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Dieter Nohlen, Philip Stöver - Elections in Europe

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Dieter Nohlen (ed.), Philip Stöver (ed.)

Elections in Europe

2010

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Mirjana Kasapović Bosnia S. 319-350

„… Croats and the Bosniaks. Bosnia and Herzegovina 321 Muslims practically turned the part of the state …” „… . Bosnia and Herzegovina 331 2.3 Abbreviations BOSS Bosanska stranka (Bosnian Party) BPS Bosanska …” „… Lösungsversuche. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp. Calic, M. J. (1996). ‘Bosnia-Herzegovina after Dayton. Opportunities …”

Mirjana Kasapović Serbia S. 1699-1732

„… Croatia, Bosnia, and Serbia in 1942, formed a provisional government with Tito as president, which was …” „… (Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, and Montenegro). A bicameral people’s …” „… of four of the six former federal republics (Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina …”

Dieter Nohlen, Philip Stöver Elections in Europe S. 69-124

„… / 74 4 / 4 69,860 Bosnia and Herzegovina Bicameral Appointed 42 / 15 4 / 4 91,500 Bulgaria …” „… parliaments of the seven European Federations (Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Russia …” „… compared to those of the lower houses. Exceptions in Europe are the senates of Bosnia and Herzegovina and …”

Mirjana Kasapović Croatia S. 399-426

„… right was primarily intended for Croatian citizens resident in Bosnia and Herzegovina who represented …” „… them in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The consequence was that the number of votes needed to obtain a seat …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… Belgium (Matthias Trefs) .................................................................... 269 Bosnia …”

Dieter Nohlen Elections and Electoral Systems S. 1-68

„… time, help build up a majority that constitutes the government. In Europe, Bosnia and Herzegovina …”

Mirjana Kasapović Macedonia S. 1271-1294

„… (Democratic Party of the Bosniaks) DA Demokratska alternativa (Democratic Alternative) DCa Demokratski …” „… of Bosniaks (Demokratska liga na Bošnja ite), United Party of Romas in Macedonia (Obedinita partija …” „… . Macedonia 1287 e Coalition of SDSM, LDP, Democratic League of Bosniaks (Demokratska liga na Bošnjacite …”

Philip Stöver, Marian Gallenkamp Montenegro S. 1365-1378

„… Alliances 2002–2006 Party / Alliance Years Elections contesteda Albanian Coalition 2002 1 Bosniak …” „… Coalition 2002 1 Bosniak Democratic Coalition 2002 1 DPS-SDPb 2002–2006 2 LSCG 2002 1 Patriotic …” „… - Communists of Montenegro 2006 1 Liberals and Bosniak Party-Correct in the Past, Right for the …”

Post Scriptum: Elections in 2009 S. 2047-2060

„… 4,747 1.5 1 1.2 SNL 4,291 1.3 0 0.0 “Bosniaks and Muslims Together as One” 3,489 1.1 0 0.0 FORCA 2,939 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845223414

Emma Lantschner, Joseph Marko, Antonija Petricusic - European Integration and its Effects on Minority Protection in South Eastern Europe

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Emma Lantschner (ed.), Joseph Marko (ed.), Antonija Petricusic (ed.)

European Integration and its Effects on Minority Protection in South Eastern Europe

Series: Schriftenreihe der Europäischen Akademie Bozen, Bereich »Minderheiten und Autonomien«

Volume 12 2008

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Slobodanka Milikić Bosnia and Herzegovina S. 297-341

„… “constituent nations” of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbs, Bosniacs and Croats. But they are not specifically …” „… ambition to promote Bosnian (through dominance) as an official state language. Bosnia and Herzegovina …” „… the Public Broadcasting System and on the Public Broadcasting Service of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Laws on …”

Edith Marko-Stöckl Identity Formation, State- and Nation-building in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo: On Historical Continuities and Discontinuities of Minority Conflicts in South East Europe S. 11-53

„… identity-forming “ethnic” marker in Bosnia-Hercegovina. The Bosnian society still was established along religious …” „… Bosnia-Hercegovina in 1878, a wave of Muslims came to Kosovo. These Bosnian Muslims (muhaxirs) “brought a new level …” „… integrity of Bosnia-Hercegovina at least in administrative respects.116 In order to maintain this Bosnian …”

Joseph Marko, Emma Lantschner European Integration and its Effects on Minority Protection in South Eastern Europe S. 359-380

„… trilateral state-formation and nation-building process in Bosnia-Herzegovina from the Ottoman empire on and …” „… Commission on Croatia, Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina as key instruments of the alleged conditionality …” „… cross-cutting coalition government formation can be seen as lessons learned by Bosnia-Herzegovina. Moreover …”

Emma Lantschner Emerging European Standards of Minority Protection through Soft Jurisprudence? S. 53-83

„… opinion on Azerbaijan; paras. 33-36 of the opinion on Bosnia and Herzegovina; paras. 29-40 of the …” „… regards percentages.” 51 On topographical indications: para. 82 of the opinion on Bosnia and Herzegovina …” „… authorities: paras. 78-81 of the opinion on Bosnia and Herzegovina; paras. 43-45 of the opinion on Croatia …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… , the following wars in Croatia in 1991, Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1992- 95 and Serbia-Kosovo in 1998-99 as …” „… , State- and Nation-building in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo: On Historical Continuities and …” „… Snježana Vučić Serbia 275 Slobodanka Milikić Bosnia and Herzegovina 297 Table of contents 10 …”

Snježana Vučić Serbia S. 275-297

„… group, the Bosniaks (1.82%, in central Serbia 2.8%), live mainly in Sandžak, a region bordering Bosnia …” „… Bosnia, the majority of them returning after the end of conflict. The acts of violence …” „… . Bosnia and Herzegovina Slobodanka Milikić A. Introduction Bosnia and …”

Antonija Petricusic Croatia S. 167-189

„… . The majority of them became refugees in neighbouring Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Even though the …” „… , after the Bosniak ethnicity was ascertained in neighbouring Bosnia and Herzegovina. Most Bosniaks live …” „… issues from Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia and Montenegro, signed in …”

Marko Kmezić Montenegro S. 253-275

„… census was lacking, and, in cases of double declaration (Bosniak/Muslim, Serb/Montenegrin …” „… exists in neighboring Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia (and Kosovo). Therefore, these parameters, which …” „… , Bosniaks, Albanians, Muslims, Croats, and other citizens of Montenegro, free, equal, and loyal to a civic …”

Zoran Ilievski Macedonia S. 189-211

„… make 3.8%, Roma 2.7%, Serbs 1.7%, Bosniaks 0.8%, Vlachs 0.5% and Others 1%. Macedonians and Albanians …” „… , Serb people, Roma people, the Bosniak people, and others [...] have decided to establish the Republic …” „… %; Roma 0.6%; Vlachs 0.5%; Bosniaks 0.3%; other communities 0.9%).19 However, “progress has been uneven …”

Michaela Salamun Albania S. 211-253

„… census of 1981 there were 36.3% Serbs, 19.7% Croats, 8.9% Bosniaks, 7.8% Slovenes, 7.7% Albanians, 6.0 …” „… concerned.41 For example, there is also a Bosnian minority, which encompasses a few thousand members42, and …” „… introduction of subjects of preference, which has led to the introduction of Bosnian minority language …”

Arben Hajnullahu Kosovo S. 341-358

„… the Kosovo-Albanians, Serbs, Turks, Bosniaks, Gorani, Roma, Ashkali, Egyptians …” „… , Bosnian and Turkish languages, at . Arben …” „… , 42 of them in minority languages (34 in Serbian, four in Bosnian, two in Turkish, one Gorani and one …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845210827

Philip Aka, Sencer Yeralan - Humor in Pedagogy in Tertiary Education in the Age of COVID-19

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Philip Aka, Sencer Yeralan

Humor in Pedagogy in Tertiary Education in the Age of COVID-19

2022

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Abbreviations and Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina S. 21-22

Part II: Application of the Theories to Bosnia and Herzegovina S. 55-96

doi.org/10.5771/9781666917307

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Till Blume

Framing Peace

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Politik

Volume 179 2011

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Bosnia-Herzegovina S. 335

„… minor role in implementing peace in Bosnia-Herzegovina: it was to take responsibility for police …” „… Kosovo was changing more than in the othercase studies.Bosnia-HerzegovinaUNMIBH, in place from 1995 to …”

The Role of Media in Bosnia-Herzegovina S. 108-110

„… , cooperation wasslow and difficult.The Role of Media in Bosnia-HerzegovinaMedia in Bosnia-Herzegovina were …” „… in Bosnia (largelyMuslim Bosniaks, Bosnian Croats, and Bosnian Serbs) each established new mediaand …” „… Bosnia-Herzegovina,but nobody really had an established strategy to deal with the local media situation.Hardly any of the …”

Setup of Police Forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina S. 107-108

„… Bosnia-HerzegovinaMedia in Bosnia-Herzegovina were highly politicized, and were responsible largelyto their political …” „… seeKnaus and Martin 2003).Setup of Police Forces in Bosnia-HerzegovinaThe local police in BiH were highly …” „… the Bosnian-Muslim-Croat Federation had their own police force; within the Federation, each ethnicity …”

List of Acronyms S. 23-26

„… Economic Community of West African StatesEU European UnionEUPM EU Police Mission (Bosnia)FPU Formed Police …” „… , Bosnia-Herzegovina)IG Inspector General, LNP (Liberia)IMPIP Integrated Mission Priorities Implementation Plan …” „… Commissioner for Human Rights(Geneva)OHR Office of the High Representative (Bosnia-Herzegovina)OLA United …”

UNMIBH’s Mandate: Monitoring and Reforming Police in BiH S. 103-107

„… From Monitoring to Enforcing Reforms: UNMIBH in Bosnia-Hercegovina (1996-2002)"It is possibly the …” „… . The SRSG was furthermore incharge of coordinating the entire UN system in Bosnia-Herzegovina …” „… seeKnaus and Martin 2003).Setup of Police Forces in Bosnia-HerzegovinaThe local police in BiH were highly …”

Implications for Peacekeeping Research: Sketching an Agenda for further Research S. 347-376

„… Bosnia.Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.Campbell, Susanna (2008): When Process Matters: The Potential …” „… J.J.G. Schmeets (1997): The 1996 Bosnia-HerzegovinaElections: An Analysis of the Observations. Amsterdam …” „… Yaeli Bloch-Elkon (2005): Media Framing and Foreign Policy:The Elite Press vis-à-vis US Policy in Bosnia …”

Planning Towards Exit: Framing in 2001 S. 148-156

„… police officers was framed more as a progress inreaching the overall goal of police reform in Bosnia …” „… withthe police forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina.”245 This phrase, indicating the goalof UNMIBH to produce …” „… continuation of UNMIBH's efforts to improve the quality and professionalism of the police forces in Bosnia and …”

Independent Variables S. 112-117

„… elections werecrucial, as their results would constitute the first Bosnia-wide institutions (Kasapovic 1997 …” „… theInternational Conference on Law Enforcement Assistance in Bosnia-Herzegovinain Dublin in September 1996 …” „… (Woodward 1999: 93). Dueto the increased ethnic and political tensions in Bosnia, this phase of UNMIBH canbe …”

Independent Variables S. 124-132

„… far fromlikely, the mutual lack of trust was a realistic threat to the peace process in Bosnia,and the …” „… : Local expectations were very different due to the division ofBosnia in two entities. There were no …” „… to remainpart of Bosnia’” (figures from January 1997, cited in Woodward 1999: 96).The 1996 elections …”

Framing New Competences: The Bonn Powers S. 132-136

„… 1997: 2.166 UNMIBH PB, 30 September 1997: 1.132media in Bosnia.167 Furthermore, there was a public …” „… by RS police in Western Bosnia –carrying long-barrelled weapons, which were banned under the DPA and …” „… overBosnia. Within this context, it also expressed its “growing impatience” – makingclear that in future …”

Critical Periods for UNMIBH S. 111-112

„… their results would constitute the first Bosnia-wide institutions (Kasapovic 1997), and were also …” „… chapter 11 to the DPA – might havesaved the UN’s fate in Bosnia. As detailed above, UNMIBH was one of the …” „… ). Dueto the increased ethnic and political tensions in Bosnia, this phase of UNMIBH canbe classified as a …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-16

„… Bosnia-Hercegovina (1996-2002)4.103UNMIBH’s Mandate: Monitoring and Reforming Police in BiH4.1 104Setup of Police …” „… Forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina4.2 10710The Role of Media in Bosnia-Herzegovina4.3 108UNMIBH’s Media Policy …” „… : Rebuilding a Failed State7.1.1 33314Kosovo7.1.2 334Bosnia-Herzegovina7.1.3 335Testing Hypotheses on Framing …”

Independent Variables S. 139-148

„… ofinter-entity police cooperation was rising on the agenda of UNMIBH. The creationof the Bosnia-wide State Border …” „… foundation of a Bosnia-wide State Information and ProtectionAgency (SIPA) in 2002 was initiated in order to …” „… betrayed of “their” part of Bosnia after beingincluded in the Federation – and the Serbs. While approval …”

Organizational Framing and Strategic Peacebuilding S. 27-34

„… casestudies on three peace operations: the UN Mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina (UN-MIBH, 1996-2002), the UN …” „… in Bosnia-Herzegovina,Kosovo, and Liberia – divided into eleven sub-case studies – yield insights …” „… , community-like networks were built – such as in Bosnia, where internationalactors are present for almost 15 years …”

Kosovo S. 334-335

„… negotiated, the UN was only given a minor role in implementing peace in Bosnia-Herzegovina: it was to take …” „… studies.Bosnia-HerzegovinaUNMIBH, in place from 1995 to 2002, in contrast, had a much more difficult start:the UN was disrespected …”

UNMIBH’s Media Policy S. 110-111

„… , alsoacross Bosnia.87 On the PIO’s website, special reference was given to “informal‘off the record’ briefings …” „… police forces – added as a marginal chapter 11 to the DPA – might havesaved the UN’s fate in Bosnia. As …” „… English, Bosnian, Croatianand Serbian), reporting on the activities of the mission. However, circulation …”

Structured and Focused Comparison of Independent Variables S. 161-163

„… . Bosnia was on its way towards furtherconsolidation to the subsequent EUPM. While the accession towards …” „… . Therefore, an evaluation of successand failure of the efforts of the international community in Bosnia in …” „… the EuropeanUnion had already dominated Bosnian local discourses for several years, the country …”

Assessment of Framing and Hypotheses S. 136-138

„… present in Bosnia started to discusspublicly a more robust mandate, which ran contrary to local hardliners …” „… report (1997), and the joint EuropeanCommission and World Bank report “Bosnia and Herzegovina …” „… in relation to day-to-day politics. The rate of spontaneous returns of minorities– i.e., Bosniaks and …”

Assessment of Framing and Hypotheses S. 121-124

„… strategy of how to communicate the deficiencies of commitment of the parties in Bosnia.136 In one week …” „… Hypotheses for UNMIBH 1996HMain Rejected: Local expectations were very different due to the division ofBosnia …” „… , Jul-Sep 1996)The local responsibility of Bosnian actors for the security as well as for politicalprogress …”

Assessing Hypotheses for UNMIBH S. 163-168

„… within the overall internationalapparatus in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The more fine-grained view on the daily …” „… happen for peace operations in periods in which contextcredibility was low or shrinking. Bosnia is an …” „… theBosnian political structure remained – compared to the other cases under study here– low, while the …”

The Two Main Hypotheses S. 335-338

„… minor role in implementing peace in Bosnia-Herzegovina: it was to take responsibility for police …” „… Kosovo was changing more than in the othercase studies.Bosnia-HerzegovinaUNMIBH, in place from 1995 to …”

Framing and Peace Operations S. 34-42

„… studies on the UN peace operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina,Kosovo, and Liberia – divided into eleven …” „… influencedpublic opinion for decreasing support to the operations in Somalia and Bosnia-Herzegovina in the early …” „… selection. Chapters 4, 5 and 6 represent case studies on the UN peaceoperations in Bosnia (1996-2002 …”

UNMIL’s Mandate S. 256-259

„… . As inBosnia, UN Police officers were co-located with their Liberian counterparts. Inevitably …” „… structures were largely defunct. However, in contrast to Bosnia, LNP heavily relied on UNMIL Forceand FPU …”

Liberia: Rebuilding a Failed State S. 331-334

„… Bosnia-Herzegovina (Chapter 4), theexecutive transitional administration in Kosovo (Chapter 5), and the …” „… Bosnia, Kosovo, and Liberia.As we know from Organization Theory, organizations are often limited in …”

Assessment of Framing and Hypotheses S. 156-161

„… Out to Credible Actor: UNMIBH from 1996 to 2002In December 2002, UNMIBH left BiH. Bosnia was on its …” „… , an evaluation of successand failure of the efforts of the international community in Bosnia in the …” „… – being a relatively stableone, characterized by increasing participation of Bosnian actors in the reform …”

The Mandate: Resolution 1244 S. 169-173

„… Bosnia-Herzegovina in the early 1990 s had been intensified in the caseof Kosovo. Furthermore, the situation was …” „… From Standards to Riots: Framing Police Reforms in Kosovo(1999-2005)In contrast to Bosnia, the case …”

Independent Variables S. 261-269

„… had run the UN missions in Bosnia-Herzegovina (UNMIBH) until2002, and made a strong effort at showing …” „… from Bosnia, despitethe fact that the LNP had much less capacity and lower training standards …” „… thanBosnian police forces.611 In terms of mission-internal coordination, it took sometime for “establishing …”

Assessing Hypotheses Across the Periods S. 328-329

„… in the early phaseof his tenure, where blueprints from Bosnia were used, and plans for the …”

Framing Peace and Security in Liberia S. 329-330

„… in the early phaseof his tenure, where blueprints from Bosnia were used, and plans for the …”

Mission Design S. 343-344

„… systems in thepolice forces of Bosnia. In order to maintain comparability and validity, I providedthe …”

Mixing Methods: Frame Analysis and Process Tracing S. 344-345

„… represented a threat to old networks and patronage systems in thepolice forces of Bosnia. In order to maintain …”

The Context: Peace Operations in the Field S. 61-62

„… interventions in Bosnia (2002: 22).37 Critical junctures are a widespread concept in comparative politics and in …”

Third Step: Refining Causal Mechanisms by Iteration Between Theory and Data S. 92-94

„… fit other cases (such Liberia or Bosnia, which for example both remained independent states during the …”

Environments of UN Peace Operations S. 47-52

„… case in Bosnia and Liberia – their role consists in transmitting information (compare Scheufele 2004 …”

Critical Periods during UNMIL’s tenure S. 259-261

„… SRSG already on 11 July2003.587 Klein had run the UN missions in Bosnia-Herzegovina (UNMIBH) until2002 …”

Fourth Step: Structured and Focused Comparison of Hypotheses and Frame Selection S. 94-97

„… fit other cases (such Liberia or Bosnia, which for example both remained independent states during the …”

Framing a Difficult Heritage: UNMIBH’s First Year S. 117-121

„… erroneous information about itsoperations in Mostar and the Croatian-dominated part of Bosnia. Elections …” „… responsibility for the elections, as for the general political and reform process, on the Bosnian side, hand in …” „… , Ivanko made clear that any intimidation of voters byBosnian police officers should be met with decisive …”

Peace Operations: Independent Variables S. 62-68

„… removingspokespersons during the UN interventions in Bosnia (2002: 22).37 Critical junctures are a widespread concept in …”

Independent Variables S. 179-186

„… Kosovo was necessary, including Austria, Germany, Serbia, Montenegro, Switzerland, and Bosnia …”

Excursus: UNMIBH and Political Developments 1998-2001 S. 138-139

„… politics. The rate of spontaneous returns of minorities– i.e., Bosniaks and Croatians, increased in 2000 …” „… progress,the Bosnian institutions – and also the police forces – achieved in terms of gettingtowards European …” „… . ESI 2007 a).However, the shortcomings on the Bosnian side also remained strong: The nationwide …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845232652

Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg / IFSH - OSCE Yearbook 2012

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Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg / IFSH (ed.)

OSCE Yearbook 2012

2013

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Tobias Flessenkemper Bosnia and Herzegovina – Plus Ça Change S. 147-165

„… attempts at fundamental reform of the political system, Bosniak and Bosnia-oriented politics appear now to …” „… / Files/europe/balkans/bosnia-herzegovina/b068-bosnias-gordian-knot-constitutionalreform. 25 “Komšić won 337,065 votes compared to 109,758 …” „… ” 24 International Crisis Group (ICG), Bosnia’s Gordian Knot: Constitutional Reform, Europe Briefing …”

Abbreviations S. 473-481

„… the Constitution BiH Bosna i Hercegovina/Bosnia and Herzegovina BKA Bundeskriminalamt/Federal …” „… demokratska zajednica Bosne i Hercegovine/Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina HoM Head of …” „… a Better Future of Bosnia and Herzegovina SBiH Stranka za Bosnu i Hercegovinu/Party for Bosnia and …”

Pál Dunay Hungary’s Authoritarian Rule and European Values S. 123-147

„… this day. The three nations and two entities – the (Bosniak-Croat) Federation of Bosnia and …” „… Bosnia and Herzegovina – Plus Ça Change Introduction In 2012, Bosnia and Herzegovina celebrated …” „… of Serbia. The citizens and political actors of Bosnia and Herzegovina are not alone in facing …”

Ute Runge OSCE Selected Bibliography 2011/2012 S. 459-473

„… , [Pristina] 2012. OSCE, Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Right to Social Protection in Bosnia and …” „… Hercegovina/Bosnia and Herzegovina BKA Bundeskriminalamt/Federal Criminal Police Office BMSC Border Management …”

Contributors S. 481-482

„… Political Advisor, EU Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina; Berlin Eamon Gilmore, Deputy Prime …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… Authoritarian Rule and European Values 123 Tobias Flessenkemper Bosnia and Herzegovina – Plus Ça Change 147 …”

Loïc Simonet The OSCE Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security after the First Annual Discussion on Its Implementation (11 July 2012): State of Play and Prospects S. 341-360

„… important decision. 8 On the impressive action carried out by the OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina …” „… in 2008 (Kazakhstan), 2009 (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 2010 (Belarus), 2011 (Ukraine), and on 18 June …” „… implementation of the Code, and in June 2011, the OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina also held a seminar on …”

Ursel Schlichting Preface S. 13-20

„… ), and Bosnia and Herzegovina (Tobias Flessenkemper). Rosemarie Will analyses the (mis)handling by …”

The 57 OSCE Participating States – Facts and Figures S. 437-455

„… . 8. Bosnia and Herzegovina Date of accession: April 1992 Scale of contributions: 0.125 per cent (40 …”

Marcin Czaplinski The HCNM’s Engagement in Macedonia: From Independence to the Ohrid Framework Agreement S. 267-283

„… (867). There were also 43 Turks, one Bosnian, one Rom and only eleven Macedonians. The unrest in the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845246062

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