Turkey and the International Criminal Court
A Substantive Criminal Law Analysis in the Context of the Principle of Complementarity
Zusammenfassung
Die Arbeit ist eine rechtsvergleichende und eine rechtspolitische Analyse der völkerstrafrechtlichen Fragen im Fall die Türkei. Sie untersucht die rechtspolitische Frage der türkischen Mitgliedschaft zum Römischen Statut, dem die Türkei bisher nicht beigetreten ist, obwohl die an den Verhandlungen in Rom als Vertreter teilgenommen und mitgearbeitet hat.
Im ersten Teil analysiert das Buch die Gründe dieser Haltung der Türkei gegenüber dem IStGH. Im zweiten und dritten Teil wird der Versuch unternommen materiell strafrechtliche Fragen nach dem Grundsatz der Komplementarität zu beleuchten. Insbesondere werden Völkermord und die Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit im türkischen Strafgesetzbuch und im IStGH-Statut rechtsvergleichend und kritisch dargestellt. Der dritte Teil widmet sich Fragen des allgemeinen Teils, die für das Grundsatz Komplementarität relevant sind. Der vierte Teil des Buches stellt die Umsetzungsmodelle im nationalen Recht im Hinblick auf das türkische Rechtssystem dar. Schließlich wird auf die Frage vom Nutzen eines türkischen Völkerstrafgesetzbuches eingegangen.
Abstract
Die Arbeit ist eine rechtsvergleichende und eine rechtspolitische Analyse der völkerstrafrechtlichen Fragen im Fall die Türkei. Sie untersucht die rechtspolitische Frage der türkischen Mitgliedschaft zum Römischen Statut, dem die Türkei bisher nicht beigetreten ist, obwohl die an den Verhandlungen in Rom als Vertreter teilgenommen und mitgearbeitet hat.
Im ersten Teil analysiert das Buch die Gründe dieser Haltung der Türkei gegenüber dem IStGH. Im zweiten und dritten Teil wird der Versuch unternommen materiell strafrechtliche Fragen nach dem Grundsatz der Komplementarität zu beleuchten. Insbesondere werden Völkermord und die Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit im türkischen Strafgesetzbuch und im IStGH-Statut rechtsvergleichend und kritisch dargestellt. Der dritte Teil widmet sich Fragen des allgemeinen Teils, die für das Grundsatz Komplementarität relevant sind. Der vierte Teil des Buches stellt die Umsetzungsmodelle im nationalen Recht im Hinblick auf das türkische Rechtssystem dar. Schließlich wird auf die Frage vom Nutzen eines türkischen Völkerstrafgesetzbuches eingegangen.
- Kapitel Ausklappen | EinklappenSeiten
- 2–6 Titelei 2–6
- 13–14 Abbreviations 13–14
- 15–18 Introduction 15–18
- 19–23 I. Overview 19–23
- 23–30 II. Crimes 23–30
- 30–31 III. Reservations 30–31
- 31–33 IV. Prosecutor 31–33
- 33–34 V. Other Issues 33–34
- 40–42 I. General Remarks 40–42
- 61–62 VI. Conclusion 61–62
- 62–64 I. General Remarks 62–64
- 93–95 VI. Conclusion 93–95
- 95–97 C. Organization 95–97
- 97–100 D. War Crimes 97–100
- 106–106 A. General Remarks 106–106
- 118–120 I. Self-Defense 118–120
- 120–122 II. Necessity and Duress 120–122
- 122–123 III. Mistake of fact 122–123
- 123–125 IV. Mistake of law 123–125
- 125–134 V. Superior orders 125–134
- 135–136 VII. Intoxication 135–136
- 137–137 A. General Remarks 137–137
- 139–141 II. Direct Application 139–141
- 148–154 Conclusions 148–154
- 155–168 Bibliography 155–168
41 Treffer gefunden
- „... International Crimes?All national implementation legislation, in whatever form it may take, is to servethe ...” „... corporation approach with respect to some core international crimes. Generallyspeaking, the ...” „... international crimes is indispensible” Ob es hierfür zwingend eineseigenen, angesichts des geringen Umfangs ...”
- „... international crimes in Turkish law may consider defining the crime of torturedistinctly as a crime against ...” „... . 264a (1) (f) and German Code of Crimes Against International Law (Völkerstrafgesetzbuch) § 7 (1) (5 ...” „... ); indeed, Werle et al. suggest that, for international criminal law, aseparate definition of the crimes ...”
- „... crimes of concern to the international community,Recognizing that the international trafficking of ...” „... international peace and security,Regretting that no generally acceptable definition of the crimes of terrorism ...” „... to article 123 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court consider the crimes of terrorism ...”
- „... International Crimes’ (2008) 98 The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 953, 958ff; He also criticizes the ...” „... International Crimes’ (n 115) 981.119 Schabas, ‘State Policy as an Element of International Crimes’ (n 115 ...” „... conclusion that a contradiction exits within thesystem of international crimes.125The Assembly of State ...”
- „... internationalcriminal justice, for these elements distinguish core international crimes from ordinary crimes and also ...” „... define relations among international crimes themselves: itis the contextual elements of crimes against ...” „... practicallyrelevant because core international crimes frequently overlap. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that the ...”
- „... 2010) 146.15 See Neil Boister ‘Treaty Crimes, International Criminal Court?’ (2009) 12 New CriminalLaw ...” „... international criminal court to bring to justice the perpetrators of themost serious crimes of concern to the ...” „... crimes committed in non-international armed conflicts were preferred to beexcluded from the Statute.At ...”
- „... international crimes.It was thus proved necessary to first compare the normative framework set outin the ICC ...” „... , the scope of applicationof war crimes (especially incorporation of the non-international armed ...” „... materiae;691 or the view that the crime ofterrorism under customary international law already exists,692 ...”
- „... one.Crimes against HumanityGeneral RemarksCrimes against humanity are core crimes of international criminal ...” „... codification of crimes against humanity, that is, Article 6(c) the Charter of the International Military ...” „... 2002) 359; Schabas, ‘State Policy as anElement of International Crimes’ (n 115) 963.63tematic attack ...”
- „... number 6; Christine Byron, War crimes and crimesagainst humanity in the Rome Statute of the International ...” „... crimes were limitedto international armed conflicts, namely armed conflicts that took place betweenstates ...” „... which are not of an international character.418 The RomeStatute’s codification of war crimes was ...”
- „... ’ (n 497) 77; Meloni, ibid. 205ff.518 § 14 (1) of the German Code of International Crime reads “A ...” „... thetime, should have known that the forces were committing or about to commit such crimes;and(ii) That ...” „... crimes;(ii) The crimes concerned activities that were within the effective responsibility and controlof the ...”
- „... removes national law immunitiesfor core international crimes would also be considered.480 The recent Swiss ...” „... immunities for international crimes.481Statute of LimitationsThe Rome Statute contains a provision that ...” „... Companionto International Criminal Justice (OUP 2009) 522, 523.487 See § 5 of the German Code of Crimes ...”
- „... crimes were limitedto international armed conflicts, namely armed conflicts that took place betweenstates ...” „... which are not of an international character.418 The RomeStatute’s codification of war crimes was ...” „... crimes, withthe first two applicable to international armed conflicts, and the second two to non-D.415 ...”
- „... permanent international criminal court that has jurisdictionto try individuals for serious crimes.2 The ...” „... international crimes’.5Unlike ad hoc international criminal tribunals created by Security Council Decisions, the ...” „... power to exercise its jurisdiction over persons for the most serious crimes of international concern ...”
- „... international crimes under ordinary offences that are already defined in the domestic criminal code. Existing ...” „... international crimes as set out in the Rome Statute. Under thismodel, there is no need to enact new ...” „... be recommend that states consider enacting specific legislation on international crimes where the ...”
- „... Code for International Crimes?All national implementation legislation, in whatever form it may take, is ...” „... 443) § 17 margin number 40.142corporation approach with respect to some core international crimes ...” „... code for international crimes is indispensible” Ob es hierfür zwingend eineseigenen, angesichts des ...”
- „... Werle et al, International Criminal Law (n 116) margin number 734; Kreß, ‘The Crime ofGenocide’ (n 105 ...” „... Specific Forms of Genocide’ in Roy S. Lee et al.(eds), The International Criminal Court, Elements of Crimes ...” „... such groups, asKreß puts it, “seemed of particular importance to the international community inlight of ...”
- „... crimes,Chapter IIIA.B.464 Article 7 of the Charter of the International Criminal Tribunal at Nuremberg reads ...” „... international crimes.465Considering that in most cases the core international crimes are leadership ...” „... perpetrator`sliability concerning international crimes.468 The second paragraph is a relinquishment of personal ...”
- „... normative framework concerning international crimes, as well as the connection between the crime of genocide ...” „... which affects the will of the child.400Classifying the crime of child abuse as a crime against humanity ...” „... can be explainedwith the systematic construction of sexual crimes in the TPC.401 The code uses theterm ...”
- „... international criminal justice. However, unlike the uniform definition of the crime of genocide, the definition ...” „... the ICC Statute, crimes against humanity comprise a catalogue of crimescommitted as part of a ...” „... codifications of these crimes.The French Penal Code ?the model code for the Turkish legislator, as ...”
- „... committed the crime and the Statewhich the accused was a national must be parties to the Statute or accept ...” „... the jurisdictionof the Court for the crime in question.62The approach favoring an “automatic ...” „... is, Article 124 ofthe Statute, which provides a time limited opt-out regarding only to war crimes.63 ...”
- „... .569 It is, therefore, notnecessary to adopt a special rule on mistake of law for international crimes ...” „... person who has committed a crime as a result of agood-faith factual error regarding a material element of ...” „... the crime's definition,which leads to loss of the subjective element of the crime.Mistake of lawThe ...”
- „... IncorporationIII. 141Modified IncorporationIV. 142A Separate Code for International Crimes?C. 143Conclusions 148 ...” „... Policy towards the CourtB. 34Core International Crimes in Turkish Criminal Law and theRome Statute: A ...” „... CrimesII. 23ReservationsIII. 30ProsecutorIV. 31Other IssuesV. 33Turkey’s EU Bid: A Sea Change in Turkey’s ...”
- „... finally accede to the Statute, especially with respect to war crimesand the crime of aggression, Turkey ...” „... John R. W. D. Jones (eds), The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: ACommentary, Vol I ...” „... , ‘Turkey: Successor or Continuing State of the Ottoman Empire?’ (2011)24 Leiden Journal of International ...”
- „... which affects the will of the child.400Classifying the crime of child abuse as a crime against humanity ...” „... can be explainedwith the systematic construction of sexual crimes in the TPC.401 The code uses theterm ...” „... acts are committed against children. These termscomplement each other. Adding the crime of sexual abuse ...”
- „... crimes,Chapter IIIA.B.464 Article 7 of the Charter of the International Criminal Tribunal at Nuremberg reads ...” „... international crimes.465Considering that in most cases the core international crimes are leadership ...” „... important principles of international criminal law.464 Therationale of the principle is to prevent immunity ...”
- „... international crimes under ordinary offences that are already defined in the domestic criminal code. Existing ...” „... legalsystem. Finally, the question as to whether a special code for international crimesis necessary in Turkey ...” „... the implementation of international law, intonational law. In analyzing these models, their advantages ...”
- „... responsible for receiving referrals and any substantiated information on crimes within the jurisdiction of the ...” „... See, Roy S. Lee ‘The Rome Conference and Its Contributions to International Law’ in RoyS. Lee (ed) The ...” „... International Criminal Court, The Making of the Rome Statute Issues, Negotitations, Results (Kluwer Law ...”
- „... Hukuk Bulteni 245Bassiouni C, Crimes against Humanity in International Criminal Law (2nd edn, KluwerLaw ...” „... Turk Ceza Kanunu,Turkish Penal Code (2nd edn Seckin 2007)155Boister N, ‘Treaty Crimes, International ...” „... International Crimes, A Practical Guide to Prosecuting ICC Crimes in Commonwealth States (Commonwealth ...”
- „... Compromise on the Crime of Aggression’ (2010) 8 Journal of International Criminal Justice 8 (2010 ...” „... also provides for the crime of attacking or plundering medical units of the RedCross (Salibi Ahmer ...” „... . The TMPC does notprovide a definition for the crime of torture, which, however, can be inferred ...”
- „... Core International Crimes in Turkish Criminal Law andthe Rome Statute: A Comparative AnalysisThe ...” „... Crime of GenocideGeneral RemarksWithin the hierarchy among international crimes, genocide sits at the ...” „... .’ Claus Kreß, ‘The Crime of Genocide under International Law’ (2006) 6International Criminal Law Review ...”
- „... Specific Forms of Genocide’ in Roy S. Lee et al.(eds), The International Criminal Court, Elements of Crimes ...” „... , forthis very element marks the specificity of the crime and its status under international law.Furthermore ...” „... genocidal acts listed above.The first element of the act is forcible transfer. The Elements of Crimes ...”
- „... normative framework concerning international crimes, as well as the connection between the crime of genocide ...” „... d’un plan concerte visant à la commission de l’un des crimes contrel’humanité.405In international ...” „... 622; See also Cassese, International Criminal Law (n 14) 228; Foranalysis of the crime of conspiracy ...”
- „... states consider enacting specific legislation on international crimes where the existing domestic law ...” „... ofcore international crime definitions, some of which, however, are inconsistent withthe Rome Statute or ...” „... and Olympia Bekou‘International Crimes and ICC Cooperation in England and Wales’ (2007) 5 JICJ 441 ...”
- „... of Crimes Against International Law, § 6; See also Kreß, ‘Völkermord’(n 178) § 6 margin number 107ff ...” „... purpose-based understanding of the term “intent”, this matter is far from resolved in international doctrine.210 ...” „... ). Consequently, a perpetrator of the crime of genocide, according to theTPC, must be aware of the fact that his ...”
- „... adopt a special rule on mistake of law for international crimes, andmost national laws have refrained ...” „... international criminal law.572 There are two extreme solutions to thisdilemma.573 The first is the doctrine of ...” „... unconditional obedience or respondeat superior, as it is often called in international law.574 According to this ...”
- „... against an expansive application in respect to international crimes. It is therefore not necessary to ...” „... introducea special self-defense provision for international crimes into Turkish criminallaw.539Necessity and ...” „... international criminallaw self-defense plays only a minor role,527 because the seriousness of ...”
- „... of definitions of crimes under customary international law, reference to the provisions ofthe Rome ...” „... the constitutional principle of the legality of crimes and punishments.661 In sum,the Rome Statute ...” „... provisions of the Rome Statute. This is the most secure and international law-friendly solution for ...”
- „... respect to international crimes. It is therefore not necessary to introducea special self-defense ...” „... provision for international crimes into Turkish criminallaw.539Necessity and DuressWhat is meant by the ...” „... instances involving an international crime. Thissituation would not pass the test of proportionality between ...”
- „... goods, for instance property,would be practically irrelevant for instances involving an international ...” „... crime. Thissituation would not pass the test of proportionality between the legal interests protected ...” „... crime.III.550 Cf. Demirbas (n 471) 281ff.551 See Artuk, Gokcen and Yenidunya, Genel Hukumler (n 471) 527 ...”
- „... intoxication, he orshe was likely to engage in conduct constituting a crime within the jurisdiction ofthe Court ...” „... .640 The Rome Statute Art. 31(1)(b).641 The TPC Art. 34(1).642 Cryer et al, International Criminal Law ...” „... be limited to instances inwhich the perpetrator knew or disregarded the risk of committing a crime as ...”
- „... et al., International Criminal Law (n 14) 405-406.635 See the decision of The Grand Chamber of Court ...” „... result of the intoxication, he orshe was likely to engage in conduct constituting a crime within the ...” „... , International Criminal Law (n 14) 407-408.643 The Rome Statute Art. 31(1)(b.).644 See Demirbas (n 471) 339 ...”