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William F. Eadie - When Communication Became a Discipline

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William F. Eadie

When Communication Became a Discipline

2021

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Chapter 5: Communication as Language Use S. 69-92

doi.org/10.5771/9781498572163

Ashraf Esmail, Abul Pitre, Alice Duhon-Ross McCallum, Judith Blakely, H. Prentice Baptiste - Literacy, Vocabulary, and Acculturation

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Ashraf Esmail (ed.), Abul Pitre (ed.), Alice Duhon-Ross McCallum (ed.), Judith Blakely (ed.), H. Prentice Baptiste (ed.)

Literacy, Vocabulary, and Acculturation

2023

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Chapter 4 Evolving the Language We Use S. 27-38

doi.org/10.5771/9781475872637

Bertrand P. Wägenbaur - Court of Justice of the EU

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Bertrand P. Wägenbaur

Court of Justice of the EU

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2013

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Use of the language of the case S. 317-320

„… paragraph 3 are in principle decided by the President.Article 38 Use of the language of the case1. The …” „… foregoing provisions, a Member State shall be entitledto use its official language when taking part in …” „… to use one of thelanguages mentioned in Article 36 other than the language of the case. Thisprovision …”

[Language of the case] S. 620-628

„… the Advocate General in delivering his opinionmay use one of the languages referred to in paragraph 1 …” „… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26III. Use the language of the case (paragraph 3 …” „… invalidated should both parties agree on the use ofanother language. That said, it seems appropriate that such …”

Language of a case S. 312-314

„… “external level”, the Judges and the AdvocateGeneral may if necessary make use of the language of their …” „… ”, i.e. for the purposes of the deliberations62 and othersittings, the Judges use the French language …” „… the EU may be, nor may he use his own native language if it is not part of thecatalogue in paragraph …”

[Language of the proceedings] S. 955-958

„… request by any party and after hearing the other parties, the Presidentfinds that the use of that language …” „… defend their interestsand that only the use of another language from among those mentioned inArticle 35(1 …” „… addressed to the General Court andduring the oral procedure, the applicant may use the language chosen by …”

Determination of the language of a case S. 314-317

„… use multiple languages for multiple parts of a proceeding,e.g. for the written and oral proceedings …” „… paragraph 3 are in principle decided by the President.Article 38 Use of the language of the case1. The …” „… language of the case shall in particular be used in the written and oralpleadings of the parties, including …”

[Procedural rules] S. 954-955

„… use of that language would not enable all parties to the proceedingsbefore the Board of Appeal to …” „… follow the proceedings and defend their interestsand that only the use of another language from among …” „… use the language chosen by him inaccordance with paragraph 1 and each of the other parties may use a …”

[Translations] S. 628-631

„… Member States of the EEA-Agreement are not automatically192entitled to use their own official language193 …” „… andthe Advocate General, if any, may use a language of their choice during the oralhearing as long as it …” „… ), sub-paragraph 1 RP GC, whichprovides that the language of the case is to be used in all written and oral …”

[Judicial vacations] S. 618-620

„… submission of documents is and remains“e-Curia”.CHAPTER 5LANGUAGESArticle 35 [Language of the case]1. The …” „… language of a case shall be Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English,Estonian, Finnish, French, German …” „… , Slovene, Spanish orSwedish.2. The language of the case shall be chosen by the applicant, except that:(a …”

[General rules for pleadings] S. 643-659

„… time-limit has elapsed.30bb) Telefax. (1) Proper use of the fax machine. The user should make sure that …” „… into the other languages provided forby Article 1 of Council Regulation No 1. The second subparagraph …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172. Languages …”

[Written and oral procedure] S. 130-136

„… language. The use of French has since become ECJ custom, and, despite theincreasing prevalence of English …” „… advisers need to plead inthe language of the procedure, which may or may not coincide with their …” „… working language of the Court265. As a result, it is highlyadvisable for lawyers and other representatives …”

[Judicial costs] S. 806-809

„… ) Justification for absence of judicial costs? The question ariseswhether the use of the judicial system of the EU …” „… abusive proceedings.(a) The problem. So far, the GC has made little to no use of this provision, due toits …” „… Court’stime and resources. The irresponsible use of the EU Courts ought to always bediscouraged, preferably …”

[Statement of reasons] S. 174-177

„… national colleagues. The need totranslate every judgment501 into the other official languages has a clear …” „… Many decisions of the CST exist only in the language of procedure, which is French inapproximately 80 …” „… % of all cases. A summary is available in the other official languages, but is notpublished on the …”

[Immunities, privileges and facilities] S. 631-636

„… and procedural issues, are only published in the respective language of the case proceedings, as well …” „… as in a summary form in the otherofficial languages.bb) Translation is the exception12 The decisions …” „… of the CST published on the ECJ’s website are almost alwaysavailable in French and the language of …”

Index S. 980-997

„… – Language RP GC 136a– Manifestly inadmissible or unfounded RP GC 145– Notice RP GC 137 138– Oral procedure …” „… Assignment of case– Court of Justice RP ECJ 60Assistant Rapporteur Stat 13 RP ECJ17Authentic text– Language …” „… Annex I 4– Costs Stat Annex I 7 14– Expedited procedure Stat Annex I10– Judges Stat Annex I 2– Language …”

Parties to the main proceedings S. 409-411

„… course, consider whether it is opportune for a party to make use ofthis right, depending upon the …” „… States in the original version, accompanied by a translation intothe official language of the State to …” „… translation shall bereplaced by the translation into the official language of the State to which it …”

a [Conditions] S. 766-776

„… by a translation intothe official language or languages of the Member State to which it is …” „… working language within a veryshort period of time.970 Case T-178/05, United Kingdom v Commission [2005 …” „… translation of theapplication for expedited procedure, as French is the GC’s working language.d) Timing17 …”

INTRODUCTION S. 576-584

„… indications regarding both the written and oral proceedings at theGC19, such as the use of technical means of …” „… ECJ case law, theannual reports, etc. all published in the official languages of the EU on this …” „… currently only available in French, the working language of the EUcourts, but includes links to the full …”

Application for suspension or for interim measures S. 517-526

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21(b) Use by the Commission of Community funds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22(c) Health and …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272. Language of proceedings …” „… living756.22 (b) Use by the Commission of Community funds. The institutional rules governingthe …”

Application to intervene S. 463-465

„… the language of theproceedings, with the exception of the Member States, who may make use of …” „… theirofficial language(s).IV. Missing the time-limit (paragraph 4)4 Significantly shortening the time-limit for …”

Procedure provided for by Article 111(3) of the EEA Agreement S. 569-571

„… submit written observations.3. The request shall be made in one of the languages referred to in Article …” „… submitted in one of the official languagesreferred to in Art. 36 RP ECJ, Norway and Iceland cannot use their …” „… own language.The procedure does not include an oral hearing or an Opinion of the …”

[Recoverable costs] S. 809-830

„… are manifestly abusive of the Court’stime and resources. The irresponsible use of the EU Courts ought …” „… translation costs10 An applicant who chooses e.g. English or Danish or any language other than Frenchas the …” „… language of the proceedings does not have to contribute financially to thetranslation of his written …”

Object and effects of the intervention S. 460-463

„… States, who may make use of theirofficial language(s).IV. Missing the time-limit (paragraph 4)4 …” „… , which is evident, but must also employ the language of theproceedings, with the exception of the Member …”

INTRODUCTION S. 276-282

„… the conditions of use applicable to parties’ representatives and assistants.15 The ECJ’s annual …” „… onlymake use of those legal remedies exhaustively laid down in the TFEU18. Thus, noparty is permitted to …” „… ECJ, which are subdivided into “Titles”, “Chapters” and “Sections”,have become much more user-friendly …”

[Referral for preliminary rulings] S. 139-159

„… Member States, whichmay use their own official language410 since the Registrar will subsequently providea …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56b) Language …” „… they wish to hand in, the structure they may opt for, etc.b) Language57 Written observations need to be …”

Implementing rules S. 573-574

„… no discrepancy as both texts use the term ‘legal aid’. However,in the German version, the terminology …” „… Rules, which are authentic in the languages referred to in Article 36 ofthese Rules, shall be published …” „… ”, while Art. 4 and 5 of the “Supplementary Rules” still usethe term “Armenrecht”, (the right of the poor …”

[Practice directions to parties] S. 977-978

„… proceedings. The general part ofthese Directions pertains to the use of technical means of communication …” „… languages mentioned in Article 35(1),shall be published in the Official Journal of the European Union. They …”

[Appointment of the Registrar] S. 604-605

„… of the reasons why hardly any use is madeof Art. 18 RP GC.CHAPTER 3REGISTRYSECTION 1 – THE …” „… accompanied by full details of the candidate’s age,nationality, university degrees, knowledge of any languages …”

[Oath] S. 85-88

„… depending on the language version of theStatute used, it might be worth considering the addition of an …” „… . While the use of gendered pronouns is a largelydescriptive matter rendered more or less problematic …” „… explanatory note clarifying the use ofthe masculine pronoun to refer to both male and female participants in …”

[Judges and Advocates-General] S. 584-586

„… the chambers38, on the language of the proceedings39, and onthe rights and obligations of agents …” „… size: 160.00mm 240.00mm2. Obsolete provision3In the early 1990s the GC made occasional use of this …”

[Appeal limited to points of law] S. 237-248

„… logo’sdistinctiveness877;* The GC’s use of the wrong test to evaluate a trademark’s distinctiveness (i.e …” „… interpretation of the meaning or grammatical function of certainwords in a given language as part of a trademark …” „… , as well as the representativenature of said words in said language, is a matter of fact to be …”

Exclusion from the proceedings S. 327-330

„… individuals. TheECJ is likely to make a careful use of this provision, since it needs to assess in eachcase …” „… constantuse of extremely colloquial and thus untranslatable language and even possibly veryTitle II. Common …”

Conduct of oral proceedings S. 374-377

„… representative(s) of the applicant, who use the lectern located on theright-hand side of the courtroom, plead first …” „… Court’s working language,i.e. French, should be kept in mind at all times. Thus, the pleadings should …” „… are described in the “Notes for Guidance for Counsel”171,which thus provides useful indications as to …”

Preliminary objections and issues S. 496-499

„… led the ECJ to making use of Art. 150 RP ECJ.Article 151 Preliminary objections and issues1. A party …” „… by the Court; the change of the language ofprocedure, the exclusion of the public from the oral …” „… be used if there aregenuine reasons pointing at the inadmissibility of the application. Too …”

Lodging of procedural documents S. 349-355

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152. Making full use of the time-limits …” „… into the other official languages andsubmit them to the Court within a given deadline. In practice, it …” „… previous practice of refusingsuch notifications133.2. Making full use of the time-limits16 This provision …”

[Contents of a written application] S. 136-139

„… is highly advisable for witnesses to avoid language-specificjargon and slang whenever possible to …” „… number ofcases.2. Statistics25In about thirty percent of all cases the Court of Justice makes use of …”

[Periods of grace, unforeseeable circumstances and force majeure] S. 202-212

„… on the use offorce majeure as an excuse for tardy proceedings673.b) Unforeseeable circumstances15 …” „… unclear695 or that a givenprocedural rule is not available in one official language if it is available in …” „… all otherofficial languages696. The ECJ held that the rules governing the time-limits do notpose any …”

Procedures for dealing with cases S. 338-344

„… ECJ does not prevent the ECJ frommaking use of Article 152 (1) RP ECJ if necessary81.3. Direct …” „… furthermore may make use of this provision if it considers that areferral for preliminary ruling does not …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3b) Language …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-75

„… ................................................................ 239Article 38 Use of the language of the case …” „… ] ................................................................................................ 184Article 64 [Language of the procedure …” „… ........................................... 236CHAPTER 8. LANGUAGES …”

[Admission as intervener] S. 917-923

„… in the language of themain proceedings1994. The requirements set out in lit. a) to e) amount to …” „… unless a specificderogation is provided in the RP1999.2. Choice of lawyer19The intervener may use the …” „… intervene in a givencase1979.II. Time-limit (paragraph 1)61. GC. a) Six weeks. The time-limit, which used to …”

[Appeal] S. 228-235

„… ). The choice toenable parties to use appeal proceedings to have the ECJ review GC decisions (i.e.,orders …” „… to a given chamber, anorder concerning a change of the language of procedure, an order instructing …” „… the right not to make use of it, a principle which isnot entirely upheld by the provision found in Art …”

[Substantive criteria] S. 872-890

„… thewithdrawal of marketing authorizations for medicinal products for human use1757.39 (5) Tasks of general …” „… some parties disregard1797, but must be submitted inseparate document1798 written in the same language …” „… based on future,uncertain events1726. Likewise, claiming that a provisional measure would be“useful”1727 …”

Languages of the publications of the Court S. 320-321

„… very first regulation the Council everadopted in 1958, determining the languages to be used by the …” „… hearing.Article 39 Responsibility of the Registrar concerning language arrangementsThe Registrar shall, at the …” „… course of the proceedings beforethe Court to be translated into the languages chosen from those referred …”

Authentic texts S. 321

„… very first regulation the Council everadopted in 1958, determining the languages to be used by the …” „… published in the ECR, but available onthe ECJ’s website, where they are published in the language of the …” „… available in allofficial languages.5. Council Regulation No. 16 “Council Regulation No. 1” refers to the …”

Language service of the Court S. 321-322

„… very first regulation the Council everadopted in 1958, determining the languages to be used by the …” „… published in the ECR, but available onthe ECJ’s website, where they are published in the language of the …” „… available in allofficial languages.5. Council Regulation No. 16 “Council Regulation No. 1” refers to the …”

Responsibility of the Registrar concerning language arrangements S. 320

„… hearing.Article 39 Responsibility of the Registrar concerning language arrangementsThe Registrar shall, at the …” „… course of the proceedings beforethe Court to be translated into the languages chosen from those referred …” „… thepossibility of having written submissions and oral hearings translated into adifferent language than the …”

Quorum of the Chambers of five and of three Judges S. 311-312

„… Member State uses its own official language(s)and also in the case of the GC. In the case of the CST …” „… LANGUAGESArticle 36 Language of a caseThe language of a case shall be Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. Reducing the number of languages of procedure …”

[Authentic linguistic versions] S. 631

„… and procedural issues, are only published in the respective language of the case proceedings, as well …” „… as in a summary form in the otherofficial languages.bb) Translation is the exception12 The decisions …” „… of the CST published on the ECJ’s website are almost alwaysavailable in French and the language of …”

Translation and service of the request for a preliminary ruling S. 411-413

„… intothe official language of the State to which they are being addressed. Whereappropriate, on account of …” „… language of the State to which it isaddressed of a summary of that request, which will serve as a basis for …” „… appropriate of a summary,into one of the languages referred to in Article 36, to be chosen by the non-Member …”

[Applicable rules of the Statute] S. 267-270

„… Procedure.(2) The provisions concerning the General Court’s language arrangements shallapply to the Civil …” „… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1II. Language arrangements (paragraph 2 …” „… specificities, whichare further commented in the section on the Rules of Procedure of the GC.II. Language …”

Definitions S. 282-283

„… ’ means Council Regulation No 1 of 15 April 1958determining the languages to be used by the European …” „… incorporates a full referenceto Council Regulation No. 1 of 1958 determining the languages to be used by …” „… , some provisions, such as the rules governing the language of theprocedure24 and the rights and …”

Reply by reasoned order S. 413-414

„… language, but may choose one of the official languages referredto in Art. 36 RP ECJ, which is usually …” „… frequently uses the first two alternatives in this provision and to a lesserextent the third alternative, all …”

Responsibilities of the Registrar S. 297-300

„… available in all official languages, has becomea very useful source of information and has been recently …” „… the interest of clarity and besides makes it more user-friendly.II. Tasks relating to documents and …” „… language of the ECJ. For those who do not have asufficient command of French, it is of little comfort that …”

Content of the application S. 442-449

„… theirofficial language the language of proceedings for their part of the case in question)472.b) Errors to be …” „… 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmThis is particularly useful in case of long and/or numerous …” „… provisions consideredbeing relevant for the individual case. It may also be useful to indicate if and when …”

Recording of the hearing S. 386

„… premises, to thesoundtrack of the hearing in the language used by the speaker during that hearing.The …”

[Minutes of the hearing] S. 172

„… signed by the President and theRegistrar.The details of such minutes, which are drafted in the language …” „… verbatim record is provided by an audio recording of the hearing,which may be used by the Judges and the …”

Publication and entry into force of these Rules S. 574-576

„… force of these RulesThese Rules, which are authentic in the languages referred to in Article 36 ofthese …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15V. Derived law and other useful information …”

[Questions] S. 724-733

„… . the working language of theGC, they will need to adapt to the fact that the interpreters, though …” „… completely and accurately into the Judge’s language of choice. Moreover,speakers should be aware that …” „… point list of arguments mightbe more helpful than a fully drafted text. If the speaker uses such …”

[Hearing experts, witnesses and parties] S. 171-172

„… minutes, which are drafted in the language of the procedure,are laid down in the Rules of Procedure485 and …” „… may be used by the Judges and the Advocate General, if necessary. Theminutes are a rather minimalistic …”

Minutes of hearings S. 385-386

„… listen, on the Court’s premises, to thesoundtrack of the hearing in the language used by the speaker …”

Date of delivery of a judgment S. 386-387

„… premises, to thesoundtrack of the hearing in the language used by the speaker during that hearing.The …”

[Case list] S. 172-173

„… signed by the President and theRegistrar.The details of such minutes, which are drafted in the language …” „… verbatim record is provided by an audio recording of the hearing,which may be used by the Judges and the …”

Keeping of the register S. 300-301

„… version of the digest only existsin French, i.e. the working language of the ECJ. For those who do not …” „… . The digest, which is updated periodically, is avery useful tool, as it provides a quick access to each …”

Revision S. 513-517

„… application for revision needs to be drafted in the same language ofprocedure as the one used at first …”

[Publication in the OJ] S. 866-871

„… : 160.00mm 240.00mminternet and thus immediately available in all official languages1625. That said …” „… applicant’sknowledge being used as the starting point of the period for instituting proceedingsis subsidiary to the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845259079