actions cover areas and …” „… . edition), Article 14 EUV, point 13. 832 Council Joint Action 1999/34/CFSP of 17 December 1998 adopted by …” „… /CFSP) implementing its latest Decision on the EU’s contribution to combating the destabilizing …”

The obligation to preserve the acquis communautaire. S. 92-93

„… intergovernmentalization of the Community’s external competences and their subordination to the CFSP.345As discussed later …” „… in this work, the only commonly accepted explicit cases in which CFSP decision-making may impose …” „… the procedures of Articles 301 and 60 of the TEC. Still, there are fields of EU activity in which CFSP …”

The 2006 IIA between the Parliament, the Council and the Commission on Budgetary Discipline and Sound Financial Management. S. 141-142

„… financing of CFSP.591 One of the changes this chapter introduces is the new list of the articles of the CFSP …” „… budget chapter, into which the CFSP actions are to be entered: crisis management operations; conflict …” „… of the CFSP and the ESDP since the 1999 IIA and the areas of operation in which they were involved …”

The European Commission S. 260-263

„… shall exercise 261 representation with the exception of the CFSP (Article 17(1), amended TEU); ensuring …” „… those relating to the CFSP (Article 22(2), amended TEU); and fulfilling its different assignments under …” „… context of the CFSP and the CSDP, the Commission was endowed with very limited competences. The Commission …”

Bibliography S. 299-312

„… ). Between Vision and Reality: CFSP’s Progress on the Path to Maturity. European Institute of Public …” „… Dashwood’s European Union Law. Sweet & Maxwell. Barbé E (2004). The Evolution of CFSP Institutions: Where …” „… EPC to CFSP and Beyond. Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 99–108. Cameron F (1998). Building a Common …”

Common Strategies as a cross-pillar instrument S. 179-180

„… to in Articles 12 and 13 TEU, but also to the conclusion of CFSP-related international agreements …” „… 179 Chapter VIII: Inter-pillar interaction in applying Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP …” „… the CFSP objectives set out in Article 11 of the TEU, the European Union (EU) shall decide on Common …”

The European Council S. 107-108

„… role of the different institutions419 and the interaction between them within the CFSP framework 1. The …” „… to position the European Council as the prominent institution of the CFSP, responsible for defining …” „… the principles of and general guidelines for the CFSP, including for matters with defence implications …”

Economic sanctions in the EU legal framework S. 206-208

„… Resolution by appropriate Community measures (see, for example, Council Joint Action 2001/801/CFSP of 19 …” „… within the CFSP framework. This also applies to Article 60 of the TEC (Ex Article 73g) that governs the …” „… respect to CFSP matters in this respect.901Considering that the TEU itself does not include any explicit …”

The European Parliament (EP) S. 263-265

„… legal powers in many areas, when it comes to the CFSP, the same approach as that for the TCT was …” „… role and position within the CFSP. Accordingly, the Lisbon Treaty allows the involvement of the EP …” „… within the CFSP mainly through consultation and information rights. The EP shall be consulted by the …”

Involvement of the Community in initiating Joint Actions S. 187-189

„… Position as a CFSP instrument cannot be subject to judicial review. The fact that Common Strategies were …” „… jurisdiction in this regard. As previously mentioned, a Common Strategy trying to impose a CFSP decision into …” „… of Joint Actions and Common Positions as two of the principal CFSP instruments within the TEU,821 …”

The establishment of a cross-pillar system S. 234-236

„… Decision 94/942/CFSP adopted pursuant to Article J.3 of the TEU (current Article 14 TEU),1035 along with …” „… control of exports of dual-use goods”,1036 was set up in a way that Council Decision 94/942/CFSP contained …” „… separating the political aspect from the economic one, and subjecting the latter to a CFSP measure requiring …”

Article 47 of the TEU: keeping the Treaties establishing the European Communities intact S. 94-95

„… 94Although in principle CFSP and EC external policies and actions should be complementary to each …” „… other, it can be suggested that if consistency is to be meaningful, then a certain degree of CFSP …” „… cooperation, which take precedence over the CFSP.355While it might be possible to acknowledge a factual …”

Article 296 of the TEC S. 221-222

„… use Article 133 as subsidiary legal basis to Article 301 only when there is no CFSP initiative, in …” „… agree on a relevant decision within the CFSP.973The 2002 Council Regulation with regard to trade in …” „… example is the former EU regime on the export control of dual-use goods that was based both on the CFSP …”

EU agreements: a new field of dualism in the EU’s external relations S. 201-203

„… the processing and transfer of passenger name record (PNR) data is an example of a CFSP/JHA …” „… 2006/729/CFSP/JHA of 16 October 2006, OJ L298/27, 27 October 2006). 881 Griller et al. 2000, p. 389. 202 …” „… notion that the capacity of the Union to conclude agreements in the field of the CFSP is not necessarily …”

The Common Security and Defence Policy S. 270-272

„… of the Commission and the EP in CFSP/CSDP. 1165 Article 43(1) of the amended TEU further establishes …” „… 270 Maintaining the requirement of unanimity in the decision-making within the CFSP as a general …” „… the CFSP. Nevertheless, and similarly to the situation under the TEU, the options to act by qualified …”

Financing European operations having military or defence implications (OMDIs) under the ESDP S. 174-178

„… directly to the Member States’ armed forces.757 The need to differentiate between CFSP operational …” „… rules applicable to the general budget of the EC. See Article 5 to Council Joint Action 2003/872/CFSP of …” „… common costs arising from OMDIs, a CFSP Council Decision adopted on the basis of Articles 13(3) and 28(3 …”

Evaluation of Common Strategies as a cross-pillar instrument S. 183-187

„… framework of the CFSP. 4. Evaluation of Common Strategies as a cross-pillar instrument a. Implications for …” „… or of the CFSP,801 under the obligation to preserve the acquis communautaire they cannot infringe the …” „… autonomous Community Decision. A Common Strategy provision trying to impose a CFSP decision into the agenda …”

Scope of the European Courts’ jurisdiction under the Treaties establishing the European Communities S. 95-96

„… the existence of hierarchy between EC and CFSP norms, it is suggested that the fact that ECJ …” „… of the communitarian pillar is safeguarded.360IV. Scope of judicial scrutiny over the CFSP 1. Scope …” „… law level had been passed on to the CFSP, which is also not a part of the Communities’ “competence …”

The Political and Security Committee (PSC) S. 154-155

„… CFSP (SG/HR) is involved in ESDP through his more general role within the CFSP. When it comes to crisis …” „… the body that connects the political institutions of the EU to its military bodies under the CFSP.655 …” „… Nevertheless, with the ESDP being a part of the CFSP, the duty of the PSC to submit its conclusions first to …”

Legal nature and justiciability of the requirement of consistency S. 88-89

„… , however, any withdrawal of powers from the Community and their transfer to the CFSP. Nor does it provide …” „… Union, and through a wide interpretation of CFSP legal acts, the Community will lose its independency …” „… .320 Moreover, the equal ranking of the Community and CFSP pillars stems directly from the requirement …”

Community measures implementing Joint Actions S. 193-194

„… 193 Community development cooperation policy and the other within the CFSP”.844It followed, then …” „… the SG/HR for the CFSP.846 A similar example is the Joint Action regarding the EU contribution to …” „… Ibid, paragraph 108. 845 Ibid, paragraphs 109–110. 846 Council Joint Action 2001/759/CFSP of 29 …”

Adoption of restrictive measures by the EU against third countries S. 276-279

„… the amended TEU’s chapter on the specific provisions on the CFSP (Chapter 2 of Title V, of which …” „… TEC, whereby Decisions on the imposition of economic sanctions within the CFSP were followed by …” „… bridging function between the CFSP and other policy areas.1180While under the equivalent TCT provisions …”

The European Council S. 152-153

„… one that the CFSP represents.640 As much as this legal situation entails efficiency problems for the …” „… institutions involved in the CFSP. While it could be argued that, by having its permanent bodies sitting in …” „… Brussels, the ESDP further contributes to the Brusselization of the CFSP, it is interesting to note that …”

The budgetary procedure under TEC S. 128-129

„… 128 was to be charged to the budget of the European Communities. The second, CFSP “operational …” „… European Parliament (EP) – will be indirectly involved in CFSP decisions. And, in terms of the …” „… to measures carried out under the intergovernmental CFSP. 2. The budgetary procedure under TEC As …”

The European Union Military Staff (EUMS) S. 155-156

„… Article 1 of Council Decision 2001/79/CFSP setting up the Military Committee of the European Union from 22 …” „… January 2001 (OJ L27/4, 30 January 2001). 660 See Article 2 and the Annex to Decision 2001/79/CFSP. 661 …” „… Decision 2005/395/CFSP from 10 May 2005 amending Decision 2001/80/CFSP on the establishment of the Military …”

Article 133 of the TEC S. 219-221

„… Council (and hence) the Commission, are not obliged to act pursuant to a CFSP Decision instructing the …” „… non-binding character of the respective CFSP Decision on the Community and its institutions.964 Second …” „… Article 301(1). Thus, a CFSP Decision instructing a Community action in the field of capital movements and …”

Assessment: uniform foreign policy and “one voice” for Europe? S. 279-282

„… CFSP/CSDP, keeping them distinct from other external policies of the Union. Therefore, beyond the launching …” „… Action”, including those that are attributed to the Union under the Second Pillar (CFSP and CSDP) and …” „… ), enshrining again the distinction between the CFSP and other Union competences. This situation maintains to a …”

The General Affairs and External Relations Council and the Defence Ministers’ Council S. 153-154

„… general guidelines for the CFSP, including for matters with defence implications (Article 13(1) TEU), is …” „… progressive framing of a common defence policy included in the CFSP might lead to a common defence. The …” „… Article 4, Council Joint Action of 15 October 2007 (2007/677/CFSP) on the European Union military …”

The cross-pillar scope of the Common Strategies S. 180-182

„… planned extension of the possibility to reach decisions by qualified majority vote (QMV) within CFSP, and …” „… instruments and may cover a wide range of CFSP issues. However, when examining, for example, the Common …” „… /CFSP, OJ L157/1, 24 June 1999); Common Strategy of 11 December 1999 on Ukraine (1999/877/CFSP, OJ L …”

The Council S. 254-256

„… ), subparagraph 3, amended TEU). Nevertheless, the HRFASP (in the CFSP field) and the Commission (for other areas …” „… prominent role of the Council is further evident from the provisions on the CFSP, which prescribe that the …” „… CFSP shall be defined and implemented by the European Council and the Council (Article 24(1 …”

Legal nature of the ESDP S. 151-152

„… integrated indirectly into the ESDP.636By being part of the CFSP, the objectives set out in Article 11(1) of …” „… 2 and 17(3) TEU).V. Legal nature of the ESDP Being a part of the CFSP, the ESDP should be …” „… cooperation,639 it represents an even stricter intergovernmentalism than the one that the CFSP represents.640 …”

Article 60 of the TEC S. 218-219

„… measures taken by the Community and the pertinence between them and the CFSP Decision.958 Judging from the …” „… the CFSP.959Further, judging from its case law on export control of dual-use goods, the Court is …” „… implementation of CFSP falls exclusively within the objects of the TEU (T-306/01, Yusuf, [2005] ECR II-3533 …”

Article 297 of the TEC S. 222-223

„… can be applied in the absence of action within the framework of the CFSP and the Community under …” „… Common Position 2002/402/CFSP of 27 May 2002 concerning restrictive measures against Usama bin Laden …” „… entities associated with them and repealing Common Positions 96/746/CFSP, 1999/727/CFSP, 2001/154/CFSP and …”

The Community’s express external competences S. 28-33

„… interaction between them and the European Union (EU)’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). Disputes …” „… Article 11(1) of the Treatyon European Union (TEU) which lists the objectives of the CFSP, and both …” „… States pursue parallel objectives, wherever development policy and the scope of the CFSP overlap, which …”

Treaty-making competence of the EU S. 198-200

„… in concluding agreements on behalf of the Union where the provisions of CFSP represent only a small …” „… conduct the negotiations on the CFSP aspects as well, if this were deemed 199 When comparing Article 24 of …” „… in the fields of the CFSP and the Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters (PJCC) (Article …”

Article 62(2) of the TEC S. 224-225

„… 224 relations, including the CFSP. This would run counter to the wording of Article 308 of the TEC …” „… nature in order to implement actions decided upon under the CFSP. That objective, according to the Court …” „… Restrictive Measures (Sanctions) within the Framework of the EU CFSP (Document of the Council of the EU …”

The content of the requirement of consistency S. 87-88

„… ” refers to the coordination of policies between the EU and the Member States. In the context of CFSP …” „… doesn’t entail, however, any withdrawal of powers from the Community and their transfer to the CFSP. Nor …” „… action of the Union, and through a wide interpretation of CFSP legal acts, the Community will lose its …”

Components of the new regime S. 239-240

„… the repealing of Council Decision 94/942/CFSP,1057 a new system was established by Council Regulation …” „… Council Decision 2000/402/CFSP of 22 June 2000 repealing Decision 94/942/CFSP on the Joint Action …” „… explicitly taken into account (2nd consideration of Council Decision 2000/402/CFSP). For a detailed …”

The general rule of unanimity S. 81

„… 81and security. The implementation of the CFSP, according to the CFI, “falls exclusively within the …” „… in CFSP and constructive abstention The reform in the CFSP decision-making procedure introduced in …” „… alignment of EC and CFSP procedures, De Witte saw in the extension of QMV a sign294 that the First Pillar is …”

The European Union Military Committee (EUMC) S. 155

„… Article 1 of Council Decision 2001/79/CFSP setting up the Military Committee of the European Union from 22 …” „… January 2001 (OJ L27/4, 30 January 2001). 660 See Article 2 and the Annex to Decision 2001/79/CFSP. 661 …” „… Decision 2005/395/CFSP from 10 May 2005 amending Decision 2001/80/CFSP on the establishment of the Military …”

Union institutions or Community institutions? S. 105-107

„… creates a visible institutional linkage between the EC and the CFSP (and Police and Judicial Cooperation …” „… . The role of the different institutions419 and the interaction between them within the CFSP framework 1 …” „… States chose to position the European Council as the prominent institution of the CFSP, responsible for …”

Economic sanctions in international law S. 204-206

„… Community framework, that is, at the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) level.889 The procedure of …” „… ) and the foreign and security policy aspects (under the CFSP intergovernmental pillar). As reviewed in …” „… against FRY (98/240/CFSP), Burma/Myanmar (97/635/CFSP) and Zimbabwe (2002/145/CFSP), for example, were …”

Binding effect of Common Positions on the Community and its institutions S. 197-198

„… accepts the notion of Common 862 See Article 5 of Council Common Position (1999/722/CFSP) of 8 November …” „… 97/357/CFSP on Albania (OJ L153/4, 11 June 1997). 863 The Union shall further seek to improve the …” „… Position 2001/374/CFSP of 14 May 2001 concerning conflict prevention, management and resolution in Africa …”

The addressees of the requirement of consistency S. 89-90

„… European Communities, the conformity of CFSP decisions with the requirement of consistency in the overall …” „… of the CFSP and Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters (PJCC).330 Being a TEU provision …” „… infringement of Article 10 of the TEC, the content of the CFSP decision could play a role in the ECJ’s decision …”

Implementing measures and voting procedure S. 182-183

„… bodies. In accordance with the general rule of the CFSP, Common Strategies shall be decided upon …” „… Strategies noted that Joint Actions and Common Positions or any other decision within the scope of CFSP …” „… for the same purpose, but in order to circumvent lack of unanimity within the framework of the CFSP. 4 …”

The binding effect of Joint Actions on the Community and its institutions S. 189-190

„… 189 the CFSP.828 What is more, it is doubtful that the Council would make use of such an …” „… further involvement of the Commission in CFSP matters. If it does, however, it is probably because of the …” „… influential in terms of the CFSP. 2. The binding effect of Joint Actions on the Community and its …”

Binding effect of Union agreements on the Community S. 200-201

„… of a CFSP/JHA cross-pillar agreement, adopted on the basis of Articles 24 TEU and 38 TEU, as evident …” „… from Council Decision 2006/729/CFSP/JHA of 16 October 2006, OJ L298/27, 27 October 2006). 881 Griller …” „… , in light of the intergovernmental character of the CFSP, it is the Member States that are actually …”

Community law aspects of armament and defence cooperation S. 167-174

„… instruments at the EU’s disposal; that is, Community and CFSP legislative and non-legislative instruments.724 …” „… Defence Agency The establishment of the EDA, acting in support of the CFSP and the ESDP in the field of …” „… 2004/551/CFSP of 12 July 2004 on the establishment of the European Defence Agency, OJ L245/17, 17 July 2004 …”

“Acquis communautaire”: definition S. 91-92

„… the EC are not being subjected to the CFSP.339 Still, this combination did not always prove to be …” „… intergovernmentalization of the Community’s external competences and their subordination to the CFSP.345As discussed later …” „… in this work, the only commonly accepted explicit cases in which CFSP decision-making may impose …”

Article 308 of the TEC S. 223-224

„… the sphere of external relations (including the CFSP) extends to Article 308 of the TEC (or to any …” „… relations, including the CFSP. This would run counter to the wording of Article 308 of the TEC,987 according …” „… implement actions decided upon under the CFSP. That objective, according to the Court, “may be regarded as …”

From the Constitution for Europe to the Treaty of Lisbon S. 244-246

„… . 246 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) (in comparison to other external policies of the Union …” „… ) Community players in the CFSP after the adoption of the Lisbon Treaty. II. The Treaty of Lisbon: the …” „… the TCT did not foresee the complete elimination of the intergovernmental features of the CFSP and the …”

Conclusions S. 85

„… , through the establishment of the CFSP. However, by these means, a dual system of European foreign policy …” „… of competences between the CFSP and the Community results in unnecessary duplications and tension …” „… , along with the scope of ECJ jurisdiction over the CFSP, are discussed in Chapter IV. Koenig 2000, pp …”

Article 300(2), paragraph 2 of the TEC S. 225

„… is a Community procedure, independent from the CFSP and Article 301 of the TEC. The suspension of …” „… to and under the terms of a CFSP Common Position notifying that – under certain circumstances related …” „… consideration No. 3 of Common Position 2002/145/CFSP of 18 February 2002 concerning restrictive measures against …”

A Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management (CIVCOM) S. 156

„… association of the Commission in the ESDP The full association of the Commission in the CFSP and its …” „… CFSP matters within the scope of its competences, which is also the case in terms of the ESDP.667 And …” „… conflict prevention and crisis management, rather than by 663 Council Decision 2000/354/CFSP of 22 May …”

External aspect of the institutional process S. 104-105

„… Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) had been especially characterized by political dynamic shifts …” „… the substance of the CFSP.408404 Chalmers et al. 2006, p. 87. ‘Institutional balance’ is a term …” „… creates a visible institutional linkage between the EC and the CFSP (and Police and Judicial Cooperation …”

The question of the EU’s legal personality S. 84-85

„… the CFSP. However, by these means, a dual system of European foreign policy was created, impairing …” „… the CFSP and the Community results in unnecessary duplications and tension between the institutional …” „… scope of ECJ jurisdiction over the CFSP, are discussed in Chapter IV. Koenig 2000, pp. 33–45; Pechstein …”

Definition S. 86-87

„… European Community (EC) dimension of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), as this work aims to …” „… taken under the CFSP. II. The requirement of consistency in the EU’s external activities 1 …” „… coordination of policies between the EU and the Member States. In the context of CFSP, Article 11(2) of the TEU …”

Article 301 of the TEC as a possible legal basis for export controls of dual-use goods S. 230-231

„… Council considerations for Decision 2000/402/CFSP repealing Decision 94/942/CFSP on the Joint Action …” „… matter of urgency following a Common Position or a Joint Action within the framework of the CFSP, it can …”

Justiciability of agreements concluded under Article 24 of the TEU S. 203

„… , Article 46 of the TEU excludes the jurisdiction of the ECJ from CFSP matters, thereby leaving potential …” „… , by virtue of Article 47 of the TEU an agreement adopted under the CFSP may still be subject to the …”

Jusiciability of Common Positions S. 198

„… in concluding agreements on behalf of the Union where the provisions of CFSP represent only a small …” „… conduct the negotiations on the CFSP aspects as well, if this were deemed …”

Bridging dualism S. 86

„… European Community (EC) dimension of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), as this work aims to …” „… taken under the CFSP. II. The requirement of consistency in the EU’s external activities 1 …”

The scope of the ESDP S. 151

„… integrated indirectly into the ESDP.636By being part of the CFSP, the objectives set out in Article 11(1) of …” „… 2 and 17(3) TEU).V. Legal nature of the ESDP Being a part of the CFSP, the ESDP should be …”

Definition of dual-use items S. 240

„… /CFSP of 22 June 2000 on Joint Action concerning the control of technical assistance related to military …” „… lists of dual-use items, destinations and guidelines that had been established by Decision 94/942/CFSP …”

Justiciability of Joint Actions S. 190

„… scope of the CFSP (Article 11 TEU) resulted in a situation in which Joint Actions cover areas and …” „… . edition), Article 14 EUV, point 13. 832 Council Joint Action 1999/34/CFSP of 17 December 1998 adopted by …”

Conclusions S. 74-75

„… cooperation by the Treaty of Maastricht on the European Union (TEU), the CFSP. The CFSP, while relying on two …”

Responsibility for ensuring consistency S. 90-91

„… provisions on CFSP financing under Article 28 TEU, and Article 301 TEC, which relates to the adoption of …” „… the external competences of the EC are not being subjected to the CFSP.339 Still, this combination did …”

Introduction S. 226-227

„… Article 1 of Council Decision 94/942/CFSP of 19 December 1994 on the Joint Action adopted by the Council …” „… legal framework of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), by the virtue of its political …”

Export authorizations: division of competences under the Community system S. 240-241

„… /CFSP of 22 June 2000 on Joint Action concerning the control of technical assistance related to military …” „… lists of dual-use items, destinations and guidelines that had been established by Decision 94/942/CFSP …”

The 1960s sanctions against Rhodesia – the origin of the “Rhodesia doctrine” S. 66-68

„… the EPC and, later, in its successive framework, the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). 1. The …” „… of political integration among the Member States – namely the CFSP. 230 Primarily to make sure that …”

Article 133 of the TEC as a legal basis for export control of dual-use goods: the European Court of Justice (ECJ)’s approach S. 228-230

„… later mentioned in the Council considerations for Decision 2000/402/CFSP repealing Decision 94/942/CFSP …”

The justiciability of the ESDP S. 178

„… in the CFSP is very limited. This is all the more true when it comes to the ESDP framework, which …”

List of abbreviations S. 16-18

„… of First Instance of the European Communities CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CIVCOM …”

The EU single institutional framework S. 105

„… creates a visible institutional linkage between the EC and the CFSP (and Police and Judicial Cooperation …”

Security, defence and the European Community (EC) S. 147

„… a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), “including the eventual framing of a common defence …”

Export control of dual-use goods in the international context S. 227-228

„… falling within the legal framework of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), by the virtue of its …”

Introduction S. 48-49

„… Security Policy (CFSP) I. Introduction The ability to conduct independent foreign policy is one of the …”

Enhanced cooperation S. 83-84

„… of Amsterdam introduced the possibility of establishing enhanced cooperation in the CFSP by some …”

Provisions in Community law, authorizing Member States’ unilateral actions regarding export control of dual-use goods S. 231-233

„… CFSP, it can be argued that Article 301 of the TEC is applicable.10183. Provisions in Community law …”

Evaluation of the Community regime of export controls of dual-use items and technology S. 241-243

„… incorporation of the common lists of dual-use items established by Decision 94/942/CFSP into the new Regulation …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845231198

Kirsten Lampe - Human Rights in the Context of EU Foreign Policy and Enlargement

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Kirsten Lampe

Human Rights in the Context of EU Foreign Policy and Enlargement

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Recht

Volume 488 2007

Results in this title

CFSP – Current Practice S. 106-111

„… Regulationof 310/02 of 18 February 2002 (based on common position 2002/145 CFSP)concerning restrictive measures …” „… andCFSP.3.3 CFSP – Current PracticeEvery year the EU uses a variety of its CFSP instruments. It makes …” „… detailed look at thevariety of CFSP decisions since its introduction in 1993 is necessary in this context …”

What Role Human Rights Played So Far in CFSP and How Effectively Has CFSP Been Used? S. 111-115

„… states at once.These arguments speak for the effectiveness of the CFSP.On the other hand, a clear …” „… Process Influence CFSP?Enlargement of the European Union is, in itself, a form of EU foreign policy …” „… ‘enhanced’ co-operation. Since CFSP initiatives have often been held back by the diverse interests of …”

The Progression of CFSP in the EU S. 101-103

„… with the power to define guidelines for the CFSP,thus ensuring an intergovernmental approach to foreign …” „… CommonForeign and Security Policy (CFSP) with the Treaties of Maastricht and Amsterdam. This Chapter begins with …” „… framework of the CFSP. It attempts to explain why the EU proclaims human rights as part of its foreign …”

Bibliography S. 249-263

„… (eds.), A commonForeign Policy for Europe? Competing visions of the CFSP (European Public Policy …” „… _applications/applications/newsRoom/loadBook.asp?BID=73&LANG=1&cmsid=359CFSP Council Decisions1993 Council Decision of 6 December 1993 on a joint …” „… support for the transitiontowards a democratic and multi-racial South Africa, 93/678/CFSP, OJ L …”

The Treaty of Amsterdam S. 63-73

„… .), The EU andHuman Rights, p. 171.112 E.g. the establishment of the post of a High Representative of CFSP …” „… , democratic principles,the rule of law and good governance in Africa, 98/350/CFSP, OJ L 158 2.06.1998.114 …” „… European Union in support of the democratic process in Nigeria, 98/735/CFSP, OJ L 354, 30.12.1998.115 …”

Can Human Rights Be Seen as a ‘Larger Overall Value’ that the Union Proclaims to Uphold? S. 105-106

„… only be brought to light by looking at the current practice of human rights andCFSP.3.3 CFSP – Current …” „… PracticeEvery year the EU uses a variety of its CFSP instruments. It makes numerous declarations about the human …” „… already been given in Chapter II, section 2.3.2, however, a more detailed look at thevariety of CFSP …”

The Treaty of Maastricht S. 52-63

„… , Common Foreign and Security PolicyThe Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) was first introduced by …” „… distinction between CFSP and external relations policy isnot always entirely clear; in general, external …” „… relations, whereasthe CFSP is rather concerned with political relations. However, there appear to beoverlaps …”

Why Enlarge to the East? S. 115-120

„… Enlargement Process Influence CFSP?Enlargement of the European Union is, in itself, a form of EU foreign …” „… at intergovernmental level,i.e. in the framework of the CFSP.The policy towards Eastern Europe is a …” „… , on the one handraising questions about the CFSP’s ability to function effectively, and on the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… 682.4.4 The Common Foreign and Security Policy 692.4.5 Justiciability of CFSP 722.5 The Role of the …” „… Human Rights 1011. Introduction 1012. The Progression of CFSP in the EU 1013. Why Did the EU Include …” „… ’ that the Union Proclaims to Uphold? 1053.3 CFSP – Current Practice 1063.3.1 Economic Sanctions …”

Methodology S. 34-38

„… puts its proclaimed commitment to human rights into practice, questioning the CFSP’s effectiveness and …” „… Security Policy (CFSP) as a new means forregulating the conduct of the EU’s external human rights policy …” „… . Human rightsand CFSP both became part of the EU treaty corps after the end of the Cold Warwith the …”

Introduction S. 101

„… CommonForeign and Security Policy (CFSP) with the Treaties of Maastricht and Amsterdam. This Chapter begins with …” „… framework of the CFSP. It attempts to explain why the EU proclaims human rights as part of its foreign …” „… , including the role of minority protection.2. The Progression of CFSP in the EUForeign policy is an area of …”

Consocialism S. 23-24

„… Security Policy (CFSP) with the Treaty of Maastricht. The consociational model cannot explain the …” „… andAmsterdam, which established CFSP and might now ‘spill over’ into the securityfield.21One of the early …” „… . 17.21 See the EU’s ‘military activity’, e.g. in Council Joint Action 2003/92/CFSP of 27 January2003 on …”

The Legal Basis for Human Rights Under the Treaties S. 103-105

„… , Article 6 TEU is also applicable to CFSP.As discussed in Chapter I, Keohane’s theory of empathetic …” „… thereasons behind it, it is necessary to briefly outline the legal basis for human rightsin CFSP. 3.1 The …” „… ) the legal basisfor the promotion and protection of human rights in the framework of CFSP couldbe found …”

EU Minority Policy with Regard to the Central Eastern European Countries S. 151-156

„… on the inaugural conference on the stability pact, 93/728/CFSP, in OJL 339, 31.12.1993 and Council …” „… , 94/367/CFSP, in OJL 165, 01.07.1994.81 Conference on Security and Co-operation, Concluding Document of …” „… ofthe Treaty on European Union, concerning a Stability Pact for South- Eastern Europe 1999/345/CFSP, in …”

Neofunctionalism S. 24-25

„… of Rome by the Treaties of Maastricht andAmsterdam, which established CFSP and might now ‘spill over …” „… . in Council Joint Action 2003/92/CFSP of 27 January2003 on the European Union military operation in …”

The Role of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union S. 73-77

„… concluding CFSP agreements do not encroach upon the powers conferred by the TEC on the Community. This was …” „… provision’.Where an action in the CFSP field provides for economic sanctions against a thirdcountry, implementation …”

Summary and Observations S. 237-242

„… CFSP.Despite the EU’s attempts to create the image of a more ‘ethically oriented’Union, it appears that …” „… assessment of the EU’ s CFSP in Chapter III showed inconsistent policychoices and a lack of effectiveness …” „… , which is mainly due to the fact that the CFSPtakes place on intergovernmental level and the Member …”

A New Organisation S. 92-93

„… CFSP, close co-operation of these two organisations is inevitable. Especially in the Balkans region …”

Introduction S. 126-127

„… foreign policy that promotes human rights and fundamental freedoms. With its powers under the CFSP the EU …”

Intergovernmentalism S. 26-27

„… Member States can use CFSP toconsider collective action to be more effective and influential than …”

Interdependence S. 27-28

„… CFSP the Union intends to be capable of acting as a unit with itsown regional interests to be promoted …”

Conclusion S. 93-94

„… in the framework of its CFSP, close co-operation of these two organisations is inevitable. Especially …”

Constructivism S. 25-26

„… therefore emphasise that Member States can use CFSP toconsider collective action to be more effective and …”

Reflections on Theory S. 28-29

„… theEU. With the CFSP the Union intends to be capable of acting as a unit with itsown regional interests …”

Neorealism S. 22-23

„… Security Policy (CFSP) with the Treaty of Maastricht. The consociational model cannot explain the …”

The Treaty of Nice S. 77-80

„… establishing closer co-operation willin future also be possible within the ‘second pillar’, i.e. CFSP, in order …”

Realism S. 19-22

„… thethree pillars of the European Union, the other two being the Common Foreign andSecurity Policy (CFSP …”

Community Law and Legislative Initiatives Concerning Minorities S. 146-151

„… Article J.3 of the Treaty on European Union on the inaugural conference on the stability pact, 93/728/CFSP …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845200187

Daniela Kietz, Peter Slominski, Andreas Maurer, Sonja Puntscher Riekmann - Interinstitutionelle Vereinbarungen in der Europäischen Union

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Daniela Kietz (ed.), Peter Slominski (ed.), Andreas Maurer (ed.), Sonja Puntscher Riekmann (ed.)

Interinstitutionelle Vereinbarungen in der Europäischen Union

Series: Internationale Politik und Sicherheit

Volume 64 2010

Results in this title

Andreas Maurer, Daniela Kietz Interinstitutional Agreements: The Unnoticed Parliamentarisation of the CFSP S. 199-225

„… 199 Interinstitutional Agreements: The Unnoticed Parliamentarisation of the CFSP Andreas Maurer …” „… and Security Policy (CFSP). This is no arbitrary choice. The EU’s intergovernmental second pillar as …” „… , however, even in the strongly intergovernmental CFSP, the EP has gained considerable ground. By tracing …”

Daniela Kietz, Peter Slominski Continuous Constitution-Building through Interinstitutional Agreements S. 31-48

„… parliamentary oversight effected by the IIA on the financing of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP …” „… CFSP, budget, comitology and legislative planning confirm Hummer’s assessment that IIAs serve to …” „… permanent interinstitutional conflicts over parliamentary participation in comitology, budget and the CFSP …”

Sonja Puntscher Riekmann The Cocoon of Power: Democratic Implications of Interinstitutional Agreements S. 313-336

„… first case study on CFSP35 and the second on Democracy, Transparency and Subsidiarity diverge in …” „… argue that the IIA on the financing of the CFSP has been a means of enhancing the EP’s role in this …” „… history of the IIA on CFSP is a series of uphill battles fought by the EP during the nineties of the last …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… / Andreas Maurer Interinstitutional Agreements: The Unnoticed Parliamentarisation of the CFSP …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 337-340

„… Europäischen Parlaments BVerfG Bundesverfassungsgericht CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy (Gemeinsame …”

Daniela Kietz, Andreas Maurer The European Parliament and Treaty Change: Predefining Reforms through Interinstitutional Agreements S. 155-199

„… CFSP in the EC budget (Willcox Report), EP Doc. PE A4-0028/1994. 163 power between the Council …” „… made a similar argument using the example of EP competencies in CFSP, see Maurer and Kietz in this …”

Isabella Eiselt, Johannes Pollak, Peter Slominski Zwischen Konflikt und Kooperation. Zur interinstitutionellen Interaktion im EU-Haushaltsverfahren S. 225-252

„… Parlament, Draft Interinstitutional Agreement on the CFSP, PE 207.087, 1.12.1993 (Dokument liegt nur in …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845221540

Cornelius Adebahr - Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy

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Cornelius Adebahr

Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 2009

Results in this title

Integration into CFSP structures S. 166-169

„… expansion of this instrument based on an appreciation of its usefulness. 6.3 Integration into CFSP …” „… structuresTo integrate the EUSRs into the emerging CFSP structures has been a long process—and it is still …” „… EUSRs into CFSP structures. 6.3.2 Potential barriersDespite all good intentions and year-long efforts to …”

Integration into CFSP structures S. 121-124

„… service (Interviewees #21, 39, and 46).4.3 Integration into CFSP structuresThe integration of EUSRs into …” „… CFSP structures must be viewed against the background of a belated setup of these structures, which …” „… that were aimed at better integrating the EUSRs into CFSP administrative structures: establishing …”

Tenures extended S. 46-49

„… rather as “the start of something bigger” in the framework of CFSP (Astill/Norton-Taylor 2003, 13). He …” „… Action 2005/557/CFSP of 18 July 2005. 107 Council Joint Action 2005/556/CFSP of 18 July 2005. 108 Cf …” „… December 2007; see section 1.4. 109 PSC Decision Darfur/1/2005 (2005/653/CFSP) of 29 July 2005.110 PSC …”

Mandates continued S. 51-54

„… was to strengthen the EU’s influence on the dialogue with the AU on all CFSP/ESDP issues.151While the …” „… 129 Council Joint Action 2006/319/CFSP of 27 April 2006. 130 Council Joint Action 2007/112/CFSP of …” „… /CFSP of 20 February 2006. 131 By the time, EU funding had reached around 500 million EUR per year …”

New missions, new mandates S. 38-46

„… Troubled growth: Expansion (2002–2005)Just like CFSP and ESDP, the EUSRs experienced a period of expansion …” „… /CFSP of 16 June 2000. 76 Council Joint Action 2001/915/CFSP of 19 December 2001.77 Thus, while still …” „… Herzegovina a distinctive CFSP mark.85 The Brit Lord Ashdown followed in the footsteps of Carl Bildt, Carlos …”

Budgetary issues S. 125-128

„… how to connect with the CFSP machinery (Interviewee #42).4.4.2 Result of reflectionIn general, there …” „… the general budget of the European Communities under the CFSP heading (B8) that was created in the …” „… the “Union envoys” were explicitly mentioned as one of the articles in the CFSP budget chapter (B …”

New and different tasks S. 54-56

„… influence on the dialogue with the AU on all CFSP/ESDP issues.151While the instrument of EUSRs faced some …” „… been extended by Council Joint Action 2006/124/CFSP of 20 February 2006. A year later, it was extended …” „… again by Council Joint Action 2007/106/CFSP of 15 February 2007. 148 Council Joint Action 2007/369/CFSP …”

ESDP chain of command S. 146-149

„… 2002/210/CFSP of 11 March 2002.303 Article 2 (3) of Council Joint Action 2002/211/CFSP of 11 March …” „… 2002.304 Cf. Council Joint Action 2003/870/CFSP of 8 December 2003. 305 Cf. Council Joint Action 2005/586 …” „… /CFSP of 28 July 2005. 306 Cf. Council Joint Action 2005/796/CFSP of 14 November 2005. 307 Cf. Council …”

External cooperation S. 149-151

„… Compact;315313 Council Joint Action 96/250/CFSP of 25 March 1996.314 Council Joint Action 96/676/CFSP of …” „… 25 November 1996. 315 Council Joint Action 2007/106/CFSP of 15 February 2007. 2008 …” „… ’ level, both the High Representative for CFSP and the Commissioner for External Relations meet with the …”

Internal consolidation S. 49-51

„… . that of Javier Solana as High Representative for CFSP and Secretary-General of the Council …” „… organizational learning—at the same time that CFSP was put on “more solid institutional and policy grounds …” „… envoy model.125 Council Joint Action 2004/565/CFSP of 26 July 2004, extended by Council Joint Action …”

Mandates continued, and ceased: Great Lakes, Middle East, former Yugoslavia S. 36-38

„… (Grevi 2007, 43). At the 64 Council Joint Action 2001/875/CFSP of 10 December 2001, here: Article 2 a …” „… ); cf. International Crisis Group 2002, 3. 65 Council Joint Action 2000/347/CFSP of 22 May 2000. 66 …” „… Council Joint Action 2000/792/CFSP of 14 December 2000. This mandate was again extended, namely by …”

The EU’s strategic role S. 158-162

„… ; cf. Smyth 2005).327The Bosnian double-hat, in contrast, was based on reflections about intra-CFSP …” „… acquired the instruments necessary for such a role only with the launch of CFSP twenty years later. To …” „… /CFSP of 7 February 2007; Council Joint Action 2007/106/CFSP of 15 February 2007; Council Joint Action …”

Official publications and speeches S. 247-250

„… European Parliament in the field of CFSP/ESDP in 2006. Doc. 7358/07. Brussels, 14 March 2007.Council of …” „… Parliament on the main aspects and basic choices of CFSP, including the financial implications for the …” „… the Council to the European Parliament on the main aspects and basic choices of CFSP, including the …”

New mandates: Macedonia, Afghanistan S. 33-36

„… become a more purposeful instrument of the Union’s CFSP: The pioneering phase was over, as Aldo Ajello …” „… Action 1999/822/CFSP of 9 December 1999, where it said: “The Council agrees that the Council Joint …” „… Representative;” cf., for EUSR Moratinos, Council Joint Action 1999/843/CFSP of 17 December 1999; for EUSR …”

Former Yugoslavia S. 29-31

„… . 40 Council Joint Action 1998/375/CFSP of 8 June 1998. 41 Cf. Council Conclusions, C/98/322 …” „… Representatives30willingness to lend a ‘voice’ and ‘face’ to the emerging CFSP given the continued crisis in …” „… /CFSP of 30 March 1999. 43 Council Decision 1999/361/CFSP of 31 May 1999. 44 The European Commission …”

The Great Lakes S. 21-26

„… to what extent “the deepening of the institutional foundations of CFSP and the evolution of the …” „… infant CFSP had little to no influence on the ongoing crisis, the assumption was that any given political …” „… Secretary-General; cf. subsection 2.1.2. 22 Council Joint Action 96/250/CFSP of 25 March 1996. 2008 …”

Treaty changes in Amsterdam and Nice S. 31-33

„… CFSP institutions that were to come.1.2 Still young: Formalization (1999–2001)Following the inventory …” „… Representatives in the recently passed Amsterdam Treaty. More importantly, though, their relation to new CFSP …” „… short-lived. In the end, the combination of formalizing EUSR activities and introducing new CFSP institutions …”

Tasks S. 137-142

„… Joint Action 2003/869/CFSP of 8 December 2003) or as a task (e. g. for the Middle East Peace Process …” „… since 2002, cf. Council Joint Action 2002/965/CFSP of 10 December 2002). 290 The name of a country or …” „… anti-narcotics aspects of the CFSP’ that were recently included in the work of the EUSR for Central Asia …”

The EU Special Representatives S. 57-62

„… ). EUSRs are an instrument of the Union’s CFSP, and reference to these objectives often can be found in …” „… that legally contracts them as CFSP advisors.Function and taskEUSRs represent the Union in a given …” „… relationsThe EUSRs’ institutional relations have evolved in parallel to the gradual build-up of CFSP …”

The Middle East Peace Process S. 26-29

„… heads of state and government defined five areas of priority in which the new CFSP instrument of …” „… Decision 95/403/CFSP of 25 September 1995. 32 Council Joint Action 96/676/CFSP of 25 November 1996; for a …” „… Action 96/676/CFSP). Cf. also Soetendorp 2002, 289: “The large financial assistance to the Palestinians …”

Cooperation with the Commission and the Parliament S. 128-131

„… institution and instruments of CFSP cooperate with both the European Commission and the European Parliament …” „… EP, it has apparently been engrained into the organizational routines that on CFSP matters Council …” „… Commission’s role in European foreign policy, see Duke 2006; for Parliament’s (marginal) involvement in CFSP …”

Double-hatting S. 155-158

„… responsibility of head of Commission delegation and of a CFSP-related mandate with regard to a certain country …” „… responsibility is one of international supervision, and intra-CFSP double-hatting, for example when the head of …” „… remaining in the CFSP and in the Community field, respectively (Grevi 2007, 48)—a point that will be of …”

Introduction and Main Argument S. 13-20

„… High Representative for CFSP, given in 2005, is exemplary, as he says: “Finally, there is a lesson for …” „… policy encompasses both the intergovernmental Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), the External …” „… Policy (CFSP). From the EU’s first ever military operation in Macedonia and its police mission in Bosnia …”

Deutschsprachige Zusammenfassung S. 245-247

„… aspects and basic choices of CFSP, including the financial implications for the general budget of the …” „… European Parliament on the main aspects and basic choices of CFSP, including the financial implications …” „… aspects and basic choices of CFSP, including the financial implications for the general budget of the …”

Implications for explanations of European foreign policy S. 218-227

„… procedures within CFSP. These dif-376 The phrase is used here rather in the sense of Janice Gross Stein …” „… ” of institutional change in the EPC/CFSP system itself; in contrast, major internal or external …” „… Strategy of 2003 (European Council 2003). The institutional structure of CFSP to which this identity is …”

Policy input S. 151-153

„… CFSP report of the Council to the EP (Council of the European Union 2002a, 37). It is also formulated …” „… [region];”322321 Council Joint Action 2005/588/CFSP of 28 July 2005. 322 Council Joint Action 2007/111 …” „… /CFSP of 15 February 2007; this formulation has been retained in 2008_EU_Learn_Diss_Adebahr.indb 151 …”

Budgetary issues S. 171-172

„… status of CFSP advisors, and it eventually granted the Commission a say in the fundamental questions of …” „… EUSR business. The main limitation in both instances has come from the constraints of the CFSP budget …” „… implementation of CFSP action (Court of Auditors 2001, 14). Interestingly, however, the Commission itself did …”

Double-hatting S. 195-200

„… in the troubled relationship between CFSP/ESDP and Community instruments and actors, and fostered …” „… and Commission delegations with regular briefings”; cf. Council Joint Action 2007/109/CFSP of 15 …” „… though this declaration has been formally 361 Council Joint Action 2007/107/CFSP of 15 February 2007 …”

Establishing EUSR structures S. 169-171

„… EUSRs into CFSP structures and learning about the establishment of their own structures (cf. section …” „… consequences. It first led to a change in the status of CFSP advisors, and it eventually granted the …” „… come from the constraints of the CFSP budget. 6.5.1 Ensuing changeThe first learning instance, the …”

Cooperation with the Commission and the Parliament S. 172-176

„… CFSP budget of the Communities: With a growing overall number of EUSRs, an increase in their field …” „… example, explicit reference was made to the “energy security aspects of the CFSP” of the envisaged …” „… CFSP, the 336 Cf. Council Joint Action 2007/113/CFSP of 15 February 2007. 337 ENP Action Plans are …”

Summary of instances of organizational learning (phase 1) S. 203-207

„… institutional practice and experience” that has emerged in CFSP/ESDP policymaking (Grevi 2007, 31 [emphasis in …” „… politique denotes the body of established policies and practices in the field of CFSP (Ginsberg 1999, 436 …” „… of EUSRs into the developing CFSP structures, trying to fence in these hitherto fairly independent …”

Summary and outlook S. 232-236

„… through CFSP. Most of all, the EUSRs have demonstrated the usefulness of a dynamic learning by doing …” „… EUSRs as well as their increasing number, their integration into CFSP Structures and the establishment …” „… mainly) conceived towards the external world, but just as well to the EU’s internal affairs. CFSP is …”

Increased number of EUSRs S. 119-121

„… . After this turning point, the EUSRs were much higher on the agenda, as the 2001 CFSP report of the …” „… its efforts to strengthen the CFSP, including by developing and refining the instruments available to …” „… #21, 39, and 46).4.3 Integration into CFSP structuresThe integration of EUSRs into CFSP structures …”

Standardization of general mandate provisions S. 131-133

„… authority, the annual Council reports on CFSP activities. For years now, the EP has criticized the EUSRs in …” „… ; cf. Grevi 2007, 22; Diedrichs 2004, 35). Yet, Parliament has no control over CFSP instruments such as …” „… guidelines. This wording was further codified in the 2004 Communication from the Commission on Special CFSP …”

Deliberate use of envoys S. 153-155

„… personal capacity, both the responsibility of head of Commission delegation and of a CFSP-related …” „… double-hatting, i. e. when the second responsibility is one of international supervision, and intra-CFSP …” „… competencies remaining in the CFSP and in the Community field, respectively (Grevi 2007, 48)—a point that will …”

Staff from European-policy think tanks S. 241-242

„… ParliamentJuha Auvinen, Head of Unit, CFSP and RRM, DG Relex, European CommissionChristian Berger, Head of Unit …” „… , Crisis Management and conflict prevention, DG Relex, European CommissionMonika Dvorakova, Officer, CFSP …” „… Coordination CentreCFSP Common Foreign and Security PolicyCICA Conference on Interaction and …”

Envoys as boundary spanners S. 227-230

„… bridges within the CFSP pillar, to member states, and to the Commission, thus furthering the EU’s foreign …” „… conflict management understood in a narrow sense. EUSRs have provided bridges within CFSP (e. g. by …” „… the field with room for initiative, they must regularly exchange with the CFSP ‘headquarters’ in …”

Invention of EUSRs S. 117-119

„… was already a learning experience, followed by others about their integration into the emerging CFSP …” „… with a mandate in relation to particular policy issues.”272 Joint Action 96/250/CFSP of 25 March 1996 …” „… (Great Lakes) and Joint Action 96/676/CFSP of 25 November 1996 (Middle East Peace Process). 2008 …”

Summary of instances of organizational change (phase 2) S. 207-209

„… plus given the strong role of member states in CFSP, one might not expect a large impact of …” „… their increasing number—have contributed to the establishment of CFSP structures that render the 2008 …” „… within the CFSP structures, so that for reasons of both pragmatism and power-calculation they were in …”

The subject of learning S. 99-101

„… refers to the inner decision-making and policy-implementing circle of the second pillar of the EU (CFSP …” „… on the inner system of CFSP (level of analysis). The EUSRs and their teams (level of explanation …” „… that it is “fully associated with CFSP” (Article 18 (4) TEU; the Commission is, for example, part of …”

Increased number of EUSRs S. 164-166

„… from EU decision-making (Interviewee #30). Thus, EUSRs have driven CFSP forward (Interviewee #2)—a …” „… instrument based on an appreciation of its usefulness. 6.3 Integration into CFSP structuresTo integrate the …” „… EUSRs into the emerging CFSP structures has been a long process—and it is still ongoing. The learning …”

Staff from the European Commission and Members of the European Parliament S. 241

„… ParliamentJuha Auvinen, Head of Unit, CFSP and RRM, DG Relex, European CommissionChristian Berger, Head of Unit …” „… , Crisis Management and conflict prevention, DG Relex, European CommissionMonika Dvorakova, Officer, CFSP …”

Current or former staff from the EUSRs, the Council Secretariat (including the Policy Unit), member states’ permanent missions or foreign ministries S. 239-241

„… European Commission and Members of the European ParliamentJuha Auvinen, Head of Unit, CFSP and RRM, DG …” „… Relex, European CommissionMonika Dvorakova, Officer, CFSP and RRM, DG Relex, European CommissionMaria …”

List of Abbreviations S. 242-244

„… ProgramCARICC Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination CentreCFSP Common Foreign and Security …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Figure 11: The EUSRs within the CFSP Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Figure 12 …”

Establishing EUSR structures S. 124-125

„… structuresThe enormous attempt to integrate the EUSRs into the CFSP structures at the Council Secretariat stands …” „… #33) or on national documentation for information about how to connect with the CFSP machinery …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1194.3 Integration into CFSP structures …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1646.3 Integration into CFSP structures …”

Case selection: Why study the EUSRs? S. 82-84

„… Representative for CFSP, Javier Solana, to remark on the occasion of the first joint EUSR seminar:2008 …” „… the founding years of CFSP. Later, EUSRs became closely interwoven with the recent surge in ESDP …”

Secondary sources S. 251-267

„… . New York, NY: Free Press (2nd edition).Diedrichs, Udo (2004) The European Parliament in CFSP: More …” „… (2006) The Commission and CFSP. EIPA Working Paper 2006/W/01. Maastricht: European Institute of Public …” „… development of the CFSP: case of the Special Envoy for the Great Lakes region. Brussels: Working Document of …”

The UN Special Representatives S. 62-68

„… status as CFSP Advisors paid from Community funds, they are accountable to the Commission for the budget …” „… of EUSRs in the CFSP decision-making system.172RelevanceA full, qualitative assessment of the EUSRs …” „… graph does not, of course, pretend to fully reflect existing hierarchies within CFSP but aims to simply …”

Analytical inferences from antecedent envoys S. 74-80

„… the United States president. As they precede the development of CFSP by quite some time, it should be …” „… stakeholders. In particular, EUSRs do not formally represent the EU’s High Representative for CFSP, Javier …” „… , interesting questions appear with regard to the CFSP structures and the selection of EUSRs: The formal …”

Variables and hypotheses S. 107-110

„… its function for the subject of learning, i. e. the inner system of CFSP. Two hypotheses explore the …” „… nature rather than quantifiable. The level of analysis is the inner circle of CFSP, i. e. the High …”

Basis of operations of EUSRs S. 142-144

„… Action 2003/496/CFSP of 7 July 2003. 299 Cf. Article 5 of Council Joint Action 2003/872/CFSP of 8 …”

Operationalization S. 110-113

„… nature rather than quantifiable. The level of analysis is the inner circle of CFSP, i. e. the High …” „… in their numbers, in particular from 2002 to 2005;– The integration of EUSRs into the evolving CFSP …”

Selection of EUSRs S. 133-136

„… should represent CFSP abroad. On the other, rules have emerged about what type of qualities these people …” „… knows how foreign policy is crafted (Interviewee #28; cf. International Crisis Group 2005a, 44).As CFSP …”

Index of Figures S. 244

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Figure 11: The EUSRs within the CFSP Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Figure 12 …”

A working definition of organizational learning S. 85-91

„… an expression of the EU’s international actorness, their relative age with respect to CFSP, and …” „… , unequivocal provisions concerning defense cooperation, majority voting in the CFSP, Commission …”

Index of Tables S. 244-245

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Figure 11: The EUSRs within the CFSP Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Figure 12 …”

Invention of EUSRs S. 163-164

„… decision-making (Interviewee #30). Thus, EUSRs have driven CFSP forward (Interviewee #2)—a judgment that will be …”

Standardization of general mandate provisions S. 176-177

„… this rivalry. Some may concentrate their work on the CFSP components and leave the Commission alone …”

Lessons-learned seminars S. 179-180

„… more influence (Interviewee #39). Moreover, just as the whole business of CFSP is male-dominated—with …”

Basis of operations of EUSRs S. 182-183

„… structure in the field has had two positive effects: Their relative integration into the CFSP structures …”

Tasks S. 180-182

„… structure in the field has had two positive effects: Their relative integration into the CFSP structures …”

Different roles of special envoys S. 80-82

„… rise in numbers and in geographical scope of the EUSRs led the High Representative for CFSP, Javier …”

Selection of EUSRs S. 177-179

„… CFSP is male-dominated—with the exception of two Personal Representatives, Solana’s entire cabinet is …”

ESDP chain of command S. 185-187

„… he is ‘not competent’ on a CFSP issue (Interviewee #42). At the opposite end, mission heads may …”

Implications for the EU foreign service S. 230-232

„… with the political leverage exercised through CFSP. Most of all, the EUSRs have demonstrated the …”

Deliberate use of envoys S. 193-195

„… CFSP budget. Finally, the fact that individual EUSR mandates were indeed terminated at the end of the …”

Scope conditions, or: When and how learning and change occur S. 209-212

„… the way ESDP missions (both military and civilian) are intertwined with diplomatic (i. e. CFSP …”

The learning environment S. 101-104

„… this study of the EUSRs as part of the inner circle of CFSP (subject of learning), the outer …”

Implications for International Relations theory S. 215-218

„… procedures within CFSP. These dif-376 The phrase is used here rather in the sense of Janice Gross Stein …”

Learning and change–alternative explanations S. 91-95

„… European Political Cooperation (EPC) and CFSP as a “learning process” (Tonra 2001, 14; cf. Smith 2004, 196 …”

Policy input S. 189-193

„… The mission’s mandate is formulated in Council Joint Action 2004/523/CFSP of 28 June 2004. The …”

The U. S. Special Envoys S. 68-74

„… of CFSP by quite some time, it should be insightful to infer some conclusions from this comparison …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845217338

Alessandra Nervi Christensen - The Making of the European Neighbourhood Policy

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Alessandra Nervi Christensen

The Making of the European Neighbourhood Policy

Series: Außenpolitik und Internationale Ordnung

Volume 2011

Results in this title

The CFSP negotiation mode S. 31-35

„… “external coherence”.The CFSP negotiation modeOne of the main aims of this study is to try to reconstruct …” „… deals. In the more intergovernmental areas of EU cooperationsuch as CFSP where national interest and …”

Academic discourse and state of the art S. 18-20

„… covering historical, as well as recent developments in CFSP. Academic interest in studying various aspects …” „… isliterature analyzing the lack of efficiency of CFSP by looking at the evolution ofthe CFSP in general, by …” „… , concluding that the predominantly intergovernmental character of the CFSP structures is hindering the EU …”

General Affairs and External Relations Council (GAERC) S. 36-44

„… /cfsp-decision-making-processes-and-instruments_5473/joint-actions-common-positions-and-common-strategies_8752.html.42tional Convention on …” „… CFSP Institutions, Decision-Making and ToolsIn this chapter, the overall institutional framework …” „… providing tools and legitimacyfor action within CFSP will be described. CFSP is now the result of a more …”

Introduction S. 13-17

„… Foreign and Security Policy(CFSP) and the lack of progress on European Security and Defence Policy …” „… 1.1 For a detailed account on the deficiencies and problems related to CFSP and ESDP see inparticular …” „… Common Foreign Policy for Europe? Competing Visions ofCFSP”, Routledge, London 1999; Michael E. Smith …”

EU relations towards neighbors 1990–2000 S. 57-63

„… CommonForeign and Security Policy (CFSP), which were integrated into the Treaty structure and thus gave the EU a …” „… second pillar being the one defining the future CFSP. Thegeneric title V of the Treaty of the European …” „… Union covering CFSP was supplemented the same year by a more detailed report establishing a general …”

Poland as advocate for the “Eastern Dimension”? S. 114-125

„… EU, wider CFSP,stronger ESDP?” in Institute for Security Studies Occasional Papers No. 34, April 2002 …” „… , actually shaping the contents of CFSP,but without taking part in the final decision. The following chapter …” „… were involved in CFSP procedures and structureseven without membership.The eight Central and Eastern …”

Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER) S. 44-49

„… .98On issues related to CFSP and ESDP COREPER II shares its responsibility forpreparation for the …” „… PSC is keeping track of the international situation and helping to define EU policies within the CFSP …” „… strictly related to foreignpolicy, crisis management and defense.The daily occupation with CFSP issues …”

The concept of “coherence” S. 26-31

„… action in CFSP.Evidently, as long as this structure exists and there is no unified EU apparatus,issues of …” „… developed over time, the morecomplicated it seemed to actually act coherently in the CFSP arena. Together …” „… intergovernmental character of decision-making in the framework of the CFSP attributes great importance to member …”

Bibliography S. 173-186

„… Nachbarschaftspolitik –Akteure und Koalitionen”, Nomos Baden-Baden, 2010Borg, Stefan / Herolf, Gunilla: “CFSP Watch 2005 …” „… – Sweden”, in CFSP Watch, Annual Report2005Brauner, Wolfgang: “Evaluation of the German EU Presidency”, in …” „… , Jean-Luc and Pal Dunay: “Boxes: Why CFSP and CESDP do not matter much to EUCandidate Countries”, in …”

Internal coherence S. 138-142

„… neighborhood. Already in earlier CFSP communications the importance of the neighborhood was mentioned aswas the …” „… need for the EU to frame a CFSP towards neighboring regions. In foreignpolicy terms thus there was a …” „… toenhanced political co-operation and the CFSP have been worked on and agreedjointly by the services of the …”

The “Wider Europe” debate and the origins of the ENP S. 63-65

„… in defining a foreign policy interest. It coincides with the birth of the CFSP.The previous chapter …” „… Strategy of the European Union on Russia, Official Journal of the EuropeanCommunities L157, 1999/414/CFSP …” „… of the European Communities L183,2000/458/cfsp of 19 June 2000.63foreign policy actor, able to act …”

Executive Summary S. 187-188

„… Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) framework. The focus lies primarily on the policy-making …” „… studies(Ukraine and Belarus).CFSP remains technically an intergovernmental domain and therefore under …” „… in the CFSP framework, the negotiation mode and practice within the EU institutions and the …”

Sweden as the initiator of the ENP? S. 86-94

„… right ofinitiative in the field of CFSP.The letter, which can be seen as an addendum to the British …” „… Watch, Annual Report2005, p. 4 at http://www.fornet.info/CFSPannualreports2005/CFSP%20Watch%202005 %20 …” „… cooperation in Justice and Home Affairs, a privilegedpolitical dialogue and closer cooperation on CFSP, the …”

What is the ENP about? S. 65-67

„… coincides with the birth of the CFSP.The previous chapter also described that most of the EU’s resources and …” „… cooperation in CFSP.148Just a few weeks later, the Swedish foreign minister submitted a letter to …” „… further integration efforts in the area of CFSP and the new instruments providedthrough the Amsterdam …”

How will the research be done? S. 22-26

„… ” technically be used in this study? First,the general CFSP decision-making process itself will have to be …” „… them to the ENP. CFSP structures and institutions put the constraintsor stimuli on the actors; the …” „… little has been done in the field ofCFSP.22 However, a schematization along these two variables of the …”

Germany’s new role between East and West? S. 104-114

„… priorities focused on concluding an EU reform packagecalled Agenda 2000 and on strengthening the CFSP and …” „… German perspective to the formulation of a more coherentCFSP. The tactics of balancing among its “western …” „… entry as full-fledged EU members.Nevertheless, the future members were involved in CFSP procedures and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… Assessment criteria2.2.2.1 23Data2.2.2.2 24Assessment2.2.2.3 25The concept of “coherence”2.3. 26The CFSP …” „… negotiation mode2.4. 31CFSP Institutions, Decision-Making and Tools3. 36General Affairs and External Relations …”

What is “process tracing”? S. 20-22

„… ” technically be used in this study? First,the general CFSP decision-making process itself will have to be …” „… them to the ENP. CFSP structures and institutions put the constraintsor stimuli on the actors; the …”

COEST Working Group S. 49-52

„… representatives is a constant process of information sharing. In the field of CFSP and ESDP, there are atthe …” „… Socialization in theCFSP Council Working Groups”, in European Integration Online Papers (EIoP), Vol. 10,No. 11 …”

EU relations towards neighbors 1960–1990 S. 53-57

„… , intensity and scope of these relations havechanged over time with the development of the CFSP, the …” „… with thedeveloping CFSP; and finally, the beginning of the 21st century in which theNeighbourhood …”

List of Interviewees S. 170-172

„… Permanent Representation of Germany to theEU, BrusselsDavid Tirr, Head of Unit, European Correspondent, CFSP …”

The final ENP document S. 134-137

„… successful. One given reason is thatPolish officials were not sufficiently familiar with CFSP decision-making …”

The negotiating timeline and the actors involved S. 72-75

„… existed in the tight and highly institutionalized CFSP decisionmaking set-up.Altogether the …”

How will the ENP work? S. 67-71

„… policy issues, participation in CFSP and ESDP, conflict prevention, crisis management, exchangeof …”

Conclusions S. 160-165

„… evolution of the EU’s relations withits neighbors has been running in parallel with general CFSP …”

The President of the EU Commission S. 75-80

„… ” of CFSP decision-making - a speech given by Commission President Romano Prodi at an international …”

Lithuania as promoter of democratization? S. 125-133

„… as human resources the activeparticipation in the CFSP and in the neighborhood through the EU …”

Snapshot of the perception of the ENP S. 144-159

„… early 1990s in parallel with the development of the CFSP in the aftermathof the breakup of the USSR …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845227948

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