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Noby Thomas Cyriac - Big Data and the Abuse of Dominance by Multi-Sided Platforms

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Noby Thomas Cyriac

Big Data and the Abuse of Dominance by Multi-Sided Platforms

Series: Schriftenreihe des EUROPA-KOLLEGS HAMBURG zur Integrationsforschung

Volume 85 2022

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INTRODUCTION S. 17-25

„… of the applicability of Art,102 TFEU has 18 Monopolkommission, Report on The Challenges of Digital …” „… this study addresses. This study will therefore focus on the question:Whether Art. 102 TFEU may still …” „… that the digital market may raise.23 According to Art. 102 TFEU, such concerns relate to both …”

CONCLUSION S. 279-288

„… application of Art. 102 TFEU to online platforms, it is pertinent to assess the transactional relevance of Big …” „… abuse of dominance investigation under Art. 102 TFEU has been carried out. Each step involved in the Art …” „… jurisprudence. Then the principles derived are applied to digital markets.– Art. 102 TFEU has two key elements …”

CHAPTER V. ABUSE OF DOMINANCE S. 186-278

„… legislation prohibiting the abuse is clear from the wording of Art. 102 TFEU:“Any abuse by one or more …” „… exclusionary towards competitors, the said conduct will still constitute an abuse of Art. 102 TFEU.Types of …” „… the application of Art. 102 TFEU.Apart from the effects-based analysis, the application of Art. 102 …”

CHAPTER III. LEGAL BASIS FOR THE CONTROL OF ABUSE OF DOMINANT UNDERTAKINGS S. 89-136

„… this control are laid down under Art. 102 TFEU.Article 102 TFEU provides:“Any abuse by one or more …” „… according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of such contracts.”Art. 102 TFEU applies …” „… prohibition under Art. 102 TFEU are :(a) The relevant entity must be an ‘undertaking’,(b) market dominance,(c …”

CHAPTER I. THE CONCEPT OF BIG DATA S. 26-39

„… , particularly Art. 102 TFEU will be tested. Before dealing with the transactional relevance of Big Data and …” „… testing the principles of Art. 102 TFEU to the new economy powered by Big Data, it is pertinent to discuss …” „… existing EU competition law jurisprudence based on Art. 102 TFEU, only dominant firms are obligated not to …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… CyriacBig Data and the Abuse of Dominance by Multi-Sided Platforms An Analysis of Art. 102 TFEUNomosThe …” „… by Multi-Sided Platforms An Analysis of Art. 102 TFEUNoby Thomas Cyriac322 pp.Includes bibliographic …” „… . 102 TFEUSchriftenreihe desEUROPA-KOLLEGS HAMBURGzur Integrationsforschung85NomosSchriftenreihe …”

BIBLIOGRAPHY S. 289-322

„… Position and its Impact on Article 102 TFEU’, Discussion Paper No 7/15, Europa-Kolleg Hamburg, September …” „… . Colomo P, ‘Exclusionary Discrimination under Article 102 TFEU’, Common Market Law Review, Vol. 51, 2014 …” „… , 'The Future of Article 102 TFEU after Intel', (February 17, 2018). 52. Davenport T, ‘Big Data at Work …”

CHAPTER II. TRANSACTIONAL RELEVANCE OF BIG DATA S. 40-88

„… proposition of applying Art. 102 TFEU to online platforms in the upcoming Chapters. As a result, the primary …” „… refrigerators, which are already in the market, can even place orders for groceries.102 These are known as …” „… . U. J. L. & Tech (2016).102 ‘Samsung reveals Family Hub that orders food, plays films’, Daily Mail (6 …”

CHAPTER IV. ESTABLISHING DOMINANCE S. 137-185

„… said to have “substantial market power”.527According to the Guidance Paper on Article 102 TFEU, an …” „… 16–17.532 Irish Sugar, supra n. 525, para. 70. See for a full list of factors indicating for dominance, Art …” „… -2/34.780 Virgin/British Airways, OJ L 30, 4.2.2000, paras. 91–102. British Airways held a dominance over …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748934714

Marc P. Philipp - Intellectual Property Related Generic Defense Strategies in the European Pharmaceutical Market

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Marc P. Philipp

Intellectual Property Related Generic Defense Strategies in the European Pharmaceutical Market

Series: Munich Intellectual Property Law Center - MIPLC Studies

Volume 11 2011

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Legal Basis and General Art. 102 TFEU Principles S. 22-25

„… and General Art. 102 TFEU Principles As outlined in Art. 3.1 (b) of the Treaty on the Functioning of …” „… multilateral business practices, while Art. 102 TFEU makes the abuse of a dominant market position illegal …” „… under Art. 102 TFEU, which also apply to unilateral conducts. Very importantly however, Art. 102 TFEU …”

Legal Protection of Pharmaceutical Products S. 19-22

„… jurisprudence, to which this chapter is dedicated. Legal Basis and General Art. 102 TFEU Principles As outlined …” „… precisely, Art. 101 TFEU bans certain restrictive multilateral business practices, while Art. 102 TFEU makes …” „… involvement of at least two parties in contrast to cases under Art. 102 TFEU, which also apply to unilateral …”

Restriction of the Freedom to Operate Through Blocking/Defensive Patenting S. 46-51

„… when such conduct could be regarded as an abuse of a dominant position under Art. 102 TFEU. 153 See …” „… with Art. 82 EC Treaty (now Art. 102 TFEU). These cases however can be considered exceptions in line …” „… based on Art. 102 TFEU. As already generally expressed by the EU Commission prior to the sector inquiry …”

The Intersection of IP and Competition Law S. 25-27

„… the application of Arts. 101 and 102 TFEU.67 Nevertheless, Drexl observes that competition authorities …” „… the application of Art. 82 of the EC Treaty (now Art. 102 TFEU) as also supporting this more …” „… Bronner,64 where the ECJ concluded that the exercise of an IP right might indeed constitute an Art. 102 …”

Extension of Exclusivity Terms S. 58-70

„… discussed above: In contrast to the abuse of a dominant position under Art. 102 TFEU, Art. 101 TFEU cases …” „… stage of the sector inquiry was very much focused on unilateral conduct under Art. 102 TFEU, the …” „… Art. 102 TFEU: Any bona fide concerns about a generic drug’s safety or efficacy should indeed be …”

Creation of Deterring Effects S. 51-58

„… cases of foreclosure based on Art. 102 TFEU. As already generally expressed by the EU Commission prior …” „… product may already constitute a substantial economic disadvantage in conflict with Art. 102 TFEU.175 …” „… sufficient. An associated issue can be found in the Art. 102 TFEU prerequisite of a dominant position: At the …”

Business Model Convergence S. 76-77

„… established products. Under such a situation, an originator’s market dominance according to Art. 102 TFEU may …” „… an abusive manner according to Art. 102 TFEU: If a generic product competes convincingly over safety …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… under Arts. 101 and 102 TFEU. An evaluation framework called PACE is developed and serves as the …” „… Inquiry2.2. 22 Legal Basis and General Art. 102 TFEU Principles2.2.1. 22 The Intersection of IP and …”

Disentanglement of the Value Chain S. 71-73

„… restrictive agreements according to Art. 101 TFEU. Determining the abuse of a dominant position under Art. 102 …” „… TFEU in such a disentanglement scenario may also be affected: Originators may lose important arguments …”

Product Portfolio Shift Towards ‘Nichebuster’ S. 73-75

„… to Art. 101 TFEU. Determining the abuse of a dominant position under Art. 102 TFEU in such a …”

Conclusion & Managerial Recommendation S. 78-82

„… proving Art. 101 TFEU compared to Art. 102 TFEU cases and the associated high priority for investigations …”

The ‘More Economic Approach’ to EU Competition Law S. 27-28

„… discussion paper on the application of Art. 82 of the EC Treaty (now Art. 102 TFEU) as also supporting this …” „… uncertainty for the pharmaceutical industry. The legal basis for this instrument can be found in Art. 17 of …”

Horizontal Scalability S. 75-76

„… originator’s market dominance according to Art. 102 TFEU may be more difficult to satisfy, which would allow …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845231037

Ernst-Joachim Mestmäcker - Europäische Prüfsteine der Herrschaft und des Rechts

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Ernst-Joachim Mestmäcker

Europäische Prüfsteine der Herrschaft und des Rechts

Series: Wirtschaftsrecht und Wirtschaftspolitik

Volume 287 2016

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How does Regulation 1/2003 give effect to the principles set out in Art. 101, 102 TFEU? S. 409-422

„… to establish a preliminary and separate assessment of dominance.” You notice that Art. 102 TFEU is …” „… as Art. 102 TFEU, to conduct that is, as a matter of law and economics, incompatible with …” „… of dominant positions under Art. 102 TFEU. The difficult task before courts and competition …”

Quellenverzeichnis S. 649-652

„… does Regulation 1/2003 give effect to the principles set out in Art. 101, 102 TFEU?; in: Neue …” „… of the Commission’s Guidance on Article 102, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham/Northampton 2011, pp. 25-62. 6 …”

Towards a Concept of Workable European Competition Law S. 515-532

„… purpose of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU is to protect not only the interests of individual competitors or …” „… implementation of the competition rules through a Regulation under Article 87 EEC (now Article 103 TFEU). What …” „… suggestions of the EC Commission and some legal writers such as Mestmäcker, we feel that Art. 86 does not …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… 1/2003 give effect to the principles set out in Art. 101, 102 TFEU? 1. 411 Antitrust, State Aid, and the …” „… bekundete eine Mehrheit den Willen, die EU zu verlassen. Das Verfahren des Austritts ist nach Art. 50 Abs. 2 …” „… Austrittsabsicht ein. Art. 50 EUV normiert keine Frist für die Mitteilung der Austrittsabsicht. Die politische …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845278308

Hendrik Schulze - Exploring the Uncharted Waters of European Competition Law 4.0

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Hendrik Schulze

Exploring the Uncharted Waters of European Competition Law 4.0

Series: Schriftenreihe des Zentrums für Europäische Rechtspolitik der Universität Bremen (ZERP)

Volume 81 2021

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H. The immanence of data processing by online platforms – an extension of the so-called “Immanenztheorie” to Art. 102 TFEU S. 129-133

„… “Immanenztheorie” to Art. 102 TFEU The previous chapter has shown that the competition authorities have both the …” „… platforms like Facebook might escape the application of Art. 102 TFEU, nonetheless. More precisely, it shall …” „… could be realized is an extension of the so-called immanence theory (“Immanenztheorie”) to Art. 102 TFEU …”

F. The interplay between big data and data protection considerations and Art. 102 TFEU in order to regulate “platform power” – the Bundeskartellamt`s Facebook case in the context of European competiti... S. 86-121

„… The interplay between big data and data protection considerations and Art. 102 TFEU in order to …” „… normative yardstick, especially for Art. 102 TFEU. In the following section, this possibility as seen in the …” „… internalized by or incorporated within Art. 102 TFEU and is such an approach – by which data protection and …”

C. Overview of the core legal framework S. 41-55

„… consists of data protection and competition law. More precisely, the European GDPR and Art. 102 of the TFEU …” „… constitute the core legal framework for this work. The following part will first elaborate Art. 102 TFEU …” „… the Functioning of the European Union Generally speaking, Art. 102 TFEU deals with the unilateral …”

D. The relation between data protection and competition law S. 56-69

„… Art. 102 TFEU. Nevertheless, in some areas privacy concerns do play a role when it comes to …” „… parallels in particular between the GDPR and Art. 102 TFEU will be elaborated (more under II. 2.). Lastly …” „… Continental Can, the very first judgement on Art. 102 TFEU, the Court explicitly stated: “the provision …”

A. Introduction S. 13-19

„… . 102 TFEU was the former Art. 86 of Treaty establishing the European Economic Community signed March 25 …” „… of Lisbon from 2007. The wording of Art. 86 (nowadays Art. 102 TFEU) remained essentially the same …” „… application of Art. 102 TFEU in the digital economy in order to provide a remedy for the challenging …”

J. Final conclusion and future prospects S. 153-158

„… more precisely Art. 102 TFEU faces new challenges due to the data-driven business models in the digital …” „… aimed to answer the question as to whether Art. 102 TFEU should receive normative guidance from rules …” „… assessment of data-related conduct and its classification as abusive under Art. 102 TFEU, it is especially …”

G. Competence and expertise of competition authorities to enforce compliance with data protection law through competition law sanctions S. 122-128

„… (EC) No. 1/2003,446 based on its abusive character in the sense of Art. 102 TFEU, could in principle …” „… sense of Art. 102 TFEU cannot in itself be sufficient to sanction the behaviour under the competition …” „… have the power to bring infringements of Art. 101 and 102 TFEU to an end. Hence, once a certain 446 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… data protection considerations and Art. 102 TFEU in order to regulate “platform power” – the …” „… Protection Regulation as a normative yardstick for Art. 102 TFEU I. 87 Big data and data protection …” „… considerations as criteria for the establishment of dominance under Art. 102 TFEU 1. 88 The extent of data …”

E. The Facebook case of the Bundeskartellamt S. 70-85

„… required under Sec. 19 ARC – the German equivalent to Art. 102 TFEU.307 Especially fundamental rights such …” „… “core provision” of European competition law – meaning Art. 102 TFEU – will be discussed next. 316 See …” „… German Federal Court of Justice 83 of Art. 267 TFEU.309 The ECJ shall now clarify whether a violation of …”

B. Big data and the digital economy S. 20-40

„… contractual performance, this behavior might be classified as abusive under Art. 102 (2) (a) TFEU. Behind this …” „… as abusive under Art. 102 (2) (a) TFEU. On this basis it must then be seen as equally abusive, if the …” „… data set with vast amounts of personal data. Personal data, on the other hand, is defined in Art. 4 (1 …”

Bibliography S. 159-178

„… , “Testing Art. 102 TFEU in the Digital Marketplace“, Journal of European Competition Law and Practice 2018 …” „… Article 102 TFEU”, available on the internet under https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id …” „… under http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/art82/albers.pdf (last accessed: 27/03/20). Almunia …”

I. The classification of online platforms like Facebook as a natural monopoly sui generis and the problems arising from it S. 134-152

„… theory to Art. 102 TFEU. However, besides regulating dominant internet platforms through an …” „… EUMR is applicable to all concentrations as defined in Art. 3 EUMR – hence, in principle, irrespective …” „… of any thresholds.545 The wording of Art. 22 EUMR has not changed as a result of the revised …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748921370

Tristan Rohner - Art. 102 AEUV und die Rolle der Ökonomie

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Tristan Rohner

Art. 102 AEUV und die Rolle der Ökonomie

Series: Europäisches Wirtschaftsrecht

Volume 78 2023

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B. Der more economic approach: Art. 102 AEUV und ökonomische Erkenntnisse S. 31-72

„… O'Donoghue/Padilla, The law and economics of article 102 TFEU, 2020, S. 84.B. Der more economic approach: Art. 102 …” „… Der more economic approach: Art. 102 AEUV und ökonomische ErkenntnisseIm ersten Schritt auf dem Weg …” „… Rechtspraxis zu Art. 102 AEUV untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt steht der more economic approach, ein Reformprozess …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 363-378

„… , Bronner revisited: Google Shopping and the Resurrection of Discrimination Under Article 102 TFEU, Journal …” „… , Pinar, The European Commission‘s Guidance on Article 102 TFEU: From Inferno to Paradiso?, The Modern …” „… approaches, Oxford/Portland Oregon 2012Akman, Pinar, The Reform of the Application of Article 102 TFEU …”

A. Das Schicksal des more economic approach S. 17-30

„… economic approach in der Missbrauchsaufsicht, der anhand ökonomischer Erkenntnisse Art. 102 AEUV …” „… nur für den Inhalt des Missbrauchsverbots nach Art. 102 AEUV maßgeblich, sondern auch für den Vorgang …” „… , um die Generalklausel des Art. 102 AEUV rechtssicher zu konkretisieren. In Art. 102 AEUV ist das …”

E. Weiterentwicklung des more economic approach S. 255-340

„… hat gezeigt, dass die Europäische Kommission den more economic approach bei Art. 102 AEUV nicht …” „… approach im Rahmen des Art. 102 AEUV sollte aber nicht zum Anlass genommen werden, die Integration …” „… Anforderungen an die weitere Integration ökonomischer Erkenntnisse bei Art. 102 AEUV: Es ist an der Kommission …”

D. Der more economic approach in der Entscheidungspraxis S. 101-254

„… Prioritätenmitteilung als einzigem Regelwerk zu Art. 102 AEUV inklusive des darin enthaltenen Maßstabs der …” „… anfänglich die Prioritätenmitteilung tatsächlich wie eine Leitlinie zur Auslegung von Art. 102 AEUV …” „… Lücke im europäischen Kartellrecht. Es fehlt an einem konkretisierenden Regelwerk zu Art. 102 AEUV. Da …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748941071

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