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Alexandra Allred

When Women Stood

2023

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Two The Media Image of Women of Enlightenment S. 9-18

„… 9TwOThe Media Image of Women of EnlightenmentThe image of women through the “rise of the Western …” „… had created an ideal of femininity for women of wealth or higher economic standing. The im-age of the …” „… persons. This is who women were and who they had to be to survive. However, the image of the helpless …”

Twelve Exploitation of the Female Image S. 137-150

„… , who points out that the internalization of images of what society expects of women and how beauty is …” „… – ) began what is considered ground-breaking work on the image of women, particularly in advertising …” „… Image of Women, which was released in 1979 and has been updated and rereleased four more times with …”

Eight A League of Their Own S. 77-94

„… Games, Americans had prided themselves on taking care of their women. While images of Soviet women …” „… 77eighTA League of Their OwnIn regard to women’s sports, World War II also became an opportu-nity …” „… media, “I don’t know what’s going to happen if they begin to let women in baseball. Of course, they will …”

Nineteen Title IX in the New Millennium S. 237-248

„… directors took control. In 1972, 90 percent of the coaches for women’s collegiate sports were women. By 2016 …” „… , just over 40 percent of coaches were women.1 It is an interesting and repetitive history in wom-en’s …” „… sports that women have never had full control of their own space. Such is the story of Joanne Washburn.A …”

Twenty-One Where to Go from Here? S. 267-280

„… kind of image of women—all women—in the media.Sixty-four years later, Michelle Obama’s experience would …” „… production and distribution was never questioned until women protested.The image of Prime Minister Berlusconi …” „… , being seen has special importance while the issue of being heard is an issue for all women.THE STATUS …”

Four The Women’s Suffrage Movement S. 27-38

„… . Still, to this day, the media image of the flapper continues to represent the 1920s.WOMEN ON THE MOVEFor …” „… 27FOurThe Women’s Suffrage MovementA Step Up to First BaseAt the turn of the century, it was still …” „… woman.”1 Her strongest council to women was to remind them that women were deserving of a place in …”

Fifteen The Closing of the Twentieth Century S. 179-194

„… one of mixed messages in regard to equal rights, the value of women, and the female image. This would …” „… to the health and welfare of women.BUYING INTO THE HEGEMONIC FEMININE IDEALIt wasn’t just the …” „… woman by measuring fifteen thousand women.In a surprise only to the men who ran the National Bureau of …”

Ten Media Relations and the Second-Wave Woman S. 105-118

„… was one of the first magazines for women that was also owned and produced by women.Finding advertisers …” „… discrimination but also representation—the treatment of females in the media.Title IX gave women renewed strength …” „… norms regarding women, strength, and femininity. Born in Austria to a family of circus …”

Five Women of Color and Their Place in the Women’s Movement S. 39-52

„… South’s obscene image of the mammy but also highlighted the reality of what was happening to Black women …” „… 39FiveWomen of Color and Their Place in the Women’s MovementThe women’s movement did not start at …” „… entry to the convention floor, and so began the idea of founding a women’s rights movement in the United …”

Notes S. 287-328

„… ,” National Women’s Hall of Fame, https://www .womenofthehall.org/inductee/mary-ann-shadd-cary/. 5. “Fugitive …” „… ), https://www.digitalamerica.org/the-male-domain-exclusion-of-women-in-video-games-kayleigh-connor/.24. C. P. Barlett and R. J. Harris, “The Impact of Body Emphasizing Video Games on Body Image …” „… /2018/12/18/18147135/penny-marshall-a-league-of-their-own-impacted -women-in-sports.11. “50 Facts You Never Knew You …”

Eleven The Third Wave and the Women of the 1980s and 1990s S. 119-136

„… home.1 Yet the image of women in the workplace remained highly problematic.Women in the workplace were …” „… . The Third Wave and the Women of the 1980s and 1990s 121THE SCANDAL OF WOMENSeven years prior to Hill’s …” „… 119elevenThe Third Wave and the Women of the 1980s and 1990sAfter centuries of arguing that women …”

Preface

„… . . . ixChapter 1 Early Women Warriors to Domesticity 1Chapter 2 The Media Image of Women of Enlightenment 9 …” „… PRAISE FOR WHEN WOMEN STOOD“A fascinating account of how, throughout history, women in sports took …” „… Allred tells the stories of the unknown, the unheard, and the unpopular truth of women in …”

Seven Women, War, and Their Entry into Sport S. 63-76

„… , that image of Rosie evokes strong feelings among both men and women as it symbolizes strength and …” „… men and women.While their male counterparts had been called “daredevils,” “adven-turers of the sky …” „… feats.THE WOMEN’S AIR DERBYThe story of the first and only official women-only air race in the United States …”

One Early Women Warriors to Domesticity S. 1-8

„… found in the Tarim Basin.7 Archeologists have found over a thou-sand images of warrior women clad in …” „… deference to Greek gods and heroes. In Greek mythology, Amazons were a race of warrior women—the daugh-ters …” „… 1OneEarly Women Warriors to DomesticityMost of us have been taught that early women were the …”

Seventeen The Fourth Wave in Sports and Society S. 205-218

„… back in 2003, began spamming social media on January 6, 2014, with images of thin women in bikinis …” „… to the celebration of women.Just as it is important to celebrate International Women’s Day as a way …” „… the Olympic platform, she spoke to her countrymen and women:There are a lot of bad comments about me …”

Six The Importance of Race, Sports, and the Polite Society S. 53-62

„… seductive smile. This complicated image lives on in sport.In rodeo (the official sport of Mexico), women …” „… courage to stand. While the Latina history is full of such women, two in particular stood up against …” „… machismo attitudes of males.10In short, women were to be seen, not heard. Most certainly, they were not …”

Twenty Game Changers S. 249-266

„… one of the original game changers in women’s modern history. A pilot, skydiver, anthropologist, and …” „… reputation grew, she became one of the most widely respected Western falconers—male or female. Media images …” „… of falconers are usually male royalty, military figures, or tribal leaders, not women and certainly …”

Fourteen The (Recognized) Entry of Lesbians in Sport S. 171-178

„… to the ideal feminine image—a protection that did not and does not exist.THE HISTORY OF LESBIANS AND …” „… coach of the women’s basketball program at Penn State University, openly practiced homophobic sentiments …” „… every four years, following the tradition of the Olympic Games), the NCAA’s Women in Sports Conference …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538171356

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Corinna Gayer

Gendered Intractability

2012

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The gendered dimensions of the ethos of conflict S. 74-81

„… 74 sense of national belonging. The images linking the family to the national territory not only …” „… to women’s (Tickner, 1996). Apart from these general aspects of the interconnectivity between …” „… militarism for the formation of hegemonic models of masculinity (especially images of the male …”

Palestinian national identity constructions: consensus, characteristic and contested beliefs S. 234-246

„… think that Israeli women and children are not attacked; second, they may be weary of the obvious …” „… , they may reject the implicit victimization of women and acknowledge their agency; or fourth, they may …” „… self-image seem of special relevance to both particularistic and liberalist identity constructions. Table 7 …”

Israeli national identity constructions: consensus, characteristic and contested beliefs S. 221-234

„… ideological development in the world. +2 +1 0.25 Im (14) Israeli women are generally the ultimate victims of …” „… conflictive situation, gender issues and the empowerment of women can not be a dividing issue within Israel …” „… that Israeli women are the ultimate victims of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (14). There are three …”

The ethos of conflict S. 56-64

„… question why the production of knowledge in academia is characterized by an obvious lack of women-authors …” „… delegitimization are of special importance in explaining and understanding the images regarding the adversarial …” „… self-image reflect the ethnocentric tendency to attach positive traits, values and behaviors to members of …”

Discursive and symbolic constructions of Israeli femininity and masculinity and its tangible reverberations S. 120-138

„… detrimental impact of the security culture for an equitable gender arrangement; on the Israeli women’s …” „… out of ideological reasons. As a consequence, women were rather scarce in the early periods of the …” „… ideological role within the Jewish community. Even though the equal status of men and women was part of this …”

Israeli and Palestinian national identity constructions compared: Corresponding and competing meanings S. 246-249

„… a good example by subtending the delegitimization of out-group women, who allegedly raised their …” „… most vulnerable population segment, as emblematized in the ‘women-and-children’ category (38). The …” „… competing meanings After having analyzed and discussed the belief system that underlies the meaning of …”

Violent conflict through gender-sensitive lenses S. 64-70

„… (actions) or to sustain enemy images of the other (rationality). She comes to the conclusion that women are …” „… question why the production of knowledge in academia is characterized by an obvious lack of women-authors …” „… women/men also informed empirical works. As a result, the major objective of many of these studies is to …”

Discursive and symbolic constructions of Palestinian femininity and masculinity and its tangible reverberations S. 159-178

„… Intifada, however, the image of the martyr’s mother became decisively challenged by a group of women who …” „… , despite of the political participation of a few upper-class women depicts a rather traditional …” „… understanding of the societal roles of men and women; the impact of the Palestinian resistance, the armed …”

Interrelating national identity constructions and gender-role ideologies S. 258-266

„… empirical rejections of the ‘women-and-peace-hypothesis’ discussed in the second chapter and thus women were …” „… biological sex of the respondents. Instead, it was assumed that men and women would not differ in their …” „… people’s beliefs regarding the roles of women and men in society. Many of these roles have been …”

Summary S. 178-180

„… based on idealized and monolithic images of national identity (see sections 3.1.1.1 and 3.2.1.1). Even …” „… terms of ‘complementarity’. By insinuating that men and women’s duties and responsibilities are …” „… reciprocity (see Rubenberg, 2001). In Israel, the image of the Western, liberated and empowered woman that …”

Intra-societal reverberations of the conflict S. 153-159

„… , bunduqiyya, and evoked the image of the martyr, or shahid/shahida, which was willing to give his/her life for …” „… Israeli disengagements from Lebanon and Gaza and the actions of Hezbollah. In contrast to this image of …” „… deepen with the second one. Whereas the secular-nationalist 90 Later on, the image of the shahid or …”

Conceptual-methodological contributions and future directions S. 315-320

„… , patriotism/nationalism, justness of goals, positive collective self-image, unity and security carries different …” „… connotations for men and women. More specifically, the gendered revision of the concept revealed that the ethos …” „… delegitimization of out-group women based on their allegedly natural roles as mothers. Liberalistic national …”

References S. 321-346

„… Abdo & Ronit Lentin (Eds.), Women and the politics of military confrontation: Palestinian and Israeli …” „… and Islamist Women in Palestinian Society. European Journal of Women's Studies, 15(3), 181-201 …” „… . Antonius, Soraya. (1979). Fighting on two fronts: Conversations with Palestinian women. Journal of …”

Methodological approach S. 21-34

„… on identity and conflict. Within theoretical approaches, essentialist conceptions of men and women …” „… ’ togetherness and a homogenous, monolithic image of the family- 2 The intractability of conflicts is, amongst …” „… ). These assumptions, which are interpreted into the bodies of men and women, designate who participates …”

Final Q-Sample S. 201-207

„… already selected for the final Q-sort. Besides, two statements of the societal belief ‘positive self-image …” „… recognition of both the Palestinian and the Jewish suffering. Positive self-image (2 …” „… ultimate victims of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Israeli women are generally the ultimate …”

National identity constructions in Israel and Palestine S. 277-285

„… belief was connected to a pronounced positive collective self-image and underlined the contributions of …” „… of the concept of mirror-images (see discussion further down in this chapter). Contrary to the …” „… concept of mirror-images. Mirror images are frequently presented according to the first association they …”

Exploring national identity constructions S. 81-86

„… necessarily lead to just or equal relations between men and women (or between members of different social …” „… conflicts, and 4) the undifferentiated adoption of the concept of mirror-images. The fourfold contestation …” „… assumed to be a mirror image of the Israeli one. So far, this assumption could only be partially sustained …”

Interrelating national identity constructions and gender-role ideologies S. 86-87

„… , Helmreich, & Stapp, 1973). These ideologies are based on stigmatized images of men and women as proposed by …” „… ; Skjelsbaek, 2001; Stiglmayer, 1994), the different effects of war on men and women (e.g. Mazurana, 2005 …” „… war are informed by an essentialist understanding of men and women and focus on proving that women are …”

Content S. 7-12

„… (since 2005) 108 3.1.1.1 Idealized images of ‘Israeliness’ 109 3.1.2 Intra-societal reverberations of the …” „… images of ‘Palestinianess’ 151 3.2.2 Intra-societal reverberations of the conflict 153 3.2.3 Discursive …” „… Methodological approach 28 Context 34 Structure 37 2 Integration of the socio-psychological, political and …”

Historical narratives of inter-societal conflict S. 138-153

„… between men and women in Israeli society. Transmitting the image of a modern, industrialized and Western …” „… popular character soon embraced all parts of society, including women and children. Whereas the …” „… identity images evolved naturally with and through the conflictive history of the Palestinian people …”

National identity constructions and gender-role ideologies S. 285-298

„… of mirror-images, which refers to the divergent importance that both parties to the conflict adhere …” „… women. These differences are entirely hierarchical. A crucial feature of patriarchy is that its unequal …” „… structures are presented in terms of ‘complementarity’. By framing men’s and women’s duties and …”

Analysis of the pre-test Q-sorts S. 200-201

„… other nations resisting occupation’ of the category ‘positive self-image’ was selected over the …” „… the societal belief ‘positive self-image’ and one of the societal belief ‘selfvictimization’ were …” „… conflictive situation, gender issues and the empowerment of women can not be a dividing issue within …”

Gender and nation S. 70-74

„… comprised as a gendered undertaking and reflect the diverse and multiple social realities of men and women …” „… nation Within feminist research, the essentialist understanding of ‘men’ and ‘women’ has by now been …” „… and women, and on the other hand, that gender is a decisive organizing principle of societal power …”

Statement collection S. 195-198

„… Salaam Ayelet Israeli international women’s and Zionist organization Empowerment; Impact of conflict upon …” „… women; Zionism; Anti-Semitism Ido Israeli teacher of Judaism, settler Intifada and ‘the Other’ from …” „… militarization on the lives of women Nissim Israeli Orthodox settler Religious point of view of political …”

Glossary and Abbreviations S. 13-20

„… Arabic for “the one who sacrifices himself”; idealized image of Palestinian resistance, portraying a …” „… the South of Lebanon. Hijab Modest mode of clothing for Muslim women. The hijab ordeals that a …” „… ’ – idealized image of nonviolent Palestinian resistance. Ta’al Israeli-Arab political party. Tohar HaNeshek …”

Interrelating national identity constructions, gender-role ideologies, and intractability S. 87-88

„… an essentialist understanding of men and women and focus on proving that women are inherently more …” „… ideologies can be differently associated with the cycle of intractability. With regard to the …” „… adversary (see chapter 2.3). Instead, particular meanings of national identity may instigate or mitigate the …”

Intra-societal reverberations of the conflict S. 113-120

„… brought about a turnaround in the ‘David against Goliath’ image that had designated the perception of …” „… images of fully armed soldiers and tanks engaging against children and youngsters that were throwing …” „… self-image of the Israeli nation redounded to the societal support of peace negotiations with the …”

Historical narratives of inter-societal conflict S. 89-113

„… self-image is formed in relation and dissociation from the presumed identity of the adversary. As such …” „… . Each of these sections ends with a presentation of symbolical or idealized images of ‘Israeliness’ and …” „… both genders differently - mainly to the disadvantage of women. These sections thus apply the …”

Implications for the intractability or tractability of the conflict S. 312-315

„… self-determination, continue to subordinate women to men in the name of the national cause. As long as the invidious …” „… of both the patriarchal consensus that men and women are ‘naturally’ different and thus have to …” „… patriarchal contract which is ultimately based on the subordination of women. The interconnected idealized …”

Content validation S. 198-199

„… attack our women and children’. The comparative character of the study required to create mirror-inverted …” „… 198 but are exclusively printed in English127. The analysis of both interviews and newspapers was …” „… mainly devoted to detect outstanding assertions regarding the ethos of conflict within both societies in …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845241975

Darius J. Piwowarczyk - Sexuality and Gender in Intercultural Perspective

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Darius J. Piwowarczyk (ed.)

Sexuality and Gender in Intercultural Perspective

2020

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Ilka Thiessen The Social Construction of Gender Female Cannibalism in New Guinea S. 127-160

„… suggest from the images presented that women are the original source of the flute/child/ male body. Could …” „… : 52–59) all represent a less rigid male image of women and gender in general (M. Strathern 1990: 100). It …” „… their ancient autonomy (Gillison 1993: 5). Besides the image of womenʼs autonomy through the previous …”

Olatunde B. Lawuyi Ethnic Identity and Sex Stereotyping as Adaptive Strategy among the Yoruba of Southwestern Nigeria S. 115-126

„… husbands. Aside from being involved in the trading of farm products, women also cook for the family. The …” „… the women, the husband’s sexual preference for certain types of women, and the ages of the various …” „… wives. Usually, the menstruating women are kept out of the roster until their periods are over. The …”

Béatrice Sommier, Alison Gourvès-Hayward The Sexuality of Two Generations of Andalusian Heterosexual Couples. Social Reproduction and Arbitrary Biologisation of Gender Differences S. 219-242

„… article deals with the sexuality of couples through a comparison of two generations men and women from an …” „… that, unlike in other areas of social life, in the area of sexuality men rather than women are …” „… ] Introduction Relationships between men and women in Andalusia have been a subject of interest for many …”

Barbara Grubner, Kerstin Tiefenbacher, Patricia Zuckerhut Transnationale Intimbeziehungen. Zur aktuellen Transformationslogik von Gender und Sexualität im Ferntourismus S. 243-270

„… Piscitelli (2007: 495) “women motivated by economic interest – a concept of commodified sex that is barely …” „… in Havana, Cuba. Journal of International Womenʼs Studies 6/2: 99–118. Pries Ludger 2008 Die …” „… . Evans, and J. Lorber (eds.), Handbook of Gender and Womenʼs Studies; pp. 185–195. London: Sage. Stepan …”

H. E. M. Braakhuis The Way of All Flesh Sexual Implications of the Mayan Hunt S. 161-194

„… deer is a favored image for sacrificing and butchering a prisoner of war (1988: 331 f.). What seems to …” „… destroy their pursuers, whereas other women are hunted down as if they were does. One of the latter women …” „… discuss here, those of the dying Owner of the Deer surrounded by deer-riding young women and antlered …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783896659088

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Darius J. Piwowarczyk (ed.)

Sexuality and Gender in Intercultural Perspective

2022

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Ilka Thiessen The Social Construction of Gender S. 167-198

„… suggest from the images presented that women are the original source of the flute/child/male body. Could …” „… : 52–59) all represent a less rigid male image of women and gender in general (M. Strathern 1990: 100). It …” „… sexes and the subordination of women.The main argument of this article is based on Gillian Gillison’s …”

H. E. M. Braakhuis The Way of All Flesh S. 199-234

„… foreign women so as to absorb them into oneʼs own group and completely strip them of their former social …” „… down as if they were does. One of the latter women – who is, in fact, the main representative of the …” „… shifting and seductive images of the dream for the harsher realities of the hunt.Over a large part of the …”

Catrien Notermans True Christianity without Dialogue S. 123-146

„… polygyny.” This integration of Christianity into their conjugal lives reveals images of women as defenders …” „… theologians, missionaries, and women at the grassroots level in Cameroon. From the end of the last century …” „… sorry for women because they considered them their husbandʼs slaves and the powerless victims of an …”

Sabine Dinslage, Rudolf Leger, Anne Storch Space and Gender S. 109-122

„… , besides language, history, and its outward images, the use and organisation of space. This implies that a …” „… the sexes, fear of female sexuality and then magic, first, to prevent the women from predominating …” „… , men and women alike would always describe a frictionless functioning set of complimentary gender roles …”

Béatrice Sommier, Alison Gourvès-Hayward The Sexuality of Two Generations of Andalusian Heterosexual Couples S. 235-258

„… article deals with the sexuality of couples through a comparison of two generations men and women from an …” „… conclude that, unlike in other areas of social life, in the area of sexuality men rather than women are …” „… and female representations of sexuality and their comparison with the role of men and women in other …”

Barbara Grubner, Kerstin Tiefenbacher, Patricia Zuckerhut Transnationale Intimbeziehungen S. 259-286

„… Interesseiras sind nach Piscitelli (2007: 495) “women motivated by economic interest – a concept of commodified …” „… Intersectionality and Feminist Politics. European Journal of Womenʼs Studies 13/3: 193–209.Barbara Grubner, Kerstin …” „… new social spaces created by mass tourism are central catalysts of ongoing transformation processes in …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783985720392

Franz-Josef Deiters, Alex Fliethmann, Birgit Lang, Alison Lewis, Christiane Weller - Limbus – Australisches Jahrbuch für germanistische Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaft Krieg / War

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Franz-Josef Deiters (ed.), Alex Fliethmann (ed.), Birgit Lang (ed.), Alison Lewis (ed.), Christiane Weller (ed.)

Limbus – Australisches Jahrbuch für germanistische Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaft Krieg / War

Series: Limbus. Australisches Jahrbuch für germanistische Literatur und Kulturwissenschaft | Limbus. Australian Yearbook of German Literary and Cultural Studies

Volume 7 2014

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Rezensionen / Reviews S. 245-266

„… from gender-equal in respect to linguis-tic representation of women.The breadth of topics broached in …” „… publication.Heinz L. Kretzenbacher (The University of Melbourne)Mila Gavena. Women in Weimar Fashion: Discourses and …” „… can fully appreciate Ganeva’s nuanced analysis of the multifaceted and often ambiguous role of women’s …”

Heinz L. Kretzenbacher The Forgotten German-Australian Stories of Australian History: Lesbia Harford’s The Invaluable Mystery and the Plight of German-Australians in the First World War S. 45-78

„… – competes with stories from the homefront as well as from the European fronts, stories of women as well as …” „… , of opposition to the war in Australia, of women’s efforts and sufferings on the homefront – and of …” „… trans-formation of Australian life« (Damousi, »Socialist women«, 62). It was also at Melbourne University that she …”

Harry Redner, David Roberts Total Mobilization. Intellectuals and Totalitarianism: Trotsky, D’Annunzio and Jünger S. 11-30

„… the war effort, the enlistment of all other men and women as labour in factories and fields and the …” „… Italian fascism in terms of their double image of heroic sacrifice and fascination with technology, as …” „… dying for, and scorn for women« (Marinetti, 14).In the international context the declaration of war on …”

Peter Morgan Stefan George’s War: The End of the Homoerotic Dream S. 219-244

„… re-creation of the self as a group.In the eternal German youth, hero and ego ideal George created an image of …” „… dream like Tadzio in Tod in Venedig. He was an image of the transfigured self, an ego-ideal of the …” „… , men and women alike who have thrown the country into the fervour of war. Against the rhetoric of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783968219578

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