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Dominik Zimmermann - The Independence of International Courts

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Dominik Zimmermann

The Independence of International Courts

Series: Successful Dispute Resolution

Volume 1 2014

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Chapter F: Judicial Independence in the International Criminal Court S. 284-342

„… Court organ.1145(2) Does the Independent Prosecutor Enhance the Court’s Independence?What does this role …” „… /icc-recommendations-nominating-and-electing-candidates-servejudges> (last visited: 21 March 2014).313IV. Structural IndependenceThe idea of the establishment of an …” „… Resolution ICC-ASP/10/36.1173 Ibid, para. 10.1174 Ibid, para. 12.315IV. Structural IndependenceBureau propose …”

Chapter B: The Notion of Judicial Independence – The Analytical Framework S. 47-88

„… Judicial Independence?1. The Protected Apparatus – The Subject of IndependenceAs was indicated in the …” „… . Textual Approach – What do We Mean by Judicial Independence?alone, however, does not with any degree of …” „… drawn from this is that judicial independence,seen from a purely linguistic analysis of the first part …”

Chapter D: Judicial Independence in the International Court of Justice S. 124-211

„… their independence,a constitutional principle of the Charter.”382As this statement reflects, the ICJ’s …” „… of Judicial IndependenceThe question has been raised whether candidates for the bench of the ICJmust …” „… objectivity,and thus to promote independence.It should finally be noted that the PCA national groups do not play …”

Chapter H: Judicial Independence in the European Court of Human Rights S. 425-511

„… it two important consequences for the understandingof its judicial independence.Firstly, the Court …” „… Secretariat of the Court.1823 Art. 22 ECHR.461IV. Structural IndependenceFollowing this call, the State has …” „… Chapter H: Judicial Independence in the European Court ofHuman RightsI. IntroductionThe ECtHR1632 …”

Chapter E: Judicial Independence in the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea S. 212-283

„… Chapter E: Judicial Independence in the International Tribunalfor the Law of the SeaI …” „… . IntroductionThe independence of the ITLOS742 is of particular interest to a broader studyon the independence of …” „… and distinct questionswith regard to the protection of its independence. These questions have tobe …”

Chapter G: Judicial Independence in the Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda S. 343-424

„… Hoc Tribunalsand its Relevance for the Tribunals’ IndependenceAccording to the resolutions …” „… IndependenceUN system.1395 The Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs liststhe following characteristics …” „… Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, Independenceand Impartiality of the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-32

„… international adjudication before standing bodies,namely their independence.The book, which was accepted as a …” „… IndependenceFollowing from the Classification of the Ad HocTribunals as Subsidiary Organs372(4) Conclusions373b) Limits …” „… The Independence of International CourtsDominik ZimmermannThe Adherence of the International …”

Chapter A: Introduction S. 33-46

„… study: the adherence of the international judiciary20 to the standard of judicial independence.In the …” „… Independence', in: Russell, Peter H. et al. (eds) Judicial Independence in the Age of Democracy – Critical …” „… wake of the establishment of new international courts, their independence has become a recurrent …”

Chapter I: Summary of Conclusions and Outlook S. 512-522

„… II. Contents and Deficits of a Common Core of Judicial Independencetheir independence. One salient …” „… Tribunals’ independence.Their character as subsidiary organs to the UNSC authorizes the latter todetermine …” „… Deficits of a Common Core of Judicial Independence2. Personal IndependenceAs regards the personal …”

Chapter C: The International Judiciary – Defining the Object of Investigation S. 89-123

„… onto which the notion ofjudicial independence can be applied. Due to the multifaceted, decentralizedand …” „… stage for the elaboration of provisions concerning the independence of international courts.II. Judicial …” „… Independence in its Historical Context – From Ad HocArbitration to Compulsory Jurisdiction1. Early Development …”

Bibliography S. 539-598

„… 1987).Akkas, Sarkar Ali, Judicial Independence and Accountability: A Comparative Study ofContemporary …” „… Independence: Law and Practiceof Appointments to the European Court of Human Rights (Interights London 2003 …” „… and Independence in the United Kingdom (Cambridge University PressCambridge 2011).Merrills, John G …”

Appendix: International Courts – A Chart S. 525-530

„… ofIndependenceYesYesYesYesNoNoRequirement ofImpartialityNoYesYesYesYesNoRequirement ofIntegrityNoNoNoNoYesNoRequirement ofFairnessNine …” „… years)NoNoNoNoNoAge LimitYesYesYesYesYesYesSolemnDeclarationAny activitywhich is incompatible withtheir independence …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845253619

Jens-Hinrich Binder, Christos V. Gortsos, Klaus Lackhoff, Christoph Ohler - European Banking Union

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Jens-Hinrich Binder (ed.), Christos V. Gortsos (ed.), Klaus Lackhoff (ed.), Christoph Ohler (ed.)

European Banking Union

2022

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Art. 19 SSMR Independence Fabian Amtenbrink S. 277-288

„… agencies, as well as Member States governments and anyother bodies ‘to respect that independence’.While not …” „… independenceInstitutional independence refers to the relationship of the ECB with other Unionor national institutions or …” „… competent authorities.Functional independenceFunctional independence, also sometimes referred to as …”

Art. 47 SRMR Independence Fabian Amtenbrink S. 968-973

„… Independence968 Fabian Amtenbrink101112134. In accordance with the Staff Regulations of Officials as laid down …” „… Freedom:Politicians and the Independence and Accountability of financial Sector Supervisors’, IMF Working PaperWP …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4I. Independence of the Single Resolution Board and of the national resolutionauthorities (Art …”

Art. 28 SSMR ResourcesThis commentary is written in the private capacity of the author and should not be reported as representing the views of the ECB. Martina Almhofer S. 404-409

„… experts with the necessary professional skillsand independence.II. Necessary financial resourcesIt also …” „… SSMR also reflects the principle of financial independence of the ECB,2 ac-cording to which the ECB is …” „… perform its tasks independently.3 Hence, following theprinciple of financial independence as enshrined in …”

Art. 20 SSMR Accountability and reporting Fabian Amtenbrink S. 288-302

„… independence,regarding namely the prevention of conflicts of interests.Different to the 2015 Code of Conduct for the …” „… , ‘“Accountable Independence”of the European Central Bank: Seeing the Logics of Transparency’, European Law …” „… the European Central Bank applies, as has been observed above in section 3 onpersonal independence.54 …”

Art. 62 SRMR Internal audit and control Andreas Witte S. 1047-1054

„… not SRB management outside the internal auditfunction).The internal auditor enjoys independence. This …” „… independence vis-à-vis other functions anddepartments of the SRB.The internal auditor is appointed by the Board …” „… tension with the internal auditor’s independence (see above); but eveninternational standards which …”

Art. 99 SRMR Entry into force Christos V. Gortsos S. 1226-1254

„… 11– independence II 45 6– judical review I 20 11– monetary policy-related tasks I 20 7– national …” „… 85 30 et seq.– composition II 85 8 et seq.– duty to establish II 85 5 et seq.– independence of ist …” „… Authority II 18 75Autonomy– operational independence I 28 4Avoidance of destruction of valueII 27 136 et …”

Art. 85 SRMR Appeal Panel Ann-Kathrin Kaufhold S. 1163-1173

„… direct or indirect interest whichmight be considered to be prejudicial to their independence or the …” „… : Independence of the members of the Appeal Panel . . . . . . . 24G. Art. 85(6) SRMR: Interim legal protection of …” „… . 85[2] sent. 4 SRMR). Theparties to the appeal proceedings may challenge the independence and …”

Art. 24 SSMR Administrative Board of Review René Smits S. 321-341

„… indirectinterest which might be considered prejudicial to their independence or the absenceof any such interest.5 …” „… qualifications . . . . . . . . . . . 6II. Independence, ethical standards …” „… of appointment of ABoR Members and Alternates.34II. Independence, ethical standardsABoR Members and …”

Art. 45 SRMR Accountability Fabian Amtenbrink S. 955-965

„… Architecture: Exam-ining Inter-Agency Relations, Agency Independence and Accountability’, in: Mads Andenas and …” „… Curtin, “Accountable Independence” of the European Central Bank: Seeing the Logics ofTransparency’, ELJ …” „… fromthe function of accountability as a counter-balancing force to agency independence, butin the case of …”

Art. 20 SRMR Valuation for the purposes of resolution Christos V. Gortsos S. 699-717

„… delegated act (Arts. 38-41) governing,respectively, the elements of independence; qualifications, experience …” „… requirement of independence, the valuation must be carriedby a person independent of any public authority …” „… the dynamic character of the valuationand without prejudice to the valuer’s independence, the Board …”

Art. 32 SSMR Review Christos V. Gortsos S. 428-445

„… withdrawal ofauthorisations under Article 14;(e) the effectiveness of independence and accountability …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7a) Accountability, due process and independence arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . 7b …” „… consideredonce the SRM is reviewed.The governance of the SSM11Accountability, due process and independence …”

Art. 31 SSMR Staff and staff exchangeThe views expressed in this publication are the personal views of the author and not necessarily the ones of the ECB. Georgios Zagouras S. 421-428

„… integrity of the people who give the Single Supervisory Mechanism a face.The integrity and independence of …” „… , independence, impartiality, discretion and regardless of self-interest. Art. 8of the Code of Conduct deals with …” „… independence and accountability arrangements;(f) the interaction between the ECB and the EBA;(g) the …”

Art. 29 SSMR Budget and annual accountsThis commentary is written in the private capacity of the author and should not be reported as representing the views of the ECB. Martina Almhofer S. 409-413

„… independence1, the ECB has andmanages its own resources and budget, which is distinct from the general EU …” „… financed,considering the financial independence of the ECB from the general EU budget as wellas the required separation …”

Art. 26 SSMR Supervisory boardThis contribution should not be reported as representing the views of the European Central Bank (ECB). The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily ... S. 354-381

„… principle and the principle of independence and laysdown detailed rules on private financial transactions …” „… European Union). The personal independence of NCA and NCB representatives in the SupervisoryBoard is …” „… provisions aim at safeguarding the Chair’s per-sonal independence50 and at avoiding conflicts of interest …”

Art. 84 SRMR Internal committees Christos V. Gortsos S. 1162-1163

„… whichmight be considered to be prejudicial to their independence or the absence of anysuch interest.6. An …”

Art. 94 SRMR Review Christos V. Gortsos S. 1209-1219

„… independence and accountability arrangements;(c) the interaction between the Board and EBA;(d) the interaction …” „… to independence and accountability.Points (c)-(d): The interaction between the Board and the EBA …”

Art. 48 SRMR Seat Janina Heinz S. 973-975

„… for the independence of agencies. At the same time, theinstitutional decentralisation of agencies is …”

Art. 98 SRMR Start of the Board’s activities Christos V. Gortsos S. 1224-1226

„… transferred to the latter after it gainedits financial autonomy (independence).71 Art. 98(2) sent. 1 SRMR.2 …”

Art. 55 SRMR Decision-making Janina Heinz S. 1008-1010

„… independence ofBoard, in particular from participating Member States. This provision in paras 1 and 2 isan …”

Art. 46 SRMR National parliaments Fabian Amtenbrink S. 965-968

„… , attached to the TEU and TFEU.Art. 47 SRMR Independence968 Fabian Amtenbrink10111213 …”

Art. 23 SSMR Reporting of violations Ann-Katrin Kaufhold S. 318-321

„… indirectinterest which might be considered prejudicial to their independence or the absenceof any such interest.5 …”

Art. 18 SSMR Administrative penaltiesThe views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the ECB. Chryssa Papathanassiou S. 264-277

„… that independence.3. Following an examination of the need for a Code of Conduct by the SupervisoryBoard …” „… competition laid down in Art. 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ L1, 4.1.2003 at p. 1.Independence Art. 19 …”

Art. 27 SSMR Professional secrecy and exchange of informationThis commentary is written in the private capacity of the author and should not be reported as representing the views of the ECB. The autho... S. 381-404

„… or to avoidany interference with the functioning and independence of the ECB, in particular …” „… SSMR also reflects the principle of financial independence of the ECB,2 ac-cording to which the ECB is …” „… perform its tasks independently.3 Hence, following theprinciple of financial independence as enshrined in …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Art. 18 264Independence …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Art. 46 965Independence …”

Art. 16 SRMR Resolution of financial institutions and parent undertakings Jens-Hinrich Binder S. 648-653

„… Binder345in insolvency, which clearly reflects the insight that, irrespective of the legal indepen-dence …”

Art. 75 SRMR Investments Georgios Psaroudakis S. 1123-1129

„… ) SRMR. Explic-it reference to the Board’s “full autonomy and independence” is also made in Recital 97 …”

Art. 50 SRMR Tasks Janina Heinz S. 980-988

„… , the Board's strategic orientation without significantexternal influence. This level of independence is …”

Art. 58 SRMR Budget Andreas Witte S. 1023-1030

„… ty of the SRB as an agency (Art. 42 SRMR) and, ultimately, its independence (Art. 47SRMR), since it …”

Art. 57 SRMR Resources Andreas Witte S. 1016-1023

„… SRB as an agency (Art. 42 SRMR) and, ultimately, its independence (Art. 47SRMR), since it would risk …”

Art. 63 SRMR Implementation of the budget, presentation of accounts and discharge Andreas Witte S. 1054-1061

„… interest of the Eurosystem’s independence in monetary policy, the mandateof the Court of Auditors is …”

Art. 64 SRMR Financial rules Andreas Witte S. 1061-1069

„… Regulation to accord theSRB with a great degree of independence and autonomy, meaning that it is not only …”

Art. 3 SSMR Cooperation Ann-Katrin Kaufhold S. 23-37

„… . However, a close cooperation also has its downsides. Most of all, it mightcompromise the independence of …”

Art. 31 SRMR Cooperation within the SRM Christos Hadjiemmanuil S. 895-918

„… , a statement to the effect that it ‘does not restrictthe independence of the valuer and the exercise …”

Art. 49 SRMR Participation in plenary sessions Janina Heinz S. 975-980

„… session to establish substructures. This option reflects the independenceof the Board which allows it to …”

Art. 42 SRMR Legal status Christoph Ohler S. 950-953

„… per-sons. The legal personality conferred on the Board strengthens also its independencethat is enshrined …”

Art. 30 SRMR Obligation to cooperate and information exchange within the SRM Christos Hadjiemmanuil S. 881-895

„… , since Art. 19 SSMR refers to the institutional independenceof the ECB and the NCAs. The reference should …”

Art. 18 SRMR Resolution procedureThe information and views set out in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission doe... S. 666-690

„… independenceand avoid conflicts of interest between the various functions.103 However, the option ofthe Commission …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845278483

Michal Bobek, Adam Bodnar, Armin von Bogdandy, Pál Sonnevend - Transition 2.0

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Michal Bobek (ed.), Adam Bodnar (ed.), Armin von Bogdandy (ed.), Pál Sonnevend (ed.)

Transition 2.0

Series: Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht

Volume 320 2023

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Authoritarianism, Judicial Independence and Democratic Transition S. 91-112

„… backsliding.Major Global Threats to Judicial IndependenceThe judiciary is currently under attack and this is a …” „… to respond to attacks on democracy.Corruption and Judicial IndependenceGeneral remarksCorruption …” „… means—with recently re-assumed independence—a network of organised crime that had taken over the running of …”

The Role of the Court of Justice of the EU in Transition 2.0 S. 471-494

„… it comes to judicial independence.Second, the ASJP case thickened the interpretation of the second …” „… play an essential role in making courts more confident in bringing judicial independence/rule of law …” „… 471II. Context 473III. Rediscovering the Treaties Through the Judicial Independence Case-Law 4761 …”

Defective Judicial Appointments and their Rectification under European Standards S. 425-470

„… differs from the Ástráðsson formula as it represents a broader concept of independence.The ‘establishment …” „… the basis for appealing their rulings.Reinforcement of the rule of law and judicial independenceThe …” „… followed the law and stood up for judicial independence.Thirdly, transitional constitutionalism, one of the …”

Court-Unpacking: A Preliminary Inquiry S. 323-360

„… personal independence and integrity of packed judges be considered in a normative assessment of unpacking …” „… court-packing plans erode judicial independence, the separation of powers and the rule of law, because they …” „… independence of the Polish judiciary if the ruling coalition led by PiS loses power. What should the liberal …”

EU Law and Judicial Decisions of National Judges Appointed in Breach of European Standards S. 383-424

„… independence under threat: The Court of Justice to the rescue in the ASJP case’, CML Rev. 55 (2018), 1827–1854 …” „… case to a body which does not meet the requirements of independence.7The independence criterion also …” „… independence of a national court is assessed in the light of Article 267 TFEU alone,8 although the Court takes …”

Poland After Elections in 2023: Transition 2.0 in the Judiciary S. 299-322

„… , illiberalism, democratic backsliding, authoritarianism, judicial independence, courts, European Union …” „… and secret services. Judicial independence has been curtailed. The road towards illiberal democracy …” „… and judicial independence.12 The ECtHR declared that judicial panels composed of judges appointed by …”

Asymmetric Rupture: Stabilizing Democratic Transitions 2.0 with Transnational Law S. 249-276

„… Poland, these judgments primarily concern the structure and independence of the judiciary.32 For …” „… , through the growing set of judicial independence cases of the ECJ, comprising both the infringement …” „… /2023/04/9.-SCHEPPELE-PROOF.pdf.33 ECJ, Commission v. Poland (independence of judges), judgement of 15 July …”

The Constitutional Trap S. 227-248

„… Wyrzykowski228of these values, in particular the rule of law and judicial independence.2 The systemic nature …” „… ), 451–483; Michał Krajewski and Michał Ziółkowski, ‘A. Court of Justice: EU judicial independence …” „… 2018) deemed by the ECJ as not meeting the conditions of judicial independence. All of these requests …”

How to Make Article 10 TEU Operational? The Right to Influence the Exercise of State Power and Cardinal Laws in Hungary S. 563-584

„… independence, a lost war or a revolution. Some of these ex nihilo constitution making processes26 have even …” „… public authorities, and does not mention concerns relating to its independence in general terms.29As it …” „… could not justify touching upon the independence of the judiciary, a principle central to the operation …”

EU Values as Constraints and Facilitators in Democratic Transitions S. 113-142

„… , judicial independence, electoral law, transformative constitutionalism, democratic transitions* This …” „… Transitions115the Member States’ obligation to guarantee judicial independence.6 Since Article 19 TEU ‘gives …” „… containing standards of judicial independence applicable to any court that ‘may rule … on questions …”

The Liberation of Illiberal Democracy: On Limits of Democratization after the Authoritarian Backlash S. 33-58

„… judicial independence and the rule of law.According to this view, the success of constitutional transitions …” „… democratic values and practices. Nevertheless, promulgating the principles of judicial independence is not …” „… fall short of what Linz and Stepan describe 12 Stephen Holmes, 'Judicial Independence as Ambiguous …”

Reversing a Member State’s Regression and Restoring (its) Union Membership S. 497-534

„… rules which would undermine the independence of the judiciary [as essential element of the rule of law …” „… standards of judicial independence which the EU judicature had articulated, notably in its case law …” „… (Disciplinary regime for judges) (n. 45)). The Court found that by ‘failing to guarantee the independence and …”

Approaching Transition 2.0 in a Realist, Structural, Principled and Inclusive Constitutional Manner S. 13-32

„… have opposed this illegal tempering with the independence of the judiciary have been subject to …” „… independence of the judiciary in the longer run.10Similar measures have been adopted in relation to other …” „… down in an unlawful composition. Second, re-establishing systemic independence of the judiciary. Third …”

Transition 2.0 and Rule of Law-Mainstreaming in the European Union S. 535-562

„… , already provide a primary legal framework for the rule of law, e.g., with regard to judicial independence …” „… or of the independence of the judiciary etc.33 Also, the Court has used the value of the rule of law …” „… ’ independence and institutional structure based on rule-of-114 See regarding competition law, EC, Sped-Pro v …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… Opposition 59Diego García-SayánAuthoritarianism, Judicial Independence and Democratic Transition 91Armin von …”

How to Return from a Hybrid Regime into a Constitutional Democracy? Hypothetical Constitutional Scenarios for Hungary and a Few Potential Lessons for Poland* S. 145-226

„… independence as the independence of the judicial branch from the government. But this is not really the key …”

What Role for Courts in Transforming a Society? A Central European Cautionary Tale S. 361-382

„… (Independence of the Disciplinary Chamber of the Supreme Court) (C‑585/18, C‑624/18 and C‑625/18, EU:C:2019:982 …” „… of mixed signals from the Court of Justice regarding the independence of national courts: Miasto …”

Centralized Judicial Review and the Problem of its ‘Over-Centralization’ S. 277-296

„… of Judicial Independence and the Mental Transitions of the Central European Judiciaries’, Eur. Pub. L …”

The Venice Commission and Constitutional Dilemmas S. 585-0

„… they posed a threat to the State independence and national security of Ukraine, and he was thus …”

Reversing Authoritarianism in the EU: Transformative Politics and the Role of Opposition S. 59-90

„… , attacked the free press and independent civil society, restricted judicial independence and changed …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748914938

Jörn Axel Kämmerer, Markus Kotzur, Jacques Ziller - Integration und Desintegration in Europa | Integration and Desintegration in Europe | Intégration et Désintégration en Europe

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Jörn Axel Kämmerer (ed.), Markus Kotzur (ed.), Jacques Ziller (ed.)

Integration und Desintegration in Europa | Integration and Desintegration in Europe | Intégration et Désintégration en Europe

Series: Societas Iuris Publici Europaei (SIPE)

Volume 13 2019

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Argelia Queralt Jiménez The Populist Drift of the Catalan Pro-independence Movement S. 253-280

„… Populist Drift of the Catalan Pro-independence Movement Argelia Queralt Jiménez* Introduction In the …” „… following pages I would like to demonstrate how the pro-independence movement in Catalonia has undergone a …” „… restoration of democra‐ cy in Spain, the pro-independence movement and political parties have always been …”

Jernej Letnar Černič Human Rights as a Motor of European Integration S. 87-106

„… ; Michael Bobek, The Fortress of Judicial Independence and the Mental Transitions of the Central European …” „… issues, such as the independence of the judiciary and relevant guarantees, are still in need of serious …” „… Slovenia that ‘its judiciary is characterised by a lack of mental and intellectual independence, lack of …”

Ana Maria Guerra Martins The Judicial Control of the Portuguese Austerity Measures during the Crisis from a Multilevel Perspective S. 299-326

„… set out the criteria for assessing the independence of the judiciary under the terms of Article 19 TEU …” „… .83 The Court spent many more paragraphs (17 up to 25) elaborating on the independence of the judges …” „… independence does not preclude general salary-reduction mea‐ sures, such as those at issue in the main …”

Ian Forrester Disintegration of Legal Systems and Jurisprudence on Shared Matters Brexit: A case study in complexity S. 225-242

„… expected to be the mechanism to achieve national jurisdictional independence. That Act is intended to …” „… independence’. But every regulatory text will present ambiguities, some of them unforeseen, some of them …” „… the political importance of ‘regaining our independence’ so that judges are told to have no regard to …”

Christian Heitsch 'Shock Therapy' – Austerity – 'Populism' – Brexit: How to (not) jeopardize the cohesion of the EU S. 197-224

„… social-democratic Scottish National Party and the right-wing anti-EU United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP …” „… Scottish independence: In that referendum, a campaign strategy dubbed 'Project Fear' had obtained a 55 …” „… -percent majority against independence. By contrast, during the EU referendum cam‐ paign, the 'remain …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-20

„… Populist Drift of the Catalan Pro-independence Movement 255 Argelia Queralt Jiménez Lage und Aussichten der …”

Eleftheria Neframi La portée intégrative du système juridictionnel de l’Union européenne sous le prisme des obligations incombant aux Etats membres S. 157-174

„… Judicial Independence in Poland: Where Can Mutual Trust End? », http://europeanlawblog.eu/2018/07/24 …”

Francisco Balaguer Callejón The Relevance of Subsidiarity to European Integration S. 137-156

„… extent of political independence in the exercise of the sovereign powers transferred is. An increase of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748902225

Ann Frotscher - Claiming Pakistan: The MQM and the Fight for Belonging

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Ann Frotscher

Claiming Pakistan: The MQM and the Fight for Belonging

2008

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Sindh on the Way to Independence S. 29-35

„… 29Sindh on the Way to IndependenceSindh Province, which would seem to be Karachi’s natural …” „… situation in Sindh prior to independence and the considerations of Sindhi politicians with their intrigues …” „… leading role that combined reli-44 There were, however, periods in which Sindh enjoyed quasi- independence …”

The Urban History of Karachi S. 19-29

„… Frotscher_Layout.indd 2 04.04.2008 07:38:5804.04.2008 07:38:529Sindh on the Way to IndependenceSindh Province …” „… 19PART ONE: THE GREATER KARACHI METROPOLITAN AREA Chapter 1A Haphazard Journey into Independence …” „… , Ahmad Shah Abdali (later Durrani) declared independence for Afghanistan and invaded the Punjab and later …”

Drawing the Boundaries – The Construction of the “Mohajir” Ethnic Identity S. 87-94

„… the Way to Independence”).Frotscher_Layout.indd 91Frotscher_Layout.indd 9 04.04.2008 …” „… in order to retain their religious independence, i.e. those who leave a society of “unbelievers” for …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Introduction 14PART ONE: THE GREATER KARACHI METROPOLITAN AREA Chapter 1: A Haphazard Journey into Independence …” „… Develoment of a Colonial City 23Colonial Economy and Ethnic Diversity 24Sindh on the Way to Independence 29 …” „… Social Order in Sindh 29The Political Situation before Independence in 1947 31Chapter 2: Distribution …”

The Local Administration S. 53-63

„… participation and local self-government were not developed to any further degree. Although independence had left …” „… used mainly to intimidate the opposition, press freedom was curtailed and the independence of the …” „… published a “Six Point Plan” in 1966 which included extensive independence for the province. 13 This fi rst …”

Karachi – “City of the Mohajirs” S. 35-40

„… MetropolisKarachi – “City of the Mohajirs”Independence and Mass MigrationThere were only a few weeks to prepare the …” „… later, on 14 August 1947, Pakistan became an independent state.However, the independence celebrations …” „… inhabitants before the partition of the subcontinent, only four years after independence 1,068,000 people …”

The Government of General Pervez Musharraf until Parliamentary Elections (1999 – 2008) S. 257-264

„… participants demanded a vote on the independence of Sindh.14 The elections were reminiscent of the 1985 …” „… started out as a peaceful protest for the independence of the judiciary turned now into an impressive …” „… and shoulder to shoulder with the army to defend the sovereignty and independence of the country.43 In …”

Excursus: The Effects of the Violence and Ethnic Politics on the Economy S. 249-250

„… . These power relations changed in 1971. The independence of Bangladesh and the subsequent nationalisation …”

Summary S. 84-86

„… independence in 1947, local self-government was insuffi ciently developed and was further weakened by …”

Help through Self-Help? – Community Based Organisations S. 82-84

„… . Initially, historical aspects were described. At independence in 1947, local self-government was insuffi …”

A History of Exclusion S. 94-110

„… more on the independence of Bangladesh, see e.g. Sisson/Rose 1990.42 However, the secession of East …” „… Independence Day, and stressed the importance of Urdu.66 Interview no. 194.Frotscher_Layout.indd 109 …”

The Regional Arena: Sindhis and Balochis as Adversaries of the Mohajirs S. 198-216

„… have the majority. After that G.M. Syed was completely disillusioned and fought for the independence of …” „… military leader and nationalist who they see as having fought for German independence; and it is not …”

The Informal Sector S. 63-71

„… importance of Karachi have grown enormously since independence, the city’s institutions have been unable to …”

Migrant Workers and Political Refugees – The Development of a multi-ethnic Metropolis S. 40-51

„… following independence, it attempted to settle refugees from India on the periphery of the city to clear the …”

Democracy and Terror – The MQM between Image and Reality S. 167-179

„… the independence movement or whether it is simply the case that any hunger strike in South Asia …”

The Internal Structure of the MQM S. 141-167

„… Muslims from the minority provinces of India, (…) have sacrifi ced 2 million people for the independence …”

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