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Roland Sturm - Der deutsche Föderalismus

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Roland Sturm

Der deutsche Föderalismus

2015

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

The Adventure of Divergence - An Inquiry into the Preconditions for Institutional Diversity and Political Innovation after Political Decentralisation S. 25-44

„… participation and policy input. Two sets of arguments follow from this brief summary of subnational political …” „… region, constitutional conflict will be a matter of regional political dispute and or sentences of the …” „… constitutional court may be necessary. But for day-to-day political bargaining either a Second Chamber or regular …”

Party Competition and the Federal System: The Lehmbruch Hypothesis Revisited S. 203-222

„… political groups or single issue movements to the anonymity of party politics. Abstention is facilitated by …” „… an entry ticket to policy-making on the federal le- 12 For example: Wolf-Dieter Narr (ed.): Auf dem …” „… political conflict. Party competition and federalism each follow, according to his argument, their own logic …”

Kapitel 6: The Constitution under Pressure. Emerging Asymmetrical Federalism in Germany? S. 140-154

„… when it comes to the definition of competences and the political powers of single states. If necessary …” „… assumption that asymmetry is unjust or at least unjustified) Germany's federalism is highly inflexible. This …” „… inflexibility can contribute to problems of governability. Uniformity of policy styles, of traditions of …”

„Does Federalism Matter?“: Die Herausforderungen der Bildungspolitik unter föderaler Perspektive S. 386-398

„… .): Federalism and Political Performance, London/ New York 2000, S. 1-20. Niels Ehlert/ Annika Hennl/ André …” „… (Hrsg.): Public Policy and Federalism, Aldershot 2000; Hans Keman: Federalism and Policy Performance. A …” „… Conceptual and Empirical Inquiry, in: Ute Wachendorfer-Schmidt (Hrsg.): Federalism and Political Performance …”

Bürgergesellschaft und Bundesstaat. Demokratietheoretische Begründung des Föderalismus und der Föderalismuskultur S. 45-67

„… . Simeon: A Cause in Search of Its Effect, or What Does Political Culture Explain?, in: Comparative …” „… .): Political Institutions and Public Policy. Perspectives on European Decision-Making, Dordrecht etc., S …” „… Laborversuche im Föderalismus ist weit. Es reicht von der institutionellen bis hin zur Policy-Innovation …”

Von der Symmetrie zur Asymmetrie - Deutschlands neuer Föderalismus S. 289-304

„… Policy-Aufgabenteilung zwischen der Bundesregierung, die die Rolle des Agenda-Setters übernimmt, und den Ländern, die die …” „… policy-making over time, in: Policy Sciences, 39 (2006), 1, S. 1-18, S. 2. 7 So z.B. Heidrun Abromeit mit dem …” „… policy-making events.“12 Durch die hermeneutischen Mechanismen des Emplotment und der Narratologie bringen ex …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845256863

Andreas M. Bock, Ingo Henneberg - Iran, die Bombe und das Streben nach Sicherheit

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Andreas M. Bock (Hrsg.), Ingo Henneberg (Hrsg.)

Iran, die Bombe und das Streben nach Sicherheit

Reihe: Innovative Forschung - Theorien, Methoden, Konzepte

Band 2 2014

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Mirijam Koch The Power of the Domestic: A Liberal Analysis of US Foreign Policy with Iran S. 91-110

„… of the existing or missing link, respectively, between policy decisions and indicators of potential …” „… policy. To study which groups were successful and which not is an essential issue for political …” „… government or political parties (Bloodgood 2010, 97; Hrebenar and Thomas 1992, 153; Grant 1979, 152). This …”

Witold Mucha A spring that would not come: Why the Green Movement did not blossom in Iran, 2009-2010 S. 295-316

„… , De-escalation, Peace Dr. rer. pol. Witold Mucha is political scientist with a development policy background in …” „… early warning tools such as the Political Instability Task Force (PITF) or the Failed States Index (FSI …” „… processes of political, social, and/ or cultural leaders as well as changes in the conditions that underlay …”

Lukas Kasten, Laleh Gomari-Luksch An Eye for an Eye: Bargaining Theory, Mistrust, and the Iranian Nuclear Crisis S. 225-248

„… reduced when a leadership turnover takes place bringing new political elites with a neutral or even …” „… , including offers for cooperation in other policy fields like technology transfer, organized crime or …” „… Institute for Political Science at the University of Tübingen. E-Mail: lukas.kasten@uni-tuebingen.de Laleh …”

Simon Koschut Die USA und das iranische Atomprogramm: Eine konstruktivistische Konfliktanalyse S. 133-156

„… This article presents a structured conflict analysis of US policy toward Iran. The purpose of the study …” „… conception of Iran’s nuclear program or material interests but rather in terms of reciprocally perceived …” „… Zweifel und spricht sich offen für ein militärisches Vorgehen aus (Foreign Policy 2010). Einen besonderen …”

Miriam Shabafrouz „Like a ton of bricks“ – Die Sanktionen als Hürde auf Irans Weg zur Wirtschaftsmacht S. 249-270

„… certain sensitive nuclear fuel cycle activities, as underlined in UNSCR 1929 (2010), the sale, supply or …” „… natural gas industry or, in the petrochemical industry, should be prohibited. Moreover, Member States …” „… . 17.3.2014. Policy Memo: Barriers to Lifting US Sanctions in a Final Deal with Iran. National Iranian …”

Payam Ghalehdar Der traumatische Verlust eines Verbündeten: Warum die Vereinigten Staaten die Islamische Republik nicht anerkennen S. 205-224

„… Non-Recognition, Foreign Policy Beliefs, Perceived Intentions Payam Ghalehdar ist Doktorand der …” „… 2006, 643). Außenpolitische Intentionen definiere ich als „foreign policy plans of the adversary with …” „… aggressiv wahrgenommen. Überzeugungen können allgemein als „propositions about causal relationships or …”

Katharina Götsch, Judith Wiesinger 9. Die Rolle Irans im Syrienkonflikt unter Berücksichtigung der regionalen Sicherheitsdimension S. 181-204

„… a single external threat, states may either balance or bandwagon. Balancing is defined as allying …” „… against Israel, and if it weren’t for Syria’s active government the country would become like Qatar or …” „… discord in the world political economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Kosow, Hannah und Robert …”

Antje Nötzold Das Non-Proliferationsregime: Stolperstein oder Wegweiser zur Lösung des Nuklearkonflikts mit Iran? S. 111-132

„… nuclear-weapon State is one which has manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive …” „… . Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Antje Nötzold 132 Economy. Princeton: Princeton University …” „… Lead. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Policy Brief (Oktober …”

Eva Schmitt Function follows form? Forenpräferenzen und -divergenzen der Ordnungsmächte in Hinblick auf das iranische Nuklearprogramm S. 271-294

„… advantage by broadening or narrowing the agenda“ (Keohane und Nye 2001, 28). Damit sind institutionelle …” „… , J.. 2004. What is a case study and what is it good for? American Political Science Review 98, Nr. 2 …” „… Islam and Pragmatism. The Making of Iranian Foreign Policy. SWP Research Paper …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845249957

Hartmut Ihne - Global Governance und wissenschaftliche Politikberatung - Tendenzen und Prinzipien

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Hartmut Ihne

Global Governance und wissenschaftliche Politikberatung - Tendenzen und Prinzipien

2007

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Development Research and Development Policy S. 123-127

„… Research and Development Policy The world, or more appropriately the picture we have of it, is becoming …” „… regard to development policy, since it touches on all political areas, thus in itself constituting a …” „… political and organizational level (interior, social, judicial etc. in a community, a state, or a region …”

International commissions S. 78-88

„… idea of subjectivity and personality. Thereby political science is obviously tending to the policy of …” „… danger of a (economic, religious, political or ethical) global implosion can be avoided” (23). By making …” „… political actors at national and transnational level, are the most influential ones, the supporters of the …”

Global Governance as a socio-political principle of order and integration S. 102-105

„… 102 national or global level.216 The general Global Governance approach in its neo-Liberal form …” „… socio-political principle of order and integration In this context, Global Governance mainly means the search for …” „… political forms of integration and cooperation within the global system. The proclaimed goal of these global …”

Guidelines for an efficient form of a science-based political consultancy S. 120-123

„… 120 commissions) reach their limits.263 A new form of political consultancy is sought. This form …” „… into account that political decision structures develop into horizontal and vertical networks, that …” „… negotiation systems develop which have a multi-level structure and that the group of political actors …”

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) S. 88-94

„… oriented view of the problems, political strategies and different options for action as well as the …” „… is a critique of the undifferentiated policy of growth of industrial nations and their international …” „… globalised interdependent world against a completely changed global political background. As a follow-up to …”

General definition of terms S. 73-78

„… dissolution of traditional views about the possibilities and forms as well as the scope of political action …” „… one corner or at one level may have consequences for what occurs at every other corner or level.”145 …” „… political tasks in the fields of economics, development and also the environment will, in the future, only …”

Global Governance as a neo-liberal principle of order S. 99-102

„… should not be considered neither the single or the central political actor. 3. Summary and typology This …” „… law and order was supposed to be the main task of political design and thereby the main task of the …” „… leeway for political design. Nor is it in harmony with the call of those Global Governance approaches …”

A Critique S. 105-112

„… 105 In any case the global governance debate marks the problematic points at which political …” „… theories and practical political design should be given an overhaul and modified because of changed …” „… defined, or even empty, it points out, however, in a positive way that the term global governance can be …”

Concluding remarks S. 127-128

„… ). Thereby, communication deficits and lack of knowledge about political processes on the part of …” „… as a whole, political actors should also contemplate new forms of financing scholarly consulting …” „… expertise. The political side has long known that it cannot build a more humane society alone; it also needs …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… governance and evidence-based policy advice –tendencies and principlesNomos1. Auflage 2007© Nomos …” „… subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned …” „… photocopying machine or similar means,and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where …”

Models of political consultancy S. 115-120

„… or a member of a non-university research institute, as political actors. This dual model is based on …” „… political systems, a different form of political consultancy is necessary. Therefore a new science and art …” „… of political consultancy gains importance. Political consultants should not only be – not even in the …”

Research institutes S. 94-97

„… the position of a central institution of political consultancy which has not only, but especially …” „… , become one of the most important think tanks for the social democratic-oriented policy of development. In …” „… on Global Governance with a view to a future policy of World Order, they have been ridiculed as …”

Neo-Liberals S. 98-99

„… should not be considered neither the single or the central political actor. 3. Summary and typology This …” „… governance was promoted, as shown a few times by Scherrer207, mostly by the “foreign policy forums of …” „… law and order was supposed to be the main task of political design and thereby the main task of the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845200682

Renate Kirsch, Elke Siehl, Albrecht Stockmayer - Transformation, Politics and Implementation

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Renate Kirsch (Hrsg.), Elke Siehl (Hrsg.), Albrecht Stockmayer (Hrsg.)

Transformation, Politics and Implementation

2017

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Verena Fritz Doing Development Differently: Understanding the Landscape and Implications of New Approaches to Governance and Public-sector Reforms S. 75-98

„… was on the political system, the policy process, and the budgeting process, and how these facilitated …” „… started undertaking or commissioning political analysis, but these efforts were very individualized and …” „… , and/or have sought to make staff more aware of political economy risks and how these can potentially be …”

Renate Kirsch, Elke Siehl, and Albrecht Stockmayer Smart Implementation in Development Cooperation: An Introduction to Issues and Concepts S. 21-48

„… macro-levels or in specific policy sectors. (Leftwich, 2011, p. 8) Conducting political (economy) analysis (PEA …” „… move backward and forward, depending on, for example, political dynamics or changing majorities …” „… interests in the form of sector policy or guidance papers, which at least serve as references (if not …”

Sabrina Storm FOCEVAL – Promoting Evaluation Capacities in Costa Rica: Smart(er) Implementation with Capacity WORKS? S. 175-194

„… policy-making while also increasing public-sector accountability. This paper focuses on the strategies and steps …” „… priorities. “For policy-makers, it is of vital importance to count with information that allows them to …” „… effectiveness of public interventions for evidence-based policy-making. MIDEPLAN’s primary duties include the …”

Tim Auracher, Heiner von Lüpke Challenges and Opportunities for Implementing Financing Mechanisms for Climate Change Mitigation Guided by Principles of Good Financial Governance: The Case of Indonesia S. 303-324

„… incoherent, or even counterproductive, funding and transfer mechanisms coexist. The policy brief did not go …” „… incentives for a green energy policy, or investments for an ecologically sustainable urban transportation …” „… stakeholders, be it as focal-group discussions on specific technical issues or as open fora on a more political …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-20

„… Smart Implementation in Governance Programs Tr an sf or m at io n, P ol it ic s an d Im pl em en ta …” „… work is subject to copyright. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or …” „… transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any …”

Pauline Heusterberg, Renate Kirsch, Elke Siehl, and Albrecht Stockmayer Smart Implementation in Transformation: Findings and Outlook S. 325-360

„… political or leadership constellations and fluctuating ownership can cause severe disruptions or delays for …” „… development advisor; an analyst and experimenter; or that of a technical or political expert with …” „… Rica assisted the government in utilizing evaluations better to enhance evidencebased policy-making …”

Markus Steinich, Thomas Fiegle, Anne Hitzegrad, and Agnes Wiedemann Reforming the Legacy of an Authoritarian State: The Case of Tunisia S. 123-150

„… roadmap or a consistent partner policy, as that does not yet exist. But it did follow GIZ’s understanding …” „… policy, or for one-stop shops. Reacting positively and competently to the partners’ requests for training …” „… follow the organizational development approach. Policy-making for decentralization Again the initial …”

Astrid Karamira, Mark Mattner Reforming Liberia’s Mining License Administration System: Circumventing Implementation Challenges by Adapting Lessons from Sierra Leone S. 99-122

„… run-up to national elections in 2017, it also reflects reluctance on the part of policy-makers to fully …” „… policy advice at the macro level. In the course of implementation, it also capitalizes on the linkages …” „… pressure and have only insufficient capacity or information. The discussion also illustrates the importance …”

Christine Brendel, Franziska Gutzeit, and Jazmín Ponce Safe Enterprises: Implementation Experiences of Involving the Private Sector in Preventing and Fighting Violence Against Women in Peru S. 195-220

„… political lead partner has been the MIMP, which had been previously considered but did not have a regional …” „… : These actors generally work independently of one another, and there have been few common socio-political …” „… heavily depends on the political orientation of the current administration. Therefore, cooperation between …”

Godje Bialluch, Lisa Hiemer, Ruan Kitshoff, and Tobias Tschappe Smart Implementation of Public Service Administration Reform in South Africa: Experiences from the Governance Support Programme S. 151-174

„… major governance challenges remain, or even worsen, such as the political influence on administrative …” „… the different spheres of government and policy-making national departments. In conclusion, it becomes …” „… one way or the other, these programs targeted public service administration on the national …”

Franziska Böhm, Christopher Weigand Rule of Law in Public Administration: Building Up an Administrative Legal System in the South Caucasus S. 221-246

„… influences – for example, bribes or attempts of political influence – and would therefore gain the trust of …” „… timeframe in the legislative process, resistance from within the administration, and radical political …” „… increasing poverty rates was exacerbated by political turmoil. In Georgia different regions demanded …”

Yvonne Müller, Stephanie Schell-Faucon Implementing Change Processes for Inclusive Social and Economic Development in Situations of Conflict and Fragility: Lessons from the Philippines S. 263-302

„… rights violations – be it in terms of the people’s socio-economic, cultural, political, or civil rights …” „… provided the City and its partners with a broad range of tailored political, procedural, and technical …” „… . First, sustainability and risk mitigation require continuous monitoring of both the political economy …”

Neil Hatton Polka or Parker? What Management Could Learn About Smart Implementation from Music S. 49-74

„… Tackling Implementation Challenges in Development Organizations Polka or Parker? What Management …” „… for many years and trying to make it smarter in many ways. The problem here is not the skills level or …” „… between organizations and cooperation systems or multistakeholder partnerships and the requirements that …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845280516

Stefan Ahlswede - Israel's European policy after the Cold War

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Stefan Ahlswede

Israel's European policy after the Cold War

Reihe: Düsseldorfer Schriften zu Internationaler Politik und Völkerrecht

Band 6 2009

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Has Israel’s European Policy changed? S. 263-267

„… process and they only di?ered on the role that they expected from additional political pressure or the …” „… 263 6. Conclusion 6.1. Has Israel’s European Policy changed? Has Israel’s European policy changed …” „… European policy system: the end of the Cold War and the Israeli-Palestinian peace, the Oslo Accords. One …”

Remarks on Israel’s policy style S. 221-225

„… that non-political motives and considerations have been given a tremendous weight in the policy process …” „… political significance of the agreement, was given tremendous weight in the policy process whilst the …” „… considerations, or rather the political relations themselves, apparently are still seen as secondary to economics …”

Preventing an EU political role S. 239-243

„… formulation or conduct of Israel’s European policy. 5.2.4.3. Competing elites Finally, a word on competing …” „… European policy and do not o?er alternative European policies. The reason is mainly the low priority of …” „… . Preventing an EU political role Israel has consistently tried to prevent or at least limit the Europeans …”

The politicians S. 207-211

„… issues were concerned, the political level was always and prominently involved in policy formulation. The …” „… themselves and refer the issue to the political level for approval. Eran though felt he needed a clear …” „… , the politicians. Following the tripartite model, the policy process can be subdivided into three …”

Conflicting aims: contain Europe or embrace Europe? S. 267-268

„… political role can also be expected to dampen the EU’s enthusiasm to jump to Israel’s side and o?er whatever …” „… policy specifically aimed at Europe. 6.2.2. Incompatible visions: European or Middle Eastern? Israel …” „… 267 6.2. Incompatibilities and conflicts of aims 6.2.1. Conflicting aims: contain Europe or embrace …”

Token role of the EU S. 259-261

„… rejection against any direct political involvement of the EC/ EU, Israel in this case accepts or even …” „… 259 5.5.5. Token role of the EU Whilst Israel is not on a par with the EU in economic and political …” „… and recognition. What the EU can o?er goes a long way towards fulfilling Israel’s dreams of status in …”

The research design: structured empiricism S. 21-26

„… is the foreign policy system’s response, that is the substance of acts or decisions taken. Not to be …” „… order to launch a preemptive strike. Any output of the policy system and any decision or act has an …” „… type of boundary to policy options: • military capability, the ability to wage war or deter others from …”

The politicians S. 232-235

„… , there has been no traceable evidence of a political decision in Israel to engage the policy system with …” „… with Europe. Central as the Foreign Minister is on the political level of the European policy system …” „… only been active in formulation when peace process policy or matters of national prestige have been …”

Has Israel achieved its aims? S. 251-253

„… to Israel. The extent to which the political reality has developed or stayed in a manner favoured by …” „… has aimed to get as close as possible to this prestigious status without entering into the political …” „… exclusion and to be accepted as an insider. This means that Israel wants to be accepted as it is, or …”

Hibernation S. 258-259

„… the same policy approach. If the political climate between Israel and the EU is too cool for Israel to …” „… involvement of the EC/ EU, Israel in this case accepts or even welcomes a specific political endeavour of the …” „… achieve an aim vis-à-vis Europe – usually in integration policy – Israel will bide its time and wait for …”

Rhetoric S. 186-193

„… be treated as a political or rather as an economic issue. Peres and the Ministry of Industry and …” „… a deal, sacrificed crucial economic interests for political declarations. In the eyes of many in the …” „… that the deficit was caused or at least not reduced since the EU discriminated against Israel by means …”

Use the EU’s good services S. 247-250

„… integration policy, namely the Barcelona Process of the EU’s Mediterranean policy. With Israeli-EU relations …” „… ) that includes Israel. Even more important, in the short run it could provide the possibility to meet or …” „… to make use of good services that the Europeans can o?er. These good services have for the very most …”

The Inter-Ministerial Director Generals’ Committee for Economic International Affairs S. 205-207

„… various ministries, have only rarely been actively involved in the policy process as individual actors. As …” „… agencies. Whilst there is no body to integrate and coordinate the various actors in domestic policy, the …” „… Finance and sta?ed by ministers only, or it can refer straight to the government. Meeting every four to …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… on International Law and Policy”is edited by theDuesseldorf Institute on Foreign and Security Policy …” „… (DIAS) at the Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf2.AuflageIsrael’s European policy after the Cold …” „… work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is …”

What we need: form follows function S. 18-21

„… success or failure. How does the policy machine actually behave in the international environment, and what …” „… is the substance of acts or decisions taken. Not to be misunderstood: the output of a foreign policy …” „… . Any output of the policy system and any decision or act has an e?ect on the environment and so a?ects …”

State of research S. 15-16

„… if the – mostly implicit – principles of Israel’s conduct underwent a change or if actually only the …” „… foreign relations have been a focal point of the works of historians, political scientists and analysts of …” „… looked into much less often. EC/ EU Middle East and Mediterranean policy is relatively well covered …”

Motivation of the European Parliament S. 59-65

„… – not political in terms of peace process policy, that is.126 It was however an issue of economic and …” „… 59 3. Political relations: the role of the EC/ EU In the following we will look into Israeli …” „… foreign behaviour related to political issues, centrally those issues arising around the question of the …”

The role of the US S. 253-254

„… would be an example, sending one’s top ministers abroad for declaratory policy or to take a marketing …” „… at Europe. Israel’s peace with the PLO and Jordan has not been part of Israel’s European policy …” „… . Likewise, the circumstance that the EU has not come to play a significant political role in the Middle East …”

Has Israel achieved its aims? S. 215-218

„… noted, in foreign policy the Ministry of Agriculture were stronger.683 It is important to understand …” „… . Apparently, interests groups were either kicking at open doors or plainly wasting their time. We cannot o?er …” „… progress was made regarding the mutual recognition of diplomas and standards or the liberalisation of the …”

Scientific interest S. 13-15

„… manifestation of this change of policy, France announced an arms embargo on its former ally after the 1967 …” „… chose the Arab-Israeli conflict as one of the two initial areas of European Political Cooperation, and …” „… Israel soon found itself facing an EC that was pursuing a Middle East policy which Israel perceived to be …”

The ministerial officials S. 235-237

„… only been active in formulation when peace process policy or matters of national prestige have been …” „… have been more actors in and around the foreign policy system that had a role or even …” „… been declaratory policy in this, too. In implementation, however, these ministers typically left their …”

EEA status S. 250-251

„… institutionalised political dialogue and some form of anchorage in the European Union that was never specified; for …” „… manifestations of closer political ties. Only in late 1995, after the negotiations for the EMA, Israel formulated …” „… ) enjoy with the European Union. Israel’s aim in integration policy has accordingly been to achieve full …”

The EU as the facilitator of peace S. 243-247

„… 243 5.3.2. The EU as the facilitator of peace Israel’s rejection of an EU political role in the …” „… Middle Eastern politics that Israel has objected to, not indiscriminately any role with political …” „… aim for and uphold peace with Israel.718 Whilst this Israeli goal is ultimately political …”

Israel’s motivation to agree S. 77-85

„… highly vulnerable position it was in that issue, too. The only thing that Israel could possibly o?er were …” „… was motivated by opposition to Israel’s peace process policy. Perceived as threatening Israel’s …” „… national interest of the first tier – security – a modification of peace process policy to this end was out …”

Confusion over Israel’s goal S. 146-153

„… Israeli European policy system understood the ramifications of an EEA status would not favour it, or at …” „… Israeli objectives: firstly, in a political sense, the term EFTA-like status underlined Israel’s …” „… framework of the EC’s Mediterranean policy, at least not exclusively. Being EFTA-like in this sense is the …”

Internal operational environment S. 42-48

„… , are the political parties. They are relevant because they o?er alternative foreign policies depending …” „… , domestic variables that set the second type of boundary to Israel’s policy options.58 2.1.2.1. Military …” „… nuclear power in the world and capable of delivering nuclear warheads by missile or from aircraft. It is …”

Aims in detail S. 153-160

„… political dialogue with the EC, as an expression of a new class of relations.455 Israel set out to seek …” „… programmes and manifestations of closer political ties. Lacking a masterplan, though, the Israeli objective …” „… aims or bundles of aims are which Israel has been pursuing in the negotiations for upgrading relations …”

Tactic S. 70-75

„… “meddling with Israel’s political a?airs”, suggesting that the EC had no business in policy in the occupied …” „… national pride and thus declaratory policy or, more likely, meant for domestic consumption: The Minister of …” „… perception in Israel thus was that unquestionably it was Israel’s peace process policy at which the EC’s …”

The case studies S. 16-18

„… pattern or policy towards the EU but were part of Israel’s general foreign policy. We will therefore not …” „… been implemented in detail. Examining political rather than economic relations, Rhein, 1995 sheds light …” „… , there are a handful of papers that are of interest for having o?ered prognoses or advice to Israeli …”

The German channel S. 254-255

„… relevant executive bodies would be an example, sending one’s top ministers abroad for declaratory policy or …” „… process as a substitute for the deadlocked, US-led peace process, or the employment of the EU special …” „… envoy as a dummy and bu?er against an unwelcome renewed US peace e?ort. Israel’s policy towards the EU …”

The dispute on the EU’s R&D programme S. 174-179

„… witnessing here, though, is not a case of deliberate political tactics but of failure of policy …” „… should take part in the programme in some form or another, there were di?erent views on the extent and …” „… the programme was very much a matter of political prestige. In the Ministry’s view, the R&D agreement …”

External operational environment S. 29-42

„… 29 2. The environment of Israel’s European policy In the following chapter we will roughly …” „… psychological environment of Israel’s European policy. When we look into the case studies further below we will …” „… return to these input variables for further refinement of their value or in case their value di?ers from …”

Background of Israel’s position S. 65-66

„… – not political in terms of peace process policy, that is.126 It was however an issue of economic and …” „… political implications of the issue at hand. Rather, the background of Israel’s position on direct …” „… . Contrary to what many observers and analysts claimed, independent Palestinian exports were not a political …”

The internal dispute on Israel’s goal S. 170-174

„… other government policies could be overcome or circumvented, since the EEA granted autonomy in central …” „… . 147 f. 171 Israel’s concern, such as agricultural and monetary policy.539 In Tenney’s view, the only …” „… to go for EEA status – or for any other clearly defined goal. As far as the 539 Whilst monetary …”

Further measures S. 195-202

„… behaviour in this policy field. This is a fine but crucial di?erence that is not always seen or made …” „… 195 EU, be it to buy from or to sell to. The reasons are multifarious and often lie in the …” „… marked example of declaratory policy, Foreign Minister Levy thus tried to win the Europeans’ sympathies …”

Bounded slippage and emergencism S. 261-262

„… behaviour even counterproductive to Israel’s policy objectives. Interestingly, Israel’s European policy …” „… slippage: Using the equivalent of a fluctuation band in policy output, Israel’s foreign policy system will …” „… allow the designated policy output to slip within boundaries. As long as the aberrant behaviour will not …”

Perception of the EU’s attitude S. 228-231

„… conducted policy with the aim of victims nevermore, i. e. to never be victimised again. This policy style …” „… has included behaviour in Israeli peace process policy that has been met with European rejection. To a …” „… behaviour in peace process policy. Victimisation is thus often present as an issue in Israel’s perception of …”

The EU’s special envoy to the Middle East S. 98-104

„… government had seriously snubbed the EU in its claim for a political role in the Middle East: During their …” „… , be it by the US or the EU. Given that France was behind the EU’s decision to appoint a special envoy …” „… ’ mission would not be compatible with Israel’s basic policy that direct negotiations, free from external …”

A third leg – Counterbalance a possible decrease of American commitment S. 113-119

„… policy or sheer rhetorical tactics to get a European audience into a more forthcoming mood. In fact, Vice …” „… unambiguous. His government wanted a relationship with the EC “more or less parallel with the US” he told his …” „… saying only Europe could help the Middle East whilst strongly criticising US Middle East policy. The …”

Perspective on integration S. 274-278

„… . It will face policy failure instead, e?ects of its behaviour which are not intended, or possibly no …” „… peace process policy. At the same time, Israel’s European policy has been almost exclusively reactive …” „… integration will only come combined with political integration, which Israel has so far always wanted to avoid …”

The ministerial officials S. 202-205

„… Treasury’s Department for International Financial A?airs – or indirectly via the political level. Our …” „… geographically but are currently unacceptable on political grounds, and central and Eastern European countries …” „… were only temporarily included in this policy processing unit for consultation and for certain …”

Conclusion S. 88-89

„… political European role in the region, be it a role of the French Europeans or of the EU proper. Given the …” „… at the conference and the ensuing political process o?ered a number of potential advantages, as we …” „… particular costs, and not a reversal of policy of any sort. 208 Baker, Shamir due to meet this morning, 1991 …”

Israel’s motivation to agree S. 89-97

„… political European role in the region, be it a role of the French Europeans or of the EU proper. Given the …” „… Chirac’s foreign policy activism, 1996. 246 Report: Israel will strike Iran if Jewish or Israeli targets …” „… called France’s participation in the group the greatest success of French foreign policy since World War …”

Israel’s perspective S. 108-113

„… of rebutting any political role, or antagonising the EU, as Israel would do in the immediate context …” „… EMP as a tool of EU domestic and North-Africa policy, but not as genuinely geared at the Middle East …” „… partner countries in this respect.288 The economic o?er that the Partnership Programme has made to Israel …”

Excursion: the EC agrees to negotiations – a success of Israeli policy? S. 134-144

„… relations as laid down in the 1975 agreement had been entered onto the political agenda by the end of the …” „… policy makers. The 366 See e. g. Gazit, 1990; for a detailed analysis of the background to Hussein’s …” „… , 1990. 368 On the Soviet Union’s New Thinking in foreign policy toward the Middle East, see Golan, 1992 …”

Structures and processes S. 239

„… formulation or conduct of Israel’s European policy. 5.2.4.3. Competing elites Finally, a word on competing …” „… European policy and do not o?er alternative European policies. The reason is mainly the low priority of …” „… European policy system and in Israel’s civil society who have spoken out and promoted closer association …”

Further actors S. 237-239

„… course, there have been more actors in and around the foreign policy system that had a role or even …” „… formulation or conduct of Israel’s European policy. 5.2.4.3. Competing elites Finally, a word on competing …” „… European policy and do not o?er alternative European policies. The reason is mainly the low priority of …”

Why has Israel been successful? S. 218-220

„… Barcelona conference was to be the EU’s New Mediterranean Policy’s first outflow. Concerning Israel, the …” „… 218 fested by the EU’s Essen summit acknowledging Israeli special status. More or less, Israel is …” „… policy such as its invasion of Lebanon, Israeli policy in the occupied territories and particularly the …”

Sanctions, threats and retaliation S. 193-195

„… policy and begin buying goods in Israel, since Israel also has the option of buying from other places …” „… attacking the EU for a “complete lack of political vision” in negotiations for the EMA and for not …” „… could well do its shopping somewhere else, so the EC had better change its trade policy and begin buying …”

Misperceptions and policy failure S. 231-232

„… of a political decision in Israel to engage the policy system with any of these issues. Israel did …” „… 5.1.3. Misperceptions and policy failure This leads us to the question of misperceptions and their …” „… foreign policy options. Secondly – and potentially more harmful – Israel may not only bark up the wrong …”

Exploratory talks S. 144-146

„… or even a joint statement of principles with any of the Arab parties at the talks.414 Whilst it is …” „… success of Israeli European policy? It could appear so, considering that the EC gave up on all of the …” „… itself or not. Accordingly, the EC’s willingness to open negotiations was a result not of Israel …”

Conclusion S. 76-77

„… 76 dent Palestinian exports. There was not a political decision and possibly not even a clear cut …” „… political and secondary at best. The damage done by the European Parliament’s measure was exclusively felt …” „… opposition against the Israeli government’s policy in the occupied territories. It was this peace-process …”

Virtual implementation S. 257-258

„… manifestations of the same policy approach. If the political climate between Israel and the EU is too cool for …” „… than a short- or, at most, mid-term delay in the negotiations. Israeli Foreign Ministry o?cials had …” „… expectations. Or his rivalry with Peres may have led Rabin to neglect the impact of EC attitudes in his …”

The politicians S. 121-123

„… applied declaratory policy as his primary means, rhetorically rejecting, supporting or demanding specific …” „… implementation of its peace process policy. This correlates with the question of which processor or group of …” „… the actors in Israel’s European policy on the politicians’ level. Who amongst the politicians has had …”

Administrative units S. 123-124

„… its peace process policy. This correlates with the question of which processor or group of processors …” „… , so to speak, has been set externally or at least for external reasons, whilst the European policy …” „… predispositions and thus of individuals in Israel’s dealings with Europe. On the top political level, Levy and …”

Incompatible perspectives on appropriate foreign behaviour S. 272-274

„… policy and as an extension to it. When Israel has aimed to prevent a European political role in the …” „… does not want anybody to be an influence in its security and peace process policy. The reason is …” „… Israel’s foreign policy conception than Europe’s position. In this, Israel thinks of itself as an island …”

The causes and implications of the trade deficit with the EC S. 127-130

„… received preferential access to the EC for political reasons like the EC’s anti-drug policy.341 …” „… 127 trade position from deteriorating as more and more countries joined the European Community or …” „… products. With their accession, no EC Common External Tari? hindered the marketing of Greek, Portuguese or …”

Portray behaviour as if caused by EU attitude: the issue of the deportees S. 255-257

„… 255 the EU’s advances in the Middle Eastern political arena, which were supported by the EU as a …” „… successful – but does Europe have an influence in Israel’s regional policy? In one particular issue, Foreign …” „… political influence in the region are more than rare, so it is worth having a close look at this particular …”

The actors S. 75-76

„… controversy on Palestinian exports, i. e. in formulation – albeit in formulation of behaviour in other policy …” „… fields than European policy. Behaviour towards Europe has been more of a by-product of this formulation …” „… of policy. The politicians’ contribution to policy output aimed at Europe, correspondingly, was …”

Sign or keep negotiating? S. 179-186

„… the EMA should be treated as a political or rather as an economic issue. Peres and the Ministry of …” „… decision to give up the programme altogether.577 4.6.7. Sign or keep negotiating? The most deep-rooted and …” „… had agreed to establish an institutionalised political dialogue with Israel, Israel would be the first …”

Conflicting visions S. 220-221

„… German a?airs: Ahlswede, 1998y. 221 4.9.4. Remarks on Israel’s policy style 4.9.4.1. Ill-preparedness …” „… negotiations. In summary, Israel came to the negotiations with the Foreign Ministry’s vague political objective …” „… been achieved”, or, more to the point, what could be achieved. With no domestic consensus to go for …”

Nature and aims of the EMP S. 104-106

„… served to be a fig leaf for Israel to hide its unwillingness to decide whether to implement or reject the …” „… Programme (EMP) to replace the EU’s Renewed Mediterranean Policy. The EMP started o? with a meeting of the …” „… area of peace and stability by setting up a political and security dialogue similar to the OSCE …”

The data basis S. 26-27

„… fragments of theory of foreign policy and international relations. Presenting an overview of the main …” „… literature has been published on Israel-European relations. Primary sources such as dossiers or strategy …” „… proceedings, for the simple reason that more often than not there has not been a decision or meeting that led …”

Incompatible visions: European or Middle Eastern? S. 268-270

„… 268 the centre field of Israel’s foreign policy interests, which is security. As a consequence, any …” „… be of less importance in the portfolio of Israel’s overall foreign policy objectives. True, because …” „… will be that the EU has moved into a policy field classically dealt with by top Israeli politicians for …”

The 1975 Free Trade and Cooperation Agreement S. 125-127

„… 125 4. Integration policy: association with the EC/ EU In 1995, after years of negotiations, Israel …” „… processors of Israel’s European policy involved, with the possible exception of the military and defence …” „… sector, since these policy areas are not covered by the agreement. Therefore, it is worthwhile to look …”

The dispute on rules of origin S. 160-164

„… infrastructure that is already up and running. It can be assumed that there is also a political motive in the …” „… agreement, a political dialogue and membership of the R&D programme would thus be sought accordingly in …” „… Israel-EU business relations of the non-governmental sphere. However, the political aspect should not be …”

Self-conception of Israel vis-à-vis Europe S. 226-228

„… 226 5. Israel’s European policy 5.1. Images and perceptions Images and perceptions play a central …” „… input into the foreign policy system. We need to be aware that due to data shortage the perceptions and …” „… Ashkenazi background. The images of individual processors in Israel’s European policy system however may …”

Background of Israel’s counterproductive behaviour S. 66-70

„… , Israel could also have adjusted its peace process policy or at least its handling of the Intifada to get …” „… occupied territory as incompatible with Israel’s policy, particularly regarding the creation of a …” „… note is that the opposition to independent Palestinian exports had not been put up by the government or …”

Incompatible notions: European or special? S. 270-272

„… 270 gional policy was more in line with European ideas than the previous and following governments …” „… ’. 6.2.3. Incompatible notions: European or special? There are more incompatibilities: Israel has announced …” „… policy, which so far had been deemed crucial to react appropriately to external shocks such as waves of …”

Levy’s perception of what was agreed upon with the EC in June S. 85-87

„… straight away.201 The question, however, is less which conditions – implicit or not – Israel might have put …” „… ready or even just able to o?er the EC something politically truly mouth-watering in return for …” „… upgrading relations – a significant role in the Middle East or anything else that the EC would not otherwise …”

The dispute on financial services S. 167-170

„… looking for excuses or conditions hardly acceptable to Israel to best avoid having to grant improved …” „… Uruguay round’s General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Due to its immigration policy, Israel …” „… negotiations for GATS and with the EU. So far, Israel had pursued a relatively liberal policy in the insurance …”

Reference List S. 285-322

„… ), 3. Alpher, J. (1998). The political role of the European Union in the Arab-Israeli peace process: An …” „… ). European foreign policy and the Arab-Israeli dispute: Much ado about nothing? European Foreign A?airs …” „… Botschaft Tel Aviv. Arens, M. (1995). Broken covenant: American foreign policy and the crisis between the U …”

An assessment after ten years S. 106-108

„… political impact the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership Programme has had on the region, or, more to the point …” „… , Libya, the only South or Eastern Mediterranean country not amongst MNM partners, has returned to the …” „… discussions in April 2002, in protest to Israel’s policy in the occupied territories: Miller & Mishrif, 2005 …”

The history of scientific cooperation with the EC S. 132-134

„… European organisations. Israel did not participate in founding or financing but had full access to its …” „… political considerations that have accompanied EC-Israel relations in this field. Israel, completely …” „… . Scientific cooperation o?ered an alternative way to become accepted within the European political and …”

The actors S. 97-98

„… were not involved.247 The line-up of Israel’s top foreign policy personnel processing the issue is …” „… was a high-policy policy issue with crucial domestic relevance. In his role as Minister of Defence …” „… policy area covered by the Prime and Defence Minister rather than the Prime and Defence Minister covering …”

The dynamics of further European integration S. 130-132

„… sensitive, since the country’s political independence will be a?ected by conditions which the lending …” „… countries are likely to set up. Secondly, a deficit or surplus in the balance of payments can unfavourably …” „… exceeded it.350 In addition, the highinterest policy of the Israeli central bank was attracting …”

Index S. 323-331

„… , 36, 41, 107, 263, 265, 266 Common Foreign and Security Policy 34, 89, 95, 227, 241, 242, 266, 276 …” „… Policy 41, 252 European Organisation for Molecular Biology 132 European Parliament 16, 27, 59, 61, 63 …” „… , 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 126, 196, 240, 255, 256 European policy system …”

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