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Eva Willnegger - Patents in the Food Sector

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Eva Willnegger

Patents in the Food Sector

Series: Munich Intellectual Property Law Center - MIPLC Studies

Volume 1 2008

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Food as the product directly obtained by a patented process S. 147-165

„… commentator on the German Patent Act, % , still regards the question of how to interpret “directly …” „… encoding class II EPSPS enzymes. The genes are useful in producing transformed plants which are tolerant to …” „… polypeptide to enhance the glyphosate tolerance of a plant cell transformed with said gene; b) obtaining a …”

Food as a macromolecular substance and product-by-process claims S. 138-147

„… when the product can not be distin guished in the claim other than by reference to how it was made.545 …” „… to all kinds of products, including chemical substances,514 anti bodies,515 immunomodula tors,516 or …” „… inventive step. The contribution to the state of the art of the invention is only a savor nuance, but no …”

Consequences S. 66-67

„… . 8 of the TRIPs Agreement states that WTO Members may introduce mea sures necessary to protect …” „… public health and nutrition. Furthermore, the public interest in sectors of vital importance to their …” „… for over 100 years (...)." The TRIPs Agreement led to a more rational understanding of the patent …”

Implementation of the TRIPs Agreement in Brazil S. 67-69

„… protection systems of developing countries is the first step towards meaningful economic growth, > , How …” „… historical development in Germany.187 The question, why there was an exemption to patentability of food and …” „… related patent applications as a conse quence of the abolition of the exemption to patentability is …”

Implementation of the TRIPs Agreement in India S. 71-75

„… vation culture. They can be used to measure the level of R&D activities, and ultimateley, how effective …” „… in the fields as a pesticide and at home as a herb to cure common colds. But today, it has become the …” „… . The term of protection of food related processes was restricted to 7 years from the filing date of …”

Protection under the plant variety protection system S. 115-123

„… was due to an improvement of the entire genome. Today, molecular breeding and plant biotechnology …” „… related to the production of plant derived agricultural raw materials mainly concern plant varieties and …” „… patent system offer rather weak protection due to wide exemptions from the scope of protection. These …”

Consequences of the patentability of food-related substances S. 75-85

„… vation culture. They can be used to measure the level of R&D activities, and ultimateley, how effective …” „… 18.5 million tons in 1991 to 41.5 million tons in 2001. Brazil has developed from a net importer of …” „… varieties to tropical conditions. 239 Including Tobacco processing and transportation costs incurred by …”

Final Summary S. 166-206

„… (' The food sector has an outstanding position compared to other industrial sectors, as it af …” „… always had an exceptional position, demonstrated by the exemption to pat entability of food in the …” „… German Patent Act of 1877, as well as in many developing countries. The TRIPs Agreement has led to the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845210230

JEEMS Journal of East European Management Studies

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JEEMS Journal of East European Management Studies

Browse Volumes: JEEMS Journal of East European Management Studies

JEEMS Volume 1 (1996) Issue 4 ISSN Online: 1862-0019

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Emanuela Todeva Dynamics of Management Practices in Easten Europe: The Case of Bulgaria S. 47-72

„… conditions, and to analyse how managers have responded to the new business environment. The second objective …” „… management behaviour and it is yet to be concluded how this new managerial experience will effect personal …” „… comparative analysis. Todeva JEEMS 4/1996 53 The managerial sciences in Eastern Europe are used to …”

Marin Marinov, Svetla Marinova Characteristics an Conditions of Entrepreneurship in Eastern Europe S. 7-24

„… factor here is how to convince the possessors of resources not only that it is an opportunity for the …” „… environment. The Bulgarian workers had to deal mainly with new technology and new management know-how, while …” „… creation. However, many problems exist related to the lack of resources (mostly financial), inadequate …”

News / Information S. 99-109

„… / Central Europe, and the twelfth in Europe; aims to provide a space for exploring how we feel and think …” „… towards market orientation in the News / Informations JEEMS 4/1996 100 newly emerging democracies, to …” „… idea was to integrate the topics of marketing and corporate culture and to show especially the …”

J. Neil Thomson Takeovers and Acculturation: Linkages from East German Privatisations to Workforce Integration S. 25-46

„… to be expected e.g. what effect has language on the credibility of cross-cultural research? How can …” „… German takeover. Their companies were too diverse to be lumped together under one classification, but a …” „… common goal. ‘First we shipped some over to America to see how the work was organised there, but also …”

Kruzela, Bogusz The Pilkington Sandoglass Case A British-Polish Joint Venture S. 73-88

„… glass production in Sandomierz and the development of the town. To take over a state-owned company …” „… capital from St Helen trust has been helpful. The role of the foundation is to promote the town and the …” „… competitors in the toughened glass market to only three (two of whom are Pilkington - Szczakowa and …”

Vince Edwards Editorial S. 5-6

„… JEEMS. The publication of these articles is testimony to the Potential for fruitful collaboration …” „… between organizations dedicated to research in and on Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and JEEMS. Since …” „… . The overall aim of CREEB is to contribute to the development of theoretical and practical knowledge …”

doi.org/10.5771/0949-6181-1996-4

Jonathan Durrant, Michael D. Bailey - Historical Dictionary of Witchcraft

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Jonathan Durrant, Michael D. Bailey

Historical Dictionary of Witchcraft

2012

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Preface

„… of the times: writing about witches and how to find them, bringingthem to trial and sometimes having …” „… , about a topic that has beenaround for centuries and does not seem quite ready to go away.Jon …” „… for me tofinish them. My thanks also go to my colleagues at the University of Glamor-gan, whose work …”

THE DICTIONARY S. 19-212

„… out a logical system to explain how demons, as evil spiritualbeings, could affect the physical world …” „… superstitions. His theology of evil was also to influencelater views on how witchcraft operated. Augustine’s De …” „… suspects weresubjected to new, sadistic forms of torture. As the hunts in Bamberg spiraledout of control …”

Introduction S. 1-18

„… . It is, however, difficult todetermine how much of a barrier to prosecution this law was in …” „… touse torture. It was also recognized, however, that excessive torture couldforce virtually anyone to …” „… would havebeen touched in some way by these events, as would the vast number ofpeople who came to know …”

Bibliography S. 213-270

„… the Fourteenth toSeventeenth Centuries: A Sociologist’s Perspective.” American Journal ofSociology 86 …” „… .———. “Witchcraft and Judgement in Reformation Germany.” History To-day 40 (April, 1990): 12–19.Thieser, Bernd. Die …” „… Fire, to the Fire! Let Us Burn a Little Incense toGod’: Bernardino, Preaching Friars, and Maleficio in …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780810875128

Maria Claudia Quimbayo Duarte - Law´s Claim to Correctness

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Maria Claudia Quimbayo Duarte

Law´s Claim to Correctness

Series: Studien zur Rechtsphilosophie und Rechtstheorie

Volume 78 2020

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II. The Claim to Correctness in the Classical Debate S. 17-78

„… the law ought to be or how the law ought to be made.”13 Kelsen’s interest is in the reality of law …” „… can create law and the question of how to solve contradictions within a legal system. Both are …” „… interprets this denial of Fuller of the claim to authority in the following terms: “Thus no matter how firmly …”

III. Recent Debates about the Claim to Correctness S. 79-125

„… , as follows: 1.1. 207 Raz, The Argument from Justice, or How Not to Reply to Legal Positivism, in: The …” „… , from the perspective of a 213 Ibid., 52-3. 214 Raz, The Argument from Justice, or How Not to Reply to …” „… to do with´. How is this to be understood? A first interpretation would be that the law to which the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… . (2012). 3 Joseph Raz, The Argument from Justice, or How Not to Reply to Legal Positivism, in: The …” „… Law’s Claim to Correctness Maria Claudia Quimbayo Duarte Studien zur Rechtsphilosophie und …” „… to Correctness Nomos BUT_QuimbayoDuarte_6871-4.indd 3 04.11.20 14:19 The Deutsche …”

Bibliography S. 133-136

„… , J., The Argument from Justice, or How Not to Reply to Legal Positivism, in The Authority of Law …” „… ). -------- A Third Reply to Eugenio Bulygin, in: Neutrality and Theory of Law, ed. Jordi Ferrer Beltrán, José …” „… Juan Moreso and Diego M. Papayannis, (Springer, Dordrecht 2013), 225-38. -------- An Answer to Joseph …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748909675

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Tomasz Mróz

Plato in Poland 1800–1950

Series: Academia Philosophical Studies

Volume 75 2021

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III. Plato interwoven within the fabric of Polish philosophy S. 131-428

„… , 1903–1917: 389, note 1; this is how Pawlicki rendered the Greek νοητόν, and took the opportunity to chide …” „… everyone who has dreamt of human happiness, spending years mulling over how to organise it, has been given …” „… to erase just the one word »idea« from modern languages, and they will see how our entire spiritual …”

I. Passive acceptance of Plato’s image S. 23-61

„… conviction of what we are able to know and how we should act.”9 The outstanding Poles in this field included …” „… understand him and to know how to make use of him is true praise.”27 To see the extent to which this naive …” „… philosophy teaches how to pursue philosophy – and how not to pursue it. “Even in Plato we can point out some …”

II. Recognition of Plato as a problem. Plato assessment and interpretations S. 62-130

„… unknown. And now that devil has come to us.”46 While Towiański’s compliance with Plato covered only the …” „… absolute”57 was considered by Bogdan to be a success. But how far does this system comply with Plato’s …” „… all thinking and of our entire existence. And how could they recognise it when they tend not to really …”

Conclusions S. 429-440

„… results were extremely negative. It is interesting to ob- Conclusions 435 serve how the extreme experience …” „… diverse. It took some time for them to develop a widely accepted framework for thinking about ancient …” „… irrationality of religion to the rationalism of philosophy, and took the side of the latter. He compared the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783896659477

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