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Carmen Gebhard - Unravelling the Baltic Sea Conundrum

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Carmen Gebhard

Unravelling the Baltic Sea Conundrum

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Politik

Volume 164 2008

Results in this title

The ‘Baltic States’ S. 26-27

„… . The ‘Baltic States’ From the specific perspective of this study, it is important to differentiate the …” „… term ‘Baltic Sea States’, meaning the group of Baltic Sea littoral states, from the notion of ‘Baltic …” „… States’ as the ‘Baltic Three’ is not always appreciated by the concerning states themselves as it does …”

The Council of the Baltic Sea States S. 51-53

„… functional overlap and constructive competition. III. The Council of the Baltic Sea States The CBSS was …” „… between the national governments of the Baltic Sea States. The establishment of the CBSS was based on a …” „… states bordering the Baltic Sea, including Russia as well as Norway, and the European Commission.135 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… States Subregional CooperationBTC Baltic Sea Tourism CommissionCBSS Council of the Baltic Sea StatesCCB …” „… . Northern Europe, Scandinavia and the North 24 II. ‘Nordic’ vs. ‘Northern’ 26 III. The ‘Baltic States’ 26 IV …” „… Baltic Sea States 51 IV. Visions and Constructed Realities – The History Tool 53 1. The Vision of a ‘New …”

Application pattern I: The BSR – A Micro-Cosmic Version of the EU? S. 164-188

„… European integration process has largely been driven by state-level actors while the phenomenon of Baltic …” „… present in the BSR after the end of the Cold War was strongly driven by state interests, since the Baltic …” „… Sea cooperation between 1988 and 1992. The Genesis of the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) as a …”

Annex: Baltic Sea Associations and Structures in Detail S. 231-260

„… between the Baltic Sea States. It is based on two action pillars: one is related to the concertation and …” „… institutionalisation medium Cluster/organisational links to Heritage Cooperation of the Baltic Sea States Members …” „… Secretariat). Baltic 21 members are the CBSS member states, the European Commission, intergovernmental …”

Is ‘Nordic’ Plus ‘Baltic’ Equal to Inclusive ‘Balticness’? S. 61-75

„… three Baltic States paved the way for different forms of regional cohesion in the BSR, and thus, for the …” „… What degree and quality of togetherness did the three Baltic States really bring in? To what extent did …” „… substantial 181 See JAANSON Kaido: The Baltic States and …”

‘Old North’ vs. ‘New Regionalism’ – Competing for the Same Space? S. 78-84

„… States and Norden. In: The Baltic Review, Vol. 19. Online Edition. Website of the Journal ‘The Baltic …” „… the three Baltic States enabled them to strive for regional and sub-regional integration, aspirations …” „… in the European North 80Baltic States added a new ‘Eastern’ dimension to ‘Nordicity’/’Nordicness …”

The Irony of Competition I S. 49-51

„… Baltic Sea States (CBSS). Engholm had envisaged the creation of some sort of coordinating platform to …” „… the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) as a historical case study. In: NORDEUROPA Forum 1/2005 …” „… of Baltic Sea cooperation between 1988 and 1992. The Genesis of the Council of the Baltic Sea States …”

Bibliography S. 261-279

„… 1996. BUHBE Matthes/KEMPE Iris (eds): Russia, the EU and the Baltic States. Enhancing the Potential for …” „… of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) as a Sub-Regional Organisation for ‘soft security risk management’ in …” „… . Copenhagen 1998, pp. 15-55. KEMPE Iris: Russia, the EU and the Baltic States. Filling in a strategic white …”

Visions and Constructed Realities – The History Tool S. 53-58

„… Baltic Sea co-operation between 1988 and 1992. The Genesis of the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS …” „… native to the Baltic littoral has often occurred in the Baltic States during their early post-communist …” „… States to Nation-States. Copenhagen 1997. 168 See DELLENBRANT Jan Åke: The Baltic Sea Co-operation …”

The Argument of Challenges – United in Diversity S. 58-61

„… , pp. 83-97, here p. 86. 59throughout history, the Baltic Sea States have mostly regarded themselves …” „… , agreed on at the Conference of Foreign Ministers of the Baltic Sea States, Copenhagen 5-6 March 1992 …” „… War division and the national independence of the three Baltic States paved the way for different …”

BSR Specificities and Sensitivities S. 27-30

„… label of ‘Baltic States’ as the ‘Baltic Three’ is not always appreciated by the concerning states …” „… , Scandinavia, Baltic States Scandinavia Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland Scandinavian Baltic Sweden, Denmark …” „… and Finland Baltic Sea States Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia …”

Enlarging the Union – Association, Partnership and Accession in the BSR S. 89-94

„… accessions of Sweden and Finland, and the 2004 accessions of the three Baltic States and Poland, have …” „… Dimension Initiative”, p. 132-. 932. The Baltic States The EU policy of enlargement towards the Baltic …” „… 1991 The EU recognises the independence of the Baltic States 11 May 1992 Conclusion of Agreements on …”

Relevance of the Topic – Europe in a Nutshell S. 16-18

„… Member States. Some have even referred to the Baltic Sea as being the ‘European Sea’ (lat. Mare Europaeum …” „… line runs along what are now the boundaries between Finland and Russia and between the Baltic states …” „… (re)gained its key position in the European geo-strategic landscape. The Baltic Sea has returned to being a …”

The Early Phase of Construction S. 48-49

„… Europe.121 The newly gained independence of the three Baltic States made it possible for regional and …” „… between 1988 and 1992. The Genesis of the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) as a historical case …” „… of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS). Engholm had envisaged the creation of some sort of coordinating …”

Sweden and Finland as European Actors and Regional Stakeholders S. 127-134

„… economic opportunities opened up by the [… ‘return’ of the Baltic states.448 The distribution of …” „… Baltic States and their performance and orientation in subregional cooperation …” „… pre-enlargement process of the CEECs and the Baltic States should be developed in detail,463 and they had …”

Networks and Clusters S. 84-86

„… . 283 See HUBEL Helmut/GÄNZLE Stefan: The Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) as a Sub-Regional …” „… : Governance Beyond the Nation-State: Transnationalization and Europeanization of the Baltic Sea Region. In …” „… , Associations, Unions, Leagues There is a great bulk of studies dealing with the topic of ‘New’ Baltic Sea …”

Introduction S. 13-14

„… , associations, and councils emerged, such as the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS), the Union of the …” „… Sea meaning the three Baltic States, and to some extent Poland and Northern Germany. The changing …” „… the European project. This applied most particularly to the Nordic States bordering the Baltic Sea …”

Overview: The Geo-Political Terminology Used in this Study S. 27

„… label of ‘Baltic States’ as the ‘Baltic Three’ is not always appreciated by the concerning states …” „… , Scandinavia, Baltic States Scandinavia Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland Scandinavian Baltic Sweden, Denmark …” „… and Finland Baltic Sea States Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia …”

The ‘Nordic Bloc’ – Driving Core for Baltic Sea Regionalism? S. 75-78

„… (Baltic States are represented by Ministers of Foreign Affairs) since 1996. Cooperation according to …” „… around the Baltic Rim. Stockholm 1997, pp 26-53, here p. 28. 258 See JAANSON Kaido: The Baltic States …” „… called Nordic Baltic 8. The NB8 cooperation system heavily relies on the coordination between the Nordic …”

The Contended Sea – A Brief Historical Retrospect S. 113-115

„… setting. While Finland just as the Baltic States had been involved in the global block confrontation …” „… geo-strategic significance. In recent years, the Baltic Sea has often been labelled the “European Sea” (or Mare …” „… counterpart of the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean. It came into use as an affectionate expression the ancient …”

Summary – Questions and Answers S. 223-227

„… . Common notions like the “Nordic” and the “Baltic States” or “Northern Europe” and “Scandinavia” can, in a …” „… , Scandinavia, Baltic States Scandinavia Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland Scandinavian Baltic Sweden, Denmark …” „… and Finland Baltic States Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia …”

The EU Committee of the Regions S. 94-97

„… ” was an omnipresent topic in all three Baltic States. The EU and NATO symbolised a sense of belonging …” „… for the Baltic States to re-gain the state of normality.315 The accession of the Baltic States could …” „… generally not be seen separate from the bilateral relations of both the EU and the Baltic States with Russia …”

Introductory Remarks on Regionalism and Integration S. 154-155

„… states by way of cooperation. Baltic Sea Regionalism is based on similar grounds. Processing cooperation …” „… 154Chapter 4: Explaining the Baltic Sea Conundrum Many interpretations have been attached to the …” „… phenomenon of Baltic Sea Regionalism: for some, it is the response to globalisation, for others it is the …”

Typologies S. 41-48

„… Genesis of the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) as a historical case study. In: NORDEUROPA Forum …” „… subordinate (and most often sub-state) actors existing and operating at subordinate levels. Confusingly …” „… , Baltic Sea Regionalism is sometimes also referred to as ‘Micro-Regionalism’ based on the notion of a much …”

Northern Europe, Scandinavia and the North S. 24-26

„… Northern Europe The coastal states of the Baltic Sea can all be attributed to different regional …” „… historical and political contexts. Therefore, the categories used by exponents from the Baltic States (i.e …” „… 31 See JAANSON Kaido: The Baltic States and Norden. In: The Baltic Review, Vol. 19. Online Edition …”

Application pattern I: The Security Community Approach S. 193-200

„… substantially (and ultimately) challenged by the rise of “New Regionalism” and whether the Baltic States, while …” „… Baltic States, Poland or even parts of Russia? A distinct “BUT” needs to be added when it comes to the …” „… peaceful change.”712 The EU accession of the Baltic States institutionally marked the fact that a Nordic …”

Mapping Out the White Spots on the Research Agenda S. 19-20

„… Scandinavia and the Baltic States, including daily press and official documents by governmental and other …” „… time being, last ‘hype’ about specific BSR matters in IR emerged in the years preceding the Baltic and …” „… directly related to the regional development of the Baltic Sea as a region. Moreover, the EU accession of …”

Working Material and Information Retrieval S. 20-21

„… Scandinavia and the Baltic States, including daily press and official documents by governmental and other …” „… the constructive attitude and ideational solidarity of its member states. The question of the …” „… disintegrative impact that, for example, regional self-centeredness of single member states could have on the …”

Research Strategy S. 21-22

„… abstraction of Baltic Sea Regionalism, of the Baltic Sea Conundrum, constitutes the ultimate step in the …” „… . Descriptive elaborations on the emergence and development of Baltic Sea Regionalism prepare for the …” „… provide useful reference for further discussions about the theoretical incorporation of Baltic Sea …”

And the Story Goes On: Is Sweden Trying to ‘Keep the EU ND Alive’? S. 142-145

„… . 515 See Priorities during the Swedish Presidency of the Council of the Baltic Sea States, July 2006 …” „… states that Sweden chose to prioritise enlargement and achieved the political breakthrough one had aimed …” „… environmental issues, one must state that the EU ND did not explicitly constitute the main point of reference …”

The Irony of Competition II S. 134-142

„… Denmark together with Germany set up the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) in 1992, and it was not …” „… Baltic States. The foreign political conduct of Russia in view of …” „… Nordic system of cooperation to loose momentum was the choice of the Nordic EU member states to remain …”

What Makes a Region a ‘Region’? Reflections on Baltic Sea ‘Regionness’ S. 33-36

„… geographical borders by including all states and sub-state entities that directly border on the Baltic Sea …” „… and tidy Scandinavia”68 or of the five Nordic states being “small, peace-loving, democratic countries …” „… ” 69 allude to this specific Nordic attitude.70 Some actors involved in the Baltic Sea region-building …”

Preliminary Assumptions, Research Questions and Structure S. 22-23

„… focuses on three analytical cornerstones: (1) the Baltic Sea Region and Baltic Sea Regionalism, (2) Sweden …” „… and Finland as two major regional stakeholders and EU member states, and accordingly, (3) the EU as an …” „… Baltic Sea Region and Baltic Sea Regionalism: The empirical point of reference for this study is the …”

Conclusions on the Theoretical Incorporation of Baltic Sea Regionalism S. 218-222

„… rather leave the floor to a concluding statement on the theoretical incorporation of Baltic Sea …” „… Regionalism and its connection to nation state regional policy. F. Conclusions on the Theoretical …” „… Incorporation of Baltic Sea Regionalism This chapter will seek to gather the insights that the foregoing …”

Looking Back – ‘Northern’ Issues in European Political Science S. 18-19

„… combines some of the most matured democracies in Europe with some of the youngest. Studying the Baltic Sea …” „… complex region in the New Europe. C. State of Research I. Looking Back – ‘Northern’ Issues in European …” „… political and security environment around the Baltic Sea. Indeed, the main empirical focus of this study …”

Outline and Main Objective S. 15-16

„… objective of this study to grasp at least part of the pluridimensional intricacy of Baltic Sea Regionalism …” „… of European integration and the regionalist dimension of Baltic Sea cooperation and networking. The …” „… as a region of its own (the Baltic Sea ‘regionness’), the EU as an overall framework for regionalist …”

Application Pattern II: Sketching a Model of Explanation S. 200-211

„… insularity building on mutual “expectations for peaceful change.”712 The EU accession of the Baltic States …” „… macro level in this model is built by nation states. In respect to the concrete case of Baltic Sea …” „… 200An alleged Baltic Sea non-war community would lack an important feature, which is, moral …”

The EU Performance in Regional Development: E.S.D.P. and INTERREG S. 97-101

„… Baltic States were gradually turned into cooperation programmes, with the Nordic Council of Ministers …” „… relationship between the Baltic States, Russia and Belarus. When looking at this set of initiatives one could …” „… on Spatial Development, bringing together the member state spatial planning ministers, was …”

Baltic Sea Region: What Sort of ‘Regionalism’? S. 37-39

„… between the various processes described under the banner of ‘regionalism’.85 II. Baltic Sea Region: What …” „… from the notion of ‘regionalism’ as an approach to state administration. In the context of national or …” „… state) into a certain number of smaller political districts, and thereby of transferring power from the …”

Preliminary Conclusions: The EU as a Regional (F)Actor in Northern Europe S. 111-113

„… effect on the post enlargement standing of the ND: the accession of the Baltic States would prolongate …” „… the EU ND was the fact that the policy did not get equal support among the Member States. Repeated …” „… certainly not change anything about the sceptical attitude of the Southern Member States that feared to be …”

‘Nordic’ vs. ‘Northern’ S. 26

„… . The ‘Baltic States’ From the specific perspective of this study, it is important to differentiate the …” „… term ‘Baltic Sea States’, meaning the group of Baltic Sea littoral states, from the notion of ‘Baltic …” „… only be applied collectively to the respective group of states, whereas the notion of a ‘Nordic’ sphere …”

Remoteness and Marginality – The Periphery’s Romantic Temptation S. 30-33

„… Baltic States and Norden. In: The Baltic Review, Vol. 19. Online Edition. Website of the Journal ‘The …” „… puts them into a state of permanent uncertainty. As their belonging to a certain entity always remains …” „… foreign policy conduct of states situated in peripheral regions. The unity of the system of Nordic …”

European Integration Theory: Addressing regional integration? S. 155-157

„… process that strengthens the economic, political and ideological links between the European states by way …” „… of cooperation. Baltic Sea Regionalism is based on similar grounds. Processing cooperation and …” „… networking across the Baltic Sea rim is an instance of integration, i.e. of the various actors conspiring for …”

Structuring Social Action – Structural Functionalism by Parsons S. 211-216

„… “functional regions”, i.e. groupings of actors on either state or sub-state level according to their positive …” „… it comes to the analysis of an empirical phenomenon as complex and multifaceted as the “Baltic Sea …” „… potential, intra-industry trade and factor content of revealed comparative advantage in the Baltic Sea …”

Patterns of Cooperation: Sorting out the Mess S. 86-88

„… : Governance Beyond the Nation-State: Transnationalization and Europeanization of the Baltic Sea Region. In …” „… 86II. Patterns of Cooperation: Sorting out the Mess Despite the proliferation of studies on Baltic …” „… - - - + - - - - - - + NL TB S Baltic 21 96 EPJ all SC L + + + - + - + + + - - FL TB S BaltMet 02 TNW SS LP L …”

Levels of Regionalism: Macro-, Meso- and Micro-Regionalism S. 39-41

„… often sub-state) actors existing and operating at subordinate levels. Confusingly, Baltic Sea …” „… 39As a result of the break-up of the USSR in 1991, the Nordic states were given a unique …” „… nation-state regional policy, this phenomenon is also called “defensive” or “proactive regionalism”, a state …”

Reconciling Application Patterns: Trial Application to the Baltic Sea Case S. 216-218

„… connection to nation state regional policy. F. Conclusions on the Theoretical Incorporation of Baltic Sea …” „… 216II. Reconciling Application Patterns: Trial Application to the Baltic Sea Case One of the major …” „… employment of the Parsonian AGIL scheme for the explanation of Baltic Sea social and political reality …”

Small State Theory – The Conduct of Small States in Foreign Policy S. 117-127

„… [… ‘return’ of the Baltic states.448 The distribution of geostrategic and political roles in this …” „… their behaviour towards the Baltic States and their performance and orientation in subregional …” „… brother) are still common in every-day talk in Northern Europe.403 III. Small State Theory – The Conduct …”

Policy Outline S. 104-108

„… Council of Baltic Sea States (CBSS) and the Barents Euro Arctic Council (BEAC), in which the European …” „… potential, the communication also emphasises the important role of the Baltic States, stressing that the EU …” „… States.353 Another structural reference can be identified for the EU ND. The ENP built on the policy …”

The Regionalism Complex and the Importance of Conceptual Clarity S. 36-37

„… nevertheless suggests some sort of evolutionary logic, according to which state-like regionness seems to …” „… decision-making and state-like self-identification. The BSR would probably range somewhere between Hettne’s …” „… stage of state-like regionness. However, the idea of a linearly progressing regionness seems neither …”

What Accounts for Swedish and Finnish Self-Perception? S. 115-117

„… setting. While Finland just as the Baltic States had been involved in the global block confrontation …” „… state of affairs is often deplored and many almost long back to the bad, but predictable, old days of …” „… Finlanders, have tended to ignore the Baltic character and determinants of their common history.395 In the …”

Application Pattern II: The Correlation Between Meso and Macro-Level S. 190-193

„… be either state-oriented or empirically focussed on the structural process of institutionalisation …” „… the process of governing. In contrast to state centric approaches, multi-level governance does not …” „… contend that state sovereignty is preserved or even strengthened trough further integration; nor do …”

The EU Neighbourhood Policy S. 101-104

„… probably ultimate, limits of Europe, leaving outside a number of states that are unlikely to ever become …” „… neighbours. [...] “The EU has a duty, not only towards its citizens and those of the new member states, but …” „… ’ Communication was followed by a lively debate among the EU member states. In the course of 2003, drawing on the …”

Evaluation: The EU ND Reconsidered S. 150-153

„… of Sweden, the following chapter will seek to give a broader picture of the actual state of affairs …” „… of the EU Member States and – not least from the side of the Commission, the establishment of a …” „… diffusion in the field of Baltic Sea cooperation instead of enhancing large-scale framework solutions and …”

Promoting the Finnish Perspective: Finland’s EU Presidency 2006 S. 145-150

„… Advisory Council of the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS). A Call for a New Start for the Northern …” „… : Presentation of the Swedish CBSS Presidency, held at the Baltic Sea Summit in Rejkjavik, 8 Juni 2006. 522 …” „… genuine joint commitment by both the European Commission and the fellow Member States. Analysts have …”

Broad Tendencies and Competing Traditions in EIT S. 157-164

„… scope of this chapter to provide an exhaustive picture of the history and the state-of-play in EIT. The …” „… normative agenda. The main question addressed in his study was how to constrain states and prevent future …” „… transcend the state-centric design of International Relations. See ROSAMOND Ben: Theories of European …”

Preliminary Evaluation: What Role for the EU ND? S. 109-111

„… mainly limited to the Baltic Sea area, most importantly including Russia and the Baltic States. For …” „… continental European perspective of “northernizing” the Nordic member states, i.e. “imbuing the North with …” „… weakness of the EU ND was the fact that the policy did not get equal support among the Member States …”

Intermediate Synthesis: Crosslinking Typologies and Theories S. 188-190

„… See TASSINARI Fabrizio: Mare Europaeum. Baltic Sea Region Security and Cooperation from post-Wall to …” „… state-oriented or empirically focussed on the structural process of institutionalisation and the build-up of a …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845212395

Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg / IFSH - OSCE Yearbook 2012

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Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg / IFSH (ed.)

OSCE Yearbook 2012

2013

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Jennifer Croft The HCNM in the Baltic States: Legacies and Unfinished Business S. 283-297

„… 283 Jennifer Croft The HCNM in the Baltic States: Legacies and Unfinished Business The …” „… Baltic states of Estonia and Latvia were among the first countries where the institution of the OSCE …” „… involvement in the Baltic states continues today, although it was gradually scaled back in the second decade …”

Ute Runge OSCE Selected Bibliography 2011/2012 S. 459-473

„… Measures CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States CCIIR Centre for Civil Integration and Inter-Ethnic …” „… 2012, [Warsaw] 2012. Open Skies Consultative Commission, United States Delegation, Open Skies Treaty …” „… , [Pristina] 2012. OSCE, Mission in Kosovo, The State of Independent Institutions in Kosovo, [Pristina] 2012 …”

Forms and Forums of Co-operation in the OSCE Area S. 435-437

„… European Union (WEU)1 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Baltic Assembly/Baltic Council of …” „… Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe Observers to the …” „… Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Observer States to …”

The 57 OSCE Participating States – Facts and Figures S. 437-455

„… 437 The 57 OSCE Participating States – Facts and Figures1 1. Albania Date of accession: June …” „… ) 1 Compiled by Jochen Rasch. 2 Of 57 states. 3 Of 57 states. 4 Of 57 states. 5 The …” „… in the United States. See The World Bank, World Development Report 2002, Washington, DC, 2002 …”

Ursel Schlichting Preface S. 13-20

„… ), the Baltic states (Jennifer Croft), the situation of the Russian minority in Ukraine and interethnic …” „… States of the OSCE (then the CSCE) created the office of the High Commissioner on National Minorities …” „… the breakup of the multiethnic Yugoslav state. The horrendous explosive power of “new” – minority …”

Marcin Czaplinski The HCNM’s Engagement in Macedonia: From Independence to the Ohrid Framework Agreement S. 267-283

„… in the Baltic States: Legacies and Unfinished Business The Baltic states of Estonia and Latvia …” „… linked to the presence of large Russian-speaking minorities.2 HCNM involvement in the Baltic states …” „… Estonian societies, and by the consolidation of democracy in the Baltic states which has provided …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… Independence to the Ohrid Framework Agreement 267 Jennifer Croft The HCNM in the Baltic States: Legacies …” „… Board on Disarmament Matters, Warsaw Andrei Zagorski, Moscow State Institute for International Relations …” „… I. States of Affairs – Affairs of State The OSCE and European Security Walter Kemp/Rytis …”

Towards a Euro-Atlantic and Eurasian Security Community From Vision to Reality S. 407-435

„… Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Baltic Assembly/Baltic Council of Ministers Barents Euro-Arctic …” „… Council Observers to the Barents Euro-Arctic Council Nordic Council Council of the Baltic Sea States …” „… Community 2. Arguments in Favour of a Security Community of the OSCE Participating States 3. Developments …”

OSCE Conferences, Meetings, and Events 2011/2012 S. 455-459

„… Aspects of Security for the Baltic Sea region, Riga 24-25 June OSCE: 2012 OSCE Security Days, Vienna …” „… border crossings, Dushanbe 26-27 July OSCE, ATU/Kyrgyzstan Antiterrorism Centre of the State …”

Abbreviations S. 473-481

„… Asia Liaison Office CBMs Confidence-Building Measures CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States CCIIR …” „… Development CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance CNPC China …” „… ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECRI European Commission against Racism and Intolerance …”

Rolf Mützenich, Matthias Z. Karádi The OSCE as a Euro-Atlantic and Eurasian Security Community: Theoretical Foundations, Preconditions, and Prospects S. 43-55

„… – Central and Eastern European states saw the future of their security in NATO and the EU. Nonetheless, in …” „… interests of the states involved in them: Membership of international organizations is in the interest of …” „… a state (in terms of power projection). When these interests change, so does the character of the …”

Manon de Courten Addressing the Isolation of Minorities in Georgia: Project Engagement as a Key Instrument of the HCNM S. 325-341

„… previously gained, notably in the 1990s in the Baltic states, the HCNM has been successfully engaged for …” „… in three respects. First, Georgia is the OSCE participating State to which the HCNM has provided by …” „… media, policing, inter-state relations and, most recently, integration.2 Projects constitute the …”

Walter Kemp, Rytis Paulauskas Adapt or Die: “Smart Power”, Adaptive Leadership, the Lithuanian Chairmanship, and the Evolution of the OSCE S. 21-43

„… the Baltic states. What about the OSCE? The OSCE has some aspects of hard power – including policing …” „… I. States of Affairs – Affairs of State The OSCE and European …” „… ethnic tensions, intra-state conflicts, and post-communist transition. As a consequence, the CSCE was …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845246062

Sonja Heinze, Ulrich Karpen, Djoko Lukic - Maritime Security - Current Problems in the Baltic Sea

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Sonja Heinze (ed.), Ulrich Karpen (ed.), Djoko Lukic (ed.)

Maritime Security - Current Problems in the Baltic Sea

Series: International Association of Legislation (IAL) / Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesetzgebung (DGG)

Volume 13 2008

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Heiki Lindpere Some new Maritime Security Issues for the Coastal States of the Baltic Sea S. 39-42

„… 39 Some new Maritime Security Issues for the Coastal States of the Baltic Sea Heiki Lindpere …” „… security issues for the littoral States of the Baltic Sea which will be brought by the future use of the …” „… through the continental shelf of different coastal States of the Baltic Sea. Hereby I leave aside the …”

Alberto Cisterna Penal law, Extradition, the Achille Lauro – Agreement S. 46-64

„… . Several days later, the four men gave themselves up to the Egyptian authorities. The United States …” „… others.35 On 11th October of the same year, an Egyptian aircraft was intercepted by the United States …” „… United States for their extradition. At the Security Council, the President of the United States, in …”

Yury Mishalchenko Statement: Law and Economics - Aspects of National and International Regulation S. 131-152

„… industrial countries and with developing countries. Also we can distinguish cooperation with Baltic states …” „… (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia). The Baltic Sea is out of jurisdiction of separate nation states as an …” „… international law, regulating environmental protection, in the practical activity of states in the Baltic Sea …”

Carsten Lüdemann Address S. 28-30

„… integration of Baltic Sea states in the European Union and always placed and places special attention on …” „… Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Pomerania are members of: 1. The Baltic Sea Council 2. The Baltic Sea States …” „… States. Nonetheless important for our work is another coastal state of the Baltic Sea, namely the …”

Philippe Gautier Maritime Security Issues and the Settlement of Disputes S. 22-28

„… situation of the Baltic Sea States, the current situation may be compared with the situation in 2004. In …” „… marine safety problems in the Baltic Sea, he noted that there were 145 States Parties to the 1982 …” „… Convention and that three Baltic Sea States were not yet parties to it: Denmark, Estonia and Latvia.7 At …”

Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg Terrorism, NATO, Rules of Engagement S. 101-121

„… Russian Federation, the States bordering the Baltic Sea are integrated in NATO and EU structures. Most of …” „… an impact on security issues that are of common concern for all Baltic States, including Russia. It …” „… be considered a realistic threat to the common security of the Baltic States. 62 During World …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-11

„… . The Baltic Sea Council 2. The Baltic Sea States Sub-regional Co-operation 3. The Baltic Sea …” „… States of the Baltic Sea Mr. Heiki Lindpere, Ph.D. Director of the Institute of the Law, Tartu …” „… (eds.) Maritime Security – Current Problems in the Baltic Sea Conference in Cooperation with the …”

Matthias Weckerling Address S. 30-32

„… their hospitality. Though Hamburg is not exactly a coastal state with regard to the Baltic Sea, its …” „… the regional profile of this conference this concerns Poland and the Baltic States. Nonetheless …” „… important for our work is another coastal state of the Baltic Sea, namely the Russian Federation, and I am …”

Subject Index S. 182-189

„… Baltic Sea States 5, 23, 24, 25, 29 Baltic States 30, 104, 105, 120, 142, 143, 146 BASF AG 137 …” „… , 29 The Baltic Sea States Sub-regional Cooperation 5, 29 The Paris Memorandum 141, 142 traffic in …” „… , 129 and Organization of American States 63 Anthrax 86 anti-emission rules 145 Antiterrorist …”

Hans-Heinrich Nöll Risks in Transportation: Experiences S. 89-96

„… United States dictated a set of rules on how to deal with cargo. If companies had not respected the …” „… particularities in the Baltic Sea. 2. The Tools of the ISPS Code The ISPS Code entered into force as early …” „… as 1 July 2004. Based on SOLAS Chapter XI-2, the ISPS Code can be enforced through the Port State …”

Erik Lindfors Check against Delivery S. 33-39

„… . 39 Some new Maritime Security Issues for the Coastal States of the Baltic Sea Heiki Lindpere 25 …” „… security issues for the littoral States of the Baltic Sea which will be brought by the future use of the …” „… through the continental shelf of different coastal States of the Baltic Sea. Hereby I leave aside the …”

Paavo Wihuri Risks in Transportation: Experencies Implementation of the ISPS Code in Finnish Ports and Onboard Ships S. 96-100

„… possible. Danger of terrorist actions Navigational hazards in the Baltic might give easy platform for …” „… terrorist action against shipping. In the Baltic region the most dangerous area is Bornholmsgat, due to …” „… to be ready for any kind of terrorist actions in the Baltic region. Anti-terrorist surveillance …”

Thomas Winkler Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) PSI I: Application in the Baltic Sea S. 64-70

„… 64 Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) PSI I: Application in the Baltic Sea Thomas Winkler …” „… presentation on the PSI and the Baltic Sea area. We have decided to split the presentation into two parts. I …” „… specifically on the legal framework – and impact – of the PSI in the Baltic Sea region with a natural focus on …”

Kaare Bangert Introduction to the Second Session S. 43-46

„… served as a communicator of cultural ideas from southern Europe into the Scandinavian and Baltic area …” „… ‘Security at Sea’ in the Baltic area is highly important, and we are lucky to have three distinguished …” „… program for prevention of maritime terrorism in the Baltic area or more precise in the important and …”

Bibliography S. 170-180

„… ., Modelling the Demand for Sea Transport on the Baltic Sea, Swedish National Road and Transport Research …” „… Delimitation, 1989. Fisheries Department, 2006, The state of world fisheries and aquaculture, FAO, Rome …” „… ., Countering the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Case of Non-State Actors, in: Common Values …”

Konstantin Olegovich Nikolaev Measures of Russian Federation on Enhancement of Transport Security at Sea S. 126-130

„… and Port Facility Security Code all the states, even belonging to the Baltic region, took all …” „… all states of the world, particularly for our neighbours – the Baltic region states. So we invite …” „… and state in the transport domain against acts of unlawful interference; creation of an …”

Michael Rand Instruments of Protecting Security: Investigation of Vessels, Escort Protection, Protection of Harbours S. 121-126

„… and Port Facility Security Code all the states, even belonging to the Baltic region, took all …” „… security on vessels arriving in the US. Established in 1995 to support flag State, port State and coastal …” „… State obligations, Activities Europe is the US Coast Guard presence in Europe, Africa and the Middle …”

Ulrich Karpen Opening Address S. 19-22

„… meantime under the title “Maritime Safety – Current Problems of Use of the Baltic Sea” (Nomos Publishers …” „… carrying the leading heads of States and Governments from the USA to Europe. If you have not read the book …” „… learning of the ideas and experiences of the experts from all nine Baltic Sea-neighbouring countries. I …”

Zdzisław Brodecki, Dorota Pyć Statement: Maritime Security – General Concept S. 152-164

„… Vadis? Maritime security creates an overlap between international security, regional security (Baltic …” „… . States and marine administration has already discussed the subject-matter in a particular context and …” „… passed Resolution 1373 required states to ensure their banks do not facilitate the financing of …”

Interventions S. 166-168

„… security, in the Baltic Sea being issues of 9 rather than of 8 states. Maritime Security is deemed …” „… security in the Baltic Sea through regional or universal law; Rules of Engagement. Regarding the …” „… , for the states have not been accorded as many competences in the exclusive Economic Zone as in …”

Joergen R.Lilje-Jensen Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) PSI II: Application in the Danish Straits

„… applicable to maritime transport in areas under coastal State jurisdiction with specific reference to the …” „… matter if there is an immediate or remote threat to the coastal State? And does it matter if we are …” „… any other state. Another component is customary law as reflected in the 1958 Geneva Convention on the …”

Abbreviations S. 12-14

„… Baltic Sea Cooperation IRU International Road Transport Union ISM International Safety Management ISPS …” „… nr. Number NRC NATO-Russia Council NRF NATO Response Force OAS Organization of American States …” „… . Philosophiae Doctor Prof. Professor PSC Port state control PSI Proliferation Security Initiative Rev …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845209869

Michael W. Bauer, Christoph Knill - Management Reforms in International Organizations

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Michael W. Bauer (ed.), Christoph Knill (ed.)

Management Reforms in International Organizations

Series: Verwaltungsressourcen und Verwaltungsstrukturen

Volume 6 2007

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Tobias Etzold Reorganization Processes in Small International Organizations: The Nordic Councils and the Council of the Baltic Sea States S. 149-162

„… Councils and the Council of the Baltic Sea States Tobias Etzold 1. Introduction The traditional …” „… internal structures. The Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) faced significant changes in its external …” „… environment when four of its member states, the three Baltic States and Poland, joined the European Union …”

Bibliography S. 201-220

„… of the Baltic Sea States, 1998: Establishment of a CBSS Secretariat - Proposal by the Presidency, cf …” „… . http://www.cbss.st/documents/cbsspresidencies/6danish/dbaFile2816.html. Council of the Baltic Sea States, 2000: Baltic Sea States Summit …” „… . http://www.cbss.org/summits/ kolding2000/dbaFile539.html. Council of the Baltic Sea States, 2004a: 5-Year Review of the CBSS …”

Michael Kerler Triggering World Bank Reform: When Member States, NGOs and Learning Get Important S. 133-149

„… International Organizations: The Nordic Councils and the Council of the Baltic Sea States Tobias Etzold 1 …” „… and internal structures. The Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) faced significant changes in its …” „… external environment when four of its member states, the three Baltic States and Poland, joined the …”

List of Abbreviations S. 9-10

„… Activity-Based Management APS Annual Policy Strategy CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States CoE Council of …” „… Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization US United States WFP World Food Program WHO …”

Michael W. Bauer, Christoph Knill Preface S. 5-8

„… Council of the Baltic Sea States Tobias Etzold …” „… 117 Triggering World Bank Reform: When Member States, NGOs and Learning Get Important Michael Kerler …”

Michael W. Bauer Introduction: Management Reforms in International Organizations S. 11-24

„… Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the Nordic Council, the Council of the Baltic Sea States, the …” „… studies on the reorganization processes in the Nordic Councils and the Council of the Baltic Sea States …” „… of states’ or ‘how do collective choices of or within international organizations affect domestic …”

Index S. 221-224

„… 98, 100-104, 107, 108, 111, 112 Council of Europe 181, 183, 185-188 Council of the Baltic Sea …” „… States 15, 22, 149, 155-161 crisis 18, 27, 39, 62, 63, 68, 129, 130, 134, 135, 139, 142, 143, 146 …” „… , 197 member states 26-29, 33, 41, 42, 53, 56, 58, 59, 61-63, 66, 76, 80, 82, 86, 87, 94, 97, 98 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845202273

Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg / IFSH - OSCE Yearbook 2009

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Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg / IFSH (ed.)

OSCE Yearbook 2009

2010

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Anna Ekstedt Current Activities of the Council of the Baltic Sea States Task Force against Trafficking in Human Beings S. 361-373

„… 361 Anna Ekstedt Current Activities of the Council of the Baltic Sea States Task Force against …” „… Trafficking in Human Beings The Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS)1 appreciates this opportunity to …” „… Council of the Baltic Sea States in Denmark, in June 2009, the importance of concrete co-operation in the …”

Aaron Rhodes Aspects of the Decline of Human Rights Defenders in the OSCE Region S. 257-267

„… the Baltic states renewed the European human rights movement after 1989 with their principles, their …” „… governments have done. Among the OSCE participating States, the United States, the Netherlands, the United …” „… , Protecting human rights defenders: a priority for the OSCE participating States, in: Helsinki Monitor 4/2006 …”

Forms and Forums of Co-operation in the OSCE Area S. 381-385

„… Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Baltic Assembly/Baltic Council of Ministers Barents Euro-Arctic …” „… Council Observers to the Barents Euro-Arctic Council Nordic Council Council of the Baltic Sea States …” „… : www.cis.minsk.by Baltic Assembly/Baltic Council of Ministers: www.baltasam.org Barents Euro-Arctic Council …”

The 56 OSCE Participating States – Facts and Figures S. 385-403

„… 385 The 56 OSCE Participating States – Facts and Figures 1 1. Albania Date of accession …” „… states. 3 Of 56 states. 4 Of 56 states. 5 The international dollar is the hypothetical unit of …” „… services in the domestic market as one US dollar would buy in the United States. See The World Bank …”

Oleksandr Pavlyuk The Platform for Co-operative Security: Ten Years of Co-operation S. 341-361

„… ), the Central Europe Initiative (CEI), the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS), CSTO, GUAM, the …” „… Sea States Task Force against Trafficking in Human Beings The Council of the Baltic Sea States …” „… response. At the 15th Ministerial Session of the Council of the Baltic Sea States in Denmark, in June …”

Egon Bahr, Reinhard Mutz Do We Need a New European Security Culture? Why the Best of Détente Is Yet to Come S. 61-77

„… reinforcement rather than by additional permanent 68 particularly from Poland and the Baltic states. In …” „… can also be questioned whether, since joining NATO, the Baltic states require air defence that they …” „… Secretary of State Madeleine Albright brought to Russia’s President Boris Yeltsin on her first visit in …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… Years of Co-operation 343 Anna Ekstedt Current Activities of the Council of the Baltic Sea States …” „… , Warsaw Andrei Zagorski, Moscow State Institute for International Relations, Moscow Editor-in-Chief …” „… Schlichting Preface 13 Wolfgang Zellner Victor-Yves Ghebali – An Appreciation 17 I. States of …”

Abbreviations S. 431-437

„… Central Asian Cooperation Organization CBMs Confidence-Building Measures CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea …” „… States CBSS TF-THB CBSS Task Force against Trafficking in Human Beings CDE Conference on Confidence …” „… Chairman-in-Office/Chairperson-in-Office CIS Commonwealth of Independent States 432 CIVPOL Civilian Police CoE Council of Europe …”

Ursel Schlichting Preface S. 13-16

„… considers cooperation between the OSCE and the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) in combating …” „… Yearbook 2008 provided a comprehensive overview of the state of European security1 and a precise …” „… participating States finally met on 28 June 2009 at Corfu for initial informal discussions – and the “Corfu …”

OSCE Selected Bibliography 2008/2009 S. 409-431

„… Confidence-Building Measures CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States CBSS TF-THB CBSS Task Force against Trafficking …” „… OSCE-Japan Conference “Sharing Knowledge and Experiences between the OSCE Participating States and Asian …” „… , 2008, Vienna 2009. United States, Congress, Commission on Security and Cooperation, United States …”

Andrei Zagorski The Russian Proposal for a Treaty on European Security: From the Medvedev Initiative to the Corfu Process S. 43-61

„… (excluding the Baltic States). This is most commonly addressed in terms of NATO’s eastward enlargement, and …” „… the post-Soviet space – with the exception of the Baltic states – as a zone of Russia’s “privileged …” „… States at the Ministerial Council in Helsinki in December 2008. This debate was carried on in 2009 …”

Adam Daniel Rotfeld Does Europe Need a New Security Architecture? S. 19-43

„… I. States of Affairs – Affairs of State The OSCE and European …” „… transformation of many Central and Eastern European states that shed Soviet domination after the break-up of the …” „… Treaty was presented on 29 November 2009 and addressed to all the NATO, EU, and OSCE member states …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845222240

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