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European Council for Agricultural Law / Comité Européen de Droit Rural / Europäisches Komitee für Agrarrecht, Roland Norer - CAP Reform: Market Organisation and Rural Areas

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European Council for Agricultural Law / Comité Européen de Droit Rural / Europäisches Komitee für Agrarrecht (ed.), Roland Norer (ed.)

CAP Reform: Market Organisation and Rural Areas

Series: Schriften zum Agrar-, Umwelt- und Verbraucherschutzrecht

Volume 75 2017

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Hannes Kronaus Austria S. 463-466

„… Austria Hannes Kronaus Juristischer Mitarbeiter der Marktordnungsstelle Agrarmarkt Austria, Wien …” „… nur ein LE-Programm und eine zugelassene Zahlstelle (Agrarmarkt Austria). Die Abwicklung der …” „… Beeinträchtigung der Ausübung von Einforstungsrechten. Austria 465 …”

Anton Reinl Austria S. 431-436

„… – Summaries – Zusammenfassungen Austria Dr. Anton Reinl Vizepräsident der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-15

„… . Commission I – Kommission I 433 Austria 435 Anton Reinl Belgium 437 Etienne Gregoire France 439 Bernard …” „… Adriana Victoria/ Nancy Lydia Malanos Austria 463 Hannes Kronaus Belgium 467 Marc Heyerick Brazil 469 …” „… United States of America 491 Margaret Rosso Grossman C. Commission III – Kommission III 493 Austria 495 …”

Louise Franz, Henry Van Malleghem Belgium S. 493-500

„… – Zusammenfassungen Austria Michael Maschl Mag., LL.M.; Referent in der niederösterreichischen …” „… Programm und schließlich Climate Change Austria (fünf österreichische Universitäten haben das Ziel, durch …” „… Beispiele können angeführt werden: Klimaforschungsprogramm StartClim sowie Austrian Climate Research …”

José Martinez Rapport général de la Commission I – General Report of Commission I – Generalbericht der Kommission I S. 109-152

„… Spain, Austria and France. 21 In particular, the national reports of Austria, Germany, Italy, Poland …” „… fully implemented in Austria, meaning that no subsidy payments over 150 000 € are made. Germany does not …” „… exceeding 1052 € (Spain, Austria) and/or is liable for social security contributions in the agricultural …”

Liste des Rapports nationaux – List of National Reports – Liste der Landesberichte S. 557-558

„… María Adriana Victoria Nancy Malanos Austria Anton Reinl Hannes Kronaus Michael Maschl Belgium Etienne …”

János Ede Szilágyi Rapport général de la Commission II – General Report of Commission II – Generalbericht der Kommission II S. 175-292

„… http://www.cedr.org/congresses/potsdam/potsdamcom2.php. 3 Kronaus, «National report – Austria», 10, (hereinafter referred to as Austrian report …” „… Österreich, Wien, 2012, 703-716; voir ég. Reinl, « Family farms in Austria », in: Bourges/Muniz Espada (ed …” „… Argentinian,2 Austrian3, British4, Dutch5, 2 Victoria/Malanos, «National report – Argentina», 23, (hereinafter …”

Conclusions de la Commission II – Conclusions of Commission II – Schlussfolgerungen der Kommission II S. 293-310

„… . in Germany, in Austria, or in the UK (especially in Scotland). This question is mostly ignored in …”

Alessandra Di Lauro, Luc Bodiguel Rapport général de la Commission III – General Report of Commission III – Generalbericht der Kommission III S. 317-354

„… – taken into consideration in the reform of European agricultural policy. Austria has taken up the issue …”

Roland Norer Rapport de Synthese – Synthesis Report – Synthesebericht Rapport de Synthese – Synthesis Report – Synthesebericht S. 365-430

„… and Austria. The transparency requirement – that is, the compulsory publication of the details of all …” „… its various agricultural-legislative effects, as touched upon in both the Austrian and Norwegian …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845274393

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CEDR (ed.)

Agriculture and Competition

Series: Schriften zum Agrar-, Umwelt- und Verbraucherschutzrecht

Volume 82 2019

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Anton Reinl Austria S. 441-446

„… nationaux – National Reports – Landesberichte Résumés – Summaries – Zusammenfassungen Austria Dr. Anton …”

Liste des Rapports nationaux – List of National Reports – Liste der Landesberichte S. 501-504

„… / Nancy Malanos Austria Anton Reinl Belgium Antoine Grégoire Bulgaria Minko Georgiev/ Henrich …”

Paul Richli, Christian Busse Rapport général de la Commission I – General Report of Commission I – Generalbericht der Kommission I S. 57-262

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… – LandesberichteVI. A. Commission I – Kommission I 443 Austria 445 Anton Reinl Germany 447 Birgit Buth Italy 451 …”

Roland Norer Rapport de Synthese – Synthesis Report – Synthesebericht S. 385-440

„… , Austria on the other hand only 35 and the Netherlands only 23. The former two countries have a corre …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845299655

Thomas Fischer - Neutral Power in the CSCE

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Thomas Fischer

Neutral Power in the CSCE

Series: Wiener Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 12 2009

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Austria S. 36-40

„… spanning centuries, Austria’s neutrality was an immediate offspring of the Cold War in Europe.41 The …” „… . Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999; Michael Gehler. “From Nonalignment to Neutrality: Austria’s …” „… Powers mainly agreed to Austria’s proposal, the Soviet side stuck to their guns, demanding that Allied …”

Austria S. 65-69

„… important multilateral forums such as the EC and most notably the UN.129Austria Austria’s interest in …” „… Austria’s fundamental commitment to an easing of tensions in Europe: If there is détente, Austria will take …” „… , Austria had felt the effects of East-West tensions much more than Switzerland. Austrian policy had to …”

Austria S. 120-128

„… Finnish initiative of May 1969, and specified Austria’s ideas for the European security conference.362 …” „… bilateral talks with the Finns in March 1971, Kirchschläger explained that Austria’s positive reply to the …” „… agreed MBFR talks between the military alliances now seemed a promising way to improve Austria’s security …”

Austria under Soviet Pressure S. 86-89

„… Austria’s Western-oriented policy with great alertness. Soviet scepticism grew when Austria, together with …” „… matter with the security conference issue, and strove to exploit Austria’s position for these purposes …” „… Austria’s capacity to actively intervene on these issues without potentially damaging its own status. On the …”

The Swiss-Austrian Quarrel over Neutrality S. 254-263

„… , Austria’s neutrality was based on a national constitutional law, and as such could in theory be changed by …” „… permanent neutrality of Austria. On the contrary, it risked subjecting Austria’s neutrality to an unwelcome …” „… specifying its content. Although he still could not understand the reasons behind Austria’s objection to the …”

The Austrian Middle East Proposal – First to Fail S. 189-191

„… Netherlands, and Austria, the Austrian delegation gave up all illusions that their proposal still had a chance …” „… of the formal and informal working groups during February and March 1973, the three neutrals Austria …” „… GDR precisely because its content was rather vague. However, if Austria persisted in its initial …”

Summary and Conclusions S. 357-376

„… Finnish initiative by welcoming its general direction and stating Austria’s positive attitude towards the …” „… phenomenon in Cold War diplomacy. Never before or after the CSCE did the European neutral states Austria …” „… states under specific scrutiny here (Austria, Finland, Sweden, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia) varied quite …”

Switzerland S. 32-36

„… spanning centuries, Austria’s neutrality was an immediate offspring of the Cold War in Europe.41 The …” „… . Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999; Michael Gehler. “From Nonalignment to Neutrality: Austria’s …” „… legal status. This only changed at the end of the Napoleonic wars, when the five Great Powers (Austria …”

Growing Mutual Respect and Understanding S. 343-347

„… younger neutralities of Austria and Finland.1337 Yet the Austrian Foreign Ministry also originally said …” „… statement that made Finnish diplomats, understandably, resent the Austrian politicians.1340 That Austria was …” „… . Austria’s bone of contention with Yugoslavia already existed before the CSCE, and the personal contacts …”

Helsinki-Geneva-Helsinki: Deciding on the Venue of the Conference S. 201-216

„… Stage II of the conference, and that Austria was mainly interested in having Stage III in the Austrian …” „… and Austria, with their demand to include guiding principles for MBFR on the CSCE agenda, originally …” „… Austria and Switzerland were the most likely alternatives as hosts of the talks, and signalled a …”

Assuming Responsibility as Coordinators of Basket III S. 240-243

„… jointly by Austria, Finland, and Switzerland on the harmonization of norms in standards and trade, and by …” „… Austria, Sweden, and Switzerland on promoting conditions for the increase of sales on foreign markets …” „… , 1974]: CSCE/II/D/14, Committee II, D. Sub-Committee 3, Proposal submitted by the Delegations of Austria …”

Mitigating Bilateral Differences S. 347-351

„… encountered at the time with Belgrade. Austria’s bone of contention with Yugoslavia already existed before …” „… chauvinism and neo-Nazism, and stated Austria’s willingness to comply with the provisions of Article 7 of the …” „… the CSCE also helped neutral states Austria and Switzerland to mitigate bilateral differences they …”

Five Times Neutral and Non-Aligned S. 54-55

„… Austria’s neutrality, as a direct offspring of the superpower conflict in Europe, was oriented more towards …” „… Switzerland, Austria, Sweden, and Finland followed the path of developed and market-oriented industrial …” „… international law) of Switzerland, Austria, Sweden, and Finland referred to a code of international law …”

Introduction S. 17-28

„… While articles on Austria’s participation in the Helsinki Process based on primary documents have begun …” „… will demonstrate how Moscow in particular pressured Austria between 1966 and 1968, using Austrian …” „… bargaining chip at best; such was the case for Austria in the four powers’ negotiations on its State Treaty …”

The Role of a Neutral/Non-Aligned State and Possible Forms of Cooperation S. 141-150

„… Curtain.458 Austria’s “window function” for the Eastern European states was a recurring theme in Austrian …” „… have an attitude not unlike that in their previous 458 See TNA, FCO 33/1673: Austria’s role in the …” „… could become a possible bone of contention between the neutral states: Finland, Austria, and Switzerland …”

The Bucharest Appeal of 1966 on the Neutral States S. 84-86

„… security conference. Ever since the Hungarian crisis in 1956, Moscow had watched Austria’s …” „… comprehensive European conference. The Soviets clearly saw the offer as a “carrot”, particularly for Austria and …” „… seek further clarification of Brezhnev’s Karlovy Vary statement in Moscow.214Indeed, Austria had good …”

No N+N Cooperation in Basket II S. 238-240

„… rights of foreign and migrant workers. Finland and Austria, which had a more significant share than …” „… had been rather lukewarm. They pointed out that states such as Austria, Yugoslavia, Finland, and …” „… resolution in March 1974 presented jointly by Austria, Finland, and Switzerland on the harmonization of norms …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… instrumental in setting up the project, but during our four years in Austria, he became its mentor and a …” „… Austria, and my wife and I made close friends among its staff and members. A particularly valuable …” „… participated in the undertaking as contemporary witnesses are: Franz Ceska, Felix Mikl, Walter Siegl (Austria …”

Bibliography S. 379-392

„… Austria.Contemporary Austrian Studies, Vol. 2. New Brunswick/London: Transaction Publishers, 1994. 130-151. Rentola …” „… Neutrality: Austria’s Transformation during the First East-West Détente, 1953-1958.” Journal of Cold War …” „… 379Bibliography Archival sources Austria: Österreichisches Staatsarchiv/Archiv der Republik, Vienna …”

Neutral and Non-Aligned Reactions to the Finnish CSCE Memorandum S. 100-111

„… Austria’s favourable disposition to a mediating role in the preparations if it met the requirements of both …” „… .270Among the neutral states, Austria was the first to officially react to the Finnish memorandum with …” „… interlocutors from 1967 to 1969.272The Finnish Foreign Ministry took positive note of Austria as the “first …”

Sweden S. 69-71

„… took place in the Austrian capital.147Thus Austria viewed the key significance of détente within a …” „… appointment as secretary general of the UN in 1971, and Austria’s election to the UN Security Council as a …” „… manoeuvring for Austria, as a neutral state in a delicate geostrategic position on the outskirts of the …”

Technical Preparations S. 151-155

„… , Switzerland, and Austria, with Yugoslavia and other non-aligned joining at certain points. However, the …” „… , Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and Austria). As soon as Italian had been accepted, Spain pointed out that Spanish …” „… problem. The new situation was immediately contested by Austria, which, due to its own recent history with …”

Neutral and Non-Aligned Agenda Proposals S. 177-181

„… affairs in December 1972, Kirchschläger admitted that although Austria’s attempts to have the Middle East …” „… three neutrals Sweden, Switzerland, and Austria held a separate meeting – apart from their regular …” „… brief meeting on 16 January, Switzerland, Sweden, and Austria entered their names first on the list of …”

Moving from Helsinki to Geneva S. 219-226

„… , 1973]: Statement by the Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Austria, Dr. Rudolf …” „… State like Austria between declarations on security and the reduction of military powers”.764The …” „… concession of confidence-building measures was hardly a compensation for this deficiency; Austria would have …”

Switzerland S. 128-135

„… of the question. This was also mainly why Switzerland, in contrast to Austria, early on opposed a …” „… , Sweden, Finland and Austria, had been the first to learn about the details of the proposal. Yet reaction …” „… Austria did not agree to co-sponsor the initiative,409 and when Austria declared official support for the …”

Performance of the Neutral and Non-Aligned States S. 169-173

„… Ministry in Berne stated that the cooperation between the neutrals Switzerland, Austria, and Sweden at the …” „… Wien geführte Gespräch, Dezember 1972. 170 than anticipated after the bilateral preparations. Austria …” „… for the USSR to accept such a proposal if it was coming from neutral Austria”.558 The Soviets would …”

The Soviet Njet to the Swiss SRPD Project S. 250-254

„… cases. However, only Austria, Sweden, and Canada responded positively in their statements to these …” „… delegations, including Austria, Italy, France, Canada, Bulgaria, and the Soviet Union, welcomed the Yugoslav …” „… Austria and to a lesser degree Sweden and Finland, lent it strong rhetorical support, but were not …”

Switzerland S. 63-65

„… such as the EC and most notably the UN.129Austria Austria’s interest in détente was much more genuine …” „… , head of a Social Democratic government from 1970 to 1983, explained the reasons for Austria’s …” „… fundamental commitment to an easing of tensions in Europe: If there is détente, Austria will take a place at …”

Neutral Coordinators for the Informal Minigroups S. 185-187

„… of the freedom and contact of people, Austria’s priorities in Basket III.619Working Groups (26 …” „… Yugoslavia, Sweden, and Austria, as well as from the Soviet Union. Despite initial resistance from the EC …” „… . Instead, the neutral states Austria, Sweden, and Switzerland were assigned the task of coordinating the …”

Neutral Caucus with a View to the Continuation of Stage II and the Follow-Up S. 243-245

„… ; Austria was represented by the secretary general of the Foreign Ministry, Ambassador Ludwig Steiner, and …” „… Relations, while Austria stressed the absolute need for an equal balance of all principles (in order to …” „… alternatives in January when the proposal was discussed further in the special working body. Austria supported …”

Sweden S. 40-45

„… , however, changed the 51 Neuhold, “The Permanent Neutrality of Austria” (1982), 58. 52 Katarina Brodin …” „… Switzerland and Austria, Sweden did not argue for the primacy of the principle of neutrality in the event of a …” „… Switzerland and Austria. On the contrary, Sweden was a committed democratic state, deeply involved in the …”

Bilateral Superpower Détente S. 55-60

„… War, Switzerland pursued a universal outlook for its neutrality policy, while Austria’s neutrality, as …” „… 55international law (Switzerland) or on a national, constitutional undertaking (Austria). The de …” „… Soviet pressure than that of Finland and Austria, with their geostrategic position at the outskirts of …”

The Declaration of Principles and Basket III S. 193-198

„… supported this approach.649On 2 April 1973 Austria, with a special interest in Basket III issues, joined in …” „… Americans.651 On 2 May Austria tabled a slightly revised version of its draft preamble for Basket III …” „… , Report on a Negotiation, 27. 650 TNA, FCO 41/1291: Austria, Basket III (CESC/WG/21), 2 April 1973; TNA …”

The Finnish CSCE Initiative of 5 May 1969 S. 89-100

„… Although the Soviets sustained their claim that “Austria would not make the best use of its neutrality in …” „… wait for Moscow to take the first step on the matter. Only then could Austria decide how far it would …” „… would have to realize that it could not persuade Austria to be the initiator of the Soviet conference …”

Neutral and Non-aligned Cooperation at the MPT S. 216-218

„… of the year 1973. The role assumed by the three neutrals Sweden, Austria, and Switzerland as …” „… never considered on an equal footing with the other neutrals, neither by Switzerland nor Austria.748As …” „… three neutrals Austria, Sweden, Switzerland (and if possible also with Yugoslavia) before the second …”

Reactions to the Neutral and Non-Aligned Proposals on Security Matters S. 181-185

„… of ideas the requirements of the freedom and contact of people, Austria’s priorities in Basket III …” „… MBFR sought by Sweden, Austria, and Yugoslavia. Mendelevich believed that the most Moscow would be …” „… January only proved detrimental. The next day, Switzerland, Sweden, and Austria defended their proposals …”

The Catalogue of Principles S. 187-189

„… , Switzerland and Austria were in a position to disperse the fears of all neutral and non-aligned states that …” „… during February and March 1973, the three neutrals Austria, Sweden, and Switzerland, together with …” „… . However, if Austria persisted in its initial proposal dealing specifically with the Middle East, this …”

Other Reference Groups S. 354-356

„… considerable scepticism by Switzerland and Austria, and first bilateral contacts between Helsinki and Berne as …” „… , the GDR, Austria, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland to arrive at more balanced text versions in 1382 …” „… , Austria, and Liechtenstein joining West Germany in criticizing the Finnish translation work at the MPT see …”

Finland Joins in the Neutral Consultations S. 226-228

„… won the respect of its fellow neutrals – namely Switzerland and Austria – and was included in these …” „… that the three neutrals Switzerland, Sweden, and Austria had assumed on a regular basis in the informal …” „… encourage the neutrals in this direction.791So far, states such as Austria, Sweden, and Switzerland had …”

Ralph Enckell’s Mission (and the Second Finnish Memorandum) S. 111-120

„… . 115 were further guaranteed in the process. However, in July 1970 Austria officially launched another …” „… , 17 December 1970. Leskinen visited Austria shortly after proposing that further preliminary talks …” „… to Austria, Vienna, 15 March 1971. 343 Both Seppo Hentilä and Ilkka Pastinen, in talks with the …”

Basic Terms S. 29-32

„… . The Permanent Neutrality of Austria. Vienna: Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, 1978. 9-20; Manfred …” „… with the big powers at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, or Austria in its unilateral declaration in 1955 …” „… wars, when the five Great Powers (Austria, France, Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia), following a …”

Rules of Procedure S. 155-162

„… , however, supported by the neutral states Switzerland, Sweden, and Austria, that made a surprise entry …” „… . the same day, the three neutral states Switzerland, Sweden, and Austria held a meeting on the premises …” „… , Sweden, and Austria had for the first time demonstrated their ability to play an independent and …”

Yugoslavia S. 50-54

„… favourable trade conditions.110 After the Second World War, whereas Switzerland, Austria, Sweden, and Finland …” „… (either de facto or under international law) of Switzerland, Austria, Sweden, and Finland referred to a …” „… formal point of view, the permanent neutralities of Switzerland and Austria can be classified according …”

Operation Baskets S. 173-177

„… three neutrals Sweden, Switzerland, and Austria held a separate meeting – apart from their regular …” „… brief meeting on 16 January, Switzerland, Sweden, and Austria entered their names first on the list of …” „… neutrals”.588 Austria presented an elaborate proposal dealing with all aspects of the agenda, but …”

Drafting a First Common Proposal in the Military Sub-Committee S. 246-250

„… draft in the sub-committee. Austria, with its evident interest in the subject, signalled a willingness …” „… Austria, Cyprus, Finland, Switzerland, Sweden, and Yugoslavia, presented the first co-sponsored N+N …” „… projects further, which was categorically rejected by Switzerland, Austria, and Yugoslavia.889 It took …”

Prelude to the N+N: The “Group of Nine” S. 76-82

„… measures had been initiated within the Group of Nine from the Austrian side.196 When in 1969 Austria …” „… Romania), two Western states (Belgium and Denmark), three neutrals (Austria, Finland, and Sweden),185 and …” „… realistic test.195As for Austria, it is clear that the aims and ambitions of the Group of Nine fully …”

Presentation of Neutral and Non-Aligned Proposals in Basket I S. 228-238

„… succeed, see TNA, FCO 41/1322: CSCE: Austria, Telegram Hildyard to FCO, Geneva, 4 October 1973; BAR, E …” „… in Vienna and the CSCE in Geneva.838 Austria was particularly active in the discussion, and Sweden …” „… delegation for Stage II of the CSCE,844 and Austria had sent Wilhelm Kuntner, a military expert in the rank …”

A Breakthrough on CBM Parameters S. 297-307

„… formulation was very much in line with the N+N positions on military aspects, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria …” „… a “gentlemen’s agreement” (proposed by Austria on 3 April)1137 to carry out parallel work on the …” „… 16 May, on behalf of Austria, Cyprus, Sweden, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia,1142 Finland introduced a …”

Opening Statements S. 162-164

„… Austria had for the first time demonstrated their ability to play an independent and constructive role in …” „… thirty-four delegates to proclaim their countries’ positions were neutral Austria and hosting Finland, on 5 …” „… to establish whether the conditions had been met for its convocation.528 The Austrian statement …”

Early Discussions on the Venue of the Conference S. 167-169

„… Austria officially supported Finland’s right to host the conference, in internal meetings they reasserted …” „… neutrals Switzerland, Austria, and Sweden at the Dipoli consultations had taken another direction 549 …” „… wishing to relocate the talks.546 Despite the Swiss and Austrian decision not to openly challenge Helsinki …”

Other Military Aspects of Security S. 191-193

„… indicated that the Austrian text did not go far enough.646 Despite Austria’s formula already having …” „… 644 TNA, FCO 41/1329: Working Paper, Austria, 28 March 1973. 645 Negative reactions led the Austrian …” „… told his British interlocutors that “the Austrians still thought that the European countries should …”

Yugoslavia S. 73-76

„… , like in Austria and Finland, Yugoslavia’s security and independence were highly sensitive to the state …” „… spokesmen claimed that NATO could not ignore threats to Yugoslavia, which like Austria, Romania, and Albania …”

The Principle of Equal Participation and the Rule of Consensus S. 324-327

„… weapons-free zone proposal, Austria’s Middle East proposition, or Swedish and Yugoslavian claims for inclusion …” „… This study further illustrates that four of the five neutral and non-aligned states Austria, Finland …” „… .12501247 Maresca, To Helsinki, 13. 1248 Ibid. 1249 The former secretary general of the Austrian Foreign …”

The N+N Package Deal S. 278-293

„… agreement in support of this new proposal, because Austria and Switzerland first wanted to elicit a maximum …” „… the delegations of Austria, Cyprus, Finland, Liechtenstein, Malta, Sweden, Switzerland, and …” „… : Koordinationsausschuss”: Proposal by the Delegations of Austria, Cyprus, Finland, Liechtenstein, Malta, Sweden …”

Continued High-Level Contacts among the Neutrals S. 293-297

„… the neutral secretaries general (Åström from Sweden, Töttermann from Finland, Haymerle from Austria …” „… III, where Austria as coordinator had drawn up a new 1103 BAR, E 2814 1993/210, 1, HA Bindschedler …” „… talks with his Austrian counterpart Erich Bielka, Swiss foreign minister Graber raised anew1099 the …”

Finland S. 45-50

„… countries had remained around 3-5%, the share of Eastern bloc countries in Austria’s trade has been slightly …” „… membership in the Nordic Council, and in December 1955 Finland was admitted, along with Austria, to the UN …” „… Union, and Finnish-Austrian Parallels in 1955.” In Suppan et al. (eds.), The Austrian State Treaty 1955 …”

N+N Discussions on a Yugoslav Follow-Up Proposal S. 267-273

„… day the neutral delegations Sweden, Austria, Switzerland, and Finland basically stated their support …” „… Austria. While the Finnish interest in a continuation of the CSCE in some regular form is almost …” „… Austrian and Swedish delegates remained sceptical about the timing of such an initiative from the neutral …”

The N+N at the Helsinki Summit (30 July – 1 August 1975) S. 317-324

„… with his final words that no other country felt the positive effects of détente as much as Austria: If …” „… there is détente, Austria will take a place at the heart of this continent as a vibrant, blossoming …” „… the results achieved with the Helsinki Final Act came from Austrian chancellor Bruno Kreisky. Having …”

Appendix: List of Key N+N Delegation Members S. 377-378

„… 377 Appendix: List of Key N+N Delegation Members AustriaHeinrich Pfusterschmid-Hardtenstein (Head …”

Prospects for Common Positions S. 141

„… could become a possible bone of contention between the neutral states: Finland, Austria, and Switzerland …” „… at all, such as the Austrian proposal to include the Middle Eastern problem in the CSCE. Still, the …” „… Swiss foreign minister Willy Spühler, in talks with his Austrian colleague Waldheim, voiced that it was …”

Final Deals on Basket III and the Follow-Up S. 307-316

„… point was particularly true for Finland and Yugoslavia (and for Austria to a lesser extent), whose …” „… meaningful document on the Mediterranean issue in the Final Act, Austria lost interest in the subject as soon …”

The Mandate on Military Aspects of Security – Disarmament and CBM S. 200-201

„… of security was certainly not what the neutral states Sweden and Austria, with their demand to …” „… therefore agreed that the authors of recent drafts (the Dutch, Austrians, Spanish, Yugoslavs, and …”

The Birth of the N+N Group (January – December 1974) S. 245-246

„… 245 yet Steiner, on behalf of Austria, cautioned that the talks in Geneva did not yet justify an …” „… conference began drafting texts for a final document, their position shifted. According to an Austrian source …” „… , the shift had begun in late 1973, when the Austrian side invited a number of neutral and non-aligned …”

A Special Body for the Swiss Proposal on a System for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes S. 198-200

„… proposal at serious risk.673 The neutrals Sweden and Austria continued to support the Swiss draft of 30 …” „… Dutch, Austrians, Spanish, Yugoslavs, and Norwegians) should work on a compromise text for submission …”

Sweden S. 135-138

„… those of Finland, Austria, and Switzerland. After declaring initial support for the Finnish initiative …” „… Foreign Ministry explained in bilateral talks with then Austrian foreign minister Waldheim in early 1970 …” „… rather elusive when he explained in late 1970 to top diplomats in the Austrian Foreign Ministry that as …”

Yugoslavia S. 138-141

„… could become a possible bone of contention between the neutral states: Finland, Austria, and Switzerland …” „… at all, such as the Austrian proposal to include the Middle Eastern problem in the CSCE. Still, the …” „… Swiss foreign minister Willy Spühler, in talks with his Austrian colleague Waldheim, voiced that it was …”

East-West Polarization and the N+N Dual Role Strategy S. 327-330

„… neutral and non-aligned states Austria, Finland, Sweden, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia had originally …”

Negotiation Deadlock in Basket III S. 263-267

„… of the drafting work in the sub-committees became inevitable, the three neutrals Austria, Switzerland …” „… , and as a result Austrian delegate Liedermann, who was chairing the meeting, had to interrupt the …” „… compromise formulation in the end. According to a report on 11 February 1974 by Austrian head of delegation …”

A Swedish Proposal to Break the Negotiation Impasse S. 273-278

„… Swedish Foreign Ministry did not want to pursue the idea without the support of both Austria and …” „… satisfactory with the Finns responding to Eastern pressure and the Swedes (and to a lesser extent the Austrians …” „… Austrian delegate Liedermann, the informal N+N meetings sprang from regular bilateral luncheons he …”

The Role of Personalities S. 330-340

„… Austria played an absolutely vital role. They shared our view on human rights but they played things in a …” „… “Vienna 1848” is ascribed to Austrian delegate Helmut Liedermann, while in the stands the “influential …” „… continued to write on the subject, which he not only sent to Berne but also to his Austrian colleague …”

Multilateral Détente in Europe S. 60-63

„… resulting in the 1955 “Spirit of Geneva” (with the Austrian State Treaty and the return of the Soviet …”

Early Soviet Calls for a European Security Conference S. 83-84

„… Austrian ambassador to Moscow, Norbert Bischoff, reported on preparations for a “Soviet action” that would …” „… 381. 207 For an Austrian assessment of the Rapacki Plan, see ÖStA/AdR, BMfaA, II-Pol/Pol. Berichte …”

Making Their Own Instructions S. 340-343

„… the time to get reassurance what we should do, we had to take the decisions [ourselves].”1323 Austrian …” „… History Workshop, Summary Notes Day 1, 4. 1320 The Austrian delegation to Geneva only consisted of five …” „… on how many experts were temporarily present. 1321 This is illustrated by the case of Austrian …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845217703

Dieter Nohlen, Philip Stöver - Elections in Europe

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Dieter Nohlen (ed.), Philip Stöver (ed.)

Elections in Europe

2010

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Klaus Poier Austria S. 169-232

„… AUSTRIA by Klaus Poier 1. Introduction 1.1 Historical Overview Austria’s national tradition is …” „… . Austria’s defeat in the Italian war of 1859 heralded the end of this neo-absolutist period. In March 1860 …” „… against Prussia in 1866 meant not only the loss of Austria’s supremacy among the German principalities …”

Dieter Nohlen, Philip Stöver Elections in Europe S. 69-124

„… Andorra Unicameral – 28 4 2,821 Austria Bicameral Indirect 183 / 62 5 / 5–6b 44,989 Belarus Bicameral …” „… parliaments of the seven European Federations (Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Russia …” „… appointed (Belgium, Italy, Spain). The council model is applied in Austria, but with important differences …”

Ralf Lindner, Rainer-Olaf Schultze Germany S. 723-806

„… reorganization and partial consolidation—namely the five large kingdoms of Austria, Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria …” „… ultimately the result of three wars under Prussian leadership (1864 against Denmark, 1866 against Austria …” „… decided to open the border to Austria and waive East German visa restrictions on the travel to the West …”

Marian Gallenkamp, Steffen Kassner Slovenia S. 1761-1802

„… split from Austria-Hungary in 1918, when the defeat of the Central Powers became palpable. After a …” „… century, Slovene-speaking people lived in Austria, Hungary, and in the newly established Kingdom of Italy …” „… territories claimed by the Slovenian national movement became part of Italy or Austria. The Kingdom of SHS was …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… Karl-Franzens-University, Graz (Austria). His research is focused on Austrian politics, constitutional reform, and …” „… Austria (Klaus Poier)............................................................................169 …” „… an updated edition of the famous comparative work of Karl Braunias, an Austrian professor of public …”

Wilfried Marxer Liechtenstein S. 1155-1186

„… , Moravia and Lower Austria. Prince Franz Josef II was the first to establish a close relationship between …” „… from Switzerland and Austria. In 1918, the first political parties were founded in Liechtenstein: the …” „… set up a tariff union with the Austrian Empire in 1852. The country survived the two World Wars …”

Mirjana Kasapović Croatia S. 399-426

„… Austria-Hungary disintegrated in 1918, Croatia merged, together with other parts of the former Habsburg Empire …” „… , Ukrainian, German, and Austrian minorities. Another special solution for the representation of the Serbian …” „… : Serbian, Italian, Hungarian have one seat each, Czech and Slovakian share one, as do the German, Austrian …”

Jørgen Elklit Denmark S. 501-564

„… 1864 war against Prussia and Austria. Developments in the complicated Schleswig issue—in particular …”

Florian Grotz, László Hubai Hungary S. 873-946

„… pass to Austria, the barbed wire along the Austrian-Hungarian border was dismantled. Some months …” „… , however, the Burgenland region, later connected to Austria. d The data refer to the general elections of …” „… century and was reigned by the Austrian Habsburgs as hereditary monarchs from the late 17th century …”

Terry D. Clark, Dovilé Jakniūnaité Lithuania S. 1187-1226

„… so weak that it was subjected to three successive partitions by Russia, Prussia, and Austria (the …”

Matthias Trefs Belgium S. 269-318

„… from 1944 to 1986’, in H. Daalder (ed.), Party Systems in Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, the …”

Dieter Nohlen Elections and Electoral Systems S. 1-68

„… (1932/1933), an Austrian professor of law, who first tried to give a country-bycountry overview of the …”

Mario Caciagli Italy S. 1027-1100

„… the Austrian-Prussian war of 1866 and Rome was conquered after the French-Prussian war of 1870. One …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845223414

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Robert Zbíral (ed.)

The Cradle of Laws

Series: International Association of Legislation (IAL) / Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesetzgebung (DGG)

Volume 20 2020

Results in this title

Eric Miklin Austria S. 33-56

„… the same par‐ ties. Austria’s consociationalist and neo-corporatist tradition Demands for legislative …” „… extended stepby-step like in 1999 to possible effects on Austria as a business location or on the Austrian …” „… partners the ambivalent reputation of being Austria’s shadow government (Schattenregierung). While today …”

Robert Zbíral Epilogue: Steppingstones for further research S. 137-140

„… decree (the Czech Republic) or (non)binding set of manuals, circulars and guidelines (Austria, but they …” „… companies or legal firms (e.g. Slovakia, Austria, the Czech Republic). Subsequently consultations of the …” „… subjects such as trade unions or employers (Hungary, Poland, consocionalist tradition in Austria). In …”

Secondary sources cited in the book S. 141-150

„… in Austria: promising reg‐ ulations, disappointing practices’ (2008) 2 Critical Policy Analysis 123 …” „… and Justice: The Tragic Hero’ (2008) 35 Northern Kentucky Law Review 4. Erk J, ‘Austria: A Federation …” „… . Fábry B, Teoretické problémy tvorby práva (A-Medi management 2018). Fallend F, ‘Austria: From Consensus …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… 17 Constantin Stefanou and Helen Xanthaki Austria 33 Eric Miklin The Czech Republic 57 Marian Kokeš …”

Robert Zbíral Introduction: The role of governments in drafting and negotiating bills S. 7-16

„… Europe, namely Austria, the Czech Repub‐ lic, Germany, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. Obviously the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748905899

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