Abstract
Amicus curiae participation in international courts is steadily growing since the late 1990 despite lack of clarity on the concept’s nature, function and utility in international dispute settlement. Does amicus curiae infuse international judicial proceedings with alternative views, including the public interest in a case, as often advocated by NGOs? Does it increase the legitimacy and transparency of international dispute settlement, or the coherence of international law? Or is it an unhelpful impostor that impedes negotiated solutions and derails the proceedings at the expense of the parties to advance its own agenda?By way of an empirical-comparative analysis of the laws and practices of the ICJ, the ITLOS, the ECtHR, the IACtHR, the IACtHPR, WTO panels and the Appellate Body, and investment arbitration the dissertation examines the status quo of amicus curiae before international courts and tribunals to determine if the current amicus curiae practice is of added value to international proceedings and international dispute settlement in general. The dissertation shows that there is no common concept of international amicus curiae, but that amicus curiae before the international courts examined share a few characteristics. A proposed functional systematization highlights overlaps and diverging uses of the concept before international courts and helps scholars and practitioners to assess the opportunities and limits of the concept. Analysis of the concept’s current regulatory framework and its substantive effectiveness reveals a hesitation in particular by courts with a strong adversarial tradition to take into account the views of a non-party despite the positive experience with the concept in regional human rights courts. The dissertation concludes that neither the expectations nor the concerns attached to amicus curiae participation in international proceedings have materialized. It argues that the concept can contribute to improved decisions and decision-making in international dispute settlement if regulated and used properly.
Zusammenfassung
Seit Ende der 90er Jahre wächst die Teilnahme von amici curiae in Verfahren vor internationalen Gerichten und Schiedsgerichten, obwohl Umfang, Funktion und Mehrwert des amicus curiae und die Folgen seiner Einbindung für Verfahren und die internationale Streitbeilegung kaum untersucht worden sind. Dieses Werk unternimmt eine umfassende empirische Bestandsaufnahme des Instruments in der völkerrechtlichen Streitbeilegung. Es definiert und ordnet das Instrument ein in das Völkerprozessrecht. Darüber hinaus prüft die Arbeit, ob die Teilnahme von amici curiae von Nutzen oder Schaden ist für Verfahren und inzident für die internationale Streitbeilegung insbesondere, ob amicus curiae Schriftsätze in Urteilen Berücksichtigung finden, und ob amici curiae effiziente Vertreter öffentlicher Interessen sind, die Legitimität und Transparenz internationaler Gerichte und ihrer Urteile erhöhen, und die Kohärenz der Völkerrechts stärken.
Schlagworte
Streitbeilegung Amicus curiae Schiedsgerichte Internationale Gerichte international courts- Aguilar Alvarez, G. and Park, W., The new face of investment arbitration: NAFTA Chapter 11, 28 The Yale Journal of International Law (2003), pp. 365-407
- Ala’ϊ, P., Judicial lobbying at the WTO – the debate over the use of amicus curiae briefs and the U.S. experience, 24 Fordham International Law Journal (2000), pp. 62-94
- Alberti, C., Iura novit curia in international commercial arbitration, in: S. Kröll/L. Mistelis/P. Perales Viscasillas/V. Rogers (Eds.), International arbitration and international commercial law – liber amicorum Eric Bergsten, Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn 2011, pp. 3-32
- Aldrich, G., The jurisprudence of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1996
- Alford, R., Reflections on US-Zeroing: a study in judicial overreaching by the WTO Appellate Body (2006-07), 45 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law (2006), pp. 196-220
- Almqvist, J., The accessibility of European Integration Courts from an NGO perspective, in: T. Treves/M. Frigessi di Rattalma et al. (Eds.), Civil society, international courts and compliance bodies, TMC Asser Press, The Hague 2005, pp. 271-291
- Alston, P., The ‘not-a-cat’ syndrome: can the international human rights regime accommodate non-state actors?, in: P. Alston (Ed.), Non-state actors and human rights, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2005, pp. 3-36
- Amerasinghe, C., Evidence in international litigation, Nijhoff, Leiden 2005
- Andersen, S., Administration of evidence in WTO dispute settlement proceedings, in: R. Yerxa/B. Wilson (Eds.), Key issues in WTO dispute settlement, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005, pp. 177-189
- Anderson, D., Article 84, in: P. Chandrasekhara Rao/P. Gautier (Eds.), The Rules of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: a commentary, Nijhoff, Leiden 2006
- Angell, E., The amicus curiae – American development of English institutions, 16 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (1967), pp. 1017-1044
- Antonietti, A., The 2006 amendments to the ICSID Rules and Regulations and the Additional Facility Rules, 21 ICSID Review (2006), pp. 427-448
- Appleton, A., Shrimp/turtle: untangling the nets, 2 Journal of International Economic Law (1999), pp. 477-496
- Appleton, A., Amicus curiae submissions in the Carbon Steel Case: another rabbit from the Appellate Body’s hat?, 3 Journal of International Economic Law (2000), pp. 691-699
- Appleton, A., Transparency, amicus curiae briefs and third party rights, discussion session, 5 Journal of World Investment and Trade (2004), pp. 341-348
- Ascensio, H., L’amicus curiae devant les juridictions internationales, 105 Revue générale de droit international public (2001), pp. 897-930
- Asteriti, A. and Tams, C., Transparency and representation of the public interest in investment treaty arbitration, in: S. Schill (Ed.), International investment law and comparative public law, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2010, pp. 787-816
- Atik, J., Legitimacy, transparency and NGO participation in the NAFTA Chapter 11 process, in: T. Weiler (Ed.), NAFTA investment law and arbitration: past issues, current practice, future prospects, Transnational Publishers, Ardsley, New York 2004, pp. 135-150
- Aust, A., Modern treaty law and practice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000
- Balasko, A., Causes de la nullité de la sentence arbitrale en droit international public, Pedone, Paris 1938
- Balcerzak, F., Jurisdiction of tribunals in investor-state arbitration and the issue of human rights, 29 ICSID Review (2014), pp. 216-230
- Banifatemi, Y., The law applicable in investment treaty arbitration, in: K. Yannaca-Small (Ed.), Arbitration under international investment agreements: a guide to the key issues, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2010, pp. 191-210
- Banner, S., The myth of the neutral amicus: American courts and their friends 1790-1890, 20 Constitutional Commentary (2003), pp. 111-130
- Barbier de La Serre, E.and Lavedan, M., Une leçon de la Cour sur l'ampleur de l'amitié: la Commission amicus curiae et les juridictions nationales, 21 Révue Lamy de la Concurrence: droit, économie, régulation, pp. 68-71
- Barker, L., Third parties in litigation: a systematic view of the judicial function, 29 The Journal of Politics (1967), pp. 41-69
- Bartholomeusz, L., The amicus curiae before international courts and tribunals, 5 Non-State Actors and International Law (2005), pp. 209-286
- Bastin, L., The amicus curiae in investor-state arbitration, 1 Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative Law (2012), pp. 208-234
- Bazán, V., Amicus curiae, transparencia del debate judicial y debido proceso, Anuario de Derecho Constitucional Latinoamericano 2004, pp. 251-280
- Beharry, C. and Kuritzky, M., Going green: managing the environment through international investment arbitration, 30 American University International Law Review (2015), pp. 383-429
- Bellhouse, J. and Lavers, A., The modern amicus curiae: a role in arbitration?, 23 Civil Justice Quarterly (2004), pp. 187-200
- Bennaim-Selvi, O., Third parties in international investment arbitrations: a trend in motion, 6 Journal of World Investment and Trade (2005), pp. 773-807
- Benzing, M., Das Beweisrecht vor internationalen Gerichten und Schiedsgerichten in zwischenstaatlichen Streitigkeiten, Springer, Heidelberg 2010
- Benzing, M., Community interests in the procedure of international courts and tribunals, 5 The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals (2006), pp. 369-408
- Bergamini, E., L’intervento amicus curiae: recenti evoluzioni di uno strumento di common law fra Unione europea e Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo, 42 Diritto communitario e degli scambi internazionali (2003), pp. 177-188
- Berger, A., Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, Vol. 43, American Philosophical Society 1968
- Bergman, N., Transparency of the proceedings and third party participation, in C. Giorgetti (Ed.), Litigating international investment disputes: a practitioner’s guide, Leiden 2014, pp. 375-410
- Bermann, G., Navigating EU law and the law of international arbitration, 28 Arbitration International (2012), pp. 397-445
- Bernhardt, R., Institut de Droit International, Judicial and arbitral settlement of disputes involving more than two states, Session 11 (Berlin), 68 Institute of International Law Annuaire (1999)
- Bernhardt, R., Evolutive treaty interpretation, especially of the European Convention on Human Rights, 42 German Yearbook of International Law (1999), pp. 11-25
- Bianchi. A. (Ed.), Non-state actors and international law, Ashgate, Farnham 2009
- Biehler, G., Procedures in international law, Springer, Berlin 2008
- Bjorklund, A., The participation of amici curiae in NAFTA Chapter Eleven Cases, 2002, at: http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/participate-e.pdf (last visited: 5.4.2015)
- Bjorklund, A., Applicable law in international investment disputes, in: C. Giorgetti (Ed.), Litigating international investment disputes – a practitioner’s guide, Leiden et al. 2014, pp. 261-286
- Blackaby, N. and Richard, C., Amicus curiae: a panacea for legitimacy in investment arbitration?, in: M. Waibel et al. (Eds.), The backlash against investment arbitration: perceptions and reality, Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn 2010, pp. 253-274
- Bluemel, E., Overcoming NGO accountability concerns in international governance, 31 Brooklyn Journal of International Law (2005), pp. 139-206
- Bogdan, M., General principles of law and the problem of lacunae in the law of nations, 46 Nordisk Tidsskrift Internasjonal Ret (1977), pp. 37-53
- Boisson de Chazournes, L., The World Bank Inspection Panel: about public participation and dispute settlement, in: T. Treves/M. Frigessi di Rattalma et al. (Eds.), Civil society, international courts and compliance bodies, TMC Asser Press, The Hague 2005, pp. 187-203
- Boisson de Chazournes, L., Transparency and amicus curiae briefs, 5 Journal of World Investment and Trade (2004), pp. 333-336
- Boisson de Chazournes, L. and Mbengue, M., The amici curiae and the WTO dispute settlement system: the doors are open, 2 The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals (2003), pp. 205-248
- Bolton, J., Should we take global governance seriously?, 1 Chicago Journal of International Law (2000), pp. 205-221
- Born, G., International arbitration: law and practice, Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn 2012
- Bowett, D., Contemporary developments in legal techniques in the settlement of disputes, 180 Receuil des Cours (1983-II), pp. 169-235
- Boyle, A., Dispute settlement and the Law of the Sea Convention: problems of fragmentation and jurisdiction, 46 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (1997), pp. 37-54
- Bretton-Le Goff, G., NGOs’ perspectives on non-state actors, in: J. d’Aspremont (Ed.), Participants in the international legal system: multiple perspectives on non-state actors in international law, Routledge, London et al. 2011, pp. 248-266
- Brower, C., Obstacles and pathways to consideration of the public interest in investment treaty disputes, in: K. Sauvant (Ed.), Yearbook on international investment law & policy, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2008-2009, pp. 347-378
- Brower, C., Structure, legitimacy and NAFTA’s investment chapter, 36 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law (2003), pp. 37-94
- Brower, C., The anatomy of fact-finding before international tribunals: an analysis and a proposal concerning the evaluation of evidence, in: R. Lillich (Ed.), Fact-finding by international tribunals: eleventh Sokol colloquium, Transnational Publishers, Ardsley-on-Hudson 1992, pp. 147-151
- Brown, C., A common law of international adjudication, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2007
- Brown, C., The cross-fertilization of principles relating to procedure and remedies in the jurisprudence of international courts and tribunals, 30 Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review (2008), pp. 219-245
- Brown, C., Bringing sustainable development issues before investment treaty tribunals, in: M.-C. Cordonier Segger/M. Gehring et al. (Eds.), Sustainable development in world investment law, Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan Rijn 2011, pp. 171-188
- Brown, L. and Jacobs, F., The Court of Justice of the European Communities 3rd Ed., Sweet and Maxwell, London 1989
- Brownlie, I., Principles of public international law, Oxford University Press, 6th Ed. Oxford 2003
- Brownlie, I., The individual before tribunals exercising international justice, 11 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (1962), pp. 701-720
- Brühwiler, C., Amicus curiae in the WTO dispute settlement procedure: a developing country’s foe?, 60 Aussenwirtschaft (2005), pp. 347-396
- Brus, M., Third party dispute settlement in an interdependent world: developing a theoretical framework, Nijhoff, Dordrecht et al. 1995
- Buergenthal, T., Advisory practice of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 79 American Journal of International Law (1985), pp. 1-27
- Buergenthal, T., Shelton, D. and Stewart, D., International human rights in a nutshell, 4th Ed., West, St. Paul 2009
- Burghardt, B., Die Rechtsvergleichung in der völkerstrafrechtlichen Rechtsprechung, in: S. Beck/C. Burchard/B. Fateh-Moghadam (Eds.), Strafrechtsvergleichung als Problem und Lösung, Nomos, Baden-Baden 2011, pp. 235-254
- Burgstaller, M., European law and investment treaties, 26 Journal of International Arbitration (2009), pp. 181-216
- Bürli, N. , Amicus curiae as a means to reinforce the legitimacy of the European Court of Human Rights, in: S. Flogaitis et al. (Eds.), The European Court of Human Rights and its discontents, Elgar, Cheltenham et al. 2013, pp. 135-146
- Caldeira, G. and Wright, J., Amici curiae before the Supreme Court: who participates, when and how much?, 32 Journal of Politics (1996), pp. 782-806
- Callewaert, J., The judgments of the court: background and content, in: R. Macdonald/F. Matscher/H. Petzold (Eds.), The European system for the protection of human rights, Nijhoff, Dordrecht 1993, pp. 713-731
- Cançado Trindade, A., The operation of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, in: D. Harris/S. Livingstone (Eds.), The Inter-American system of human rights, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1998, pp. 133-149
- Cançado Trindade, A., The emancipation of the individual from his own state: the historical recovery of the human person as subject of the law of nations, in: S. Breitenmoser et al. (Eds.), Human rights, democracy and the rule of law – liber amicorum Luzius Wildhaber, Dike Verlag, Zürich et al. 2007, pp. 151-171
- Cançado Trindade, A., The right of access to justice in the inter-American system of human rights protection, 17 Italian Yearbook of International Law (2007), pp. 7-24
- Canivet, G., L’organisation de la Cour de cassation favorise-t-elle l’élaboration de sa jurisprudence?, in: N. Molfessis (Ed.), La Cour de cassation et l’élaboration du droit, Economica, Paris 2004, p. 3
- Cappelletti, M., Giudici legislatori?, Milan 1984
- Carvajal Isunza, G. and Gonzalez Rojas, F., Evidentiary issues in NAFTA Chapter 11 arbitration: searching for the truth between states and investors, in: T. Weiler (Ed.), NAFTA investment law and arbitration: past issues, current practice, future prospects, Transnational Publishers, New York 2004, pp. 287-312
- Cassel, J., Enforcing environmental human rights: selected strategies of U.S. NGOs, 6 Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights (2007), pp. 104-127
- Center for International Environmental Law, Protecting the public interest in international dispute settlement: the amicus curiae phenomenon, 2009, at: http://www.ciel.org/Publications/Protecting_ACP_Dec09.pdf (last visited: 29.8.2017)
- Chandrasekhara Rao, P. and Gautier, P. (Eds.), The Rules of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: a commentary, Nijhoff, Leiden 2006
- Charney, J., The impact on the international legal system of the growth of international courts and tribunals, 31 NYU Journal of International Law and Politics (1999), pp. 697-708
- Charney, J., Is international law threatened by multiple international tribunals?, 271 Receuil des Cours (1998), pp. 101-382
- Charnovitz, S., Participation of nongovernmental organizations in the World Trade Organization, 17 University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law (1996), pp. 331-357
- Charnovitz, S., Nongovernmental organizations and international law, 100 American Journal of International Law (2006), pp. 348-372
- Charnovitz, S., Opening the WTO to nongovernmental interests, 24 Fordham International Law Journal (2000), pp. 173-216
- Chen, P., The information role of amici curiae briefs in Gonzalez v. Raich, 31 Southern Illinois University Law Journal (2007), pp. 217-241
- Cheng, B., General principles of law as applied by international courts and tribunals, Stevens, London 1953
- Chinkin, C., Third parties in international law, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1993
- Chinkin, C., Article 63, in: A. Zimmernann/C. Tomuschat/K. Oellers-Frahm/C. Tams (Eds.), The Statute of the International Court of Justice: a commentary, 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012
- Chinkin, C. and Mackenzie, R., International organizations as ‘friends of the court’, in: L. Boisson de Chazournes et al. (Eds.), International organizations and international dispute settlement: trends and prospects, Transnational Publishers, Ardsley 2002, pp. 295-311
- Choudhury, B., Recapturing public power: is investment arbitration’s engagement of the public interest contributing to the democratic deficit?, 41 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law (2008), pp. 775-832
- Clark, D., Use of the amicus curiae brief in American judicial procedure in comparative perspective, 80 RabelsZ (2016), pp. 327-371
- Clark, P. and Morrison, P., Key procedural issues: transparency, 32 International Lawyer (1998), pp. 851-862
- Coe, J., Transparency in the resolution of investor-state disputes – adoption, adaptation, and NAFTA leadership, 54 Kansas Law Review (2006), pp. 1339-1385
- Cohen Smutny, A., Investment treaty arbitration and commercial arbitration: are they different ball games? The actual conduct, in: A. van den Berg (Ed.), 50 years New York Convention, Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn 2009, pp. 167-177
- Coleman, M. and Williams, K., South Africa’s bilateral investment treaties, black economic empowerment and mining: a fragmented meeting?, 9 Business Law International (2008), pp. 56-94
- Collins, P., Friends of the court: examining the influence of amicus curiae participation in US Supreme Court litigation, 38 Law & Society Review (2004), pp. 807-832
- Collins, P. and Martinek, W., Amicus participation in the US Court of Appeals, paper prepared for delivery at the 81st Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, Atlanta, USA, 2010 (on file)
- Coslin, C. and Lapillonne, D., France and the concept of amicus curiae: what lies ahead?, 4 Paris International Litigation Bulletin (2012), pp. 14-15
- Cossy, M., Panels’ consultations with scientific experts: the right to seek information under Article 13 of the DSU, in: R. Yerxa/B. Wilson (Eds.), Key issues in WTO dispute settlement, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005, pp. 204-220
- Couvreur, P., Le règlement juridictionnel, in: L. Lucchini (Ed.), Le processus de délimitation maritime: étude d’un cas fictif: Colloque international, Monaco, 27 au 29 mars 2003, Institut du Droit Économique de la Mer, Pedone, Paris 2004, pp. 349-388
- Covelli, N., Member intervention in World Trade Organization dispute settlement proceedings after “EC-Sardines”: the rules, jurisprudence, and controversy, 37 Journal of World Trade (2003), pp. 673-690
- Covey, F., Amicus curiae: friend of the court, 9 De Paul Law Review (1968-1969), pp. 30-37
- Crawford, J. and Marks, S., The global democracy deficit: an essay on international law and its limits, in: D. Archibugi/D. Held/M. Köhler (Eds.), Re-imagining political community, Stanford University Press, Stanford 1998, pp. 72-90
- Crema, L., Tracking the origins and testing the fairness of the instruments of fairness: amici curiae in international litigation, Jean Monnet Working Paper 09/12, 2012
- Crema, L., Investor rights and well-being: remarks on the interpretation of investment treaties in light of other rights, in: T. Treves et al. (Eds.), Foreign investment, international law and common concerns, Routledge, London 2013, pp. 50-70
- Croley, S. and Jackson, J., WTO dispute procedures, standard of review, and deference to national governments, 90 American Journal of International Law (1996), pp. 193-213
- Crook, J., Consilium principis – imperial councils and counsellors from Augustus to Diocletian, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1955
- Cutler, C., Critical reflections on the Westphalian assumptions of international law and organization: a crisis of legitimacy, in: A. Bianchi (Ed.), Non-state actors and international law, Ashgate, Farnham 2009, pp. 19-36
- Damrosch, L. (Ed.), The International Court of Justice at a crossroads, Transnational Publishers, Dobbs Ferry 1987
- Daniel, T., Expert evidence before the ICJ, Paper presented at the Third Bi-Annual Conference of ABLOS 2003, at: http://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/ABLOS/ABLOS_Conf3/PAPER1-3.PDF (last visited: 28.9.2017)
- Davidson, S., The Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Aldershot, Dartmouth 1992
- De Brabandere, E., Non-state actors in international dispute settlement: pragmatism in international law, in: J. d’Aspremont (Ed.), Participants in the international legal system: multiple perspectives on non-state actors in international law, Routledge, London et al. 2011, pp. 342-359
- De Brabandere, E., NGOs and the „public interest“ – the legality and rationale of amicus curiae interventions in international economic and investment disputes, 12 Chinese Journal of International Law (2011), pp. 85-113
- De Cesari, P., NGOs and the activities of the ad hoc criminal tribunals for former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, in: T. Treves et al. (Eds.), Civil society, international courts and compliance bodies, TMC Asser Press, The Hague 2005, pp. 113-119
- De Palma, A., NAFTA’s powerful little secret: Obscure tribunals settle disputes, but go too far, critics say, The New York Times, 11 March 2001, at: http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/11/business/nafta-s-powerful-little-secret-obscure-tribunals-settle-disputes-but-go-too-far.html (last visited: 28.9.2017)
- De Piérola y Balta, N. and Loayza Tamayo, C., Los Informes de Amici Curiae Ante La Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, 12 Anuario de derecho internacional (1996), pp. 451-487
- De Schutter, O., Sur l’émergence de la société civile en droit international: le rôle des associations devant la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, 7 European Journal of International Law (1996), pp. 372-410
- Del Vecchio, A., International courts and tribunals, standing, in: R. Wolfrum et al. (Eds.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law online, Oxford University Press, New York, last updated 2010
- Delbez, L., Les principes généraux du contentieux international, Pichon et Durand-Auzias, Paris 1962
- Dolidze, A., The Arctic Sunrise and NGOs in international judicial proceedings, 18 ASIL Insight (2014), at: https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/18/issue/1/arctic-sunrise-and-ngos-international-judicial-proceedings (last visited: 28.9.2017).
- Dolidze, A., Making international property law: the role of amici curiae in international judicial decision-making, 40 Syracuse Journal of International and Comparative Law (2013), pp. 119-153
- Dolidze, A., Bridging comparative and international law: amicus curiae as a vertical legal transplant, 26 European Journal of International Law (2016), pp. 851-880
- Dolle, T., Streitbeilegung im Rahmen von Freihandelsabkommen, Baden-Baden 2015.
- Dumberry, P., The admissibility of amicus curiae briefs by NGOs in investor-states arbitration, 1 Non-state actors and international law (2001), pp. 201-214
- Dunoff, J., The misguided debate over NGO participation at the WTO, 4 Journal of International Economic Law (1998), pp. 433-456
- Dupuy, P., Unification rather than fragmentation of international law? The case of international investment law and human rights law, in: P. Dupuy et al. (Eds.), Human rights in international investment law and arbitration, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009, pp. 45-62
- Dupuy, P., Article 34, in: A. Zimmermann/C. Tomuschat/K. Oellers-Frahm/C. Tams (Eds.), The Statute of the International Court of Justice, 2nd Ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012
- Durling, J. and Hardin, D., Amicus curiae participation in WTO dispute settlement: reflections on the past decade, in: R. Yerxa/B. Wilson (Eds.), Key issues in WTO dispute settlement, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005, pp. 221-231
- Eastman, Z., NAFTA’s Chapter 11: for whose benefit?, 16 Journal of International Arbitration (1999), pp. 105-118
- ECCHR, Human rights inapplicable in international investment arbitration? – A commentary on the non-admissibility of ECCHR and indigenous communities as amici curiae before the ICSID tribunal, online publication, July 2012, at: http://www.ecchr.de/worldbank.html (last visited: 28.9.2017).
- Editors, Note on amici curiae, 34 Harvard Law Review (1921), pp. 773-776.
- Ehlermann, C.-D., Reflections on the Appellate Body of the WTO, 6 Journal of International Economic Law (2003), pp. 695-708
- Ehlermann, C.-D., Six years on the bench of the World Trade Court, 36 Journal of World Trade (2002), pp. 605-639
- Ehring, L., Public access to dispute settlement hearings in the World Trade Organization, 11 Journal of International Economic Law (2008), pp. 1-14
- Elias, T., The limits of the right to intervention in a case before the International Court of Justice, in: R. Bernhardt et al. (Eds.), Völkerrecht als Rechtsordnung, internationale Gerichtsbarkeit und Menschenrechte, Festschrift für Hermann Mosler, Springer, Berlin et al. 1983, pp. 84-99.
- Ennis, B., Effective amicus briefs, 33 Catholic University Law Review (1984), pp. 603-609
- Epstein, L., A comparative analysis of the evolution, rules, and, usage of amicus curiae briefs in the US Supreme Court and in state courts of last resort, Conference Paper 1989, at: http://epstein.wustl.edu/research/conferencepapers.1989SWPSA.pdf (last visited: 28.9.2017)
- Esty, D., We the people: civil society and the World Trade Organization, in: M. Bronckers/R. Quick (Eds.), New directions in international economic law – essays in honour of John H. Jackson, Kluwer Law International,The Hague 2000, pp. 87-109
- Evans, D. and de Tarson Pereira, C., DSU review: a view from the inside, in: R. Yerxa/B. Wilson (Eds.), Key issues in WTO dispute settlement, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005, pp. 251-268
- Farber, D., When the court has a party, how many ‘friends’ show up? A note on the statistical distribution of amicus brief filings, 24 Constitutional Commentary (2007), pp. 19-42
- Fischer, G., Les rapports entre l’Organisation Internationale du Travail et la Cour permanente de Justice internationale: contribution à l’étude du problème de la séparation des pouvoirs dans le domaine international, Diss. Geneva, Pedone, Paris 1946
- Fitzmaurice, G., The law and procedure of the International Court of Justice, Vol. 2, Grotius, Cambridge 1986
- Forcese, C., Does the sky fall? NAFTA Chapter 11 dispute settlement and democratic accountability, 14 Michigan State Journal of International Law (2006), pp. 315-343
- Ford, C., What are friends for? In NAFTA Chapter 11 disputes, accepting amici would help lift the curtain of secrecy surrounding investor-state arbitrations, 11 Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas (2005), pp. 207-253
- Foster, C., Social science experts and amicus curiae briefs in international courts and tribunals: the WTO Biotech Case, 52 Netherlands International Law Review (2005), pp. 433-459
- Foster, W., Fact finding and the world court, 7 Canadian Yearbook of International Law (1969), pp. 150-191
- Franck, S., Empirically evaluating claims about investment arbitration, 86 North Carolina Law Review (2007), pp. 1-87
- French, D., Treaty interpretation and incorporation of extraneous legal rules, 55 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (2006), pp. 281-314
- Frey, A., Amici curiae: friends of the court or nuisances?, 33 Litigation (2006-2007), pp. 5-7
- Frigessi di Rattalma, M., NGOs before the European Court of Human Rights: beyond amicus curiae participation, in: T. Treves et al. (Eds.), Civil society, international courts and compliance bodies, TMC Asser Press, The Hague 2005, pp. 57-66
- Fry, J. and Repousis, O., Towards a new world for investor-state arbitration through transparency, 48 NYU Journal of International Law and Politics (2016), pp. 795-865
- Gaillard, E. and Banifatemi, Y., The meaning of “and” in Article 42(1), second sentence of the Washington Convention: the role of international law in the choice of law process, 18 ICSID Review (2003), pp. 375-411
- Gao, H., Amicus curiae in WTO dispute settlement: theory and practice, 1 China Rights Forum (2006), pp. 51-57
- Gautier, P., NGOs and law of the sea disputes, in: T. Treves et al. (Eds.), Civil society, international courts and compliance bodies, TMC Asser Press, The Hague 2005, pp. 233-242
- Gerlich, O., More than a friend? The European Commission’s amicus curiae participation in investor-state arbitration, in: G. Adinolfi et al. (Eds.), International economic law, Springer 2017, pp. 253-269
- Giovannini, T., International arbitration and iura novit curia, in: B. Cremades/M. Fernández-Ballesteros (Eds.), Liber amicorum Bernardo Cremades, La Ley, Madrid 2010, pp. 495-509
- Gomien, D., Harris, D. and Zwaak, L., Law and practice of the European Convention on Human Rights and the European Social Charter, Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg 1996
- González-Bueno, C. and Lozano, L., More than a friend of the court: the evolving role of the European Commission in investor-state arbitration, Kluwer Arbitration Blog, 26 January 2015, at: http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2015/01/26/more-than-a-friend-of-the-court-the-evolving-role-of-the-european-commission-in-investor-state-arbitration/ (last visited: 28.9.2017)
- Göttsche, G., Die Anwendung von Rechtsprinzipien in der Spruchpraxis der WTO-Rechtsmittelinstanz, Diss. Hamburg 2004, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2005
- Gressman, E. et al. (Eds.), Supreme Court practice, 9th Ed., BNA Books, Washington 2007
- Gross, L., Participation of individuals in advisory proceedings before the International Court of Justice: question of equality between the parties, 52 American Journal of International Law (1958), pp. 16-40
- Gruner, M., Accounting for the public interest in international arbitration, 41 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law (2003), pp. 923-964
- Günther, K., Zulässigkeit und Grenzen der Intervention bei Streitigkeiten vor dem IGH, 34 Germany Yearbook of International Law (1991), pp. 254-295
- Haines-Ferrari, M., Mercosur: individual access and the dispute settlement mechanism, in: J. Cameron/ K. Campbell (Eds.), Dispute resolution in the World Trade Organization, Cameron May, London 1998, pp. 270-284
- Happ, R., Rule 37, in: R. Schütze (Ed.), Institutionelle Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit, Kommentar, 2nd Ed., Carl Heymanns Verlag, Cologne 2011
- Harlow, C., Public law and popular justice, 65 Modern Law Review (2002), pp. 1-18
- Harrington, J., Amici curiae in the federal courts of appeals: how friendly are they?, 55 Case Western Reserve Law Review (2005), pp. 667-699
- Harris, D., O’Boyle, M. and Warbrick, C., Law of the European Convention on Human Rights, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009
- Harrison, J., Human rights arguments in “amicus curiae” submissions: promoting social justice?, in: P.M. Dupuy/F. Francioni/E.U. Petersmann (Eds.), Human rights in international investment law and arbitration, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009, pp. 396-421
- Helfer, L. and Slaughter, A., Toward a theory of effective supranational adjudication, 107 Yale Law Journal (1997), pp. 273-391
- Hernandez, G., Non-state actors from the perspective of the International Court of Justice, in: J. d’Aspremont (Ed.), Participants in the international legal system: multiple perspectives on non-state actors in international law, Routledge, London 2011, pp. 140-164
- Hess, B. and Wiik, A., Affected individuals in proceedings before the ICJ, the ITLOS and the ECHR, in: H. Hestermeyer et al. (Eds.), Coexistence, cooperation and solidarity – liber amicorum Rüdiger Wolfrum, Nijhoff, Leiden 2012, pp. 1639-1660
- Higgins, R.., Remedies and the International Court of Justice: an introduction, in: M. Evans (Ed.), Remedies in international law, Hart, Oxford 1998
- Higgins, R., Respecting sovereign states and running a tight courtroom, 50 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (2001), pp. 121-132
- Higgins, R., International courts and tribunals – the challenges ahead, 7 The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals (2008), pp. 261-264
- Higgins, R., International law in a changing international system, 58 Cambridge Law Journal (1999), pp. 78-95
- Highet, K., Evidence and proof of facts, in: L. Damrosch (Ed.), The International Court of Justice at a crossroads, Transnational Publishers, New York 1987, pp. 355-375
- Highet, K., Evidence, the Court and the Nicaragua case, 81 American Journal of International Law (1987), pp. 1-56
- Hirte, H., Der amicus-curiae-brief: Das amerikanische Modell und die deutschen Parallelen, 104 Zeitschrift für Zivilprozess (1991), pp. 11-66
- Hitzig, H., Die Assessoren der römischen Magistrate und Richter, Ackermann, München 1893
- Hobér, K., Arbitration involving states, in: L. Newman/R. Hill (Eds.), The leading arbitrators’ guide to international arbitration, Juris Publishing, Huntington, New York 2008, Chapter 8
- Hoekman, B. and Howse, R., European Community–Sugar: subsidization and the World Trade Organization, Policy Research Working Paper 4336, 2007, at: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/1813-9450-4336 (last visited: 28.9.2017)
- Hollis, D., Private actors in public international law: amicus curiae and the case for the retention of state sovereignty, 25 Boston College International and Comparative Law Review (2002), pp. 235-255
- Housman, R., Symposium: democratizing international trade decision-making, 27 Cornell International Law Journal (1994), pp. 699-747
- Howse, R., Membership and its privileges: the WTO, civil society, and the amicus brief controversy, 9 European Journal of International Law (2003), pp. 496-510
- Howse, R., Adjudicative legitimacy and treaty interpretation in international trade law: the early years of WTO jurisprudence, in: J. Weiler (Ed.), The EU, the WTO and the NAFTA, Oxford 2000, pp. 35-69
- Howse, R., How to begin to think about the “democratic deficit at the WTO”, in: R. Howse (Ed.), The WTO system: law, politics and legitimacy, London 2007, pp. 57-75
- Hudson, M., The Permanent Court of International Justice, 1920-1942: a treatise, Macmillan Publishers, New York 1943
- Hunter, M. and Barbuk, A., Procedural aspects of non-disputing party interventions in Chapter 11 arbitrations, 3 Asper Review of International Business and Trade Law (2003), pp. 151-184
- Ishikawa, T., Third party participation in investment treaty arbitration, 59 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (2010), pp. 373-412
- Jackson, J., The varied policies of international juridical bodies – reflections on theory and practice, 25 Michigan Journal of International Law (2004), pp. 869-878
- Jagusch S. and Sullivan, J., A comparison of ICSID and UNCITRAL arbitration: areas of divergence and concern, in: M. Waibel et al. (Eds.), The backlash against investment arbitration: perceptions and reality, Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn 2010, pp. 79-109
- Jansen, B., Die Rolle der Privatwirtschaft im Streitschlichtungsverfahren der WTO, 3 Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien (2000), pp. 293-305
- Jenks, W., The status of international organizations in relation to the International Court of Justice, 32 Transactions of the Grotius Society (1946), pp. 1-41
- Jennings, R., The role of the International Court of Justice, 68 British Yearbook of International Law (1997), pp. 1-63
- Jennings, R., International lawyers and the progressive development of international law, in: J. Makarczyk (Ed.), Theory of international law at the threshold of the 21st century: essays in honour of Krzystof Skubiszewski, Kluwer Law International, The Hague 1996, pp. 413-424
- Jennings, R., The International Court of Justice after fifty years, 89 American Journal of International Law (1995), pp. 493-505
- JIEL Editors, Note by Editors, 3 Journal of International Economic Law (2000), pp. 701-706
- Jillmann, B., The access of individuals to international trade dispute settlement, 13 Journal of International Arbitration (1996), pp. 143-169.
- Jiménez de Arechaga, E., Intervention under Article 62 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in: R. Bernhardt et al. (Eds.), Völkerrecht als Rechtsordnung, internationale Gerichtsbarkeit und Menschenrechte, Festschrift für Hermann Mosler, Springer, Berlin et al. 1983, pp. 453-465
- Johnson, L. and Tuerk, E., CIEL’s experience in WTO dispute settlement: challenges and complexities from a practical point of view, in: T. Treves et al. (Eds.), Civil society, international courts and compliance bodies, TMC Asser Press, The Hague 2005, pp. 243-260
- Jonas, O., The participation of the amicus curiae institution in human rights litigation in Botswana and South Africa: a tale of two jurisdictions, 58 Journal of African Law (2015), pp. 329-354
- Jörs, P., Geschichte und System des römischen Privatrechts, Springer, Berlin 1927
- Joseph, S., Democratic deficit, participation and the WTO, in: S. Joseph/D. Kinley/J. Waincymer, The World Trade Organization and human rights, Cheltenham and Northampton 2009, pp. 313-343
- JUSTICE/Public Law Project, A matter of public interest – Reforming the law and practice on interventions in public interest cases, 1996, at: http://booking.publiclawproject.org.uk/old-site/downloads/PublicInterest.pdf (last visited: 28.9.2017)
- Karamanian, S., The place of human rights in investor-state arbitration, 17 Lewis & Clark Law Review (2013), pp. 423-447
- Kaser, M. and Hackel, K., Das römische Zivilprozessrecht, 2nd Ed., C.H. Beck, Munich 1996
- Kaufmann-Kohler, G., Non-disputing state submissions in investment arbitration: resurgence of diplomatic protection?, in: L. Boisson de Chazournes et al. (Eds.), Diplomatic and judicial means of dispute settlement, Nijhoff, Leiden 2013, pp. 307-326
- Kaufmann-Kohler, G., Interpretative powers of the Free Trade Commission and the rule of law, in: E. Gaillard et al. (Eds.), Fifteen years of NAFTA Chapter 11 arbitration, Juris Publishing, Inc., New York 2011, pp. 175-194
- Kaufmann-Kohler, G. and Potestà, M., Can the Mauritius Convention serve as a model for the reform of investor-state arbitration in connection with the introduction of a permanent investment tribunal or an appeal mechanism?, CIDS Research Paper, 3 June 2016, at: http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/CIDS_Research_Paper_Mauritius.pdf (last visited: 28.9.2017)
- Kawharu, A., Participation of non-governmental organizations in investment arbitration as amici curiae, in: M. Waibel et al. (Eds.), The backlash against investment arbitration: perceptions and reality, Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn 2010, pp. 275-295
- Kay, R., Judicial policy making and the peculiar function of the law, 40 Connecticut Law Review (2008), pp. 1261-1286
- Kazazi, M. and Shifman, B., Evidence before international tribunals – introduction, 1 International Law Forum (1999), pp. 193-196
- Kearney, J. and Merrill, T., The influence of amicus curiae briefs on the Supreme Court, 148 University of Pennsylvania Law Review (2000), pp. 743-853
- Kelsen, H., Principles of international law, Rinehart & Company, New York 1952
- Kelsen, H., General theory of law and state, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1949
- Kent, A. and Trinidad, J., International law scholars as amici curiae: an emerging dialogue (of the deaf)?, 29 Leiden Journal of International Law (2016), pp. 1081-1101
- Keohane, R., Global governance and democratic accountability, in: R. Wilkinson (Ed.), The global governance reader, Routledge, London 2005, pp. 121-139
- Kessedijan, C., La nécessité de generaliser l’institution de l’amicus curiae dans le contentieux privé international, in: H. Mansel et al. (Eds.), Festschrift für Erik Jayme, Sellier European Law Publishers, Munich 2004, Vol. I, pp. 403-408
- Kessedijan, C., Uniformity v. diversity in law in a global world – the example of commercial and procedural law, 61 Revue hellénique de droit international (2008), pp. 319-333
- Kessedjian, C., De quelques pistes pour l’encadrement procédural de l’intervention des amici curiae, 8 European Journal of Law Reform (2006), pp. 29-111
- Kessedjian, C., Codification du droit commercial international et droit international privé: de la gouvernance pour les relations économiques transnationales, 300 Receuil des cours (2002), pp. 79-308
- Knahr, C., Participation of non-state actors in the dispute settlement system of the WTO: benefit or burden?, Diss. Vienna, 2006, Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2007
- Knahr, C. and Reinisch, A., Transparency versus confidentiality in international investment arbitration – the Biwater Gauff compromise, 6 The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals (2007), pp. 97-118
- Kochevar, S., Amici curiae in civil law jurisdictions, 122 Yale Law Journal (2013), pp. 1653-1669
- Koepp, J., Die Intervention im WTO-Streitbeilegungsverfahren, Eine rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung im internationalen Verfahrensrecht, Diss. Hamburg 2001, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2002
- Kokott, J., Das interamerikanische System zum Schutze der Menschenrechte, Diss. Heidelberg 1985, Springer, Berlin 1986
- Kokott, J., Beweislastverteilung und Prognoseentscheidungen bei der Inanspruchnahme von Grund- und Menschenrechten, Habil. Heidelberg 1992, Springer, Berlin, 1993
- Kolb, R., General principles of procedural law, in: A. Zimmermann/C. Tomuschat/K. Oellers-Frahm/C. Tams (Eds.), The Statute of the International Court of Justice: a commentary, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012
- Kooijmans, P., The role of non-state actors and international dispute settlement, in: W. Heere (Ed.), From government to governance: the growing impact of non-state actors on the international and European legal system, TMC Asser Press, The Hague 2003, pp. 21-27
- Krislov, S., The amicus curiae brief: from friendship to advocacy, 72 Yale Law Journal (1963), pp. 694-721
- Krommerdijk, J. and Morijn, J., ‘Proportional’ by what measure(s)? Balancing investor interests and human rights by way of applying the proportionality principle in investor-state arbitration, in: P.M. Dupuy/F. Francioni/ E.U. Petersmann (Eds.), Human rights in international investment law and arbitration, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009, pp. 422-451
- Kühne, U., Amicus Curiae, Heidelberg 2015
- Kulick, A., Global public interest in investment treaty arbitration, Diss. Tübingen, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2012
- Kurkela, M. and Turunen, S., Due process in international commercial arbitration, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford 2010
- Kuyper, P., The Appellate Body and the facts, in: M. Bronckers/R. W. Quick (Eds.), New directions in international economic law: essays in honour of John H. Jackson, Kluwer Law International, The Hague 2000, pp. 309-323
- Lacarte, J., Transparency, public debate and participation by NGOs in the WTO: a WTO perspective, 7 Journal of International Economic Law (2004), pp. 683-686
- Lachs, M., Evidence in the procedure of the International Court of Justice: role of the Court, in: E. Bello/B. Ajibola (Eds.), Essays in honour of Judge Taslim Olawale Elias, Nijhoff, Dordrecht 1992, pp. 265-276
- Laidhold, M., Private party access to the WTO: do recent developments in international trade dispute resolution really give private organizations a voice in the WTO?, 12 The Transnational Lawyer (1999), pp. 427-450
- Lauterpacht, E., Principles of procedure in international litigation, 345 Receuil des Cours (2009), pp. 387-530
- Lauterpacht, H., The so-called Anglo-American and continental schools of thought in international law, 12 British Yearbook of International Law (1931), pp. 31-62
- Lauterpacht, H., The development of international law by the International Court, Stevens, London 1958
- Lauterpacht, H., The revision of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, 1 The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals (2002), pp. 55-128
- Lauterpacht, H., The absence of an international legislature and the compulsory jurisdiction of international tribunals, 11 British Yearbook of International Law (1930), pp. 134-157
- Lester, A., Amici curiae: third-party interventions before the European Court of Human Rights, in: F. Matscher/H. Petzold (Eds.), Protecting human rights: the European dimension – studies in honour of Gérard J. Wiarda, Carl Heymanns Verlag, Cologne 1988, pp. 341-350
- Levine, E., Amicus curiae in international investment arbitration: the implications of an increase in third-party participation, 29 Berkeley Journal of International Law (2011), pp. 200-224
- Lew, J., Iura novit curia and due process, in: L. Lévy/S. Lazareff (Eds.), Liber amicorum en l’honneur de Serge Lazareff, Pedone, Paris 2011, pp. 397-417
- Lim, C. L. , The amicus brief issue at the WTO, 4 Chinese Journal of International Law (2005), pp. 85-120
- Lindblom, A., Non-governmental organisations in international law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005
- Acosta López, J., The Cotton Field Case: gender perspective and feminist theories in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights jurisprudence, 21 Revista Colombiana de Derecho Internacional (2012), pp. 17-54
- Loukis, L., Standards of proof in proceedings under the European Convention of Human Rights, in: J. Velu (Ed.), Présence du droit public et des droits de l’homme, mélanges offerts à Jacques Velu, Vol. III, Bruylant, Brussels 1992, pp. 1431-1443
- Lowe, V., The function of litigation in international society, 61 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (2012), pp. 209-222
- Lowe, V., Private disputes and the public interest in international law, in: D. French et al. (Eds.), International law and dispute settlement: new problems and techniques – liber amicorum John G. Merrills, Hart, Oxford 2010, pp. 3-16
- Lowman, M., The litigating amicus curiae: when does the party begin after the friends leave?, 41 American University Law Review (1992), p. 1243-1299
- Luhmann, N., Legitimation durch Verfahren, 2nd Ed., Suhrkamp, Frankfurt a.M. 1989
- Mackenzie, R., The amicus curiae in international courts: towards common procedural approaches, in: T. Treves et al. (Eds.), Civil society, international courts and compliance bodies, TMC Asser Press, The Hague 2005, pp. 295-311
- Mackenzie, R., Romano, C., Shany, Y. and Sands, P., Manual on international courts and tribunals, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford 2010
- Macklem, P. and Morgan, E., Indigenous rights in the Inter-American system: the amicus brief of the Assembly of First Nations in Awas Tingni v. Republic of Nicaragua, 22 Human Rights Quarterly (2000), pp. 569-602
- Mahoney, P., Developments in the procedure of the European Court of Human Rights: the revised rules of the court, 3 Yearbook of European Law (1983), pp. 127-167
- Mantakou, A., General principles of law and international arbitration, 58 Revue Hellenique de Droit International (2005), pp. 419-434
- Marceau, G., WTO dispute settlement and human rights, 13 European Journal of International Law (2002), pp. 753-814
- Marceau, G. and Stilwell, M., Practical suggestions for amicus curiae briefs before WTO adjudicating bodies, 4 Journal of International Economic Law (2001), pp. 155-187
- Marshall, F. and Mann, H., Revision of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: good governance and the rules of law: express rules for investor-state arbitrations required, September 2006, at: at: http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2006/investment_uncitral_rules_rrevision.pdf (last visited: 28.9.2017)
- Matscher, F., Überlegungen über die Einführung der “Interpretationsintervention” im Verfahren vor dem Europäischen Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte, in: H. Miehsler (Ed.), Ius Humanitatis - Festschrift für Alfred Verdross zum 90. Geburtstag, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1980, pp. 533-546
- Matsushita, M., Transparency, amicus curiae briefs and third party rights, discussion round, 5 Journal of World Investment and Trade (2004), p. 329-344
- Mavroidis, P., Amicus curiae briefs before the WTO: much ado about nothing, in: A. v. Bogdandy et al. (Eds.), European integration and international coordination: studies in transnational economic law in honour of Claus-Dieter Ehlermann, Kluwer Law International, The Hague 2002, pp. 317-329 and Harvard Jean Monnet working paper No. 02/01 (2001)
- Mawdsley, A., Evidence before the International Court of Justice, in: R. Macdonald (Ed.), Essays in honour of Wang Tieya, Nijhoff, Dordrecht 1994, pp. 533-550
- McCann, T., The American Convention on Human Rights: toward uniform interpretation of human rights law, 6 Fordham International Law Journal (1983), pp. 610-635
- McCorquodale, R., An inclusive international legal system, 17 Leiden Journal of International Law (2004), pp. 477-504
- McLachlan, C., The principle of systemic integration and Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention, 54 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (2005), pp. 279-319
- McRae, D., What is the future of WTO dispute settlement?, 7 Journal of International Economic Law (2004), pp. 3-21
- Medina, C., The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: reflections on a joint venture, 12 Human Rights Quarterly (1990), pp. 439-464
- Menaker, A., Piercing the veil of confidentiality: the recent trend towards greater public participation and transparency in investor-state arbitration, in: K. Yannaca-Small (Ed.), Arbitration under international investment agreements – a guide to the key issues, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2010, pp. 129-160
- Mendelson, M., Debate on transparency, amicus curiae briefs and third party participation, 5 Journal of World Investment and Trade (2004), p. 347
- Meshel, T., Human rights in investor-state arbitration: the human right to water and beyond, 6 Journal of International Dispute Settlement (2016), pp. 277-307
- Meyer-Ladewig, J., Kommentar zur europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention, 3rd Ed., Nomos et al., Baden-Baden et al. 2011
- Mistelis, L., Confidentiality and third party participation: UPS v. Canada and Methanex Corp. v. United States, in: T. Weiler (Ed.), International investment law and arbitration: leading cases from the ICSID, NAFTA, bilateral treaties and customary international law, Cameron May, London 2005, pp. 169-199
- Mitchell, A., Due process in WTO disputes, in: R. Yerxa/B. Wilson (Eds.), Key issues in WTO dispute settlement – the first ten years, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005, pp. 144-160
- Mohamed, A., Individual and NGO participation in human rights litigation before the African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights: lessons from the European and Inter-American Courts of Human Rights, 43 Journal of African Law (1999), pp. 201-213
- Mohan, S. C., The amicus curiae: friends no more?, Singapore Journal of Legal Studies (2010), p. 352-374
- Mommsen, T., Römisches Staatsrecht, Vol. I, 2nd Ed., Hirzel, Leipzig 1876
- Mommsen, T., Römisches Staatsrecht, Vol. II, 3rd Ed., Hirzel, Leipzig 1887
- Moore, T., Greenpeace case gathers knots at ITLOS, 22 October 2013, at: http://www.cdr-news.co.uk/categories/arbitration-and-adr/featured/greenpeace-case-gathers-knots-at-itlos (last visited: 28.9.2017)
- Morison, J. and Anthony, G., The place of public interest, in: G. Anthony et al (Eds.), Values in global administrative law, Hart, Oxford 2011, pp. 215-238
- Mosk, R., The role of facts in international dispute resolution, 304 Receuil des Cours (2003), pp. 9-179
- Mourre, A., Are amici curiae the proper response to the public’s concerns on transparency in innvestment arbitration?, 5 The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals (2006), pp. 257-271
- Moyer, C., The role of “amicus curiae” in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, in: la corte interamericana de derechos humanos, estudios y documentos, San José 1999, pp. 119-133
- Neill, P., Confidentiality in arbitration, 12 Arbitration International (1996), pp. 287-317
- Newcombe, A. and Paradell, L., Law and practice of investment treaties – standards of treatment, Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn 2009
- Nichols, P., Extension of standing in World Trade Organization disputes to nongovernment parties, 17 University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law (1996), pp. 295-329
- Nolan, M. and Sourgens, F., Issues of proof of general principles of law in international arbitration, 3 World Arbitration and Mediation Review (2009), pp. 505-532
- Nowicki, M., NGOs before the European Commission and the Court of Human Rights, 14 Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights (1996), pp. 289-302
- Nsour, M., Fundamental facets of the United States-Jordan Free Trade Agreement: e-commerce, dispute resolution, and beyond, 27 Fordham Journal of International Law (2004), pp. 742-784
- O’Brien, Z., Did the courts make a new friend? Amicus curiae jurisdiction in Ireland, 7 Trinity College Law Review (2004), pp. 5-28
- Oda, S., Intervention in the International Court of Justice: Articles 62 and 63 of the Statute, in: R. Bernhardt et al (Eds.), Völkerrecht als Rechtsordnung, internationale Gerichtsbarkeit und Menschenrechte, Festschrift für Hermann Mosler, Springer, Berlin et al. 1983, pp. 629-648
- Oda, S., The International Court of Justice viewed from the bench (1976-1993), 244 Receuil des Cours (1993 VII), pp. 9-190
- Odinkalu, C. and Christensen, C., The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights: the development of its non-state communication procedures, 20 Human Rights Quarterly (1998), pp. 235-280
- Oellers-Frahm, K., Die Intervention nach Art. 62 des Statuts des Internationalen Gerichtshofs: Überlegungen anlässlich der Entscheidung des Internationalen Gerichtshofs vom 14. April 1981 über die Intervention Maltas, 41 Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (1981), pp. 579-588
- Oellers-Frahm, K., Lawmaking through advisory opinions, 12 German Law Journal (2011), pp. 1033-1056
- Oesch, M., Standards of review in WTO panel proceedings, in: R. Yerxa/B. Wilson (Eds.), Key issues in WTO dispute settlement, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005, pp. 161-176
- Ölz, M., Non-governmental organizations in regional human rights systems, 28 Columbia Human Rights Law Review (1997), pp. 307-374
- Oppermann, T., Classen, C. and Nettesheim, M., Europarecht, 5th Ed., C.H. Beck, Munich 2011
- Orakhelashvili, A., The position of the individual in international law, 31 California Western International Law Journal (2001), pp. 241-276
- Orrego Vicuña, F., International dispute settlement in an evolving global society: constitutionalization, accessibility, privatization, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004
- Orrego-Vicuña, F., Law making in a global society: does consent still matter?, in: J. Bröhmer/G. Ress (Eds.), Internationale Gemeinschaft und Menschenrechte: Festschrift für Georg Ress zum 70. Geburtstag am 21. Januar 2005, Carl Heymanns Verlag, Cologne 2005, pp. 191-206
- Padilla, D., The Inter-American Commission on Humans Rights of the Organization of American States: a case study, 9 American University Journal of International Law & Policy (1993), pp. 95-115
- Palchetti, P., Opening the International Court of Justice to third states: intervention and beyond, 6 Max-Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law (2002), pp. 139-181
- Patrizia, C., Profaizer, J. and Timofeyev, I., Investment disputes involving the renewable energy industry under the Energy Charter Treaty, 2 October 2015, Global Arbitration Review, at: http://globalarbitrationreview.com/chapter/1036076/investment-disputes-involving-the-renewable-energy-industry-under-the-energy-charter-treaty (last visited: 28.9.2017)
- Paulus, A., Die internationale Gemeinschaft im Völkerrecht: eine Untersuchung zur Entwicklung des Völkerrechts im Zeitalter der Globalisierung, C.H. Beck, Munich 2001
- Paulus, A., Article 66, in: A. Zimmermann/C. Tomuschat/K. Oellers-Frahm/C. Tams (Eds.), The Statute of the International Court of Justice, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012
- Pauwelyn, J., The use of experts in WTO dispute settlement, 51 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (2002), pp. 325-364
- Pauwelyn, J., The role of public international law in the WTO: how far can we go?, 95 American Journal of International Law (2001), pp. 535-578
- Payne, C., Mastering the evidence: improving fact-finding by international courts, 41 Environmental Law (2011), pp. 1191-1220
- Peel, J., Giving the public a voice in the protection of the global environment: avenues for participation by NGOs in dispute resolution at the European Court of Justice and World Trade Organization, 12 Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law & Policy (2001), pp. 47-76
- Pellonpää, M. and Caron, D., The UNCITRAL arbitration rules as interpreted and applied: selected problems in light of the practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, Finnish Lawyers’ Publishing, Helsinki 1994
- Perry, S. and Karadelis, K., Sun rises on Czech energy claims, Global Arbitration Review, 19 February 2014, at: http://globalarbitrationreview.com/article/1033183/sun-rises-on-czech-energy-claims (last visited 28.9.2017)
- Peterson, L., Claimant in garbage disposal dispute with Canada seeks closed-door hearings and wants amicus curiae to pay $25,000 fee, 12 November 2008, at: http://www.iareporter.com/articles/20090930_7 (last visited: 28.9.2017)
- Pham, H., Developing countries and the WTO: the need for more mediation in the DSU, 9 Harvard Negotiation Law Review (2004), pp. 331-389
- Pinto, M., NGOs and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, in: T. Treves et al. (Eds.), Civil society, international courts and compliance bodies, TMC Asser Press, The Hague 2005, pp. 47-56
- Prévost, D., WTO Subsidies Agreement and privatised companies: Appellate Body amicus curiae briefs, 27 Legal Issues of Economic Integration (2000), pp. 279-394
- Prost, O., Confidentiality issues under the DSU: fact-finding process versus confidentiality, in: R. Yerxa/B. Wilson (Eds.), Key issues in WTO dispute settlement, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005, pp. 190-203
- Qureshi, A., Extraterritorial shrimps, ngos and the WTO Appellate Body, 48 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (1999), pp. 199-206
- Razzaque, J., Changing role of friends of the court in the international courts and tribunals, 1 Non-state actors and international law (2001), pp. 169-200
- Reed, L., Paulsson, J. and Blackaby, N., Guide to ICSID arbitration, 2nd Ed., Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn 2011
- Reiner, C. and Schreuer, C., Human rights and international investment arbitration, in: P.M. Dupuy/F. Francioni/E.-U. Petersmann (Eds.), Human rights in international investment law and arbitration, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009, pp. 82-96
- Reinisch, A., The changing international legal framework for dealing with non-state actors, in: A. Bianchi (Ed.), Non-state actors and international law, Ashgate, Farnham 2009, pp. 411-463
- Reinisch, A. and Irgel, C., The participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the WTO dispute settlement system, 1 Non-State Actors and International Law (2001), pp. 127-151
- Reisman, M., Nullity and revision: the review and enforcement of international judgments and awards, Yale University Press, New Haven 1971
- Rengeling, H., Middeke, A., Gellermann, M. and Andová, K. (Eds.), Handbuch des Rechtsschutzes in der Europäischen Union, 3rd Ed., C.H. Beck, Munich 2014
- Reusch, R., Die Legitimation des WTO-Streitbeilegungsverfahrens, Diss. Tübingen 2006, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2007
- Rivera Juaristi, F., The “amicus curiae” in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (1982 – 2013), in: Y. Haeck/O. Ruiz-Chiriboga/C. Burbano Herrera, The Inter-American Court of Human Rights: theory and practice, present and future, Cambridge et al. 2015, pp. 103-131
- Robbins, J., False friends: amicus curiae and procedural discretion in WTO appeals under the Hot-Rolled Lead/Asbestos doctrine, 44 Harvard International Law Journal (2003), pp. 317-329
- Rogers, A. and Miller, D., Non-confidential arbitration proceedings, 12 Arbitration International (1996), pp. 319-345
- Romano, C. P., Alter, K. J. and Shany, Y., Mapping international adjudicative bodies, the issues, and players, in: C.P. Romano/K.J. Alter/Y. Shany (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of international adjudication, Oxford 2014, pp. 3-26
- Romano, C., The shift from the consensual to the compulsory paradigm in international adjudication: elements for a theory of consent, 39 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics (2007), pp. 791-872
- Ronen, Y., Participation of non-state actors in ICJ proceedings, 11 The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals (2012), pp. 77-110
- Rosenne, S., Reflections on the position of the individual in inter-state litigation, in: P. Sanders (Ed.), International arbitration – liber amicorum for Martin Domke, The Hague 1967, pp. 240-257 and reprinted in: S. Rosenne, An international law miscellany, Dordrecht 1993
- Rosenne, S., Intervention in the International Court of Justice, Nijhoff, Dordrecht 1993
- Rosenne, S., The law and practice of the International Court of Justice 1920-2005, 4th Ed. Nijhoff, Leiden 2006
- Rosenne, S., International Court of Justice, in: R. Wolfrum et al. (Eds.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law online, Oxford, last updated 2006
- Rosenne, S., The law and practice of the International Court, Sijthoff, Leiden 1965
- Rosenne, S., The law and practice of the International Court, Vol. 3: Procedure, Nijhoff, Leiden 2006
- Rosentreter, D., Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and the principle of systemic integration in international investment law and arbitration, Baden-Baden 2015
- Rubagotti, G., The role of NGOs before the United Nations Human Rights Committee, in: T. Treves/M. Frigessi di Rattalma et al. (Eds.), Civil society, international courts and compliance bodies, TMC Asser Press, The Hague 2005, pp. 67-92
- Rubins, N., Opening the investment arbitration process: at what cost, for what benefit?, in: R. Hofmann/C. Tams (Eds.), The International Convention on the Settlement of International Disputes (ICSID): taking stock after 40 years, Nomos, Baden-Baden 2007, pp. 213-222
- Ruiz Miguel, C., La fundación consultiva en el sistema interamericano de derechos humanos: crisálida de una jurisdicción supra-constitucional?, in: H. Fix-Zamudio (Ed.), Liber amicorum Héctor Fix-Zamudio, Vol. II San José 1998, pp. 1345-1363
- Ruthemeyer, T., Der amicus curiae brief im internationalen Investitionsrecht, Diss. University of Cologne, Baden-Baden 2014
- Sadeghi, K., The European Court of Human Rights: the problematic nature of the court’s reliance on secondary sources for fact-finding, 25 Connecticut Journal of International Law (2009), pp. 127-151
- Sandifer, D., Evidence before international tribunals, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville 1975
- Sands, P., Treaty, custom and the cross-fertilization of international law, 1 Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal (1998), pp. 85-105
- Santulli, C., Droit du contentieux international, Montchrestien, Paris 2005
- Sauer, H., Jurisdiktionskonflikte im Mehrebenensystem: Die Entwicklung eines Modells zur Lösung von Konflikten zwischen Gerichten unterschiedlicher Ebenen in vernetzten Rechtsordnungen, Diss. Düsseldorf 2005, Springer Berlin 2008
- Savarese, E., Amicus curiae participation in investor-state arbitral proceedings, 17 Italian Yearbook of International Law (2007), pp. 99-121
- Schachter, M., The utility of pro bono representation of U.S.-based amicus curiae in non-U.S. and multi-national courts as a means of advancing the public interest, 28 Fordham International Law Journal (2004), pp. 88-144
- Schadendorf, S., Human rights arguments in amicus curiae submissions: analysis of ICSID and NAFTA investor-state arbitrations, 10 Transnational Dispute Management (2013), pp. 1-23
- Schadendorf, S., Investor-state arbitrations and the human rights of the host state’s population: an empirical approach to the impact of amicus curiae submissions, in: N. Weiß/J.-M. Thouvenin, The influence of human rights on international law, Heidelberg 2015, pp. 167-181
- Schill, S., The multilateralization of international investment law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2009
- Schill, S., Crafting the international economic order: the public function of investment treaty arbitration and its significance for the role of the arbitrator, 23 Leiden Journal of International Law (2010), pp. 401-430
- Schill, S. (Ed.), International investment law and comparative public law, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2010
- Schill, S., The Mauritius Convention on Transparency: a model for investment law reform?, EJIL:Talk!, 8 April 2015, at: http://www.ejiltalk.org/the-mauritius-convention-on-transparency-a-model-for-investment-law-reform/ (last visited: 28.9.2017)
- Schleyer, G., Power to the people: allowing private parties to raise claims before the WTO dispute resolution system, 65 Fordham Law Review (1997), pp. 2275-2312
- Schneider, A., Democracy and dispute resolution: individual rights in international trade organizations, 19 University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law (1998), pp. 587-638
- Schorm-Bernschütz, R., Die Tatsachenfeststellung im Verfahren vor dem Europäischen Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung staatlicher Mitwirkungspflichten, Diss. Düsseldorf 2003, Lit Verlag, Münster 2004
- Schütze, R., Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit und Rechtsvergleichung, 110 Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft (2011), pp. 89-97
- Schwarzenberger, G., International law as applied by international courts and tribunals, Vol. 4: international judicial law, Stevens, London 1986
- Scobbie, I., Legal reasoning and the judicial function in the International Court, University of Cambridge, Ph.D. Dissertation, 1990
- Scobbie, I., The theorist as a judge: Hersch Lauterpacht’s concept of the international judicial function, 8 European Journal of International Law (1997), pp. 264-298
- Shany, Y., The competing jurisdictions of international courts and tribunals, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2003
- Shany, Y., One law to rule them all: should international courts be viewed as guardians of procedural order and legal uniformity?, in: O. Fauchald/A. Nollkaemper (Eds.), The practice of international courts and the (de-)fragmentation of international law, Hart, Oxford 2012, pp. 15-34
- Shany, Y., No longer a weak department of power? Reflections on the emergence of a new international judiciary, 20 European Journal of International Law (2009), pp. 73-91
- Shelton, D., The participation of non-governmental organizations in international judicial proceedings, 88 American Journal of International Law (1994), pp. 611-642
- Shelton, D., The International Court of Justice and non-governmental organisations, 9 International Community Law Review (2007), pp. 139-155
- Shelton, D., The jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 10 American University International Law Review (1994), pp. 333-372
- Sicilianos, L.-A., La tierce intervention devant la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, in: H. Ruiz-Fabri/J.-M. Sorel (Eds .), Les tiers à l’instance devant les juridictions internationales, Pedone, Paris 2005, pp. 123-150
- Simma, B., Foreign investment arbitration: a place for human rights?, 60 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (2011), pp. 573-597
- Slotboom, M., Participation of NGOs before the WTO and EC tribunals: which court is the better friend?, 5 World Trade Review (2006), pp. 69-101
- Smith, R., Why third-party interventions in the judicial process benefit democracy, The Law Gazette of 12 November 2009, at: https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/analysis/why-third-party-interventions-in-the-judicial-process-benefit-democracy/53085.article (last visited: 29.8.2017)
- Spiro, P., Accounting for NGOs, 3 Chicago Journal of International Law (2002), pp. 161-169
- Steger, D., Amicus curiae: participant or friend? – the WTO and NAFTA experience, in: A. v. Bogdandy (Ed.), European integration and international co-ordination – studies in transnational economic law in honour of Claus-Dieter Ehlermann, Kluwer Law International, The Hague 2002, pp. 419-450
- Stein, E., Lawyers, judges and the making of a transnational constitution, 75 American Journal of International Law (1981), pp. 1-27
- Steinberger, H., The ICJ, in: H. Mosler/R. Bernhardt (Eds.), Judicial settlement of international disputes, Springer, Berlin 1974, pp. 193-283
- Stern, B., The intervention of private entities and states as “friends of the court” in WTO dispute settlement proceedings, in: P. Macrory et al. (Eds.), World Trade Organization: legal, economic and political analysis, Vol. I, Springer, New York 2005, pp. 1427-1458
- Stern, B., L’entrée de la société civile dans l’arbitrage entre Etat et investisseur, 2 Revue de l’arbitrage (2002), pp. 329-345
- Sudre, F., Extradition et peine de mort: arrêt Soering de la cour européenne des droits de l’homme, du 7 juillet 1989, 94 Revue Générale de Droit International Public (1990), pp. 103-121
- Talmon, S., Der Internationale Seegerichtshof in Hamburg als Mittel der friedlichen Beilegung seerechtlicher Streitigkeiten, Juristische Schulung 2001, pp. 550-556
- Tams, C., Article 50, in: A. Zimmermann/C. Tomuschat/K. Oellers-Frahm/C. Tams (Eds.), The Statute of the International Court of Justice, 2nd Ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012
- Tams, C. and Zoellner, C., Amici Curiae im internationalen Investitionsschutzrecht, 45 Archiv des Völkerrechts (2007), pp. 217-243
- Teitelbaum, R., A look at the public interest in investment arbitration: is it unique? What should we do about it?, 5 Berkeley Journal of International Law (2010), pp. 54-62
- Tellegen-Couperus, O., The so-called consilium of the praetor and the development of Roman Law, 69 Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis (2001), pp. 11-20
- Thirlway, H., Dilemma or chimera? Admissibility of illegally obtained evidence in international adjudication, 78 American Journal of International Law (1984), pp. 622-641
- Thirlway, H., The International Court of Justice 1989-2009: at the heart of the dispute settlement system?, 57 Netherlands International Law Review (2010), pp. 347-395
- Thirlway, H., Article 30, in: A. Zimmermann/C. Tomuschat/K. Oellers-Frahm/C. Tams (Eds.), The Statute of the International Court of Justice, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012
- Thirlway, H., Procedural law and the International Court of Justice, in: V. Lowe/M. Fitzmaurice-Lachs/R. Jennings (Eds.), Fifty years of the International Court of Justice: essays in honour of Robert Jennings, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1996, pp. 389-405
- Thirlway, H., Unacknowledged legislators: some preliminary reflections on the limits of judicial lawmaking, in: R. Wolfrum et al. (Eds.), International dispute settlement: room for innovations, Springer, Heidelberg 2012, pp. 311-323
- Thirlway, H., Advisory opinions, in: R. Wolfrum et al. (Eds.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law online, last updated 2006, Oxford
- Tienhaara, K., Third party participation in investment-environment disputes: recent developments, 16 Review of European Community Law and International Environmental Law (2007), pp. 230-242
- Tietje, C. and Wackernagel, C., Outlawing compliance? – the enforcement of intra-EU investment awards and EU state aid law, Policy Papers on Transnational Economic Law No. 14 (June 2014)
- Treves, T., Conflicts between the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and the International Court of Justice, 31 NYU Journal of International Law and Politics (1999), pp. 809-821
- Treves, T., Non-governmental organizations before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: the advisory opinion of 1 February 2011, in: G. Bastid-Burdeau et al. (Eds.), Le 90e anniversaire the Boutros Boutros-Ghalie: hommage du Curatorium à son Président/Académie de Droit international de la Haye, Nijhoff, Leiden 2012, pp. 255-262
- Treves, T., The procedure before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: the rules of the tribunal and related documents, 11 Leiden Journal of International Law (1998), pp. 565-594
- Treves, T. et al. (Eds.), Civil society, international courts and compliance bodies, TMC Asser Press, The Hague 2005
- Triantafilou, E., Is a connection to the “public interest” a meaningful prerequisite of third party participation in investment arbitration?, 5 Berkeley Journal of International Law (2010), pp. 38-46
- Triantafilou, E., Amicus submissions in investor state arbitration after Suez v. Argentina, 24 Arbitration International (2008), pp. 571-586
- Trocker, N., L’”Amicus Curiae” nel giudizio davanti alla Corte Europea dei Diritti Dell’Uomo, 35 Revista di Diritto Civile (1989), pp. 119-143
- Tweeddale, A., Confidentiality in arbitration and the public interest exception, 21 Arbitration International (2005), pp. 59-69
- Umbricht, G., An “amicus curiae brief” on amicus curiae briefs at the WTO, 4 Journal of International Economic Law (2001), pp. 773-794
- Urlings, R., De Commissie als amicus curiae en het fiscale karakter van een mededingingsboete, 15 Nederlands tijdschrift voor Europees recht (2009), pp. 288-293
- Vadi, V., Beyond known worlds: climate change governance by arbitral tribunals?, 48 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law (2015), pp. 1285-1351
- Vajic, N., Some concluding remarks on NGOs and the European Court on Human Rights, in: T. Treves et al. (Eds.), Civil society, international courts and compliance bodies, TMC Asser Press, The Hague 2005, pp. 93-104
- Valencia-Ospina, E., Non-governmental organizations and the International Court of Justice, in: T. Treves/M. Frigessi di Rattalma et al. (Eds.), Civil society, international courts and compliance bodies, TMC Asser Press, The Hague 2005, pp. 227-232
- Valencia-Ospina, E., Evidence before the International Court of Justice, 1 International Law Forum (1999), pp. 202-207
- Van Aaken, A., Fragmentation of international law: the case of international investment protection, 17 Finnish Yearbook International Law (2006), pp. 91-130
- Van Damme, I., Treaty interpretation revisited, not revised, ILO Distinguished Scholar Series, 30 October 2008
- Van den Bossche, P. and Zdouc, W., The law and policy of the World Trade Organization: text, cases and materials, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2013
- Van den Eynde, L., An empirical look at the amicus curiae practice of human rights NGOs before the European Court of Human Rights, 31 Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights (2013), pp. 271-313
- Van der Mei, A. P., The new African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights: towards an effective human rights protection mechanism for Africa?, 18 Leiden Journal of International Law (2005), pp. 113-129
- Van Duzer, A., Enhancing the procedural legitimacy of investor-state arbitration through transparency and amicus curiae participation, 52 McGill Law Journal (2007), pp. 681-723
- Van Harten, G., Investment treaty arbitration and public law, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2007
- Van Harten, G. and Loughlin, M., Investment treaty arbitration as a species of global administrative law, 17 European Journal of International Law (2006), pp. 121-150
- Van het Kaar, B. and Kaplan, G., Airline dispute lands in ICJ: a commentary on the Swissair/Sabena case, 28 January 2010, at: http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=11397 (last visited: 28.9.2017)
- Van Hof, J.J., Commentary on the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: the application by the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, Deventer, 1991
- Van Nuffel, P., Ode an die Freu(n)de – the European Commission as amicus curiae before European and national courts, in: I. Govaere/D. Hanf (Eds.), Scrutinizing internal and external dimensions of European law – liber amicorum Paul Demaret, Vol. I, Brussels 2013, pp. 267-278
- Viljoen, F. and K. Abebe, A., Amicus curiae participation before regional human rights bodies in Africa, 58 Journal of African Law (2014), pp. 22-44
- Viñuales, J., Foreign investment and the environment in international law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2012
- Viñuales, J., Amicus intervention in investor-state arbitration, 61 Dispute Resolution Journal (2006-2007), pp. 72-81
- von Bogdandy, A., Verfassungsrechtliche Dimensionen der Welthandelsorganisation, Kritische Justiz (2001), pp. 264-281
- von Bogdandy, A. and Venzke, I., In whose name? An investigation of international courts’ public authority and its democratic justification, 23 European Journal of International Law (2012), pp. 7-41
- Voßkuhle, A. and Sydow, G., Die demokratische Legitimation des Richters, 57 Juristische Zeitung (2002), pp. 673-682
- Walbolt, S. and Lang, Jr., J., Amicus briefs revisited, 33 Stetson Law Review (2003), pp. 171-180
- Wälde, T., Improving the mechanisms for treaty negotiation and investment disputes – competition and choice as the path to quality and legitimacy, in: K. Sauvant (Ed.), Yearbook of International Investment Law and Policy (2008-2009), pp. 505-584
- Wälde, T., Equality of arms in investment arbitration: procedural challenge, in: K. Yannaca-Small (Ed.), Arbitration under international investment agreements: a guide to the key issues, Oxford University Press, New York 2010, pp. 161-188
- Wälde, T., Procedural challenges in investment arbitration under the shadow of the dual role of the state: asymmetries and tribunals’ duty to ensure, pro-actively, the equality of arms, 26 Arbitration International (2010), pp. 3-42
- Waldock, C., The Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries case, 28 British Yearbook of International Law (1951), pp. 114-171
- Ward, S., Friends of the court are friends of mine, 93 ABA Journal (2007), pp. 24-25, at: http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/friends_of_the_court_are_friends_of_mine (last visited: 28.9.2017)
- Watts, A., Enhancing the effectiveness of procedures of international dispute settlement, 5 Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law (2001), pp. 21-39
- Watts, A., The ICJ’s practice directions of 30 July 2004, 3 The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals (2004), pp. 385-394
- Wehland, H., The enforcement of intra-EU BIT awards: Micula v. Romania and beyond, 17 Journal of World Investment and Trade (2016), pp. 942-963
- Weiler, T., The Ethyl arbitration: first of its kind and a harbinger of things to come, 11 American Review of International Arbitration (2001), pp. 187-201
- White, G., The use of experts by international tribunals, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse 1965
- Wieland, P., Why the amicus curiae institution is ill-suited to address indigenous peoples’ rights before investor-state arbitration tribunals: Glamis Gold and the right of intervention, 3 Trade, Law and Development (2011), pp. 334-366
- Williams, S. and Woolaver, H., The role of amicus curiae before international criminal tribunals, 6 International Criminal Law Review (2006), pp. 151-189
- Willmott, L., White, B. and Cooper, D., Interveners or interferers: intervention in decisions to withhold and withdraw life-sustaining medical treatment, 27 Sydney Law Review (2005), pp. 597-622
- Wittich, S., The judicial functions of the International Court of Justice, in: I. Buffard et al. (Eds.), International law between universalism and fragmentation – Festschrift in honour of Gerhard Hafner, Nijhoff, Leiden 2008, pp. 981-1000
- Wolfrum, R., Legitimacy of international law from a legal perspective: some introductory considerations, in: R. Wolfrum/V. Röben (Eds.), Legitimacy in international law, Springer, Berlin 2008, pp. 1-24
- Wolfrum, R., The legislative history of Articles 20 and 21 of the Statute of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, 63 Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht (1999), pp. 342-349
- Wolfrum, R., International courts and tribunals: evidence, in: R. Wolfrum et al. (Eds.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law online, Oxford (2010)
- Wolfrum, R., The taking and assessment of evidence by the European Court of Human Rights, in: S. Breitenmoser et al. (Eds.), Human rights, democracy and the rule of law – liber amicorum Luzius Wildhaber, Dike, Zürich et al. 2007, pp. 915-924
- Wolfrum, R., Vitzthum (Ed.), Handbuch des Seerechts, C. H. Beck, Munich 2006
- Wolfrum, R., Advisory opinions: are they a suitable alternative for the settlement of international disputes, in: R. Wolfrum et al. (Eds.), International dispute settlement: room for innovations?, Springer, Heidelberg 2013, pp. 35-129
- Wright-Carozza, P., Uses and misuses of comparative law in international human rights: some reflections on the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, 73 Notre Dame Law Review (1998), pp. 1217-1237
- Zagorac, D., International courts and compliance bodies: the experience of Amnesty International, in: T. Treves et al. (Eds.), Civil society, international courts and compliance bodies, TMC Asser Press, The Hague 2005, pp. 11-39
- Zimmermann, A., International courts and tribunals, intervention in proceedings, in: R. Wolfrum et al. (Eds.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law online, Oxford University Press, New York, last updated 2006
- Zoellner, C., Third-party participation (NGO’s and private persons) and transparency in ICSID proceedings, in: R. Hoffmann/C. Tams (Eds.), The ICSID – taking stock after 40 years, Nomos, Baden-Baden 2007, pp. 179-208
- Zonnekeyn, G., The Appellate Body’s communication on amicus curiae briefs in the Asbestos Case – an Echternach procession?, 35 Journal of World Trade (2001), pp. 553-563
- Zwart, T., Would international courts be able to fill the accountability gap at the global level?, in: G. Anthony et al. (Eds.), Values in global administrative law, Hart, Oxford 2011, pp. 193-214
- Zweigert, K. and Kötz, H., Introduction to comparative law, 3rd Ed. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1998