Zusammenfassung
Die Arbeit diskutiert die Auswirkungen der Durchsetzung von Standard-Patenten für das Wettbewerbsrecht. Die formale Standardeinstellung hat das Potenzial, zu nahezu optimalen Investitionen in Forschung und Entwicklung und gleichzeitig zur schnellen Umsetzung innovativer Standards zu führen.
Abstract
The present thesis discusses the implications of the enforcement of standard-essential patents (SEPs) for competition law. Formal standard setting has the potential to result in near-optimal investment in research and development and at the same time in rapid implementation of innovative standards.
- 73–78 Bibliography 73–78
- Bibliography
- Books
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- Articles
- Bekkers, Rudi, et al, “Selected Quantitative Studies of Patents in Standards” Available at SSRN 2457064 (2014). doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2457064
- Bessen James E., Michael J. Meurer, and Jennifer Laurissa Ford, “The Private and Social Costs of Patent Trolls.“ Boston Univ. School of Law, Law and Economics Research Paper 11-45 (2011). doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1930272
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- Camesasca, Peter, et al. “Injunctions for Standard-Essential Patents: Justice is not Blind.”, Journal of Competition Law and Economics 9: 285-287 (2013). doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nht013
- Carrier, Michael A., “Patent Assertion Entities: Six Actions the Antitrust Agencies Can Take.” CPI Antitrust Chronicle 1.2 (2013).
- Chien Colleen V. and Lemley Mark A., “Patent Holdup, the ITC and the Public Interest.”, 98 Cornell Law Review 1 (2012).
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- Contreras Jorge L., “Patent Pledges”, Arizona State Law Journal (Forthcoming 2015).
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- Elhauge Einer, “Treating RAND Commitments Neutrally.”, Journal of Competition Law and Economics 11(1): 1-22 (2015). doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nhv001
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- Ewing Tom, “Indirect Exploitation of Intellectual Property Rights by Corporations and Investors: IP Privateering and Modern Letters of Marque and Reprisal.”, Hastings Sci. & Tech. LJ 4 (2012): 1.
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- Farrell Joseph and Shapiro Carl, “How Strong Are Weak Patents?”, The American Economic Review 98: 1347-1369 (2008) doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.4.1347
- Farrell, J., Hayes, J., Shapiro, C. and Sullivan, T., “Standard Setting, Patents, and Hold-Up”, Antitrust Law Journal: 603-670 (2007).
- Gagnon Paul, “The Business Model of Patent Assertion Entities in IT: Unilateral Restraints of Competition or Business as Usual?”, Journal of Antitrust Enforcement 1(2): 375-417 (2013). doi.org/10.1093/jaenfo/jnt005
- Galetovic Alexander, Stephen Haber, and Ross Levine, “An Empirical Examination of Patent Hold-Up.”, No. w21090. National Bureau of Economic Research (2015). doi.org/10.3386/w21090
- Geradin Damien, “The European Commission Policy towards the Licensing of Standard-Essential Patents: Where Do We Stand?”, Journal of Competition Law and Economics 9(4): 1125–1145 (2013). doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nht036
- Geradin Damien and Anne Layne-Farrar, “The Logic and Limits of ex ante Competition in a Standard-Setting Environment”, Competition Policy International 3(1): 79-106 (2007).
- Geradin Damien and Rato Miguel, “Can Standard-Setting Lead to Exploitative Abuse? A Dissonant View on Patent Hold-Up, Royalty Stacking and the Meaning of FRAND.”, European Competition Journal 3(1): 101 -161 (2007). doi.org/10.5235/ecj.v3n1.101
- Gifford Daniel and Kurdle Robert, “Antitrust Approaches in Dynamically Competitive Industries in the United States and the European Union”, Journal of Competition Law and Economics 7(3): 695–731 (2011). doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nhr011
- Gilbert Richard, “Competition Policy for Industry Standards”. Available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=2273333 (2012). doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2273333
- Ginsburg Douglas and Wright Joshua, “Dynamic Analysis and the Limits of Antitrust Institutions”, Antitrust Law Journal 78(1): 1-21 (2012).
- Gotts Ilene Knable and Scott Sher, “Particular Antitrust Concerns with Patent Acquisitions.”, 8 Competition Law International 19 (2012).
- Gupta Kirti, “The Patent Policy Debate in the High-Tech World”, Journal of Competition Law and Economics 9(4): 827-858 (2013). doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nht039
- Gupta Kirti, and Mark Snyder, “Smart Phone Litigation and Standard Essential Patents” (Hoover Institution Working Group on Intellectual Property, Innovation, and Prosperity, Stanford University, Working Paper Series No. 14006, 2014). doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2492331
- Harris Robert G., “Patent Assertion Entities & Privateers: Economic Harms to Innovation & Competition.”, Antitrust Bulletin 59(2): 281-325 (2014). doi.org/10.1177/0003603X1405900204
- Hoehn Thomas and Lewis Alex, “Interoperability Remedies, FRAND Licensing and Innovation: a Review of Recent Case Law”, E.C.L.R. 34(2): 101-111 (2013).
- Hovenkamp Eric and Cotter Thomas, “Anticompetitive Injunctions, Unprotected Market Entry, and Diagonal Integration in Patent Disputes”. Available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2477965 (2015).
- Hovenkamp Herbert, “Antitrust and the Patent System: A Reexamination”. Available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2486633 (2014) doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2486633
- Hovenkamp Herbert, “Antitrust in Innovation: Where We Are and Where We Should Be Going” (University of Iowa Working Paper 12-03, 2012). Available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1611265 doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1611265
- Hovenkamp Herbert, “Competition for Innovation”, University of Iowa Legal Studies Research Paper Number 13-26. Available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2008953 (2013). doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199782796.003.0009
- Hovenkamp Herbert, “Competition in Information Technologies: Standards-Essential Patents, Non-Practicing Entities and FRAND Bidding”, University of Iowa Legal Studies Research Paper Number 12-32. Available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2154203 (2012).
- Jones Alison, “Standard-Essential Patents: FRAND Commitments, Injunctions and the Smartphone Wars”, European Competition Journal 10(1): 1-36 (2014).
- Katsoulacos Yannis, “Optimal Legal Standards for Refusals To License Intellectual Property: A Welfare-Based Analysis”, Journal of Competition Law and Economics 5(2): 269-295 (2009). doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nhn030
- Kattan Joseph, “FRAND Wars and Section 2.” Antitrust 27(3): 31 (2013).
- Kieff F. Scott and Anne Layne-Farrar, “Incentive Effects from Different Approaches to Holdup Mitigation Surrounding Patent Remedies and Standard-Setting Organizations.”, Journal of Competition Law and Economics 9(4): 1091-1123 (2013). doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nht030
- Langus Gregor, Vilen Lipatov and Damien Neven, “Standard-Essential Patents: Who Is Really Holding Up (and When)?”, Journal of Competition Law and Economics 9(2): 253-284 (2013). doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2222592
- Larouche Pierre, and Nicolo Zingales, “Injunctive Relief in Disputes Related to Standard-Essential Patents: Time for the CJEU to Set Fair and Reasonable Presumptions.”, European Competition Journal 10(3): 551-596 (2014). doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2536829
- Layne-Farrar Anne and Padilla George, “Assessing the Link between Standard-Setting and Market Power”. Available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1567026 (2010). doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1567026
- Layne-Farrar Anne, Gerard Llobet and Padilla George, “Preventing Patent Hold Up: An Economic Assessment of ex ante Licensing Negotiations in Standard Setting”, AIPLA QJ 37: 445 (2009).
- Lemley Mark A., “IP and Other Regulations.”, (Stanford Law School Working Paper Series, Paper No. 476, 2015) Available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2589278 doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2589278
- Merges Robert P., “The Trouble with Trolls: Innovation, Rent-Seeking, and Patent Law Reform.”, 24 Berkeley Technology Law Journal 1583 (2010).
- Milgrom Paul and Roberts John, “Predation, Reputation and Entry Deterrence”, 27 Journal of Economic Theory 280-312 (1982). doi.org/10.1016/0022-0531(82)90031-X
- Mintzer Erica S. and Munck Suzanne, “The Joint US Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission Workshop on Patent Assertion Entities – “Follow the Money”, Antitrust Law Journal 79(2): 423-443 (2014).
- Morton Fiona M. Scott and Shapiro Carl, “Strategic Patent Acquisitions.”, Antitrust Law Journal 79(2): 463-495 (2014).
- Mossoff Adam, “Intellectual Property and Property Rights”, George Mason University Law and Economics Series. Available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2466479 (2013). doi.org/10.4337/9781784714468
- Nagpal Pankaj, and Kalle J. Lyytinen, “Key Actors In The Mobile Telephone Industry: Feature Phone Years And The Rise Of Nokia”, Review of Business Information Systems 17(4): 171-178 (2013). doi.org/10.19030/rbis.v17i4.8239
- Popofsky Mark S. and Laufert Michael D., “Antitrust Attacks on Patent Assertion Entities”, Antitrust Law Journal 79(2): 445-462 (2014).
- Rato Miguel and Petit Nicolas, “Abuse of Dominance in Technology-Enabled Markets: Established Standards Reconsidered?”, European Competition Journal 9(1): 1-65 (2013). doi.org/10.5235/17441056.9.1.1
- Schellingerhout Ruben and Cavicchi Piero, “Patent Ambush in Standard-Setting: the Commission accepts Commitments from Rambus to Lower Memory Chip Royalty Rates”, Competition Policy Newsletter 1: 32-36 (2010).
- Sidak J. Gregory, “Patent Holdup and Oligopsonistic Collusion in Standard-Setting Organizations”, Journal of Competition Law & Economics 5(1): 123-188 (2009). doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nhp007
- Sidak J. Gregory, “The Antitrust Division’s Devaluation of Standard-Essential Patents.”, 104 The Georgetown Law Journal Online 48 (2015).
- Shelanski Howard, “Unilateral Refusals to Deal in Intellectual and Other Property”, Antitrust Law Journal: 369-395 (2009).
- Sherkow Jacob, “Preliminary Injunctions Post-Mayo and Myriad”, Stanford Law Review Online 67: 1-8 (2014).
- Smith Henry, “Property as Platform: Coordinating Standards for Technological Innovation”, Journal of Competition Law and Economics 9(4): 1057-1089 (2013). doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nht032
- Spulber Daniel F., “How Patents Provide the Foundation of the Market for Inventions.”, Journal of Competition Law and Economics 11(2): 271–316 (2015). doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nhv006
- Taylor David O., “Legislative Responses to Patent Assertion Entities.” 23 Texas Intellectual Property Law Journal 313 (2015).
- Torti Valerio, “IPRs, Competition and Standard Setting: In Search of a Model to Address Hold-Up”, E.C.L.R. 33(9): 387-397 (2012).
- Tsai Joanna, and Joshua D. Wright, “Standard Setting, Intellectual Property Rights, and the Role of Antitrust in Regulating Incomplete Contracts” (July 18, 2014), forthcoming 80.1 (2014). doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2467939
- Washington Legal Foundation, “Trolling, Licensing & Litigating: A 21st Century Patent Paradigm?”, (Spring 2013). Available at http://www.wlf.org/publishing/publication_detail.asp?id=2363
- Wright Joshua D. and Douglas H. Ginsburg, “Patent Assertion Entities and Antitrust: A Competition Cure for a Litigation Disease?”, Antitrust Law Journal 79(2): 501-526 (2015).
- Wu Tim, “Intellectual Property Experimentalism by Way of Competition Law”, 9 Competition Policy International 30 (2013).
- Cases
- E.U.
- Commission Decision, Google/Motorola Mobility (Case COMP/M.6381)[2012].
- Commission Decision, Samsung (Case Number AT.39939)[2014].
- Commission Decision, Motorola (Case Number AT.39985)[2014].
- Case C-85-76, Hoffmann-La Roche & Co AG V. Commission [1979] ECR 461. (ECJ)
- Case C170/13, Huawei V. ZTE [2015]. (ECJ)
- Case C-418/01, IMS Health GmbH & Co OHG V. NDC Health GmbH & Co KG [2004] ECR I-5039.
- IPCom v Nokia [2012] EWHC 1446 (Ch). (UK)
- IPCom v. Deutsche Telekom & Vodafone, Landgericht Düsseldorf Apr. 24, 2012, Case Number 4b O 274/10. (Germany)
- Case C-322/81, Nederlandsche Banden Industrie Michelin V. Commission (Michelin I) [1983] ECR 3461. (ECJ)
- Orange Book Standard, BGH, 6 May 2009, KZR 39/06, GRUR 2009 694. (Germany)
- Case C-7/97, Oscar Bronner GmbH & Co KG V. Mediaprint [1998] ECR I-7791. (ECJ)
- C-241-242/91 P, RTE and ITP V. Commission [1995] ECR I-743. (ECJ)
- Case C549/10 P, Tomra Systems V. Commission (Tomra) [2012]. (ECJ)
- U.S.
- Amoco Production Co. v. Gambell, 480 U. S. 531, 542 (1987).
- Apple Inc. v. Motorola, Inc., 757 F.3d 1286, 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2014).
- eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C., 126 S. Ct. 1837 (2006).
- FTC Consent Order, In the Matter of Robert Bosch GmbH (23 April 2013). Available at https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cases/2013/04/130424robertboschdo.pdf
- FTC Consent Decree, In the Matter of Motorola Mobility and Google (23 July 2013), at 8. Available at https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cases/2013/07/130724googlemotorolado.pdf
- International Trade Commission, In the Matter of Certain Electronic Devices, Including Wireless Communication Devices, portable Music and Data Processing Devices, and Tablet Computers, Inv. No. 337‐TA‐794 (4 June 2013). Available at http://www.usitc.gov/secretary/fed_reg_notices/337/337-794_notice06042013sgl.pdf
- Microsoft Corp. v. Motorola, Inc., 696 F.3d 872, 878 (9th Cir. 2012).
- Microsoft Corp. v. Motorola Inc., 864 F. Supp. 2d 1023, 1038 (W.D.Wash. 2012).
- Realtek Semiconductor Corp. v. LSI Corp., 946 F. Supp. 2d 998, 1005 (N.D. Cal. 2013).
- Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U. S. 305, 311–313 (1982).