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Khrushchev Ekwueme - Protection of Foreign Investment in Context

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Khrushchev Ekwueme

Protection of Foreign Investment in Context

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Recht

Volume 496 2007

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Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-16

Abbreviations S. 17-22

Preface S. 23-24

Methodology S. 25

Aims of Study S. 26

Scope and Structure of the Study S. 27-29

Introduction S. 30-31

Right to Acquire and Own Immovable Property S. 31-33

Constitutional Concept of Property S. 33-35

Compulsory Acquisition or Possession S. 35-40

Public Purpose Requirement S. 40-44

Applicable Standard of Compensation S. 44-46

Conclusion S. 46-47

Introduction S. 48

Concept of Property S. 48-49

The Right to Own Property S. 49-51

Property Guarantee under the African Charter S. 51-55

Right of Access to Court and the African Charter S. 55-58

Conclusion S. 58-59

Introduction S. 60-61

Expropriation and Nationalization S. 61-62

Creeping Expropriation S. 62-64

Indirect Taking of Contractual Rights S. 64-65

Annulment of Contract S. 65-67

Deprivation of Managerial Control S. 67-69

Forced Sale and Involuntary Transaction S. 69-71

Attributability S. 71-76

Taxation S. 76-78

Currency Regulation S. 78-79

Cancellation of Licences or Permits S. 79-80

Environmental Regulation S. 80-85

Conclusion S. 85-86

Introduction S. 87

Public Purpose S. 87-89

Non-discrimination S. 89-90

Discrete Expropriation S. 90-95

Nationalization S. 95-99

Resolutions of the U.N. General Assembly S. 99-102

The Effect of Bilateral Investment Treaties S. 102-103

Lump-sum Agreement S. 103-104

Compensation Settlement Agreement S. 104-105

Conclusion S. 105-106

Introduction S. 107-108

The Emergence and Growth of Investment Treaties S. 108-110

The Preamble of Bilateral Investment Treaties S. 110-111

Material Scope S. 111-114

Personal Scope S. 114-115

Definition of Corporate Investor S. 115-117

Temporal Scope S. 117-119

Territorial Scope S. 119-120

Admission and Approval of Investment S. 120-122

General Standard – Fair and Equitable Treatment and Full Protection and Constant Security S. 122-134

Most-favoured-nation Treatment S. 134-138

National Treatment S. 138-143

Exceptions and Limitations to the MFN and NT Standards S. 143-144

Compensation for Losses caused by War or Civil Disturbances S. 144-146

Protection against Expropriation, Nationalization and Indirect Taking S. 146-148

Monetary Transfer S. 148-149

Subrogation S. 149-151

Dispute Settlement Between the Contracting Parties S. 151-153

Conclusion S. 153

Introduction S. 154-155

Colonial Era S. 155-157

Post-Independence (1960-1971) S. 157-158

The Period from 1972 to 1978 S. 158-160

The Period from 1979 to 1994 S. 160-162

The Scope of the NIPC Act S. 162-164

Definition of Investment S. 164-165

The Relevance of Source of Investment S. 165-166

Admission Of Investment S. 166-170

Business Permits, Expatriate Quotas, Resident Permits and other Services S. 170-173

Guarantees against Expropriation and Nationalization S. 173-174

Expropriation and Nationalization S. 174-175

Public Purpose and National Interest S. 175-177

Compensation S. 177-178

Currency Transfer S. 178-180

Conclusion S. 180-181

Introduction S. 182-183

Right of Access to Court S. 183-185

The Right of a Foreign Corporation to sue in Nigeria S. 185-186

The Right to Make Claims in Foreign Currencies S. 186

Constitutionality of Pre-action Notices S. 186-189

Defence of Rule of Law S. 189-191

Delays occasioned by Adjournments S. 191-192

Enforcement of Monetary Orders of Court against the Government S. 192-194

Administrative Justice S. 194-198

Conclusion S. 198-199

Introduction S. 200-201

State Ownership of Petroleum S. 201-204

Competent Authority S. 204-205

Autonomy of the Will versus Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources S. 205-211

Legal Consequence of the Violation of a Stabilization Clause S. 211-212

Renegotiation S. 212-214

Relocalization of Nigerian Petroleum Agreements S. 214-218

Conclusion S. 218-219

Introduction S. 220-222

Effect of ICSID Arbitration Clause in a BIT S. 222-226

Consent to ICSID’s Jurisdiction under Section 26(2) of NIPC Act S. 226-230

Jurisdictional Implication of Diplomatic Protection S. 230-231

The Requirement of Amicable Settlement S. 231-233

Standing of Natural Claimants S. 233-234

Standing of Juridical Persons S. 234-236

Treatment of a Foreign Company as the National of another Contracting State S. 236-238

Requirement of Foreign Control S. 238-239

Constituent Subdivision or Agency S. 239-241

Material Jurisdiction S. 241-242

Conclusion S. 242-243

Introduction S. 244

Does an ad hoc Committee Possess Appellate Power? S. 244-250

Can Abdication of Jurisdiction Constitute Manifest Excess Power? S. 250-251

Recognition of ICSID Awards for Enforcement S. 251-252

Distinction between Recognition and Enforcement: The Plea of Sovereignty S. 252-254

Immunity of Sovereign Assets from Execution S. 254-255

Conclusion S. 255-256

Introduction S. 257

Investment Inflows S. 257-259

Political Instability, Civil Unrest and Religious Crisis S. 259-260

Corruption, the Syndrome of »419« and Armed Robbery S. 260-264

Inadequacy of Basic Social Amenities S. 264-266

Administrative Barriers and Capacity Building Problems S. 266-268

Monopoly S. 268-269

Conclusion S. 269-270

Introduction S. 271-272

Catching up with Global Economic Reality S. 272-273

Reducing the Complexity of the Current Regime S. 273-275

Multilateral Liberalization of the third Pillar of Globalization S. 275

The Case against MAI S. 275-276

Open-ended Definition of Investment S. 276-277

Definitional Approach S. 277-279

The Right of Establishment S. 279-281

Performance Requirements S. 281-284

Incentives S. 284-286

Fair and Equitable Treatment, Full Protection and Constant Security S. 286

Taking and Compensation S. 286-288

Appellate Review S. 288-290

Overlapping Jurisdiction S. 290-291

Judicial Restraint S. 291-292

Health and Welfare S. 292-293

Environment S. 293-294

Temporary Safeguard Measures S. 294-295

After the OECD: Quo Vadis the MAI? S. 295-297

Conclusion S. 297-298

Final Conclusion S. 299-306

Table of Cases S. 307-312

Bibliography S. 313-324

Nigeria-U.K. BIT of 11 December, 1990 S. 325-332

Nigeria-Germany BIT of 28 March, 2000 S. 332-340

Excerpts from the NIPC Act, 1995 S. 340-343

Excerpts from the NIPC Amendment Act, 1998 S. 343-345

NIPC Data on FDI Inflows – January 2001 to June 2002 S. 345-355

BPE Data on Proceeds from Privatization – 2001 to 2002 S. 355

doi.org/10.5771/9783845202907

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