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Lowell E. Baier, Lowell Baier - Federalism, Preemption, and the Nationalization of American Wildlife Management

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Lowell E. Baier, Lowell Baier

Federalism, Preemption, and the Nationalization of American Wildlife Management

2022

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15 The Future of Federal Preemption of State Authority over Wildlife and the Presumption Against Preemption Doctrine in Wildlife Cases S. 199-211

„… to federal and state laws governing the control and management of wildlife and natural resource …” „… the Lacey Act, which provided penalties for the taking of wild-life in violation of state laws. The …” „… state laws. Further-more, Congress has regulated wildlife on nonfederal property through numerous …”

12 The Burger Court: State Ownership of Wildlife Declared a Legal Fiction and Anachronism, 1969–1986 S. 133-161

„… ’ wildlife management duties into federal hands.”38 The law’s very strength and unanticipated consequences …” „… eighty-three years:This Court’s seeming preoccupation in recent years with laws relating to wild-life must, I …” „… laws.Commerce moves freely throughout the states to its final destination, the consumer’s use—its ultimate …”

9 The Competing Ideologies that Characterized the Progressive Movement and Beyond, 1890–1940 S. 96-114

„… state laws were in-sufficient. They shared a utilitarian philosophy that wildlife was a national …” „… Progressive Move-ment in the early 1900s had a significant impact on wildlife conservation. President Theodore …” „… designed to create better, more sustainable policies and solutions to emergent national wildlife problems …”

4 The Civil War, Reconstruction, the Advent of the Second Industrial Revolution, the Enduring Public Trust Doctrine, and State Ownership of Wildlife, 1861–1896 S. 33-43

„… several New York counties in 1708. There-after, he reviews wildlife laws promulgated by several states …” „… Public Trust Doctrine, and State Ownership of Wildlife, 1861–1896Chapter 4The Civil War, Reconstruction …” „… important application was wildlife, continuing dual federalism’s development from Waddell and deci-sions …”

Preface

„… ably chronicles federalism’s evolution in the area wildlife management, from the 19th century public …” „… Environmentalism in American Law“American wildlife management law for over two centuries has been a cru-cible in …” „… conservation policy, requiring that we return to the crucible to forge a national wildlife management regime …”

16 State and Federal Cooperation and Coordination under the Endangered Species Act: Past and Present S. 212-220

„… wild-life resources with broad police powers to enforce those laws and regulations.216 Chapter 16The States …” „… PresentChapter 16State and Federal Cooperation and Coordination . . .In order to access where US wildlife policy …” „… is heading, it is necessary to con-sider the historical and present relationship over wildlife …”

5 America’s Changing Culture: Market Hunting, the Lacey Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, and the Beginning of the Progressive Era, 1896–1910 S. 44-56

„… Stat. 755 (1918), https://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/migtrea.html.This law was a ratification of a …” „… food and apparel from wildlife prompted swift national legislative responses that resulted in passage …” „… involvement in the supervision of wildlife. This development featured the arrival of a competing ideological …”

17 The Three Biggest Threats Undermining Federalism and State Wildlife-Management Authority S. 221-231

„… 22117The Three Biggest Threats Undermining Federalism and State Wildlife …” „… -Management AuthorityChapter 17The Three Biggest Threats Undermining Federalism . . .Wildlife management must confront the …” „… three most dangerous threats un-dermining federalism and the robust enforcement of state wildlife …”

11 The End of the State Wildlife Ownership Doctrine following World War II, 1946–1969 S. 120-132

„… 12011The End of the State Wildlife Ownership Doctrine following World War II, 1946–1969Chapter 11 …” „… The End of the State Wildlife Ownership Doctrine . . . 1946–1969The Supreme Court performed a …” „… doctrinal evisceration of the long-standing principle of state “ownership” over its wildlife in two …”

Index S. 283-300

„… of the Laws, 18Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers’ Institute, 101state fish and wildlife …” „… , 7–8, 144A Sand County Almanac, 101assembly lines, 57–58, 66, 98Association of Fish and Wildlife …” „… , Firearms, and Explosives, 78Bureau of Biological Survey. See United States Fish and Wildlife ServiceBureau …”

Conclusion S. 241-244

„… a society of free people based on natural laws and beholden to the principles of colonial (state …” „… wildlife remain primary today among the nation’s many trea-sures in our abundant land and provide the …” „… thread that binds the people together. This love of nature and wildlife also creates a common bond among …”

13 The Rehnquist Court: A Continued Swing toward Conservative Federalism and Preemption, 1986–2005 S. 162-187

„… constitutional powers. “It’s clear from our laws and precedent that federal regulation of endangered wildlife …” „… court struck down thirty federal laws—a higher rate than any other court in US history.90Professor …” „… by overturning dozens of federal laws that sought to project federal authority into what the Supreme …”

18 Funding Endangered Species Conservation: The Achilles Heel S. 232-240

„… Conservation: The Achilles HeelThe problem created by insufficient federal funding for wildlife conserva-tion …” „… . Because of the federal government’s persistent un-derfunding of wildlife conservation, the ESA’s promise …” „… America’s Wildlife Act (RAWA) offers a preventative model for wildlife conservation that would protect …”

Bibliography S. 257-282

„… ). https://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/migtrea.html.———. National Bison Legacy Act, Pub. L. No. 114–152, 130 Stat. 373 (2016 …” „… , James A., William Elder, and Ted D. McKinney. Reading in Wildlife Conser-vation. Washington, DC: The …” „… Wildlife Society, 1974.Bailyn, Bernard. The Origins of American Politics. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968 …”

3 Westward Expansion, the First Industrial Revolution, Dual Sovereignty, and the Public Trust Doctrine, 1835–1861 S. 21-32

„… state wildlife laws were immune from the national government’s use of the Com-merce Clause—just as the …” „… its place and set the stage for the development of wildlife doctrine: Martin v. Waddell’s Lessee.1 …” „… protect the public estate. That doctrine was the foundation of the first envi-ronmental laws of the United …”

8 The Great Depression, FDR’s New Deal, and a “New” Supreme Court Overwhelms States’ Rights, 1933–1941 S. 87-95

„… expanding the federal power of the Supreme Court. The Hughes Court overturned state laws infringing on the …” „… expense of states also occurred in the area of wildlife management. Over North Carolina’s objection, in …” „… authority over wildlife. The new Supreme Court disagreed, giving the federal government the right to protect …”

1 From the Mayflower Compact to the US Constitution, 1620–1789 S. 1-13

„… wildlife begins with the adoption of the US Constitution in 1787. “The Supremacy Clause of the Constitution …” „… continues to this day.To understand the significance of federal preemption of the states’ wildlife …” „… fundamental necessity for sur-vival.3 In Colonial America’s beginning, each colony “owned” its wildlife and …”

2 Defining the New Government and the Separation of Powers, 1789–1835 S. 14-20

„… laws.9 Most importantly, the Ware decision hinted at the Supreme Court’s duty to determine the …” „… expressly given the Court the authority to review federal or state laws or to strike down acts of Congress …” „… , enlarged the founda-tion for the preemption doctrine and again reinforced treaty powers over state laws.29 …”

10 The Stone Court and the Development of the Presumption against Preemption in Rice, 1941–1946 S. 115-119

„… the canon of interpretation—presumption against preemption—would prevail in wildlife cases and …” „… purpose” when attempting to preempt state laws that regulated the respective health, safety, and welfare …” „… favoring the valid-ity of state laws in the exercise of their police powers. As discussed earlier, the 1933 …”

6 The Ethos of the Industrial Revolution Drives the Progressive Movement into America’s Social Fabric and Laws, 1910–1919 S. 57-74

„… Fabric and Laws, 1910–1919Chapter 6The Ethos of the Industrial Revolution . . . 1910–1919A …” „… the New York law. The case set off a variety of similar cases nationwide that upheld the natural law’s …” „… the entire ground on labeling, and neither could it be inferred that concurrent laws were invalid or …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538164914

Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Alexander Paterson, Oliver C. Ruppel, Bibobra Bello Orubebe, Emmanuel D. Kam Yogo - Law | Environment | Africa

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Patricia Kameri-Mbote (ed.), Alexander Paterson (ed.), Oliver C. Ruppel (ed.), Bibobra Bello Orubebe (ed.), Emmanuel D. Kam Yogo (ed.)

Law | Environment | Africa

Series: Recht und Verfassung in Afrika - Law and Constitution in Africa

Volume 38 2019

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Patricia Kameri-Mbote Wildlife conservation and community property rights in Kenya S. 221-246

„… approved land use plan of the area”. Other laws that constitute the wildlife conservation legal regime …” „… are mainly sectoral laws that govern specific sectors that have an impact on wildlife. Such laws …” „… planning laws also have an impact on wildlife conservation as they direct the use of land in different …”

Marie Ngo Nonga Criminal law protection of wildlife reserves in Cameroon S. 247-266

„… repressive laws attempt to make wildlife resources contribute to economic development at the cost of …” „… 247 Chapter 11: Criminal law protection of wildlife reserves in Cameroon Marie Ngo Nonga 1 …” „… the legal status of protected areas,1 wildlife reserves maintain their nurturing and health functions …”

Andrew Muma Access and benefit sharing: beyond the Nagoya Protocol and its ideals S. 293-314

„… of 2016. 102 The Republic of Kenya, Laws of Kenya, Wildlife (Conservation and Management) No. 47 of …” „… curtailed access to wildlife, fruit, traditional shrines, areas demarcated for traditional rites, medicinal …” „… continues at an alarming rate. Other resources taken away from communities30 include wildlife and …”

Gift Dorothy Makanje The Environmental Management Act (2017) and natural resource regulation in Malawi: opportunities for and limitations to effective enforcement S. 393-410

„… reasonably hefty. Of all the current laws regulating the forestry, fisheries and wildlife sectors, only …” „… laws remains a challenge in many jurisdictions. In Malawi, environmental degradation and the …” „… unsustainable exploitation of natural resources continue to occur notwithstanding the existence of several laws …”

Alexander Paterson Law, environment, Africa: introducing the imperatives, parameters and trends S. 21-30

„… assessing the adequacy of their existing laws to deal with climate change and amending or introducing new …” „… laws in response. In Chapter 3, Oluwatoyin Adejonwo-Osho explores the issue from a Nigerian …” „… existing domestic laws and policies of relevance to giving effect to the NDC (including the establishment …”

Hadijah Yahyah REDD+ and benefit sharing: an examination of the legal framework in Uganda S. 175-200

„… forests on private lands; inadequate enforcement of forest laws; uncontrolled encroachment on forests in …” „… conservation (including re-establishment of wildlife corridors) and encouraging agro-forestry; and supporting …” „… Natural Resources Management provides that states shall develop and harmonise their laws, policies and …”

Emmanuel Kasimbazi Regulating environmental impacts associated with mining in Uganda S. 665-696

„… causes direct and indirect damage to wildlife, contamination of soils, deforestation, land degradation …” „… for environmental protection in Uganda is scattered among various laws. The Constitution of Uganda …” „… the district level. The Environmental Protection Police Unit enforces environmental laws and …”

Esther Effundem Njieassam An analysis of environmental impacts of timber exploitation on indigenous communities’ land in Cameroon S. 697-724

„… needs of indigenous peoples and local inhabitants. Land and environmental laws adopted were still …” „… enact some sectoral laws at the national level. These are the Forestry Law18 and its Decree of …” „… order to ensure environmental sustainability in the country. Despite the enactment of these laws, the …”

Christopher F. Tamasang Forests, forest rights, benefit-sharing and climate change implications under Cameroonian law S. 137-164

„… attached thereto and the formula for allocating and sharing benefits under the forestry laws, analysing …” „… counties’ forestry policy. The law and related enabling instruments lay down the forestry, wildlife and …” „… Law No. 94/01 of 20 January 1994 to lay down forestry, wildlife and fisheries regulations. 20 Decree …”

Godard Busingye Making the case for gender and environmental considerations in the regulatory framework relating to the Uganda-Tanzania crude oil pipeline project S. 605-626

„… policies, laws and institutions regarding aspects of the EACOP differ.11 The East African Community …” „… . The governments of Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania have put in place policies, laws and …” „… African Community and national laws of Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania as:31 the natural …”

Jean-Claude Ashukem Public participation in environmental decision-making in Cameroon – myth or reality? S. 357-374

„… This is contrary to the objective of the Law on Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries Regulation2 of 1994 …” „… lay down Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries Regulation in Cameroon (Law No. 94/01). 3 Ordinance No …” „… Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries Regulation; Ordinance No. 76/166 on the Management of State Lands; Law No …”

Erimma Gloria Orie Ecosystem services: legal issues on Nigeria’s wetlands S. 315-334

„… international and domestic laws. These include wetlands, which are defined in Article 1.1 of the Ramsar …” „… environment and safeguard water, air, land, forest and wildlife.40 In an effort to achieve environmental …” „… . No. 16. These provide for the protection of endangered wildlife species of fauna and flora …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-20

„… : Wildlife conservation and community property rights in Kenya 223 Patricia Kameri-Mbote Chapter 11 …” „… : Criminal law protection of wildlife reserves in Cameroon 247 Marie Ngo Nonga Chapter 12: Harnessing oil …” „… natural resources and have constitutional provisions on environmental law. Framework environmental laws …”

Daniel Armel Owona Mbarga Indigenous peoples and climate change in Cameroon S. 165-174

„… and spiritual values, modes of production, laws and institutions; self-identification as well as …” „… of Forestry and Wildlife (2011:14). 21 African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights Experts …” „… .unfccc.int/nap/Documents/Parties/PNACC_Cameroun_VF_Valid%C3%A9e_24062015%20-%20FINAL.pdf> (accessed 20-7-2018). Ministry of Forests and Wildlife (2011 …”

Lanre Aladeitan, Robert Alex Wabunoha, Chidinma Therese Odaghara Harnessing oil as natural resource wealth: a focus on the legal frameworks of Nigeria and Uganda S. 267-292

„… second section assesses selected laws dealing with oil resources law in Nigeria and …” „… 20, the 1999 Constitution provides that ____________________ 13 Petroleum Act 1969, CAP P 10, Laws …” „… . 33 of 1977, Chapter N 123, Laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 2004. 15 Associated Gas …”

Emmanuel D. Kam Yogo The Lake Chad Basin Water Charter: strengths and weaknesses S. 587-604

„… the 1977 Enugu Agreement on Common Wildlife Regulations. Since the issues handled by these two …” „… laws of member states on water management and the LCWC? Do these need to be consistent? Will the LCWC …” „… , in explicit terms, national laws of states party to the LCWC do not include integrated water …”

Oluwatoyin Adejonwo-Osho Nigeria’s commitments under the climate change Paris Agreement: legislative and regulatory imperatives towards ensuring sustainable development S. 61-82

„… emissions, have national laws or policies directly related to climate change mitigation and adaptation.4 …” „… study, by the end of 2014 there were 804 climate change laws and policies. See Nachmany et al. (2015 …” „… framework.45 There are also certain laws working at cross purposes with Nigeria’s NDC commitment. The …”

Collins Odote The role of the Environment and Land Court in governing natural resources in Kenya S. 335-356

„… There are several steps and agencies involved in the process of ensuring environmental integrity. Laws …” „… applicable international and national laws, which in the field of environment and sustainable development …” „… enforceable laws, and implementation and accountability mechanisms including coordination of roles as well as …”

Irekpitan Okukpon Water security and environmental justice in Nigeria and South Africa: achievable concord or discordant alliance? S. 561-586

„… requires broad systemic changes to laws and institutions that help overcome exclusion of the poor from …” „… , water, fisheries, minerals, wildlife and clean air. See DWAF (1997: 28). 89 Godden (2005: 196). Water …” „… land and economic power.92 Thus, the resulting body of laws and policies and the varied forms of …”

Oliver C. Ruppel, Mark B. Funteh Climate change, human security and the humanitarian crisis in the Lake Chad Basin region: selected legal and developmental aspects with a special focus on water governance S. 105-136

„… supports the human population, as well as millions of wildlife that include birds, mammals, reptiles and …” „… it comes to the conflict of laws, as the Fort Lamy Convention can be regarded as lex generalis and …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845294605

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VRÜ | WCL Volume 34 (2001) Issue 3 ISSN Online: 2941-9603

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Bibliographie/Bibliography S. 439-449

„… , Wildlife and politics. Campfire in Zimbabwe, in: Development and Change (Oxfort). 31 (June 2000) 3, S …” „… press laws. Prospects and concerns, aus: Civic discourse and digital age communications in the Middle …”

doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-2001-3

Lowell E. Baier - Saving Species on Private Lands

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Lowell E. Baier

Saving Species on Private Lands

2020

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Preface

„… lawsFLPMA: Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976FONSI: Finding of No Significant ImpactFSA: Farm …” „… Advance Praise forSaving Species on Private Lands:Unlocking Incentives to Conserve Wildlife and …” „… ecological power of private landowners. By clarifying multiple confusing laws, amendments, and regulations …”

I. INTRODUCTION TO PROACTIVE WILDLIFE CONSERVATION ON PRIVATE LAND S. 1-38

„… laws.The taking protections of Sections 9 and 11 are also limited in their ef-fectiveness. The penalties …” „… 1INTRODUCTION TO PROACTIVE WILDLIFE CONSERVATION ON PRIVATE LANDI“The land ethic simply enlarges …” „… Leopold, the father of scientific wildlife management and a man decades ahead of his time in his …”

V. ACHIEVING REGULATORY CERTAINTY UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT FOR MANAGEMENT OF SPECIES THAT ARE LISTED OR MAY BECOME LISTED S. 209-248

„… laws.The Endangered Species Act Prohibits “Destruction or Adverse Modification” of Critical …” „… U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) have created over the decades to provide landowners with relief …” „… the federal ESA, species listed under similar state laws, candidates for listing under the ESA …”

Index S. 325-340

„… Arkansas, 36, 48, 109–10Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, 173–74; Acres for Wildlife, 174; Waterfowl Rice …” „… Fish and Wildlife Agencies, 151, 168n102, 173Atlantic Coast Joint Venture, 159at-risk species …” „… of Fish and Wildlife, 179, 240California Endangered Species Act, 213, 240California Environmental …”

Acknowledgments S. 287-292

„… turn to for the right kind of help or advice? Understanding the confusing laws and regula-tions that …” „… govern wildlife conservation, and especially at-risk and endangered species, is like trying to piece …” „… working landowner for wildlife conservation and species preservation.Early on in the development of this …”

IV. NON–FARM BILL INCENTIVES FOR PRIVATE LAND CONSERVATION S. 127-208

„… Restoration Act of 1950 are two bedrocks of American wildlife conservation. These laws, originally lobbied for …” „… research organizations that support assistance programs.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Small Wetlands …” „… and Wildlife Service (FWS) also operates its own ease-ment program to protect waterfowl habitat. Many …”

II. CONSERVATION TOOLS AND YOUR BUSINESS S. 39-72

„… and Wildlife Foundation, a major grant funder, makes grants exclusively to federal, state, and local …” „… : https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/programs/?&cid=stelprdb1048817c. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: https://www.fws.gov/grants/d. U.S. Forest Service …” „… wildlife-friendly. Incentive payments may be made at the start of conservation actions, after conservation actions …”

III. INCENTIVES FOR PRIVATE LAND CONSERVATION: THE FARM BILL S. 73-126

„… how to conserve wildlife on private land, the legal mechanisms to enroll in conservation programs, and …” „… wildlife conservation as one of the goals of the Farm Bill’s conservation programs, equal in importance to …” „… to wildlife conservation.25 Another approach, which gained popularity following the 2008 Farm Bill …”

Bibliography S. 293-324

„… . 2017.Bean, Michael J., and Melanie J. Rowland. The Evolution of National Wildlife Law. Third edition …” „… : University of Nebraska Press, 2018.Costa, Ralph, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 5-Year Review …” „… North American Wildlife Policy and Law, edited by Bruce D. Leopold, Winifred B. Kessler, and James L …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538139394

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Egbe Samuel Egbe The Legal Perspectives of Local Community Participation in Wildlife Management in Cameroon S. 63-81

„… stipulations dealing with wildlife management. 8 FAO / UNEP, The Role of Policies, Laws and Institutions …” „… 63 The Legal Perspectives of Local Community Participation in Wildlife Management in Cameroon …” „… Wildlife law, which has as primordial objective: ‘the involvement of communities in the management and …”

doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-2001-1

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