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Lena Lindemann - Referral of Cases from International to National Criminal Jurisdictions

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Lena Lindemann

Referral of Cases from International to National Criminal Jurisdictions

Reihe: Schriften zum Internationalen und Europäischen Strafrecht

Band 3 2013

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

International Prosecution of International Crimes S. 27-38

„… to a crime of international concern. Unlike crimes against humanity, war crimeshave no requirement …” „… of widespread or systematic commission.Prosecution of International CrimesThere are principally two …” „… section.International Prosecution of International CrimesIn the past decades several institutions have been established …”

National Prosecution of International Crimes S. 38-44

„… the Prosecutor acting on his own initiative.70National Prosecution of International CrimesUnder …” „… CrimesAs far as the prosecution as a genuine international crime is concerned, a furtherdistinction must be …” „… constantly be aware of the international jurisprudence concerning those crimes.Prosecution on the Basis of …”

Prosecuting as an Ordinary Crime S. 240-256

„… Zulässigkeitsprüfung vor demInternationalen Gerichtshof, at 132; Terracino, National Implementation of ICC Crimes,JICJ …” „… based on ordinary crimes rather than on international crimes.This proposition finds further support in a …” „… law of the Statute into their national law, i.e., introducedthe international crimes and modes of …”

Genocide S. 24-26

„… First Part:Basic Features of the Prosecution of International CrimesInternational …” „… CrimesInternational crimes are commonly considered to be those crimes that are of concern to the international …” „… , there are twenty-eight categoriesof international crimes, being crimes which affect a significant …”

War Crimes S. 26-27

„… Criminal Law, at 47.26to a crime of international concern. Unlike crimes against humanity, war crimeshave …” „… no requirement of widespread or systematic commission.Prosecution of International CrimesThere are …” „… detail tothe second part of this section.International Prosecution of International CrimesIn the past …”

Requirements for Referral under Rule 11bis S. 84-203

„… convict for those international crimeslisted in the Statute, i.e., genocide, crimes against humanity and …” „… international core crimes.357 They can either directly apply international criminal lawif there is a rule of …” „… charged as international crime under the state’slaw? Does referral presuppose that the crimes can be based …”

Primary International Jurisdiction S. 44-47

„… prosecuted as ordinarycrimes in domestic courts. Even when charged as ordinary crimes, their international …” „… has made great effort to obtain justicefor international crimes committed during a civil war or in a …” „… order to reduce the possibilitythat international crimes go unpunished. Even if one jurisdiction fails …”

Crimes Against Humanity S. 26

„… against humanity have not been the subjectof a comprehensive international treaty.A crime against humanity …” „… humanitarian law), giving rise to individualcriminal responsibility under international law.13 War crimes …” „… Core International Crimes, at 79.12 Whether an armed conflict nexus is required for crimes against …”

Table of Contents S. 11-18

„… CrimesIII. 26Prosecution of International CrimesB. 27International Prosecution of International CrimesI. 27 …” „… Prosecution of International Crimes 24International CrimesA. 24GenocideI. 25Crimes Against HumanityII. 26War …” „… ICCc) 37National Prosecution of International CrimesII. 38Legal Grounds of Jurisdiction1. 39Legal Basis …”

Synthesis S. 282-286

„… classify thecrimes as international crimes. The Tribunals may instead determine on a case-bycase basis …” „… whether the specific intent or context of the international crime can beadequately addressed in the …” „… criteria,necessitate trial at the international level. The qualification of the crimes chargedas too grave to be dealt …”

Summary Table of Contents S. 9-10

„… HumanityII. 26War CrimesIII. 26Prosecution of International CrimesB. 27International Prosecution of …” „… International CrimesI. 27National Prosecution of International CrimesII. 38Distribution of Jurisdiction between …” „… of the Prosecution of International Crimes 24International CrimesA. 24GenocideI. 25Crimes Against …”

The Impact of the Referral Process on National Judicial Systems S. 203-213

„… prosecute all the crimes falling under its jurisdiction. It wasonly when the international community decided …” „… prohibition is that the protection of international human rights, including the right to a fair trial …” „… , overrides any international legal obligation to surrender a person to a state where such human rights …”

The System of Admissibility of a Case S. 238-240

„… their national law, i.e., introducedthe international crimes and modes of liability set out in the Rome …” „… the jurisdiction of the ICC is being orhas been prosecuted for ordinary crimes?In the wake of the …” „… 1 of the Rome Statute affirms that theInternational Criminal Court “shall be complementary to …”

The Impact of the Referral Practice on National Extradition Decisions S. 213-235

„… having committed international core crimes ought to justify,or at least to adopt a more deferential …” „… comity and diminishing the chance of impunity for perpetrators of international crime. States have a …” „… of what might happen to the personaccused of an international crime. Far from it. Of course states …”

Introduction S. 21-23

„… national prosecution of international crimes.Within this context, this thesis seeks to provide a …” „… international crimes is conducted.The impact the jurisprudence concerning case referrals might have is …” „… committed international crimes hasbeen arrested might be faced with extradition requests from other states …”

Referral of Cases After Indictment S. 70-84

„… case to the authorities of a state in whoseterritory the crime was committed, or in which the accused …” „… provisionsfor the transfer of a case not only to the state where the crime was committed orwhere the accused had …” „… guarantees of procedural fairness and international humanrights.253 Due to the international nature of the …”

Development of the Completion Strategies S. 52-63

„… International Tribunals perceived themin a rather negative manner.143All of the foregoing considerations …” „… , Countdown to 2010: A Critical Overview of the Completion Strategy of the International Criminal Tribunal for …” „… Rwanda (ICTR), in: From Human Rights to InternationalCriminal Law, at 357.143 Ibid.144 Report of the …”

De Lege Lata S. 257-271

„… and prosecute international crimes, thus constituting a ground of admissibility. Those authors …” „… proceedings for international crimes do not afford a fairtrial to the accused.10032.998 Preamble, paragraphs 5 …” „… international cooperation”, the “enhancing of the effective prosecution and suppression of crimes of …”

Bibliography S. 287-296

„… Mechanismsat the ICTY (November 1, 2009). THE LEGACY OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIM-INAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER …” „… of ICC Crimes – Impact on National Jurisdictions and the ICC, in: Journal of International Criminal …” „… , Olympia: International Crimes and ICC Cooperation in England andWales, in: Journal of International …”

No Prosecution due to Lack of Criminalization S. 256-257

„… failed to implement ICC crimes. ItII.960 Carter, The Principle of Complementarity and the International …” „… prosecution after a state prosecution for “ordinary crimes”.960 The adoption of adifferent wording …” „… has been prosecuted in a national jurisdiction foran “ordinary” crime, for genocide, war crimes of …”

De Lege Ferenda S. 271-276

„… appropriate site for adjudicationof core crimes compared to international ones.Thirdly, the approach is in …” „… cannot remain ignorantof how states prosecute those accused of having committed an international crime …” „… , and insofar as international criminal law seeks to extend the ruleof law to atrocity and crimes …”

Raison d’Être of the Completion Strategies S. 49-52

„… Yugoslaviato the War Crimes Chamber of Bosnia and Herzegovina, at 269.136 Wippman, The Costs of International …” „… been indicted in 1996 for crimes against humanity and violations of the lawsor customs of war.Yet in …” „… case for trial to the WarCrimes Chamber within the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina in …”

Complementary International Jurisdiction S. 47-48

„… international crimes is “the duty ofevery State”116, the Court shall only step in when states do not or cannot …” „… ecution is based on an ordinary crime. The third ground for referral, which is theone that has most …” „… discretion as regards deferral. Pursuant to that provision, deferral maybe ordered when the crimes in …”

Relevance of ICC Referrals to National Jurisdictions S. 276-279

„… significant help by international donors in creating and establishinga court such as the War Crimes Chambers …” „… familiar “the international”is generally beneficial.1039Referral of Cases from the ICC to National Criminal …” „… Statute giving the ICC jurisdictionover more and more crimes committed in all parts of the world and as …”

Transfer of Cases Prior to Indictment S. 66-70

„… International Criminal Tribunals, 14 LJIL 14 (2001), at 859 et seq.229 Raab, Evaluating the ICTY and its …” „… national and not at the international level arose from the desire to complete thecostly work of the …” „… the referral mechanism goes beyond this.It not only provides useful guidance for other international …”

The Principle of Complementarity S. 236-238

„… international crimes and b) if the criminal proceedingsundertaken by a national jurisdiction violate the …” „… recognizes that states have the first responsibility and right toprosecute international crimes. The ICC may …” „… between national and international criminal courts.876 As such theymay provide useful analogies.For a …”

List of Abbreviations S. 19-20

„… International LawCrim. Law Bulletin Criminal Law Bulletine.g. Exemple givenECHR European Convention of Human …” „… International LawArt. ArticleBGBl. Bundesgesetzblatt (German Federal Law Gazette)BJIL Berkeley Journal of …” „… RightsECtHR European Court of Human RightsEJIL European Journal of International Lawet seq. and the …”

Transfer of Jurisdiction: “Deferral” and “Referral” S. 48

„… used in international criminal law.They both relate to the transfer of jurisdiction from one level to …” „… anational court to an international court for trial. Referral implies the transfer of acase from the …” „… international tribunal for the purpose of trial at the national level.In the field of the Rome Statute, the term …”

Implementation of the Completion Strategy S. 63-66

„… “Completion Strategies” on the Ad Hoc InternationalCriminal Tribunals, 99 AJIL (2005), at 165. Disagreeing …” „… : Johnson, Closing and International Criminal Tribunal While Maintaining International Human Rights …” „… CompletionStrategy, JICJ 3(2005), at 99.214 Mundis, Completing the Mandates of the Ad Hoc International Criminal …”

Conclusion S. 279-282

„… already in thecustody of the Court. Can an international criminal court transfer an accused to anational …” „… international standards.Unlike suggested elsewhere,1051 it is questioned here that the referral mechanismat the …” „… Stigen, The Relationship between the International Criminal Court and National Jurisdictions, at 222.1051 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845242439

Karl Härter, Tina Hannappel, Jean Conrad Tyrichter - The Transnationalisation of Criminal Law in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century

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Karl Härter (Hrsg.), Tina Hannappel (Hrsg.), Jean Conrad Tyrichter (Hrsg.)

The Transnationalisation of Criminal Law in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century

Reihe: Studien zu Policey, Kriminalitätsgeschichte und Konfliktregulierung

Band 2019

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

D. Nunes Extradition and Political Crimes in the 'International Fight Against Crime' S. 41-64

„… Extradition and Political Crimes in the ‘International Fight against Crime’: Western Europe and …” „… , this collaboration could be seen as an ‘international action against crime’ that for a given period …” „… of International Crime. A Global Issue in the Making, 1881–1914, London 2010, p. 151: “A crime …”

R.B. Jensen The Rise and Fall of the 'Social Crime' in Legal Theory and International Law S. 197-212

„… The Rise and Fall of the ‘Social Crime’ in Legal Theory and International Law: The Failure to …” „… desire to categorize and define everything including new forms of international violence and crime. More …” „… International Institute of Law as crucial in defining the ‘social crime’, it is unclear who first suggested the …”

K. Härter The Transnationalisation of Criminal Law in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century S. 1-19

„… crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide and the competent tribunals such as the International …” „… history of international criminal law is generally traced back to the war crime trials of Nuremberg and …” „… . Ein Rechtsvergleich zum Internationalen Strafrecht / Conflicts of jurisdiction in crossborder crime …”

J. Jäger The Making of International Police Cooperation, 1880–1923 S. 171-196

„… security. However, the so called ‘international criminals’ did not commit ‘international crimes’ in a …” „… : Paul Knepper, The Invention of International Crime. A Global Issue in the Making, 1881–1914 …” „… , Basingstoke 2010; Paul Knepper, International Crime in the Twentieth Century: The League of Nations Era …”

T. Hannappel Extradition and Expulsion as Instruments of Transnational Security Regimes S. 65-98

„… Karl Härter, Legal Concepts of Terrorism as Crime and International Criminal Law in Eighteenth and …” „… eighth assembly controversially disputed the 32 Paul Knepper, The Invention of International Crime. A …” „… Policing of Political Subversion and International Crime in Central Europe after 1815, in: Beatrice de …”

J.C. Tyrichter The Formation of Transnational Criminal Law within the German Confederation S. 21-40

„… cross-border crime and prosecution the German states focussed on the regional level. ‘International …” „… range of laws and concluded several international treaties that formed a heterogeneous body of …” „… domestic laws of the member states that are relevant for the cross-border prosecution of political crime …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… ‘International Fight against Crime’: Western Europe and Latin America, 1833–1933 41 Tina Hannappel Extradition …” „… ‘Social Crime’ in Legal Theory and International Law: The Failure to Create a New Normative Order to …” „… Transnationalisation of Criminal Law in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century. Political Crime, Police Cooperation …”

W. Klem 'Hurray for the Iron Man!' Chief Police Commissioner Willem Voormolen S. 133-170

„… (FP/ 2007–2013) / ERC Grant Agreement n. 615313. 2 Paul Knepper, The Invention of International Crime …” „… (n. 14), p. 107. 50 Cf. Knepper, The Invention of International Crime (n. 2), pp. 174–177. 51 …” „… ); Knepper, The Invention of International Crime (n. 2). Willem Voormolen and the Anti-Anarchist Struggle 169 …”

H. Marcks Who´s the Criminal? S. 99-132

„… Holger Marcks The state calls its own violence law, but that of the individual crime – Max Stirner …” „… Anarchy is a crime against the whole human race, […] a crime against the law of nations – Theodore …” „… in den Internationalen This ambiguity of criminal law – as product and object of conflict – can be …”

S. Kesper-Biermann Security, Transnational Law and Emotions S. 213-238

„… and prevent perceived cross-border threats, e. g. bands of robbers, international crime or networks …” „… “Torture is abhorrent. It is barbaric and inhumane”, stated Amnesty International (AI) in a recent report …” „… appeal, Amnesty International launched its ‘Stop Torture’ campaign in May 2014.3 The date was …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783465143918

Thomas M. Schmidt - Crimes of Business in International Law

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Thomas M. Schmidt

Crimes of Business in International Law

Reihe: Schriften zum Internationalen und Europäischen Strafrecht

Band 24 2015

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

1. Introduction and scope of inquiry S. 25-33

„… dismissed for lack of evidence, see International Crimes Database, The Presbyterian Church Of Sudan, et al …” „… . 803‐828 (at 805 et sqq.) as well as International Crimes Database, Public Prosecutor v. Frans Cornelis …” „… Tort Statute in the United States have been dismissed, see International Crimes Database, Cynthia …”

2.5. Social value of conduct, Article 21 (3) RS and the ICC as a just global institution S. 171-299

„… Jurists Expert Legal Panel on Corporate Complicity in International Crimes, Corporate Complicity & Legal …” „… in International Crimes, Corporate Complicity & Legal Accountability (2008b), pp. 17 et sq. See also …” „… entrepreneurs who play a role in financing violent conflicts in which international crimes have been committed …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-24

„… Crimes of Business in International Law Thomas M. Schmidt Concepts of Individual and Corporate …” „… 13:32 Thomas M. Schmidt Crimes of Business in International Law Concepts of Individual and Corporate …” „… socially undesirable acts by recourse to a risk standard 2.5.3.3. 206 Heyer: Crime-specific risks and the …”

2.7. References S. 300-326

„… H (ed) International and national prosecution of crimes under international law: Current …” „… Part of International Criminal Law. JICJ 4(4):660–673 Ambos K (2007) Toward a Universal System of Crime …” „… of crimes by business actors 300 Ambos K (2010b) International criminal law at the crossroads: From …”

2.4. Law and reality structures: Re-conceiving commission S. 75-171

„… , and war crimes, the normative and empirical specificities of international criminal law and their …” „… criminal law norms in pursuit of preventing «the most serious crimes of concern to the international …” „… specificities of international criminal law in mind. Results and outlook: Towards overcoming ambivalence Neither …”

3. Business actors as civilian superiors S. 326-369

„… international law» emanating from or the source of danger constituted by a «a group of armed men» and the …” „… public’s trust in her therefore making use of her abilities to prevent the commission of crimes; in his …” „… if he or she was identified as a perpetrator of crimes», and also «by virtue of these powers, to take …”

4. Corporate criminal responsibility de lege ferenda? S. 369-396

„… in Nuremberg by the IMT that «[c]rimes against international law are committed by men, not by …” „… abstract entities, and only by punishing individuals who commit such crimes can the provisions of …” „… international law be enforced»2, proposals of corporate (and generally organizational) criminal responsibility …”

2.1. Preliminary remarks: Interpreting the Rome Statute S. 34-40

„… crimes of concern to the international community as a whole› must not longer go unpunished», thus …” „… The commission of crimes by business actors Individual criminal responsibility under Article 25 (2 …” „… ) RS requires to commit a crime, and under Article 25 (3) (a) RS to commit the crime individually …”

2.3. Review of perspectives on commission in ICC jurisprudence and scholarship S. 56-75

„… who are the most responsible for the most serious crimes of international concern»157 the ICC has …” „… dimension of international crimes and the complex organizational structure responsible for their commission …” „… crime approach had already been provided by PTC I in Lubanga, the Majority’s threshold distinction …”

2.2. Commission in Article 25 (3) RS in ICC jurisprudence and scholarship S. 39-56

„… most serious crimes of concern to the international community35. So-called coperpetration under Article …” „… » – all «participants of international crimes are punished for the crime proper (as if they were …” „… Scholars have suggested that in the particular context of international core crimes, one individual offense …”

2.6. Conclusion S. 299-300

„… may result in the direct commission of severe (international) crimes. For example, in Nigeria, Shell …” „… Courts. In: Fischer H (ed) International and national prosecution of crimes under international law …” „… indeed commit genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes pursuant to Articles 6 to 8 RS upon …”

5. Closing remarks S. 396-397

„… Closing remarks This study has aimed to establish conceptual foundations of crimes of business …” „… provide material resources towards the commission of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes can …” „… individual and corporate criminal responsibility under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court …”

6. Annex: Abstract and Theses S. 397-400

„… corporate criminal responsibility under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on the occasion …” „… of business activity providing infrastructure, funding, or other means for the commission of crimes …” „… responsibility is critically reviewed, in particular the so-called control over the crime doctrine. The necessity …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845271576

Ali Emrah Bozbayindir - Turkey and the International Criminal Court

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Ali Emrah Bozbayindir

Turkey and the International Criminal Court

Reihe: Schriften zum Internationalen und Europäischen Strafrecht

Band 5 2013

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

A Separate Code for International Crimes? S. 143-147

„… International Crimes?All national implementation legislation, in whatever form it may take, is to servethe …” „… corporation approach with respect to some core international crimes. Generallyspeaking, the …” „… international crimes is indispensible” Ob es hierfür zwingend eineseigenen, angesichts des geringen Umfangs …”

Material Elements S. 74-92

„… international crimes in Turkish law may consider defining the crime of torturedistinctly as a crime against …” „… . 264a (1) (f) and German Code of Crimes Against International Law (Völkerstrafgesetzbuch) § 7 (1) (5 …” „… ); indeed, Werle et al. suggest that, for international criminal law, aseparate definition of the crimes …”

Crimes S. 23-30

„… crimes of concern to the international community,Recognizing that the international trafficking of …” „… international peace and security,Regretting that no generally acceptable definition of the crimes of terrorism …” „… to article 123 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court consider the crimes of terrorism …”

Contextual Element S. 42-49

„… International Crimes’ (2008) 98 The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 953, 958ff; He also criticizes the …” „… International Crimes’ (n 115) 981.119 Schabas, ‘State Policy as an Element of International Crimes’ (n 115 …” „… conclusion that a contradiction exits within thesystem of international crimes.125The Assembly of State …”

Contextual Elements S. 64-74

„… internationalcriminal justice, for these elements distinguish core international crimes from ordinary crimes and also …” „… define relations among international crimes themselves: itis the contextual elements of crimes against …” „… practicallyrelevant because core international crimes frequently overlap. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that the …”

Overview S. 19-23

„… 2010) 146.15 See Neil Boister ‘Treaty Crimes, International Criminal Court?’ (2009) 12 New CriminalLaw …” „… international criminal court to bring to justice the perpetrators of themost serious crimes of concern to the …” „… crimes committed in non-international armed conflicts were preferred to beexcluded from the Statute.At …”

Conclusions S. 148-154

„… international crimes.It was thus proved necessary to first compare the normative framework set outin the ICC …” „… , the scope of applicationof war crimes (especially incorporation of the non-international armed …” „… materiae;691 or the view that the crime ofterrorism under customary international law already exists,692 …”

General Remarks S. 62-64

„… one.Crimes against HumanityGeneral RemarksCrimes against humanity are core crimes of international criminal …” „… codification of crimes against humanity, that is, Article 6(c) the Charter of the International Military …” „… 2002) 359; Schabas, ‘State Policy as anElement of International Crimes’ (n 115) 963.63tematic attack …”

War Crimes S. 97-100

„… number 6; Christine Byron, War crimes and crimesagainst humanity in the Rome Statute of the International …” „… crimes were limitedto international armed conflicts, namely armed conflicts that took place betweenstates …” „… which are not of an international character.418 The RomeStatute’s codification of war crimes was …”

Superior Responsibility S. 112-118

„… ’ (n 497) 77; Meloni, ibid. 205ff.518 § 14 (1) of the German Code of International Crime reads “A …” „… thetime, should have known that the forces were committing or about to commit such crimes;and(ii) That …” „… crimes;(ii) The crimes concerned activities that were within the effective responsibility and controlof the …”

Statute of Limitations S. 109-112

„… removes national law immunitiesfor core international crimes would also be considered.480 The recent Swiss …” „… immunities for international crimes.481Statute of LimitationsThe Rome Statute contains a provision that …” „… Companionto International Criminal Justice (OUP 2009) 522, 523.487 See § 5 of the German Code of Crimes …”

Organization S. 95-97

„… crimes were limitedto international armed conflicts, namely armed conflicts that took place betweenstates …” „… which are not of an international character.418 The RomeStatute’s codification of war crimes was …” „… crimes, withthe first two applicable to international armed conflicts, and the second two to non-D.415 …”

Introduction S. 15-18

„… permanent international criminal court that has jurisdictionto try individuals for serious crimes.2 The …” „… international crimes’.5Unlike ad hoc international criminal tribunals created by Security Council Decisions, the …” „… power to exercise its jurisdiction over persons for the most serious crimes of international concern …”

Non-Incorporation (ordinary-crimes approach) S. 137-139

„… international crimes under ordinary offences that are already defined in the domestic criminal code. Existing …” „… international crimes as set out in the Rome Statute. Under thismodel, there is no need to enact new …” „… be recommend that states consider enacting specific legislation on international crimes where the …”

Modified Incorporation S. 142-143

„… Code for International Crimes?All national implementation legislation, in whatever form it may take, is …” „… 443) § 17 margin number 40.142corporation approach with respect to some core international crimes …” „… code for international crimes is indispensible” Ob es hierfür zwingend eineseigenen, angesichts des …”

Material Elements S. 49-57

„… Werle et al, International Criminal Law (n 116) margin number 734; Kreß, ‘The Crime ofGenocide’ (n 105 …” „… Specific Forms of Genocide’ in Roy S. Lee et al.(eds), The International Criminal Court, Elements of Crimes …” „… such groups, asKreß puts it, “seemed of particular importance to the international community inlight of …”

Irrelevance of Official Capacity S. 106-109

„… crimes,Chapter IIIA.B.464 Article 7 of the Charter of the International Criminal Tribunal at Nuremberg reads …” „… international crimes.465Considering that in most cases the core international crimes are leadership …” „… perpetrator`sliability concerning international crimes.468 The second paragraph is a relinquishment of personal …”

Legal Consequences S. 92-93

„… normative framework concerning international crimes, as well as the connection between the crime of genocide …” „… which affects the will of the child.400Classifying the crime of child abuse as a crime against humanity …” „… can be explainedwith the systematic construction of sexual crimes in the TPC.401 The code uses theterm …”

Conclusion S. 61-62

„… international criminal justice. However, unlike the uniform definition of the crime of genocide, the definition …” „… the ICC Statute, crimes against humanity comprise a catalogue of crimescommitted as part of a …” „… codifications of these crimes.The French Penal Code ?the model code for the Turkish legislator, as …”

Reservations S. 30-31

„… committed the crime and the Statewhich the accused was a national must be parties to the Statute or accept …” „… the jurisdictionof the Court for the crime in question.62The approach favoring an “automatic …” „… is, Article 124 ofthe Statute, which provides a time limited opt-out regarding only to war crimes.63 …”

Mistake of law S. 123-125

„… .569 It is, therefore, notnecessary to adopt a special rule on mistake of law for international crimes …” „… person who has committed a crime as a result of agood-faith factual error regarding a material element of …” „… the crime's definition,which leads to loss of the subjective element of the crime.Mistake of lawThe …”

Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 9-12

„… IncorporationIII. 141Modified IncorporationIV. 142A Separate Code for International Crimes?C. 143Conclusions 148 …” „… Policy towards the CourtB. 34Core International Crimes in Turkish Criminal Law and theRome Statute: A …” „… CrimesII. 23ReservationsIII. 30ProsecutorIV. 31Other IssuesV. 33Turkey’s EU Bid: A Sea Change in Turkey’s …”

Turkey’s EU Bid: A Sea Change in Turkey’s Policy towards the Court S. 34-39

„… finally accede to the Statute, especially with respect to war crimesand the crime of aggression, Turkey …” „… John R. W. D. Jones (eds), The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: ACommentary, Vol I …” „… , ‘Turkey: Successor or Continuing State of the Ottoman Empire?’ (2011)24 Leiden Journal of International …”

Mental Elements S. 92

„… which affects the will of the child.400Classifying the crime of child abuse as a crime against humanity …” „… can be explainedwith the systematic construction of sexual crimes in the TPC.401 The code uses theterm …” „… acts are committed against children. These termscomplement each other. Adding the crime of sexual abuse …”

General Remarks S. 106

„… crimes,Chapter IIIA.B.464 Article 7 of the Charter of the International Criminal Tribunal at Nuremberg reads …” „… international crimes.465Considering that in most cases the core international crimes are leadership …” „… important principles of international criminal law.464 Therationale of the principle is to prevent immunity …”

General Remarks S. 137

„… international crimes under ordinary offences that are already defined in the domestic criminal code. Existing …” „… legalsystem. Finally, the question as to whether a special code for international crimesis necessary in Turkey …” „… the implementation of international law, intonational law. In analyzing these models, their advantages …”

Prosecutor S. 31-33

„… responsible for receiving referrals and any substantiated information on crimes within the jurisdiction of the …” „… See, Roy S. Lee ‘The Rome Conference and Its Contributions to International Law’ in RoyS. Lee (ed) The …” „… International Criminal Court, The Making of the Rome Statute Issues, Negotitations, Results (Kluwer Law …”

Bibliography S. 155-168

„… Hukuk Bulteni 245Bassiouni C, Crimes against Humanity in International Criminal Law (2nd edn, KluwerLaw …” „… Turk Ceza Kanunu,Turkish Penal Code (2nd edn Seckin 2007)155Boister N, ‘Treaty Crimes, International …” „… International Crimes, A Practical Guide to Prosecuting ICC Crimes in Commonwealth States (Commonwealth …”

The Crime of Aggression S. 100-105

„… Compromise on the Crime of Aggression’ (2010) 8 Journal of International Criminal Justice 8 (2010 …” „… also provides for the crime of attacking or plundering medical units of the RedCross (Salibi Ahmer …” „… . The TMPC does notprovide a definition for the crime of torture, which, however, can be inferred …”

General Remarks S. 40-42

„… Core International Crimes in Turkish Criminal Law andthe Rome Statute: A Comparative AnalysisThe …” „… Crime of GenocideGeneral RemarksWithin the hierarchy among international crimes, genocide sits at the …” „… .’ Claus Kreß, ‘The Crime of Genocide under International Law’ (2006) 6International Criminal Law Review …”

The Mental Element S. 57-60

„… Specific Forms of Genocide’ in Roy S. Lee et al.(eds), The International Criminal Court, Elements of Crimes …” „… , forthis very element marks the specificity of the crime and its status under international law.Furthermore …” „… genocidal acts listed above.The first element of the act is forcible transfer. The Elements of Crimes …”

Conclusion S. 93-95

„… normative framework concerning international crimes, as well as the connection between the crime of genocide …” „… d’un plan concerte visant à la commission de l’un des crimes contrel’humanité.405In international …” „… 622; See also Cassese, International Criminal Law (n 14) 228; Foranalysis of the crime of conspiracy …”

Direct Application S. 139-141

„… states consider enacting specific legislation on international crimes where the existing domestic law …” „… ofcore international crime definitions, some of which, however, are inconsistent withthe Rome Statute or …” „… and Olympia Bekou‘International Crimes and ICC Cooperation in England and Wales’ (2007) 5 JICJ 441 …”

Legal Consequences S. 60-61

„… of Crimes Against International Law, § 6; See also Kreß, ‘Völkermord’(n 178) § 6 margin number 107ff …” „… purpose-based understanding of the term “intent”, this matter is far from resolved in international doctrine.210 …” „… ). Consequently, a perpetrator of the crime of genocide, according to theTPC, must be aware of the fact that his …”

Superior orders S. 125-134

„… adopt a special rule on mistake of law for international crimes, andmost national laws have refrained …” „… international criminal law.572 There are two extreme solutions to thisdilemma.573 The first is the doctrine of …” „… unconditional obedience or respondeat superior, as it is often called in international law.574 According to this …”

Self-Defense S. 118-120

„… against an expansive application in respect to international crimes. It is therefore not necessary to …” „… introducea special self-defense provision for international crimes into Turkish criminallaw.539Necessity and …” „… international criminallaw self-defense plays only a minor role,527 because the seriousness of …”

Complete Incorporation S. 141-142

„… of definitions of crimes under customary international law, reference to the provisions ofthe Rome …” „… the constitutional principle of the legality of crimes and punishments.661 In sum,the Rome Statute …” „… provisions of the Rome Statute. This is the most secure and international law-friendly solution for …”

Necessity and Duress S. 120-122

„… respect to international crimes. It is therefore not necessary to introducea special self-defense …” „… provision for international crimes into Turkish criminallaw.539Necessity and DuressWhat is meant by the …” „… instances involving an international crime. Thissituation would not pass the test of proportionality between …”

Mistake of fact S. 122-123

„… goods, for instance property,would be practically irrelevant for instances involving an international …” „… crime. Thissituation would not pass the test of proportionality between the legal interests protected …” „… crime.III.550 Cf. Demirbas (n 471) 281ff.551 See Artuk, Gokcen and Yenidunya, Genel Hukumler (n 471) 527 …”

Intoxication S. 135-136

„… intoxication, he orshe was likely to engage in conduct constituting a crime within the jurisdiction ofthe Court …” „… .640 The Rome Statute Art. 31(1)(b).641 The TPC Art. 34(1).642 Cryer et al, International Criminal Law …” „… be limited to instances inwhich the perpetrator knew or disregarded the risk of committing a crime as …”

Insanity and diminished responsibility S. 134-135

„… et al., International Criminal Law (n 14) 405-406.635 See the decision of The Grand Chamber of Court …” „… result of the intoxication, he orshe was likely to engage in conduct constituting a crime within the …” „… , International Criminal Law (n 14) 407-408.643 The Rome Statute Art. 31(1)(b.).644 See Demirbas (n 471) 339 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845246666

Kai Ambos, José Martínez - Göttingen Handbook on Latin American Public Law and Criminal Justice

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Kai Ambos (Hrsg.), José Martínez (Hrsg.)

Göttingen Handbook on Latin American Public Law and Criminal Justice

2023

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Kai Ambos, Gustavo Urquizo Prosecution of international crimes in Latin America S. 759-774

„… as tothe capacity or willingness of these States to prosecute international crimes.However, as has …” „… Prosecution of international crimes in Latin AmericaA case study of Argentina, Colombia and …” „… systems witha view to the prosecution of international crimes. It analyses the majorchallenges of three …”

Astrid Liliana Sánchez-Mejía Gender and the criminal justice system: Comparing forcible rape law in Colombia and Chile S. 605-630

„… “Crimes againstpersons and property protected by International Humanitarian Law.”This chapter focuses on …” „… Code (hereinafter ChiPC) establishes various crimesof sexual violence in Title VII “Crimes and offences …” „… systems seek to address the problem of sexualviolence by regulating the crime of rape; this description …”

Gustavo Emilio Cote Barco The Principle of Legality of Crimes in Colombia and Germany: Difference in Similarity? S. 325-348

„… contexts, the principle of legality is not an obstacle to thenational prosecution of international crimes …” „… charges related to some international crimes (against former mem‐bers of the Colombian army), such as …” „… ofthe International Criminal Court.63 Even though the current CCC providesfor these individual crimes …”

Jean Pierre Matus Acuña Penal populism S. 649-658

„… increase in the penalties for existing crimes.An instance of this has already been seen in Chile regarding …” „… particularly horrendous crimes. Thiscommon sense would be the main cause of a broadening and intensification1 …” „… respective crimes. In States with popular referenda and electionswith majority electoral systems, this kind …”

Susann Aboueldahab, María Camila Correa Flórez Sexual violence in armed conflict and transitional (criminal) justice: The Colombian case S. 457-478

„… Smeulers and Fred Grünfeld, International Crimes and other Gross HumanRights Violations (Martinus Nijhoff …” „… Adjudicating Sexual and Gender-based Crimes” (2020)18 Journal of International Criminal Justice 449–467.Susann …” „… violence crimes,although challenges in doing so remain.I. IntroductionSexual violence in armed conflict can …”

Manuel J. Ventura, Ezequiel Heffes ‘Genocide’ Against Political Groups in Latin America in light of the Travaux Préparatoires of the Genocide Convention (1948): The Case of Argentina S. 735-758

„… Argentiniancourts that have entered and upheld convictions for domestic and interna‐tional crimes.These cases raise …” „… offences were simultaneously international crimes (mostly crimesagainst humanity and genocide) and then …” „… (Konrad–Adenauer–Stiftung eV, 2009) 134.2 Accused persons were not technically charged with international crimes per se …”

Kai Ambos, Susann Aboueldahab Criminal Justice and Impunity in Latin America S. 585-604

„… enforcement authorities are not even informed about alleged crimes.The scale of the problem is even more …” „… process.58512problems, in particular, the issue of rising crime in large parts of the regionand the …” „… significant erosion of authority of law enforcement agencies thatoften goes hand in hand with increased crime …”

José Luis Guzmán Dalbora The Crime of Bribery in Ibero-America: A comparative synopsis S. 495-514

„… see Ambos, Treatise on International Criminal Law.Volume 2: Crimes and Sentencing, OUP 2nd ed 2022, pp …” „… centuries.11II. Classification of crimesThe six criminal codes examined set forth stipulations regarding …” „… The Crime of Bribery in Ibero-America: A comparative synopsisJosé Luis Guzmán Dalbora*AbstractThis …”

Alonso Gurmendi Dunkelberg The Inter-American Human Rights System S. 709-734

„… Su Com‐prensión (Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International LawAlonso Gurmendi …” „… civilians thatwere under investigation or in prison for crimes committed “in the fightagainst terrorism …” „… interim president,Valentín Paniagua, submitted a brief formally recognising Peru’s internatio‐nal …”

Figari Layús Engendering Transitional Justice in Latin America: the long road of gender inclusion S. 833-855

„… . Anotherrelevant document using the term ‘gender perspective’ in connection withconflict is the International …” „… Criminal Court, Office of the Prosecutor’sPolicy Paper on Sexual and Gender-based Crimes of 2014.1 This …” „… prosecutions. A survey of the use of these processes regionally is1 International Criminal Court, Office of the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-30

„… Kai Ambos & Gustavo UrquizoProsecution of international crimes in Latin AmericaA case study of …” „… actively partici‐pated in international efforts to combat impunity for international cri‐mes. For example …” „… BarcoThe Principle of Legality of Crimes in Colombia and Germany:Difference in Similarity? 325Leo …”

Laura Clérico Proportionality and criminal law in the Interamerican-System S. 303-324

„… application of domestic law are consistent withthe State's international human rights obligations.1 Such …” „… Rights’ American Journal of International Law 109(2015) 93–99; Laurence Burgourgue-Larsen, The Added …” „… Oxford Handbook of International Human RightsLaw (OUP 2013).Laura Clérico30434er or not a contested State …”

Ezequiel Vacchelli Culpability S. 437-456

„… both criminal policy andsystematic considerations of the theory of crime. These and other issues …” „… (whichrefers to the International Conventions on Human Rights that are part ofthe constitutional body of laws …” „… international instruments are concerned, Article 11.1 UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights (UDHR) prescribes …”

Alejandro Agüero Latin American Criminal Law: A Historical Perspective S. 255-280

„… XVI-XVII-XVIII (Tecnos 1969); Michael R. Weisser, Crime and punishment inEarly Modern Europe (Harvester Press …” „… field fromwhich normative arguments were derived. The legal doctrine of the timedefined crime as a “fact …” „… infinite number of crimes and makes men docile and obedient to theprecepts”.4Even when theoretically …”

Luís Greco, Adriano Teixeira The theory of crime in Latin America and the influence of the European theoretical tradition S. 369-390

„… The theory of crime in Latin America and the influence of theEuropean theoretical traditionLuís …” „… Greco & Adriano TeixeiraAbstractThe reception of European theory of crime in Latin America is often …” „… an overview of the theory of crime in Latin Amer‐ica, taking the influence of the European tradition …”

Luis G. González Alvo, Jorge A. Núñez Latin American prisons throughout history S. 661-686

„… III. International LawLatin American prisons throughout historyFrom a region without penitentiaries …” „… inclusion in the international market in the last third of the19th century. With the rise of economic and …” „… synonyms.Latin American prisons throughout history6651112II. Latin America’s incorporation into the international …”

Hernán Darío Orozco López Social exclusion and criminal law S. 631-648

„… According to the International Committee of the Red Cross, there are currently 6non-international armed …” „… influential theory on the function of crim‐inal law continues to be the theory of legal interests. According …” „… perspective, there is no relevant difference in the legitimacy of criminallaw between the crimes committed by …”

Federico Montero Post-offence Conduct and Deserved Mitigation: Confession as a Funcitonal Equivalent of Retributive Punishment S. 557-584

„… step can besummarised by noting that any State that censures the commission of crim‐inal acts (through …” „… Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs, 9–47(p. 25 ff.), M. Siems, Comparative Law, (2nd ed …” „… 21.4 of the SPC states that, in some cases, the confession ofa crime should be considered as a …”

Faustino García de la Torre García Criminal law and constitution S. 281-302

„… InternationalConstitutional Law 253 ff.3 Otto Lagodny, Strafrecht vor den Schranken der Grundrechte: Die Ermächtigung …” „… an attempt to connect the old ideas of thetheory of crime (Verbrechenlehre) with the new realities of …” „… idea of a constitution contains “the faceof crime” (il volto del reato)33 served as a bridge between …”

Mauricio Duce J., Claudio Fuentes M. Trials and trial by jury in Latin America S. 517-542

„… many Latin American countries beganreceiving support from international players. A natural consequence …” „… investigative phase which involves collectingevidence concerning a crime or alleged crime. The second phase or …” „… required criminal prose‐cution agencies to investigate crimes until they were resolved, with no authority …”

Alejandro Chehtman Gender Bias in Justification of Lethal Force in Latin America S. 415-436

„… by the state authorities. The reason for this was thatthe operation was regulated under International …” „… of certain national legal systems, or regional approachesto both domestic and international law.7 …” „… InternationalLaw (forthcoming).7 See, e.g., Roberto Gargarella, Latin American Constitutionalism 1810–2010. The …”

Natalia Ruiz Morato Limited statehood in Latin America: The rights of rural populations S. 231-250

„… 1991, Art. 58.22 Constitución de la República del Ecuador 2008, Art. 57.23 International Labour …” „… Convention No. 169 and the International Covenanton Civil and Political Rights,34 to provide guidance for the …” „… November 1969,entered into force 18 July 1978) (hereafter ACHR).34 The International Covenant on Civil and …”

David E. Llinás-Alfaro Mother Earth rights in Latin America and the integration of traditional indigenous thinking into Cosmopolitan Constitutionalism S. 805-832

„… indus‐trial transformation. 5. Since 1945, the ability to peacefully cooperate in the international arena. 6 …” „… constitutional systems and(ii) the international instruments of International Humanitarian Law (IHL)and …” „… International Human Rights Law (IHRL), which positivise humanrights. Both aspects of cosmopolitan …”

Anna Kiermeier, José Martinez Federalism and Decentralisation in Latin America S. 61-86

„… political and economic conflicts(e.g. over control of the State’s only international port and its …” „… but, as a rule, have been causedby problems affecting entire States (poverty, crime, drug trafficking …” „… in Latin America, CaliforniaWestern International Law Journal 30 2 (2000), p. 277–301.Federalism and …”

María Rosalba Buitrago The Social State in Latin America S. 195-230

„… totransform their respective national economies so they could be integratedinto the neoliberal international …” „… rights and parameters of international law contained ininternational treaties on human rights that could …” „… understanding thatthe Constitutional Court had to predicate that the international labourconventions ratified by …”

Bernd Marquardt Lines of Development of the Modern Constitutional State in Hispanic America since 1810 S. 33-60

„… Cold War logic. These forces committedwidespread political crimes with the participation of State …” „… appearance of being opencoups in the eyes of both national and international observers. The firstof these …”

Juan Pablo Pampillo Baliño Constitutionalism and constitutional change in Latin America: accomplishments and challenges S. 109-172

„… 'social constitutionalism' of thefirst third of the 20th century, of the post-war 'international …” „… Legal Science to Build a New Ius Commune" (2011) 17(3) ILSA Journal ofInternational and Comparative Law …” „… of constitutionalism can beconsidered as 'Liberal', 'Social' and of 'International and Human Rights …”

Antonio Gasparetto Júnior State of Exception and its Derivations in Latin America S. 173-194

„… defendorder and society, the passage of time has seen the development of human,public and international rights …” „… Looking Glass of Latin America. In:Texas International Journal, v. 41: 1, 2006, p. 28.10 Martínez, Juan …” „… : American University International Law Review,26.4, 2011, p. 1074.13 Schor, Constitutionalism Through the …”

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