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Oliver C. Ruppel, Christian Roschmann, Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting - Climate Change: International Law and Global Governance

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Oliver C. Ruppel (ed.), Christian Roschmann (ed.), Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting (ed.)

Climate Change: International Law and Global Governance

2013

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Change Wanxin Li, Sven Grimm, Harrie Esterhuyse China-Africa Cooperation: Joint Engagement in Adaptation to Climate S. 529-548

„… 16China-Africa Cooperation: Joint Engagement in Adaptation toClimate ChangeWanxin Li, Sven Grimm …” „… change is akey issue for both these challenges. This article explores the rise of environmental concerns …” „… , particularly climate change, on the domestic policyagenda in China, and the issue of greening China’s growth …”

Siri Gloppen, Asuncion Lera St. Clair Climate Change Lawfare S. 171-200

„… 3Climate Change Lawfare*Siri Gloppen & Asuncion Lera St. ClairAbstractClimate change poses …” „… human life.What we do know is that climate change impacts are already changing socioecological systems …” „… and will lead to profound changes, as well as conflictsover resources. This article looks at how …”

Kristie L. Ebi, Ian Burton Dangerous Anthropogenic Climate Change from the Perspective of Adaptation S. 713-738

„… magnitudeand extent of possible risks of climate change depend not only on changesin global average temperature …” „… 23Dangerous Anthropogenic Climate Change from the Perspectiveof AdaptationKristie L. Ebi & Ian …” „… BurtonAbstractThe stated “ultimate objective” of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is …”

Nadia von Bassewitz International Climate Change Policy: Where do we Stand? S. 101-170

„… 2International Climate Change Policy: Where do we Stand?Nadia von BassewitzAbstractThe article …” „… begins with a definition of what is meant by climate change, fromthe perspective of an Organisation for …” „… legalinstruments of international climate change policy adopted before 2012, followed by an analysis of the post …”

Erika Pires Ramos Climate Change, Disasters and Migration: Current Challenges to International Law S. 739-760

„… 24Climate Change, Disasters and Migration: Current Challenges toInternational LawErika Pires …” „… RamosWe must make no mistake. The facts are clear: climate change is real; it isaccelerating in a …” „… globalenvironmental changes and the adoption of new commitments founded onglobal responsibility and international …”

Koko Warner Enhancing Adaptation Options and Managing Human Mobility in the Context of Climate Change: Role of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change S. 761-784

„… 25Enhancing Adaptation Options and Managing Human Mobility inthe Context of Climate Change: Role of …” „… the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate ChangeKoko WarnerAbstractThis article analyses the …” „… potential role of the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in addressing human …”

Holger Haibach, Kathrin Schneider The Politics of Climate Change: Review and Future Challenges S. 357-374

„… 11The Politics of Climate Change: Review and Future ChallengesHolger Haibach & Kathrin …” „… SchneiderAbstractIssues of climate change – its far-reaching effects and urgently needed countermeasures in particular …” „… – are becoming an unprecedented challenge fornowadays society. Hence, climate change politics are at the …”

Marcel Leroy, Fana Gebresenbet Science, Facts and Fears: The Debate on Climate Change and Security S. 683-712

„… change,stated that –17[r]ecent scientific evidence has given us a picture of the physical impacts on ourworld as …” „… climate change/security nexus and have also commissioned rather elaborate studies in order to define the …” „… change.Saferworld’s 2007 human security survey in Bangladesh51 raised many areasof concern relating to the state’s …”

Oliver C. Ruppel, Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting The BRICS Partnership: Development and Climate Change Policy from an African Perspective S. 549-570

„… 17The BRICS Partnership: Development and Climate Change Policyfrom an African PerspectiveOliver C …” „… the BRICS partnership, environmental protection and climate change prevention are topics thathave been …” „… on the agenda of BRICS since its formal inception in 2009. Havingrecognised that “climate change is …”

Roland W. Scholz Transdisciplinarity: Theory and Visions on Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Adapting to Climate Change S. 327-356

„… , content and changes(dynamics) of the object (this step includes problem structuring),32 and• jointly …” „… and Visions on GlobalTransdisciplinary Processes for Adapting to Climate Change*Roland W …” „… transitioning and the coping with illdefined problems such as coping with climate change. The article …”

M. Hafijul Islam Khan Legal and Policy Responses to Loss and Damage Associated with Climate Change S. 843-876

„… 29Legal and Policy Responses to Loss and Damage Associated withClimate ChangeM. Hafijul Islam …” „… KhanAbstractDue to inadequate mitigation and adaptation efforts, loss and damage associated with climate change is …” „… adverse impactsof climate change. Therefore, the adverse impacts of climate change haveimposed additional …”

Julie G. Lennox Sustainable and Inclusive Adaptation to Climate Change and Public Policy Challenges in Central America S. 571-600

„… PART V:CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSES, EQUITYAND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT18Sustainable and Inclusive …” „… Adaptation to Climate Change andPublic Policy Challenges in Central America*Julie G. LennoxAbstractHighly …” „… vulnerable, small developing countries have to develop public policyresponses to climate change in the face …”

Gregg B. Walker Confronting Complex Global Challenges: Comparing the Climate Change and Law of the Sea Negotiations S. 275-312

„… 8Confronting Complex Global Challenges: Comparing the ClimateChange and Law of the Sea …” „… NegotiationsGregg B. WalkerAbstractThe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)features the …” „… have reached consensus on thesignificance of climate change, its impacts, and anthropogenic causes …”

Robert Kibugi Mainstreaming Sustainable Development into National Climate Change Responses: Assessing the Legal Options to Reinforce Equity S. 601-620

„… 19Mainstreaming Sustainable Development into National ClimateChange Responses: Assessing the Legal …” „… Options to ReinforceEquityRobert KibugiAbstractClimate change is one of the most pressing challenges of …” „… developed and developing worlds. Therefore, responsiveness to the impacts of climate change is important to …”

María Máñez Costa, Kathleen Schwerdtner Máñez, Sainab Husain Paragay Adaptation to Climate Change under Changing Urban Patterns: The Climatic Perspective of Migration S. 785-798

„… 26Adaptation to Climate Change under Changing Urban Patterns:The Climatic Perspective of …” „… MigrationMaría Máñez Costa, Kathleen Schwerdtner Máñez & Sainab HusainParagayAbstractClimate change in human …” „… argue that theconsequences of climate change might be trivial or harmless, the realityshows that at …”

Oliver C. Ruppel, Sanita van Wyk Climate-change-induced Movement of Persons in Africa: Human Rights Responses to Aspects of Human Security S. 799-826

„… potentially affected by climate change,such as rights to food, water, shelter and health, or rights associated …” „… 27Climate-change-induced Movement of Persons in Africa:Human Rights Responses to Aspects of Human …” „… climate change oncertain components of human security in Africa. Due to multiple stresses,Africa is one of …”

Werner Scholtz Greening Permanent Sovereignty through the Common Concern in the Climate Change Regime: Awake Custodial Sovereignty! S. 201-214

„… 4Greening Permanent Sovereignty through the Common Concernin the Climate Change Regime: Awake …” „… ClimateChange (UNFCCC), on the one hand, designates climate change and itsconsequences as the common concern of …” „… Convention on ClimateChange (UNFCCC) affirms that the “change in the Earth’s climate and itsadverse effects …”

Annex Contents Volume IClimate Change: International Law and Global Governance Volume I: Legal Responses and Global Responsibility S. 923-926

„… AnnexContents Volume IClimate Change: International Law and Global GovernanceVolume I: Legal …” „… CONTRIBUTORS 17INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE LAW –A NEW LEGAL DISCIPLINE?PART I:Intersections of Law and …” „… Ethics? On the Foundations of ClimateChange Law295Johan HattinghLegal Strategies to Come to Grips with …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Climate Change Law and Policy Positions in the African Union and Related Developments in Selected African Countries S. 409-448

„… PART IV:CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY,COOPERATION AND PROTECTIONEFFORTS13Climate Change Law and Policy …” „… . RuppelAbstractThe African Union (AU) has embarked on new policy pathways to accommodate climate change more …” „… developmental perspectives pertinent to the issue of climate change and the environmenton the African …”

Achala C. Abeysinghe, Gilberto Arias CBDR as a Principle of Inspiring Actions rather than Justifying Inaction in the Global Climate Change Regime S. 235-258

„… Change RegimeAchala C. Abeysinghe & Gilberto AriasAbstractThe principle of common but differentiated …” „… current negotiations under the UnitedNations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s Ad-hoc WorkingGroup …” „… change regime,and discusses the ways in which the principle can be applied in order toencourage increased …”

Koko Warner, Sönke Kreft, Michael Zissener, Peter Höppe, Christoph Bals, Thomas Loster, Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer, Silvio Tschudi, Eugene Gurenko, Armin Haas, Simon Young, Paul Kovacs, Andrew Dlugolecki, Aaron Oxley Insurance Solutions in the Context of Climate-Change-Related Loss and Damage: Needs, Gaps and Roles of the UNFCCC in Addressing Loss and Damage S. 877-922

„… impacts of climate change.Such approaches should address the needs and engage the participationof key …” „… 30Insurance Solutions in the Context of Climate-Change-RelatedLoss and Damage: Needs, Gaps and …” „… and/or potential manifestationof climate change impacts that negatively affect human and natural systems …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Intersections of Law and Cooperative Global Climate Governance – Challenges in the Anthropocene S. 33-100

„… effects of climate change,de facto and de iure. This article explores the various intersections of …” „… lawrelated to climate change. The discussion of such intersections, suggestingan interdisciplinary approach …” „… to climate change, is particularly important asthere is no clearly demarcated field of climate change …”

Aidan G. Msafiri Ethics for Climate Justice and Sustainability through Value-based Approaches: A New Tanzanian Model and Paradigm Shift S. 661-682

„… concur with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’sobservation to policymakers that Africa …” „… conference on climate change, “We only have thisone planet. We do not have planet B”.6 …” „… . It is true that climate injustices and climate change are a resultof human habitus (lifestyle) and …”

Sönke Kreft, Koko Warner, Sven Harmeling, Erin Roberts Framing the Loss and Damage Debate: A Thought Starter by the Loss and Damage in Vulnerable Countries Initiative S. 827-842

„… PART VII:CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE LOSS ANDDAMAGE DEBATE28Framing the Loss and Damage Debate: A …” „… andclimate change that people have not been able to cope with or adapt to. Lossand damage is already a …” „… significant – and in some places growing – consequence of an inadequate ability to adapt to changes in climate …”

Dennis Tänzler, Alexander Carius Beyond International Climate Negotiations: Climate Diplomacy from a Foreign Policy Perspective S. 259-274

„… regions. Countries with low adaptation capacities arelikely to be hit the hardest by these climate changes …” „… prevention, and humanitarian assistance,as well as climate change adaptation and mitigation. The aim is to …” „… integrate climate change concerns into development, foreign,and security policies. Based on the discussions …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… NomosClimate Change: International Law and Global GovernanceVolume II: Policy, Diplomacy and …” „… EnvironmentClimate Change: International Law and Global GovernanceNomosProf. Dr. Oliver C. Ruppel | Prof. Dr …” „… Global Climate Governance– Challenges in the Anthropocene135Oliver C. RuppelInternational Climate Change …”

Agata Rogalska-Piechota Council of Europe Climate Law Standards and Perspectives S. 449-476

„… in the abovefield by establishing the Inter-secretariat Group on Climate Change will beincluded, in …” „… change de-449bate. At the same time, it is apparent that the climatic subject matter is farfrom being …” „… obviously correspond with the tasksof both DG I and DG II. Generally speaking, climate change is being …”

Cord Lüdemann, Oliver C. Ruppel International Climate Finance: Policies, Structures and Challenges S. 375-408

„… . RuppelAbstractContinuing negotiations in the climate change debate have prominently exposed the topic of climate financing …” „… provisions of theclimate change framework and the guiding principles of climate finance, thearticle presents …” „… specifically designated for mitigation and adaptationissues within the international climate change framework …”

THE CONTRIBUTORS S. 17-32

„… Change Law, Policy and Governance Group at the International Institute for Environment and Development …” „… change negotiations, adaptation to climate change and finance for climate change adaptation. She is the …” „… Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). One of herlatetest publications is: Horstmann, Britta & Achala C …”

PREFACE S. 11-12

„… PREFACEInternational climate change law is not only a new and emerging legal discipline. In fact …” „… , climate change in many ways permeates public and privatelaw, as well as national and international law …” „… publicationon Climate Change: International Law and Global Governance deals withinternational law and the …”

Babette Never Power in Global Climate Governance S. 215-234

„… Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) were rather limited, some of the primary goals of this round ofA.217 …” „… changes in one field, it impacts other policy fields.Against this background, the following assumptions …” „… prospective change.Power Distribution in the Climate RegimeIn the climate regime, it is not only …”

FOREWORD S. 9-10

„… development.The two volumes of Climate Change: International Law and Global Governance describe important topics …” „… regulatory and diplomatic aspects of climate change.In June 2013, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said “the …” „… scientific community plays a key role in finding new ways to combat climate change.” Whenlooking at this …”

Manfred O. Hinz Agenda 21 and Climate Protection: The Development of Global and Local Governance for Environment and Development – Observations from Research in Namibia S. 621-660

„… Earth Summit adopted the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC …” „… hydro-political hotspot, a large-scale indicator for climate change and a benchmark for the success of sustainable …” „… change,Winter submitted a diagram showing the various levels involved.9 He placesinternational state …”

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS S. 13-14

„… of Stellenbosch, South Africa, held two consecutive conferences, one on Climate Change and Governance …” „… and anotheron Climate Change, Legal Responses and Global Responsibility in Stellenbosch, South Africa …” „… . The conferences deliberated on the effects and the legalaspects of climate change on governance and …”

Christian Calliess, Christian Hey Renewable Energy Policy in the European Union: A Contribution to Meeting International Climate Protection Goals? S. 477-528

„… climate change”as the goal of Community environmental policy, pursuant to Article 191(4)(indent 4) of the …” „… policy matters.37 However, mostauthors feel that the change will merely result in amalgamation of the …” „… ); Pellion (2008); Guerry (2012).73 Department of Energy and Climate Change (2009); HM Government (2009 …”

Dirk Hanschel UNEP plus X? A Critical Assessment of Reform: Proposals and Implications for the International Climate Regime S. 313-326

„… andissue-specific environmental efforts, such as those envisaged by the international climate change regime.4 There …” „… :10).15 Pushkareva (2011:para. 25).Dirk Hanschel316• the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992 …” „… of international institutions by showingthat initial decisions are hard to change once they have …”

THE EDITORS S. 15-16

„… Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC), Working Group II. He is an international arbitrator with …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845242774

David J. Siegel - The Interlude in Academe

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David J. Siegel

The Interlude in Academe

2023

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Prefigurative Change S. 107-150

doi.org/10.5771/9781666900446

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Christoph Klink

Strategic Change

Series: Controlling und Management

Volume 13 2016

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4 Essay 3: CEO Compensation and Strategic Change S. 113-148

„… Essay 3: CEO Compensation and Strategic Change Abstract This essay investigates the incentive …” „… effects of various components of CEO pay on motivating CEOs to drive strategic change efforts in their …” „… of various compensation components in encouraging strategic change in pursuit of competitive …”

2 Essay 1: Strategic Change, Resource Allocation Decisions, and Their Influence on Short- to Medium-Run Financial Performance S. 33-88

„… Essay 1: Strategic Change, Resource Allocation Decisions, and Their Influence on Short- to …” „… investigates the performance implications of strategic change in the short- to medium-term and the moderating …” „… from 1990 to 2013, I show that strategic change is negatively related to firm performance in the short …”

3 Essay 2: CEO ond CFO Successions as Determinants of Strategic Renewal S. 89-112

„… initiation of strategic change following the succession event. Based on a cross-industry dataset of US-listed …” „… overcoming organizational inertia and drives strategic change, while there is inadequate support for the …” „… notion that CFO successions also drive strategic renewal. Keywords: Strategic Change, Upper Echelons …”

1 Introduction S. 17-32

„… Introduction Motivation Change before you have to.1 As Jack Welch, long-time CEO of General …” „… Electric (GE), explained, the issue of strategic change is critically important for any modern organization …” „… attention devoted to strategic change, recent cross-industry surveys suggest that only 26 percent of change …”

5 Summary and Conclusion S. 149-156

„… and executive compensation as antecedents of strategic change and firm performance as an outcome of …” „… strategic change. The dissertation seeks to narrow gaps in the existing literature and to contribute to …” „… drive the initiation of strategic change, (3) how strategic change efforts affect firm performance in …”

References (Introduction & Conclusion) S. 157-160

„… Organizational Change and Failure. Administrative Science Quarterly, Volume 38, pp. 51-73. Arrfelt, M., Wiseman …” „… Change: The Effects of Founding and History. Academy of Management Journal, 32(3), pp. 489-515. Boeker, W …” „… ., 1997. Executive Migration and Strategic Change: The Effect of Top Manager Movement on Product-Market …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… Controlling und Management Christoph Klink Strategic Change Effects on Accounting Performance and …” „… Succession and Compensation Strategic Change Nomos BUT_Klink_2906-7.indd 3 14.03.16 16:16 The Deutsche …” „… (ePDF) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Klink, Christoph Strategic Change Effects on …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845275390

Ying-kit Chan, Chang-Yau Hoon - Southeast Asia in China

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Ying-kit Chan, Chang-Yau Hoon

Southeast Asia in China

2022

doi.org/10.5771/9781793612151

Zoé Nautré - U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

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Zoé Nautré

U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 2010

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A fundamental change? S. 13-16

„… ? in?the?region?and?b)?the?domestic?necessity?for?reform?within?the?region.?At?the?same?time,?the?implementation?of ?this?change?in?U.?S.?policy?was?not?always?steady?and?linear.No change–short-term security …” „… Introduction13A fundamental change?Opinions?differ?as? to?whether?or?not? there?was?a?real?shift …” „… .?Some?argue?there?was?no?change?at?all,?whereas?others?see?a?short?momentum?of ?change.?However,?this?research?concludes?that?there?was?a?fundamental?change …”

A fundamental change? S. 183-185

„… ?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?in?a?Middle?Eastern?context.?Analyzing?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?has?also?exemplified?the?various?challenges?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?faces?in?Arab?countries.All?in?all,?this?study?has?attempted?to?answer?the?following?key?research?questions:?Was?there?a?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?after?9/11 …” „… ?authoritarian?regimes?could?not?guarantee?U.?S.?interests?in?the?region?in?the?long-term.?Political?repression?bred?instability.?The?Bush?administration? thus?decided? to? fight?an? ‘existential’?war?against? terrorism?and?change …” „… change?The?introduction?offered?three?possible?answers?to?the?core?multifaceted?research?question:?did?a?change?occur? in?U.?S.?policies? towards?the?Middle?East?and? if ?so,?how?was?this? change? implemented?? This …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 94-96

„… ?this?change,?the?NED?received?supplemental?money.?It?was?a?foregone?conclusion?that?the?additional?money?NED?received?post?9/11?was?going?to?be?allocated?to?the?Middle?East.In? addition? to? those? initiatives? mentioned …” „… ? programs? so? as? to? increase? their? prodemocratic? content.? In? support? of ? the? overall? change? of …” „… ?the?Bush?administration.?What?exact?changes?flowed?from?this?realignment?is?difficult?to?assess.?However,?democracy?promotion? was? raised? on? the? agenda? and? funding? increased,? testament? to …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 91-94

„… ?State,?June?24,?2003The?post?Cold?War? environment? facilitated? a? change? in? strategic …” „… ? Dinorah?Azpuru,?Steven?E.?Finkel,?Aníbal?Pérez-Liñán,?and?Mitchell?A.?Seligson,?“Trends?in?Democracy?Assistance,?what?has?the?United?States?been?doing?,”?Journal of Democracy,?Vol.?19,?No.?2,?April?2008,?152.9? A?further?ramification?of ?this?change …” „… s.?This?change …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 89-91

„… . initiativesHaving?now?explored?the?different?ideas?and?assumptions?and?possible?changes?in?U.?S.?policy? towards? the?Middle?East,? this? chapter?will? focus?on?how? this? policy …” „… ? took?place?post?9/11?suggests?a? radical?change? in?U.?S.?policies? towards? the?Middle?East.?The …” „… ? and?question?prior?policies.?But?how?did? changes? in?U.?S.?policy,? presented? as? radical? departures,? actually? translate? into …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 160-172

„… ? the?region.?Tactics?to?render?elections?insignificant?include?voter?coercion,?district?reapportionment?and?changes?in?electoral?rules.?Since?most?elections?in?the?Arab?world?return?parliamentary?results?favorable?to?the?incumbent?power,?the?value?of ?elections?as?the?final?stage?of …” „… ? Holger?Albrecht?and?Oliver?Schlumberger,?“Waiting?for?Godot”:?Regime?change?without?democratization?in?the?Middle?East,”?International Political Science Review,?Vol.?25,?No.?4,?2004,?383.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 162 06.09.2010 …” „… ?political?participation.?As?Laila?Alhamad?suggests:“Understanding the sources of political change in the region, particularly under authoritarian rule, requires …”

Obstacles to poicy implementation S. 185-188

„… esis?three?(fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy)?offers?the?more?accurate?explanation,?and?indeed,?there?was?a?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.At?first,?in?2000,?there?was?very?little?indication?that?the?incoming?Bus …” „… h?administration?would?change?longstanding?support?of ?authoritarian?regimes?in?the?Middle?East.?However,?9/11 …” „… ?the?U.?S.?that?the?system?should?change …”

Structure S. 20-22

„… .?In?particular,?how?a?change …” „… ? readjusted?by?putting?stronger?emphasis?on?democracy?promotion.After?having?explored?the?different?ideas?and?assumptions?and?possible?changes?in?U.?S.?policy?the?study?will?focus?on?how?the?changed?policy?translated?into?practice.?The?fourth?chapter?will? thus?serve?as?an? introduction? to? the?various? initiatives?geared …” „… ? look?at?the?change?of ?tone? in?U.?S.-Arab?relations?and?the?level?of …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 49-51

„… ?democracy?in?the?Middle?East.?It?is?contended?here?that?debates?and?trends?are?not?static,?but?change?over?time.?Trends?range?from?focusing?on?elections?to?mainly?considering?the?role?of ?civil?society,?to?institution-building?and?strengthening?the? state? and? so? on.? What? works …” „… ?funding,?technical?expertise,?qualified?personal?and?democratic?transitioning.?However,?as?Messner?argues,?this?correlation?is?often?overvalued?as?change?has?to?come?from?inside?and?can?only?be?supported?externally.75?The?idea?of ?ownership,?sustainability?and?the?importance?of …” „… ?development?theory.?Development?theorists?today?generally?acknowledge?that?external?help?might?be?meaningless?if ?not?counterproductive?if ?there?are?no?signs?of ?adequate?internal?change.76 …”

Focus on Great Powers and traditional security issues S. 61-63

„… ?how?to?influence?them?in?order?to?integrate?them?into?the?international?system?received?widespread?attention.?The?policy?focus?was?also?directed?towards?how?to?promote?change?in?so?called?‘rogue’?states?such?as?Iran,?Iraq,?Cuba?and?North?Korea.?The?future?of …” „… ?nuclear?threats?from?North?Korea?and?Iraq.?In?relation?to?Iraq,?she?stressed?“that?nothing?will?change …” „… ?U.?S.-Moroccan?relations?during?the?Bush?campaign?and?in?the?early?Bush?administration?period.?The?administration?seem?to?only?have?expected?incremental?changes …”

Outlook S. 188-192

„… ?democracy?was?also?again?put?into?question.Despite?these?obstacles,?skepticisms?and?setbacks,?a?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policies?did?take?place?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.?At?the?macro?level,?diplomatic?and?military?policies? remained? to? a? large? extent?hostage? to?overriding? security? imperatives.?U.?S.?policy? in …” „… ?anti-terrorism?measures?and?the?need?to?maintain?good?relations?due?to?other?security?issues.?At?the?micro?level,?however,?in?terms?of ?initiatives?and?foreign?assistance?programs,?a?large?change?took?place.Chapter? four? showed …” „… ?authoritarian?regimes?that?liberalize?without?democratizing.?The?study?thus?examined?what?U.?S.?democracy?promoters?perceive?as?a?catalyst?for?change …”

Policies towards Great Powers and traditional security issues S. 65-68

„… ?Jordan?and?Morocco’s?new?leaders.?However,?several?changes?in?international?affairs?would?allow?for?U.?S.?idealism?and?neoconservative?ideas?to?flourish.?Ideas?such?as?Bush’s?preference? for?moral? clarity? and? resolve,? skepticism?of …” „… ng?with?China,?who?traditionally?support?the?Republican?Party,?did?not?leave?much?leverage?for?a?change?24 …” „… ?the?Anti-Ballistic?Missile?Treaty?(ABM)?treaty,?the?first?steps?the?Bush?administration?took?towards?Russia?or?China?did?not?suggest?an?abrupt?change?in?U.?S.?policy.In? the? run-up? to? the? elections,? the? military’s? restructuring? and? the? role? it? would …”

Supporting evidence for democracy promotion S. 84-87

„… ? if ?nothing?changes,?read?this?report”.46 …” „… ?democratic?change?in?Iraq?was?very?alluring?to?the?administration?during?this?period.?There?seems?to?have?been?a?kind?of ?momentum?about?the?start?of …” „… ,?policy?circles?were?already?suggesting?that?regime?change?in?Iraq?could?trigger?a?democratic?wave?throughout?the?Arab?world.?As?Newt?Gingrich?stated:“… We should go after Iraq. Iraq is in many ways the most secularized Arab society and is the …”

Research Question S. 11-12

„… ?those?discussions?and?policy?changes?that?took?place?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?post?9/11.An? understanding? of ? how? U.?S.? policy? towards? the? Middle? East? evolved? post? 9/11 …” „… ? there?truly?a?change …” „… ?the?dilemmas?the?U.?S.?faces?when?promoting?democracy?in?the?region.?This?case?study?allows?for?an?in-depth?analysis?on?whether?a?change …”

Support for NGOs S. 106-108

„… ? in?this?analysis?since?it?also?represents?change?in?the?Bush?administration’s?policies.?It?recognizes?that?domestic?conditions?are?important?and?that?stability?cannot?be?guaranteed?when?relying?on?good?relations?with?the?ruling?party,?regardless?of ?internal?conditions.?It? thus? complements? other? U.?S.? measures? focusing? on? domestic …” „… NGOsIncreased?support?for?NGOs?working?in?the?Middle?East?seems?to?have?been?one?of ?the?most?remarkable?changes?of ? the?Bush?administration’s?new?policy …” „… ? for?authoritarian?regimes?in?the?Arab?world?by?placing?greater?emphasis?on?democracy?promotion.?It?did?so?mainly?by?openly?addressing?the?need?for?reform,?stressing?explicitly?its?change …”

Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) S. 106

„… ? in?this?analysis?since?it?also?represents?change?in?the?Bush?administration’s?policies.?It?recognizes?that?domestic?conditions?are?important?and?that?stability?cannot?be?guaranteed?when?relying?on?good?relations?with?the?ruling?party,?regardless?of ?internal?conditions.?It? thus? complements? other? U.?S.? measures? focusing? on? domestic …” „… NGOsIncreased?support?for?NGOs?working?in?the?Middle?East?seems?to?have?been?one?of ?the?most?remarkable?changes?of ? the?Bush?administration’s?new?policy …”

Introduction S. 11

„… ?those?discussions?and?policy?changes?that?took?place?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?post?9/11.An? understanding? of ? how? U.?S.? policy? towards? the? Middle? East? evolved? post? 9/11 …” „… ? there?truly?a?change …”

Conclusion S. 108-110

„… ? for?authoritarian?regimes?in?the?Arab?world?by?placing?greater?emphasis?on?democracy?promotion.?It?did?so?mainly?by?openly?addressing?the?need?for?reform,?stressing?explicitly?its?change …” „… ,? in?terms?of ? initiatives?and?foreign?assistance?programs,?a?larger? change? took?place,? since? funding? for …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 173-181

„… societyIt?is?difficult?to?judge?to?what?extent?civil?society?represents?a?meaningful?actor?in?terms?of ?pushing?for?change,?better?control?of ?the?state’s?activities?and?the?diversification?of …” „… ?the?king?and?cooperating?when?the?king?deems?it?necessary.?Even?though?reform?might?take?place?in?particular?areas,?it?does?for?the?most?part?because?the?regime?has?supported?this?particular?interest.?Entelis?describes?civil?society’s?influence?in?Morocco?as?follows:“Their ability to change or implement reforms is tied to monarchical priorities and …” „… ?opposition?forces?and?the?need?to?address?reforms.?Dissatisfaction?might?trigger?change?and?force?the?regime?to?react.?The?fact? that?university?graduates?protest?against? the?dearth?of ? jobs?and …”

Conclusion S. 69-70

„… pretty critical of him in those first several months. No big increase in the defense budget. No change …” „… change in Iraq policy. I think you could make a case that on Sept. 10, 2001, it’s not clear that George W …”

Advocating a conventional foreign policy S. 64-65

„… ?Jordan?and?Morocco’s?new?leaders.?However,?several?changes?in?international?affairs?would?allow?for?U.?S.?idealism?and?neoconservative?ideas?to?flourish.?Ideas?such?as?Bush’s?preference? for?moral? clarity? and? resolve,? skepticism?of …” „… ng?with?China,?who?traditionally?support?the?Republican?Party,?did?not?leave?much?leverage?for?a?change?24 …”

Implementation of new rationale S. 114-115

„… ?tools?to?show?their?advocated?policy?change.?Amongst?these?tools?one?should?highlight?MEPI,?MEFTA,?MCC,?BMENA?and?bilateral?assistance.?Overall,?Morocco?was?one?of ?the?main?beneficiaries?of ?these?initiatives.7 …” „… ?a?change?in?policy?from?past?unquestioned?tolerance?for?authoritarian?Arab?regimes?to?democracy?promotion,?was?not?directly?geared?towards?Morocco.?The?administration’s?speeches?after?9/11?did?not? suggest? that?Morocco?was? its?primary? target.?Nevertheless …”

The Middle East and democracy promotion S. 63-64

„… ?U.?S.-Moroccan?relations?during?the?Bush?campaign?and?in?the?early?Bush?administration?period.?The?administration?seem?to?only?have?expected?incremental?changes …” „… ?advocated?democracy?promotion?and? regime?change? in? Iraq.?He?argued …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 105-106

„… ? in?this?analysis?since?it?also?represents?change?in?the?Bush?administration’s?policies.?It?recognizes?that?domestic?conditions?are?important?and?that?stability?cannot?be?guaranteed?when?relying?on?good?relations?with?the?ruling?party,?regardless?of ?internal?conditions.?It? thus? complements? other? U.?S.? measures? focusing? on? domestic …” „… NGOsIncreased?support?for?NGOs?working?in?the?Middle?East?seems?to?have?been?one?of ?the?most?remarkable?changes?of ? the?Bush?administration’s?new?policy …”

Bureaucrats, incentives and structures S. 43-45

„… promotion is an appropriate means to fight terrorism, whether he favors stability over change will influence …” „… institutional interest in change from different government agencies, as well as a structural lack of incentive …”

Self-reflection-why do they hate us? S. 79-81

„… putting the responsibility, and thus the onus of change, on Arab regimes rather than on the United States …” „… ? not? expressed? a? desire? to? change? its? longstanding? support? of ? Arab? authoritarian? states …”

Methodology S. 17-19

„… ? activities?even?though?there?was?no?fundamental?change?in?the?activities?themselves.A?second?problem?is?that?there?are?so?many?different?government?agencies,?including?the?U.?S.?State?Department,?Treasury,?USAID,?the?Pentagon,?the?Department?of ?Agriculture?and? other? related? Foreign? Assistance? activities? so? it? was? impossible? to …” „… ?Overall,?these?methodological?difficulties?need?to?be?taken?into?account.?Although?an?increase?in?funding?clearly?indicates?a?change?in?focus,?this?also?needs?to?be?set?against?the?background?of ?various?aforementioned?challenges?and?factors.5? Gerald?F.?Hyman,?“Assessing?Secretary?of …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 45-47

„… ? in?change?from?different?government?agencies,?as?well?as?a?structural?lack?of ?incentive?further?complicate?the?successful?application?of …” „… ?progress?and?democratic?change.?Other?practical?matters,?such?as?funding?and?the?actual?ability?to?absorb?the?available?funding,?funding?cycles,?location,?feasibility,?and?other?priorities?on?the?embassy’s?agenda?further?complicate?democracy?promotion?in?practice.The? trade-offs?between? short-term? (security)? and? long-term? (democracy? for …”

Lack of definition S. 47-49

„… change in the Middle East and North Africa?(Princeton:?Princeton?University?Press,?1963 …” „… ?democracy?in?the?Middle?East.?It?is?contended?here?that?debates?and?trends?are?not?static,?but?change?over?time.?Trends?range?from?focusing?on?elections?to?mainly?considering?the?role?of ?civil?society,?to?institution-building?and?strengthening?the? state? and? so? on.? What? works …”

Issues of concern S. 59-61

„… ,?there?was?little?indication?that?the?Bush?administration?would?change?the?policies?of ?his?predecessor?towards?the?Middle?East,?especially?because?the?Middle?East?and?the?issue?of …” „… ?how?to?influence?them?in?order?to?integrate?them?into?the?international?system?received?widespread?attention.?The?policy?focus?was?also?directed?towards?how?to?promote?change?in?so?called?‘rogue’?states?such?as?Iran,?Iraq,?Cuba?and?North?Korea.?The?future?of …”

A war of values S. 72-74

„… ?terrorist?attacks?could?possibly?change?the?whole?nature?of ?the?country.3 …” „… ?not?being?daring?enough,?past?administrations?had?created?the?perception?that?America?was?weak?and?now?was?the?time?to?change?policy?and?show?how?forcefully?the?new?administration?was?willing?to?act.?President?Bush?stated?in?October?2001:“I said to the Taliban, turn them over, destroy the camps, free people you‹re unjustly …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 23-34

„… ? traditions?are?evident?at?different?times?and?in?response?to?shifting?global?conditions.?As?such,?it?is?fair?to?claim?that? the? two?traditions?have?been?and?remain?susceptible? to?changes …” „… ’? the?Cold?War?had?an?enormous?impact?on?the?American?psyche?and?subsequently?on?U.?S.?foreign?policy.?It?also?confirmed?the?perception?that?history?was?a?linear?process?and?that?change?would?always?be?for?the?better,?meaning?that?U.?S.?values?would?triumph?sooner?or?later.?This?view?reinforced?faith-based?ideas?of …” „… ? for?democratic?change.?Democratic?peace?theory,?which?holds?that?no?democracy?has?ever?gone?to?war?with?each?other,?was?widely?discussed?and?considered?more?attainable?than?it?ever?did?during?the?forty?years?of ?the?Cold?War.?Overall,?the?early?1990 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11A fundamental change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 …” „… fundamental change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184Obstacles to …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 115-118

„… ?a?change?in?policy?from?past?unquestioned?tolerance?for?authoritarian?Arab?regimes?to?democracy?promotion,?was?not?directly?geared?towards?Morocco.?The?administration’s?speeches?after?9/11?did?not? suggest? that?Morocco?was? its?primary? target.?Nevertheless …” „… ?the?disappointment?on?human?rights?records.?According?to?Jordan?Paul?and?Abi?Nader?at?the?Moroccan?American?Centre?for?Policy,?they?were?able?to?convince?the?Senate?to?change?the?language?since?in?their?view?it?would?send?the?wrong?signal.?The?amended?bill?then?included?a?provision?making?$3,655,000 …”

When idealism and realism merge S. 137-141

„… ? advocated? change,? the? turn? towards?democracy?promotion,? considered? to?be?in?the?U.?S.?national …” „… he?funding?received?from?counter-terrorism?funds.?All?these?measures?indicate?a?solid?U.?S.?commitment?to?Morocco?and?a?certain?change?in?U.?S.?attitude?towards?this?particular?country?and?the?region?as?a?whole.US-Moroccan?ties?sparked?debates?in?Washington?D.C.?and?at?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat?with?regards?to?if …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 36-41

„… ? U.?S.?security.?It?could?be?claimed?that?President?George?W.?Bush?was?following?the?logic?of ?Woodrow?Wilson?by?advocating?wholesale?changes? in? international?processes?so?as …” „… ?Egypt?as?a?failing?state?was?being?debated.?This?resulted?in?the?creation?of ?a?commission?to?evaluate?stability?and?change …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 115

„… ?a?change?in?policy?from?past?unquestioned?tolerance?for?authoritarian?Arab?regimes?to?democracy?promotion,?was?not?directly?geared?towards?Morocco.?The?administration’s?speeches?after?9/11?did?not? suggest? that?Morocco?was? its?primary? target.?Nevertheless …”

Bibliography S. 199-216

„… )?›Waiting?for?Godot‹:?Regime?change?without?democratization?in?the?Middle?East,?in:?International?Political?Science?Review,?25,?4?(2004)?371-92.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 202 06.09.2010 15:38:17 UhrBibliography203 …” „… ?social?change?in?the?Middle?East?and?North?Africa.?Princeton:?Princeton?University?Press.Harders,?Cilja? (2005)?Arabische?Außen-und?Sicherheitspolitik?nach?dem?11.? September?2001 …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 100-101

„… ? the?U.?S.?threatened?Arab?regimes?to?change,?the?new?rationale?was?difficult?to?translate?into?practice.34?Human?rights?and?the?lack?of …”

At the periphery of U. S. interests S. 111-112

„… .?The?Bush?administration?did?not?expect?major?changes …”

Contested development theories S. 113-114

„… ?tools?to?show?their?advocated?policy?change.?Amongst?these?tools?one?should?highlight?MEPI,?MEFTA,?MCC,?BMENA?and?bilateral?assistance.?Overall,?Morocco?was?one?of ?the?main?beneficiaries?of ?these?initiatives.7 …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 141-142

„… he?funding?received?from?counter-terrorism?funds.?All?these?measures?indicate?a?solid?U.?S.?commitment?to?Morocco?and?a?certain?change?in?U.?S.?attitude?towards?this?particular?country?and?the?region?as?a?whole.US-Moroccan?ties?sparked?debates?in?Washington?D.C.?and?at?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat?with?regards?to?if …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 149-150

„… ?the?advocated?change?in?rationale.The?discussions?conducted?at?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat?following?9/11?exemplify?some?of ?these?dilemmas.?Those?U.?S.?government?officials,?unconvinced?of …”

Asserting U. S. power S. 71-72

„… ?terrorist?attacks?could?possibly?change?the?whole?nature?of ?the?country.3 …”

Support for authoritarian states reconsidered S. 81-82

„… ? not? expressed? a? desire? to? change? its? longstanding? support? of ? Arab? authoritarian? states …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 96-97

„… ?its?roles?was?to?make?diplomats,?accustomed?to?maintaining?good?relations?rather?than?dealing?with?uncomfortable?issues?(like?talking?to?the?opposition?and?encouraging?free?media)?think?about?democracy?promotion?as?part?of ?their?daily?business.?Ultimately,?MEPI’s? objective? was? to? change? attitudes? towards? the …”

Support for NGOs S. 99-100

„… ? the?U.?S.?threatened?Arab?regimes?to?change,?the?new?rationale?was?difficult?to?translate?into?practice.34?Human?rights?and?the?lack?of …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 103-104

„… ?entitlement?from?its?Arab?partners.?It?does?not?want?the?change?in?funding?from?year?to?year?to?be?read?like?a?political?act.?This?has?caused?complications?with?regards?to?the?Fprocess,?which?has?attempted?to?reorganize?U.?S.?foreign?assistance?by?focusing?on?countries?rather?than?topics.?With?Liz?Cheney,?the?champion?of …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 104-105

„… ?entitlement?from?its?Arab?partners.?It?does?not?want?the?change?in?funding?from?year?to?year?to?be?read?like?a?political?act.?This?has?caused?complications?with?regards?to?the?Fprocess,?which?has?attempted?to?reorganize?U.?S.?foreign?assistance?by?focusing?on?countries?rather?than?topics.?With?Liz?Cheney,?the?champion?of …”

U. S. Idealism and competing interests S. 112-113

„… .?The?Bush?administration?did?not?expect?major?changes …”

When idealism and realism merge S. 142-143

„… ?democracy?promotion?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.Competing interests: Middle EastThe?Bush?administration’s?change …”

Expectation of the role of outsiders S. 172-173

„… outsidersGiven?the?various?activities?and?debates,?one?can?go?beyond?the?conflicting?goals?and?limited?support?for?democracy?promotion?in?Morocco?to?still?conclude?that?some?kind?of ?change …”

Marginalization S. 131-133

„… ?radical?ideas?also?stems?from?a?perceived?inability?to?improve?their?situation.?Thus,?radical?political?opposition?can?also?to?some?extent?be?compared?to?a?radical?youth?movement?that?wants?to?change?society?by?using?violent?means.In?May?2003,?Casablanca?was?struck?by?a?series?of …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 150-152

„… ?the?advocated?change?in?rationale.The?discussions?conducted?at?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat?following?9/11?exemplify?some?of ?these?dilemmas.?Those?U.?S.?government?officials,?unconvinced?of …”

Democracy as a means to an end S. 82-84

„… ? if ?nothing?changes,?read?this?report”.46 …”

Monopoly over the reform discourse S. 125-127

„… ?civil?society?and?integrated?possible?drivers?for?change …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 135-137

„… ?U.?S.?government?rhetoric?on?change …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 143-145

„… ?democracy?promotion?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.Competing interests: Middle EastThe?Bush?administration’s?change …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 152-154

„… ?many?reasons?why?people?resort?to?radical?measures.?Many?stressed?that?there?was?no?need?to?change?the?regime?in?Morocco,?a?relatively?modern?regime?that?is?moving?in?the?‘right’?direction.?At?the?same?time,?U.?S.?government?officials?while?praising?Morocco’s?tolerance?and?progress?noted?that? the? regime? could,? when? necessary,? show? its …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 156-158

„… ? to?positive?change.?This?section?has?explored?the?different?competing?interests?that?guided?and?limited?U.?S.?policy?implementation.?The?next?section?will?deal?with?development?theories?that?affect?U.?S.?policy?makers?in?their?daily?operational?goals?at?a?more?subconscious?level.Contested development theories: Middle EastExpectations of the role of …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 158-160

„… ? to?positive?change.?This?section?has?explored?the?different?competing?interests?that?guided?and?limited?U.?S.?policy?implementation.?The?next?section?will?deal?with?development?theories?that?affect?U.?S.?policy?makers?in?their?daily?operational?goals?at?a?more?subconscious?level.Contested development theories: Middle EastExpectations of the role of …”

When idealism and realism converge S. 34-36

„… ? U.?S.?security.?It?could?be?claimed?that?President?George?W.?Bush?was?following?the?logic?of ?Woodrow?Wilson?by?advocating?wholesale?changes? in? international?processes?so?as …”

Retaliation S. 74-76

„… ?not?being?daring?enough,?past?administrations?had?created?the?perception?that?America?was?weak?and?now?was?the?time?to?change?policy?and?show?how?forcefully?the?new?administration?was?willing?to?act.?President?Bush?stated?in?October?2001:“I said to the Taliban, turn them over, destroy the camps, free people you‹re unjustly …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 101-103

„… . democracy aid increased under Bush, but such comparisons are difficult due to governmental changes in what …”

Weak political opposition S. 128-131

„… ?radical?ideas?also?stems?from?a?perceived?inability?to?improve?their?situation.?Thus,?radical?political?opposition?can?also?to?some?extent?be?compared?to?a?radical?youth?movement?that?wants?to?change?society?by?using?violent?means.In?May?2003,?Casablanca?was?struck?by?a?series?of …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 145-149

„… ? their?security?service.?As?noted?earlier,?this?also?included?human?rights?training?and?in?some?instances?U.?S.?officials?also?made?an?effort?to?point?out?possible?human?rights?abuses.?When?asked?about?the?repercussions?of ?the?democracy?promotion?agenda?for?the?Pentagon,?a?few?military?officers? noted? major? changes …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 51-57

„… evolved because of demands from the bottom or major shifts and changes in the international arena …”

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