Menschenrechte wider den Hunger

Steffen Kommer

doi:10.5771/9783845273945

Menschenrechte wider den Hunger

Das Recht auf Nahrung zwischen Wissenschaft, Politik und globalen Märkten

Series: Forum Umwelt-, Agrar- und Klimaschutzrecht

Volume 7 1. Edition 2016

CC-BY Access

doi.org/10.5771/9783845273945
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-3007-0
ISBN online: 978-3-8452-7394-5
Nomos, Baden-Baden Nomos, Baden-Baden

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Zusammenfassung

Welchen Beitrag kann das Recht auf Nahrung zur Überwindung der globalen Ernährungskrise leisten? Statt das Ziel einer hungerfreien Welt als Utopie abzutun, werden Menschenrechtsklagen als wirksame Instrumente beschrieben, um Diskurse über Ursachen von Nahrungsunsicherheit anzuregen und die Ergreifung notwendiger Anti-Hunger-Programme zu beschleunigen. Aufbauend auf der nationalen und internationalen Rechtsprechung zum „right to food“ werden drei Zugangsrechte entwickelt: das Recht auf soziale Fürsorge, das Recht auf ein ausreichendes Einkommen und das Recht auf Selbstversorgung.

Angesichts globaler Gefährdungslagen, die sich etwa in abrupt schwankenden Weltagrarpreisen sowie dem Klimawandel offenbaren, wird zudem eine transnationale Schutzdimension begründet. Die Bedeutung grenzüberschreitender Menschenrechtsdiskurse wird exemplarisch anhand von zwei Fallstudien zum Agrardumping und zur Förderung von Biokraftstoffen verdeutlicht.

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Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights
Allgemeine Bemerkungen
CESCR, General Comment No. 1 (1989): Reporting by States parties (article 2, paragraph 1, of the Covenant), 24.02.1989, E/1989/22.
CESCR, General Comment No. 3 (1990): The nature of States parties’ obligations (article 2, paragraph 1, of the Covenant), 04.12.1990, E/1991/23-E/C.12/1990/8 and Corr.1, annex III.
CESCR, General Comment No. 7 (1997): Right to adequate housing (art. 11.1 of the Covenant): forced evictions, E/1998/22- E/C.12/1997/10.
CESCR, General Comment No. 8 (1997): The relationship between economic sanctions and respect for economic, social and cultural rights, E/C.12/1997/8.
CESCR, General Comment No. 9 (1998): The domestic application of the Covenant, 03.12.1998, E/C.12/1998/24.
CESCR, General Comment No. 12 (1999): The right to adequate food (Art.11 of the Covenant), 12.05.1999, E/C.12/1999/5.
CESCR, General Comment No. 13 (1999): The right to education (article 13 of the Covenant), 8.12.1999, E/C.12/1999/1.
CESCR, General Comment No. 14 (2000): The right to health (art.12 of the Covenant), E/C.12/2000/4.
CESCR, General Comment No. 15 (2002): The right to water (arts. 11 and 12 of the Covenant), 20.01.2003, E/C.12/2002/11.
CESCR, General Comment No. 17 (2007): The right of everyone to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he or she is the author (article 15, paragraph 1 (c), of the Covenant), 12.01.2006, E/C.12/GC/17.
CESCR, General Comment No. 18 (2005): The right to work, 6.02.2006, E/C.12/GC/18.
CESCR, General Comment No. 19 (2008): The right to social security (art. 9 of the Covenant), 04.02.2008 2008, E/C.12/GC/19.
CESCR, General Comment No. 20 (2009): Non-discrimination in economic, social and cultural rights (art. 2, para. 2 of the Covenant), 02.07.2009, E/C.12/GG/20.
CESCR, General Comment No. 21 (2009): Right of everyone to take part in cultural life (art. 15, para. 1 (a), of the Covenant), 21.12.2009, E/C.12/GC/21.
Statements
CESCR, Statement to the World Food Crisis, 19.05.2008, fortieth session (25th meeting), E/C.12/2008/1.
CESCR, An Evaluation of the obligation to take steps on the „maximum of available resources” under an Optional Protocol to the Covenant, Statement, 10.05.2007, E/C.12/2007/1.
CESCR, Poverty and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Statement v. 10.05.2001, E/C.12/2001/10.
CESCR, Globalization and its impact on the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights, 18. Sitzung, v. 01.01.1999, E/C.12/1998/26.
CESCR, Statement to the Third Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization, 21. Sitzung, v. 26.11.1999, E/C.12/1999/9.
Grundlagendokumente
Gipfelerklärungen
UN Second International Conference on Nutrition, Rome Declaration on Nutrition, November 2014, abrufbar unter: <http://www.fao.org/3/a-ml542e.pdf.>.
FAO, Declaration of the World Food Summit on Food Security, Rome, November 2009, abrufbar unter: <http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/Summit/Docs/Final_Declaration/WSFS09_Declaration.pdf.>.
FAO, Declaration of the World Food Summit: five years later, International Alliance Against Hunger, Rom 2002, abrufbar unter: <http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/005/y7106e/y7106e09.htm>.
FAO, Rome Declaration on World Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action, Rome: World Food Summit, November 13–17, 1996, abrufbar unter: <http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3613e/w3613e00.HTM.>.
World Food Conference, Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition, v. 16.11.1974, GA Resolution 3348 (XXIX), abrufbar unter: <http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/EradicationOfHungerAndMalnutrition.aspx>.
Leitlinien und Rahmenwerke
FAO, Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security, Rome, 9 March 2012, abrufbar unter: <http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2801e/i2801e.pdf.>.
FAO, Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realisation of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security, Rome, 23 November 2004, abrufbar unter: <http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/y7937e/y7937e00.htm.>.
CFS, Global Strategic Framework for Food Security and Nutrition, Second Version, October 2013, abrufbar unter: <http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/cfs/Docs1213/gsf/GSF_Version_2_EN.pdf.>.
CFS, Global Strategic Framework for Food Security and Nutrition, Global Strategic Framework for Food Security and Nutrition, First Version, October 2012, abrufbar unter: <http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-home/global-strategic-framework/en/>.
Globale Ziele gegen den Hunger
UNGA, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Resolution v. 25.09.2015, A/RES/70/2.
UNGA, United Nations Millennium Declaration, Resolution v. 18.09.2000, A/RES/55/2.
UN Secretary-General (2001): Road map towards the implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration, 6 September, A/56/326.
G8/G 20-Staaten
“L’Aquila” Joint Statement on Global Food Security, July 2009, abrufbar unter: <www.g8italia2009.it/static/G8_Allegato/LAquila_Joint_Statement_on_Global_Food_Security%5B1%5D,0.pdf>.
G20 Ministerial Declaration (2011): Action Plan on Food Price Volatility and Agriculture, Meeting of G20 Agriculture Ministers, Paris, 22 and 23 June, abrufbar unter: <http://agriculture.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/2011-06-23_-_Action_Plan_-_VFinale.pdf.>.
Ernährungssouveränität
Declaration of Nyéléni, February 2007, Nyéléni Village, Sélingué, Mali, abrufbar unter: <http://www.nyeleni.org>.
Nyéléni 2007, Forum for Food Sovereignty, Sélingué, Mali, 23 - 27 February, Report of the International Steering Committee, March 2007, abrufbar unter: <http://www.nyeleni.org/spip.php?article334>.
Declaration of Peasants’ Rights - Women and Men, La Via Campesina, International Peasant Movement, abrufbar unter: <http://viacampesina.net/downloads/PDF/EN-3.pdf.>.
UN Human Rights Council Advisory Committee (2012): Final study on the advancement of the rights of peasants and other people working in rural areas, eighth session, 18.01, A/HRC/AC/8/6.
International Land Coalition, Tirana Declaration. Securing Land Access for the Poor in Times of Intensified Natural Resources Competition, May 2011, abrufbar unter: <www.landcoalition.org>.
World Social Forum, Dakar Appeal against the land grab, March 2012, abrufbar unter: <http://www.viacampesina.org/en>.
Menschenrechtsprinzipien
The Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, abgedruckt in: Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 2, May, 1987.
Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic Social Cultural Rights, Final version, Februar 2012, abrufbar unter: <www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/humanrights>.
Rechtsprechung zum Recht auf Nahrung
Recht auf Fürsorge
Supreme Court of India, People’s Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India & Others, Writ Petition (Civil) No. 196 of 2001 (India).
BVerfG, Hartz IV, Urteil vom 09.02.2010, Az. 1 BvL 1/09, u.a., NJW 2010, S. 505.
Dass., Asylbewerberleistungsgesetz, Urt. v. 18.7.2012, Az. 1 BvL 10/10.
Dass., Hartz IV, Beschluss, vom 23. Juli 2014, Az. 1 BvL 10/12, 1 BvL 12/12, 1 BvR 1691/13.
Schweizerisches Bundesgericht, V. gegen Einwohnergemeinde X und Regierungsrat des Kantons Bern, Urt. v. 27.10.1995.
Dass., E.M. gegen Kantonale Steuerverwaltung St. Gallen, Urt. v. 24.05.1996.
Portugieisches Verfassungsgericht (Tribunal Constitucional), Urteil (Acórdão) n.° 509/2002, Lisboa, 19.12.2002.
IAGMR, Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay, Urt.v. 29.03.2006.
Zimmermann, Clóvis & Russau, Yakye Axa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay, Urteil v. 17.06.2005.
Colombia, Corte Constitucional, Acción de tutela instaurada por Abel Antonio Jaramillo y otros contra la Red de Solidaridad Social y otros, Sentencia T-025/2004.
Argentina, Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación, Defensor del Pueblo de la Nación c. Estado Nacional y otra (Provincia del Chaco) s/proceso de conocimiento, 2007.
Brasilien, Zivilgericht des Bundesstaats Alagora (Tribunal de Justiça de Alagoas), Berufungsverfahren (Apelação Cívil), n° 2008.000779-2, Urt. v. 25.08.2010, Richter: James Magalhães de Medeiros.
Familiengericht des 28. Gerichtsbezirks (28ª Vara Cível da Infância e da Juventude), Urt. v. 09.2007.
EGMR v. 29.4.2002, Nr. 2346/02, NJW 2002, 2851– Pretty/Vereinigtes Königreich.
U.S. Supreme Court, Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 (1976).
CCPR, Lantsova c. Fédération de Russie Communication No. 763/1997, CCPR/C/74/D/763/1997 (2002).
Dass., Womah Mukong v. Cameroon, Communication No. 458/1991, doi.org/10.1080/03064229108535035
CCPR/C/51/D/458/1991, (1994).
ACHPR, The Mauritania Cases, Communications No. 54/91 u.a. (2000).
Recht auf Selbstversorgung
Brasilien, Supremo Tribunal Federal (Oberstes Gericht), Petição Nr. 3388/RR Roraima, Plenumsentscheidung v. 29.03.2009.
IAMGR, Mayagna (Sumo) Indigenous Community of Awas Tingni v. Nicaragua, Case, Urt. v. 31.08.2001.
Brasilien, Supremo Tribunal Federal (Oberstes Gericht), Saramaka People v. Suriname, Urt. v. 28.11.2007.
Brasilien, Supremo Tribunal Federal (Oberstes Gericht), Kischwa Indigenous People of Sarayaku v. Ecuador, Urt. v. 27.06.2012.
CCPR, Ángela Poma Poma et al. v. Peru, Communication No. 1457/2006, CCPR/C/95/D/1457/2006, Entsch. v. 24.05.2009. doi.org/10.1007/s00253-006-0519-y
Dass., Apirana Mahuika et al. v. New Zealand, Communication No. 547/1993, CCPR/C/70/D/547/1993 (2000).
Dass., Länsman et al. v. Finland, Communication No. 511/1992, CCPR/C/52/D/511/1992 (1994).
Equality Court at the High Court of South Africa (Cape of Gode Hope), Kenneth George and Others v. Minister of Environmental Affairs Tourism, File No. EC 1/2005, Urt. v. 05.2007.
Court of Appeal - Dar Es Salaam, Attorney General v Akonaay, Lohar and Another. Civil Appeal Nr. 31, Urt. v. 21.12.1994.
High Court of Uganda At Kampala, Baleke Kayra Peter et al. v. Kaweri Coffee Plantation Ltd. et al., Civil Suit Nr. 179 (2002). Urt. v. 28.03.2013.
Supreme Court of India, Jagannath vs. Union of India & Ors., Urt. v. 11.12.1996.
ACHPR, SERAC, Center for Economic and Social Action Rights v. Nigeria, Communications No. 155/96 (2001).
IGH, Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, 9 July 2004.
Corte Nacional del Justicia, María Aguindo y otros vs. Chevorn Corporation , Juicio No. 174-2012, Urt. v. 12.11.2013.
Constitutional Court of South Africa, Port Elizabeth Municipality v. various occupiers, Case CCT 53/03, Urt. v. 1.10.2004.
Brasilien, Supremo Tribunal Federal (Oberstes Gericht), President of the Republic of South Africa and Anor. v. Modderklip Boerdery (PTY) LTD, Case CCT 20/04, Urt. v. 13.05.2005.
Recht auf ein ausreichendes Einkommen
CESCR (2013): Concluding Observations – Denmark, 6 June, E/C.12/DNK/CO/5, Rn. 12.
CESCR (2012): Concluding Observations – Spain, 6 June, E/C.12/ESP/CO/5, Rn. 18.
CESCR (2012): Concluding Observations – Peru, 30 May, E/C.12/PER/CO/2-4, Rn. 11.
ECSR, Conclusions XIX-3 (2010) – Germany, Articles 2, 4, 5 and 6 of the Charter, December.
ECSR, Conclusions XIV-2, Statement of Interpretation on Article 4§1, v. 30.11.1998.
ECSR, Conclusions I, Statement of Interpretation on Article 13§1, v. 31.05.1969.
Sonstige Rechtsprechung
Welthandelsorganisation
Panel, Mexico – Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Beef and Rice, Complaint with Respect to Rice, Bericht v. 6.06.2005, WT/DS295/R.
Panel, European Communities – Export Subsidies on Sugar, Bericht vom 15.10.2004, WT/DS265/R, WT/DS266/& und WT/DS283/R.
Panel, Mexico – Anti-Dumping Investigation of High Fructose Corn Sirup (HFCS) from the United States, Bericht v. 28.01.2000, WT/DS132/R.
Panel, Korea – Definitive Safeguard Measure on Imports of Certain Dairy Products, Bericht v. 21.06.1999, WT/DS98/R.
Appellate Body, European Communities – Export Subsidies on Sugar, Berichte vom 28.04.2005, WT/DS265/AB/R, WT/DS266/AB/R und WT/DS283/AB/R.
Appellate Body, United States – Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Meat, Bericht v. 1.05.2001, WT/DS177/AB/R, WT/DS178/AB/R.
Südafrikanisches Verfassungsgericht
Constitutional Court of South Africa, Mazibuko, Urt. v. 08.10.2009, Case CCT 39/09.
Khosa and Others v Minister of Social Development and Others, Mahlaule and Another v Minister of Social Development, Urt. v. 4.03.2004, Case CCT 13/03, CCT 12/03.
President of the Republic of South Africa and Anor. v. Modderklip Boerdery (PTY) LTD, Urt. v. 13.05.2005, Case CCT 20/04.
Port Elizabeth Municipality v. various occupiers, Urt. v. 1.10.2004, Case CCT 53/03.
Minister of Health and Others v. Treatment Action Campaign and Others, Urt. v. 05.07.2002, Case CCT 8/02.
Grootboom, Urt. v. 04.10.2000, Case CCT 11/00.
Soobramoney v. Minister of Health, KwaZulu-Natal, Urt. v. 27.11.1997, Case CCT 32/97.

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