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Anca Daniela Chirita - The German and Romanian Abuse of Market Dominance in the Light of Article 102 TFEU

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Anca Daniela Chirita

The German and Romanian Abuse of Market Dominance in the Light of Article 102 TFEU

Series: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 82 2011

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Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

Preface S. 11-12

Acknowledgements S. 14

Brief Historical Overview of National Competition Laws S. 15-19

The Legal Background of the Abuse of a Dominant Position S. 19-22

Stricter National Abuse of Market Dominance Rules S. 22-24

The Challenges of EU Competition Law: The European Commission’s Reform Efforts S. 24-25

National Competition Authorities S. 25-27

Overview of Major Policy Objectives S. 27-46

Concluding Remarks on the Final Balancing of Policy Objectives, their Enforcement and Future Challenges S. 46-49

The German Economic Thinking in the Light of an Economic Constitution S. 49-55

Performance v Prevention-Based Competition and Economic Efficiency S. 55-61

The Market-Structure-Conduct Paradigm, Effective Competition, and the Objective Justification S. 61-65

The European Commission’s Standard: Total v Consumer Welfare S. 65-68

Brief Overview of Short-Term or Other Policy Goals S. 68-74

Establishing Market Dominance S. 74-79

The Scope of Application of the Market Dominance Laws S. 79-82

The Dominant Position and the Concept of Abuse S. 82-104

The Relevant Markets S. 104-112

The Assessment of Market Dominance S. 112-127

Joint Dominance and Oligopolies S. 127-133

Exclusionary Abuses S. 133-142

Exploitative Abuse S. 142-143

Discrimination as a Structural Abuse S. 143-145

The Abuse of Economic Dependence S. 145-146

Distinctive Features in the Light of the Eighth German Amendment S. 146-150

The Analysis and Interpretation of the Recent Romanian Amendment S. 150-156

Brief Overview of Sharp Practices of the German Act against Unfair Competition S. 156-158

Introduction to the Challenges and the Gaps of the Guidance Paper S. 158-162

Ambiguities: Where is a Clear Policy Standard? S. 162-165

Reconcilable Tensions of the New Shift S. 165-168

Consistency v Legal Certainty in light of the Form and Effects-based Approach S. 168-173

Anti-competitive Foreclosure and Consumer Harm S. 173-176

The Standard of Proof and the Evidentiary Requirements S. 176-180

The Methodological Approach to Efficiencies and Case Law S. 180-190

The As-Efficient Competitor Test S. 190-192

Selected Anti-competitive Practices of the Guidance Paper S. 192-196

Brief Overview of Responses and Concluding Remarks S. 196-201

Introduction S. 201-202

Undistorted Competition and the Old Teleological Interpretation of Article 102 S. 202-203

Undistorted Competition: High Level Protection v Consumer Welfare S. 203-205

The Comparative Understanding of Undistorted Competition within the Union’s Internal Market S. 205-208

The Competition Policy after Lisbon and the Interpretation of Article 102 S. 208-209

Protection v Consumer Welfare S. 209-211

The Evolution and Role of Consumers’ Interests S. 211-213

A Shift to More Effects-based Competition, Consumer Harm, and Public Policy? S. 213-217

The Teleological Interpretation of Article 12 to Article 102 S. 217-220

Concluding Remarks S. 220-222

Brief Overview of Remedies, Penalties, and Judicial Review S. 222-229

An Empirical Classification of Abusive Practices and Future Challenges S. 230-235

Monopoly Pricing S. 235-236

Excessive or Unfair Pricing and Unfair Trading Conditions S. 236-242

Excessive Prices in the Energy and the Gas Sector S. 242-245

Predatory Pricing S. 245-252

Selling below Costs S. 252-257

Selling below Cost in the Food Trade Sector S. 257-259

Cross-subsidisation S. 259-260

Margin Squeeze in the Telecommunications Sector S. 260-268

Export Sales below Cost and Dumping Pricing S. 268-270

Discounts and Rebates S. 270-279

Long-term Exclusive Agreements S. 279-284

(Price) Discrimination S. 284-286

Hindrance Abuse S. 286-290

Contractual v Technological Tying S. 290-294

Technological Tying v Interoperability in the Software Industry S. 294-298

Refusal to Deal S. 298-300

Refusal to Supply S. 300-302

Refusal to Grant Access to Essential Facilities S. 302-307

Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights: A New Exploitative Abuse of Property Rights? S. 307-314

Dependence upon a Certain Undertaking S. 314-319

Scarcity Dependence S. 319-320

Product Line-induced Dependence S. 320-321

Leading Products or Producers Dependence S. 321

Business or Demand-induced Dependence S. 321-322

Abuse of Economic Dependency: A Gap under Article 102 S. 322-325

Concluding Remarks on the Eighth German Amendment and the Case Law S. 325-327

Super-dominance v Paramount Market Position S. 327-329

Likelihood of Effects and Competition on the Merits S. 329-330

The Lock-in Effect: Microsoft & Soda Club S. 330-331

Efficiencies S. 331-333

The Balancing Test: The Public Interest and Effective Competition S. 333-336

Technical Bundling and the Unfair Interoperability Advantage S. 336-338

Economically Viable or Surviving in the Market S. 338-342

Final Concluding Remarks S. 342-346

Introduction S. 346-349

The Historical Background of the EU Unfair Competition Rules S. 349-356

The Present Relevance of the Historical Interpretation of Article 102 S. 356-359

The Elements of Unfair Competition under Article 102 S. 359-361

The Union’s Present Unfair Competition Case Law S. 361-370

The Control of Unfair Competition Acts: A Dynamic Interpretation S. 370-372

Conclusions and Reasons to Enact an Unfair Competition Control Regulation Union-wide S. 372-375

Final Remarks and Policy Recommendations for Romania S. 376-379

Final Remarks for Germany S. 379-381

Final Remarks for EU Competition Law S. 381-382

Bibliography S. 383-395

doi.org/10.5771/9783845230306

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